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w i r e l e s s d e s i g n m a g . c o m
VIEW THE LATEST PRODUCTS & TECHNOLOGIES FOR TODAY'S WIRELESS ENGINEERS AT WWW.WIRELESSDESIGNMAG.COM | VOL. 20 NO. 3
IN THIS ISSUE
SELECTING THE OPTIMAL LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER FOR YOUR APPLICATION
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS DEMAND
EXTREME LITHIUM POWER
SECONDARY-SIDE BRIDGE
RECTIFICATION FOR WIRELESSCHARGING APPLICATIONS
Find It Here.Faster.
The Newest Products for Your Newest Designs
mouser.com
MAY|JUN|2012
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The Newest Products for Your Newest Designs
ORE.
mouser.com
Mouser and Mouser Electronics are registered trademarks of Mouser Electronics, Inc.
mouser.comDistributing semiconductors and electroniccomponents for design engineers.
Authorized Distributor
The widest selection
of the newest products.
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USA: 781-376-3000 Asia: 886 -2-2735 0399 Europe: 33 (0)1 43548540 Email: [email protected]
www.skyworksinc.com NASDAQ: SWKS
Handsets and Mobile DevicesPart Number Description Frequency (GHz) Package (mm)
SKY65534 WLAN / Bluetooth Front-End Module with Integrated PA, Filter, LNA, and T/R Switch 2.4 QFN 20L 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.45
SKY65535 WLAN Front-End Module with Integrated PA with Filter, LNA, and SPDT Switch 5.0 QFN 16L 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.45
SKY77701-16 High PAE Power Amplifier Module for CDM A / WCDM A / HSPA+ / LTE Band I 1.921.98 10-pin MCM 3 x 3 x 0.9
WiFi ConnectivitySE5516A 802.11ac Dual-Band Front-End Module with PA, LNA, and SP2T Switch 2.4, 5.0 LGA 4 x 4 x 1
SE5003L1 802.11ac Matched Power Amplifier with Harmonic Filter 5.0 QFN 20L 4 x 4 x 0.9
TT20P6-0709P0-1825E High Power Infrastructure Filter can be Configured in a Pass Band Design 0.72.1 5" x 1.9" x 1"
Wireless InfrastructureSKY12210-478LF High Power (100 W) T/R SPDT Switch, 44 dB Isolation @ 2.6 GHz 0.94.0 QFN 16L 4 x 4 x 1.5
SKY13419-365LF CMOS DBS Switch Matrix with Tone/Voltage Detector
High Isolation 40 dB @ 900 MHz
0.252.15 QFN 20L 4 x 4 x 0.9
SKY65185 Dual-Channel Variable Gain Ampli fier Front-End Module wi th 31.5 dB Control Range 1.72.7 32-pin MCM 7 x 7 x 1.35
SKY65373-11 Variable Gain Low Noise Amplifier with High Linearity @ 35 dB and Low NF @ 1 dB 1.7 16-pin MCM 8 x 8 x 1.3
SKY67130-396LF High Linearity Amplifier Driver with +16 dBm OP1 dB and 39.5 dBm OIP3 @ 22 mA 0.72.7 DFN 8L 2 x 2 x 0.75
SKY73208 Wideband Rx Mixer with Integrated Integer-N PLL and VCO 0.355.0 36-pin MCM 6 x 6 x 1.35
SKYFR-000782 Single Junction Circulator with Very Low Insertion Loss of 0.08 dB Typical 2.112.17 Drop-in 19 mm
SKYFR-000827 Single Junction Circulator with Very Low Insertion Loss of 0.12 dB Typical 2.32.4 SMT Robust Lead, 23 mm
Smart EnergyConnected Home and Automation 802.15.4, ISM, and ZigBee
SE2435L High Power RF Front-End Module, 1 W High Efficiency with Integrated PA,LNA, and Diversity Switch
0.860.93 QFN 24L 4 x 4 x 0.9
SE2436L High Power 0.5 W Front-End Module for ISM band applications, with PA, LNA, Bypass andAntenna Diversity
2.4 QFN 24L 4 x 4 x 0.9
SE2438T Ultra Low Power ZigBeeFront-End IC with PA, LNA, Tx/Rx Bypass 2.4 QFN 20L 3 x 3 x 0.5
SKY65367-11 High Power / High Ef ficiency Tx /Rx Front- End Module with Integrated PA and Bypass 0.17 16-pin MCM 4 x 4 x 0.9
SKY67012-396LF Low Noise Amplifier with < 0.85 dB NF and < 5 mA Current @ 3.3 V 0.30.6 DFN 8L 2 x 2 x 0.75
Discrete and IntegratedRF Solutions
SeeOur New ProductsSupporting Diverse Applications atIEEE MTT-S IMS2012Booth 1507Montreal,Canada June1921!
or more n ormaton ease v stour e ste twww.s wor s nc.com.
New products (indicated in blue, bold) are continually being introduced at Skyworks. Join our customer email program today viawww.skyworksinc.comto start receiving information on new product releases, literature, upcoming tradeshow events, and more!
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4|
EYE ON AMPLIFIERS
10 Selecting the OptimalLow Noise Amplifier for
Your Application Delve into an LNAs role within a
typical receiver architecture.
TECH EXCHANGE12 Base Station Design An interview with Damian Anzaldo,
Communications Segment Manager,Strategic Marketing Group andStephen Turnbull, Marketing Leaderfor QorIQ Qonverge, Freescale
POWER
16 Extreme EnvironmentsDemand ExtremeLithium PowerHarsh environmental conditionsdemand long-life lithium batteriescapable of powering remote wire-less sensors reliably for 25+ years
ONLINE BLOGS
24Wire Less, Write MoreOnline blogs written by our industry's own design engineers.
DEPARTMENTS
6 Up Front|By Janine E. Mooney
8 Editor's Choice
PRODUCT SHOWCASE:14 Oscillators32 NFC
COVER STORY
20 Is Digital Power the Right Choice?Digital power creates a new design environment forpower supplies, and proves to be a very powerful tool.
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
WDDContents
MAY|JUN 2012 wirelessdesignmag.com
POWER
26 Secondary-Side BridgeRectification for WirelessCharging ApplicationsEfficiency considerations are criticalfor wireless charging solutions.
BRAINSTORM
22 Oscillators/TimingDevicesWhere in the design cycle is it bestto spec in a timing device, andwhy?
NO STRINGS ATTACHED
24 Podcasts Six web-based interviews talking
about the latest wireless technology,components, and design issues.
FEATURES
page 8
page 33
page 14
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If you useRFID toll tags, automated water,gas or electric utility
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wirelessdesignmag.com6|
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
Volume 20, Number 3Editorial Office
100 Enterprise Drive, Suite 600, Box 912Rockaway, NJ 07866-1112
973-920-7129
Group Publisher, Nick [email protected]
Editorial Director, Jeff [email protected]
Editor, Janine E. [email protected]
Senior Features Editor, Nancy [email protected]
Art Director, Beverly [email protected]
Production Manager, Conshella [email protected]
Administrative Assistant - Pattie [email protected]
Web Production Specialist - Christine [email protected]
Audience Development Director, Don [email protected]
Subscriptions/Change of Address:847-559-7560; [email protected]
Chief Executive Officer, Rich Reiff
President, George Fox
Chief Financial Officer, Terry Freeburg
Vice President/Human Resources, Susanne Foulds
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDMike Civiello, Broadcom
Frank Ditore,Agilent EEsof
David Donovan, Bitwave Semiconductor, Inc.
Eric Hakanson,Anritsu
David Hall, National Instruments
Jerry Kolbe, Murata Electronics
Giampaolo Marino, Intersil Corporation
Mark Vitellaro, Richardson Electronics
Jim Norling, Jr., Freescale Semiconductor
Justin Panzer, Rohde & Schwarz, Inc.
Kevin Walsh, RF Micro Devices
By Janine E. Mooney, [email protected]
Personal devices are popping up all over the office, and are quickly morphing
from personal, to business and back to personal, all with the touch of a finger.
Lets face it from executives, to interns, employees want access to their work
at all hours of the day, every day of the week. Work is no longer a nine to fivegig - employees must be on at (almost) all times. This is where the Bring
Your Own Device (BYOD) initiative comes into play. Not only are employees
insisting on connecting their personal devices to the company network, they
are refusing to hand over control of the devices to IT security managers.
But can you blame them? Who wants the IT guy knowing what youre chatting about in personal
emails and texts, who youre calling, or what photos you recently uploaded to Facebook?
Unfortunately for employees reluctant to hand-it-over, there is another side to the story. Ensuring data
integrity is not an easy task for IT considering the traditional security issues associated with mobile
devices, and now they have extra dangers to worry about with the addition of mainstream cloud ser-vices. Security managers have their work cut out for them as Malware creators can now gain access to
loads of data on one net-
work, which could tap into
multiple mobile and fixed
computers. This exposure
to public cloud services is
a risk that many companies
may not be willing to take.
Companies also need to take into consideration the legal issues concerning the BYOD trend. Canemployers legally monitor employee owned devices for data or policy infringement, improper use of
resources, device usage policies, etc? Juniper Networks recently surveyed more than 4,000 mobile-
device users and IT professionals. One surprising stat concluded: 41 percent of all respondents who
use their personal devices for work are doing so without permission from the company.
Putting aside security and legal issues, it is fair to say that there can be significant advantages
found in implementing a BYOD policy, such as, increased productivity in employees with customer-
facing roles, lower costs and of course increased access for employees. Plus, BYOD devices tend to
be more cutting edge, so you get the benefit of the latest features and capabilities.
Lets look at retail and hospital environments, for example. The use of tablets can improve pro-
ductivity immensely in answering customer questions, or make patient health-checks much easier
and more time-efficient. This will certainly increase customer/patient satisfaction.
Next up costs. Tablets are fairly durable (an IT delight) and, when ordered in bulk, tablets can have
a fairly low corporate cost per unit, compared to laptops. At the same time, a BYOD policy can lead to
less corporate control over what happens to the device, and concerns linger over physical security.
While the initiative might not be right for every company, it is quite compelling but is it worth
the hassle? Would you be willing to potentially sign away personal information to the IT depart-
ment, or more importantly, do they trust you with a host of company data? Shifting the focus of theBYOD adoption, we must look at the productivity gains in the workplace, often thanks to the ability
to access work anywhere, anytime. Mobile BYOD is one of the hottest trends in technology today,
and with the big push from eager employees, BYOD could be implemented at a company near you
very, very soon.
BYOD: A Cloudy Adoption
UP FRONT
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wirelessdesignmag.com8|
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
MAY|JU
N2012
|
WDD
ED
ITOR
S
CHOICE
CHOICE
EDITOR'S
CSP Sockets Enable Testing of Any Area-ArrayDevice to +200 Degrees CAries Electronics offers CSP sockets that accept any area-array device for high-temperature testing up to
+200C. The new AR4HT Series sockets incorporate a low-profile 0.45 mm contact structure (compressed)
that is shorter than other low-profile contacts and provides excellent compliance for reliable ATE testing
and burn-in. The sockets are successfully employed in military, aerospace and geophysical environments as
well as in research and development. The AR4HT sockets accommodate a variety of area-array devices includ-
ing BGA, LGA, QFN, DFN, CSP, MLCC and POP as well as bumped die with full and partial arrays. Full socket
operating temperature is -55C to +200C with a life expectancy of more than 10,000 actuations. The socket can ac-
commodate IC devices with a pitch of 0.4 mm or greater as well as mixed pitch environments.
Aries Electronics, www.arieselec.com
Amplifier and Mixer Solutionsfor Backhaul Radios to46.5 GHzHittite Microwave Corporation announces the release
of two new amplifier and three new mixer products
which are ideal for microwave & millimeterwave ra-
dios, military sensors, test & measurement equipment
and SatCom applications from 24 to 46.5 GHz. The
HMC1040LP3CE is a self-biased GaAs MMIC LowNoise Amplifier (LNA) which operates between 24
and 43.5 GHz and delivers 23 dB gain, 2.2 dB noise
figure and output IP3 up to +22 dBm. This versatile
LNA consumes only 70 mA from a +2.5V supply
while the output P1dB rating of +12 dBm enables it to
serve as a LO driver for many of Hittites balanced, I/
Q and image reject mixers. The HMC1040LP3CE fea-
tures I/Os that are DC blocked and internally matched
to 50 Ohms, and is ideal for high capacity microwave
radios and VSAT applications. The HMC1040LP3CE
is housed in a compact 3 x 3 mm QFN plastic pack-
age. The HMC1016 is a four stage GaAs PHEMT
MMIC Medium Power Amplifier die which operates
between 34 and 46.5 GHz. This powerful amplifier
provides 22 dB of gain, +26 dBm of saturated output
power, and 17% PAE from a +6V supply.
Hittite Microwave Corporation, www.hittite.com
BLDC Motor Drivers Serve AutomotiveApplicationsMelexis announces the next-generation IC Family for sensor-less
and sensor-based BLDC motor control for automotive applications.
The new IC family follows the very successful MLX81200 core inte-
gration concept. This newest family of driver ICs combines voltage regula-
tor, LIN -Transceiver, MCU, EEPROM, Flash, RAM, Power FET Pre-Driver
and several dedicated circuit blocks for highly efficient BLDC motor control from
a single IC. Customers can realize a very small PCB design with an absolute minimum BOM to create
simple or sophisticated actuators. The new IC family consists of 4 base family members; MLX81205,
MLX81207, MLX81210 and MLX81215. Each is available in different memory configurations and in dif-
ferent package options. The IC family is 45V load dump protected and will be qualified according AEC-Q100 Grade 0 for high temperature automotive application support.
Melexis, www.melexis.com
6 Watt DC/DC Power ModulesThe Minmax MSGWI06 Series is a compact 6 watt DC/DC converter in an SMD
package with a footprint of .87 x .80 x .40 The product features remote on-off and
an ultra wide 4:1 input. This series is EMC compliance to EN55022 Class A
emissions and EN61000 immunity standards. With an ultra wide input rangeand international safety approvals, these worldwide marketable power modules
are ideally suited for space critical applications in battery-powered equip-
ment. Single and dual outputs are available with efficiency ratings up to 83%.
Comprehensive preventative circuitry includes a fully regulated input, operat-
ing temperature range of -40C to +80C and overload protection. The MSGW106
Series AC/DC power modules use high quality, 100% RoHS compliant materials and
are manufactured to Minmaxs rigorous ISO-9001 quality control program to ensure
high product reliability. The MSGWI06 Series provide a cost effective solution for many
space critical applications in commercial and industrial electronic equipment.
Minmax Power, www.minmaxpower.com
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www.micrel.com
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caded NF. Clearly, high LNA gain works to reduce the cascaded
NF but there is an issue. LNA gain directly degrades the receiver
linearity. The limiting stage in terms of linearity is usually the
first down converting mixer and, for a given input signal level,
higher LNA gain results in higher power applied to the mixer
input. The NF improvements of increasing LNA gain must be
balanced against the linearity degradation caused by this gain.
To see the LNA gain contribution to cascaded NF more
clearly, imagine three receivers which have the following cas-
caded NF characteristics:
Receiver 1: Cascaded NF of 12 dB. Example: High-perfor-
mance discrete architecture receiver such as that used in cellular
infrastructure.Receiver 2: Cascaded NF of 8 dB. Example: Integrated
CMOS transceiver with a relatively poor cascaded NF.
Receiver 3: Cascaded NF of 4 dB. Example: High perfor-
mance transceiver which already has an integrated LNA.
Now, imagine that we are able to add a hypothetical LNA to the
input of each of these three receivers. This LNA has a constant NF
of 0.7 dB and a variable gain from 0 to 24 dB. Figure 2 shows the
effect of increasing LNA gain on the resulting cascaded NF.
Figure 2 shows there is an LNA gain level beyond which the
NF improvements diminish. These curves enable the designer
to specify an LNA gain and NF which represent an intelligent
compromise between improving NF and degrading receiver
linearity. A key point here is any LNA can only improve sen-
sitivity by a finite amount equal to the difference between its
NF and the NF of the receiver cascade with no LNA present.
In the case of the receiver with a 4 dB NF, with infinite LNA
gain, the improvement is only 3.3 dB. With only 12 dB LNA
gain, the improvement would still be around 3 dB.
CATAGORYEYE ON XXXXXXXXXXXwirelessdesignmag.com 10|
Selecting the Optimal Low NoiseAmplifier for Your ApplicationDelve into an LNAs role within a typical receiver architecture.
|By Alan Ake, Skyworks Solutions, Inc.
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
The purpose of this article is to help designers of receiver
products select the optimal low noise amplifier (LNA) for
their particular application. First, we will take a look at a
typical receiver architecture and the LNAs role within it. From
there, the article will offer some practical tips regarding things
to consider when selecting a specific LNA device regarding
process, biasing and cost. Finally, we will take a look forward to
a device which will serve as the foundation for a new generation
of state-of-the art LNAs from Skyworks.
The LNA from a System PerspectiveAn LNA is simply an amplifier with sufficient gain and
suitable low noise figure (NF) which allows it to reduce the cas-
caded NF of the receiver to an acceptable level. However, before
we go further, let us step back and consider a generic receiver
(Rx) architecture to get an idea of the role played by the LNA.
Figure 1 shows a collection of amplifiers, f ilters, mixers,
attenuators, demodulators, etc. which would be common to
most receivers. These signal processing stages all contribute to
the cascaded noise factor (F) of a receiver and the noise con-
tributions of each stage are given by the Friis cascaded noise
equation below. Note that NF(dB) = 10Log(F).
An understanding of this equation lies at the heart of the LNA
selection process for any application. It shows how the gain andnoise figures of each receiver stage contribute to the total cas-
Figure 1: Generic Receiver Architecture Figure 2: Plot of Cascaded NF vs. LNA Gain
Right, equation 1:The Friis Cascaded Noise Formula.
CATAGORYEYE ON AMPLIFIERSwirelessdesignmag.com 10|
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General Device Considerations
Process: E-mode pHEMT is the dominant technology for the
lowest NF LNA and these modern processes have led to lower cost,super low noise, high linearity devices which can be used anywhere
from high volume commercial applications to the highest perfor-
mance infrastructure applications. A key advantage of the E-mode
pHEMT is that it provides optimal performance from a single posi-
tive supply voltage.
Bias Voltage and Current: Typically, the gain and NF of modern
pHEMT devices is insensitive to supply voltage over the common
supply ranges of 2.7 to 6 volts. Higher supply voltage tends to
result in a higher compression point for the amplifier while IP3
is usually more a function of device current. Look for devices
having bias control pins which allow quiescent current to be set
independently from the supply voltage. Having this flexibility in
bias voltages and quiescent current allows the device linearity to
be adjusted according to the specific application requirements thus
maximizing efficiency.
Device Cost: Given todays high performance, low cost
pHEMT, there is little reason from a price perspective for not
choosing a pHEMT device. That said, the LNA NF will tend to
drive the cost of the device up sharply as the NF drops belowabout 0.7 dB. Requirements for higher linearity will also tend
to increase the device cost often due to the need for
larger amplifier die sizes. A clear understanding
of the NF and linearity requirements is essential
towards finding the most cost-effective solution.
Figure 3: The SKY67151 next-gen-eration LNA measured NF and Gaindata for 1600-2170 MHz tune.
A look ahead to new levels of NF performance:
Figure 3 shows a preview of Skyworks next-generation
pHEMT device. Devices from this product family will allow
designers to create LNA modules and receivers with lower NF
than ever before.
Selecting an LNA involves achieving the desired cascaded NF
while keeping LNA gain to a minimum to preserve the receiver
linearity. A key takeaway is that a LNAs only purpose is to reduce
the cascaded receiver NF. Todays advanced pHEMT devices offer
optimal LNA solutions for applications ranging from high volume
WLAN and ISM applications up to infrastructure LNA
applications requiring the highest levels of performance.
WDD
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IF/RF/Microwave Filters - Wireless, Military, Space, GPS and Commercial
wirelessdesignmag.com|11
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BASE STATION DES IGN12|wirelessdesignmag.com
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
Base Station DesignTECH EXCHANGE
Q: What are some of the most challenging issueswhen designing products for remote base station
applications?Damian Anzaldo, Communications Segment
Manager, Maxim: Todays remote base stationsmust be power efficient, smaller in size and deliver excel-
lent radio performance. Power efficiency is important to
improve mobile operator total cost of ownership, help
reduce CO2 emissions and minimize heat dissipation
to address passive cooling requirements. Smaller size is
important to meet diverse site installation scenarios and
help lower operator CAPEX; and excellent radio performance is needed to
deliver exceptional user Quality-of-Experience.
There are two areas where Maxim is focused in developing solutions for
remote base stations and each area has its own unique challenges. The two areas
are radio signal path and analog baseband. The radio signal path includes RF
devices, high-speed data converters and frequency synthesizers. Analog basebandsolutions support the radio and digital baseband. Maxims analog baseband solu-
tions include power management, precision measurement and control, system
management and signal integrity with fiber optics for front haul applications.
In the radio the most challenging issues related to RF and high-speed data
converters are weighing the tradeoff for wideband, high dynamic performance
and circuit partition against total power consumption and the right levels of
integration. Next is balancing these tradeoffs with IC process selection to meet
performance and price expectations. This becomes more complex as remote
base station segmentation now includes macro cells, different classes of small
cells and different wireless backhaul technology.
In analog baseband the challenges are more function specific but the under-
lying trend is miniaturization through integration and high reliability. For
example, in power conversion a challenging issue is developing intelligent and
high efficiency DC-to-DC converters to address increasing power density.
Stephen Turnbull, Marketing Leader for QorIQ Qonverge,
Freescale: The challenge is to meet high levels of integration within therequired power and cost budgets. Individually these are not challenging, but
the combination of performance, cost and power can be a difficult balance toachieve. Of course, there are also considerations related to software partitioning
and how to architect the SoC to meet the power/performance balance while also
making the device easy to use. Freescales approach is to provide smart acceler-
ation combined with high performance DSP and processor cores. This provides
This Month: Damian Anzaldo, Communications Segment Manager,Strategic Marketing Group and Stephen Turnbull, Marketing Leader forQorIQ Qonverge, Freescale
optimal power/performance balance while still maintaining flexibility.
Q: What new temperature control techniques haveyou developed to maintain good performance over awide range of temperature ranges when developing
remote electronics for base stations?Damian Anzaldo: To address wide operating temperature range, Maximtakes a holistic approach at meeting this challenge. We look at device and
system level issues. At the device level Maxim temperature control techniques
for RF devices and high-speed data converters include advanced packaging
and innovative circuit topologies; but fundamentally you need, and we are for-
tunate to have, world class analog IC designers and product definers.
In terms of innovative circuit topologies for lowering power while maintaining
high dynamic performance in mixers, modulator/demodulators and high-speed
data converters; our RF DACs employ a proprietary differential current-steering
topology; our high-speed ADCs use a proprietary zero crossing detection topol-
ogy. Our mixer cores on a SiGe BiCMOS process use a passive topology whichdelivers high linearity at low power while enabling the high levels of integration.
Production test and bench characterization is an important customer require-
ment to ensure high-reliability operation over a wide temperature range. Maxim
production tests all devices and guarantees operating parameters over the full
temperature range.
At the system level, smart system partitioning with innovative architectures
help address temperature control challenges. This includes solutions that
diverge from conventional designs and operate at much lower total power. For
example multi-carrier/multi-band MIMO transmitters that employ direct digital
synthesis with the MAX5879 direct RF DAC.
Stephen Turnbull: Freescale uses thermal diodes which allow users to mon-itor the junction temperature of our devices and use that to prevent thermal run-
away and control loadings in software. We also employ a wide range of power
management techniques to minimize power and temperature, such as clock gat-
ing, voltage islands, waterfall power management and drowsy circuits.
Q: Do you see operators trending towards a multi-
band/multi-standard architecture that must be scal-able to accommodate, picocell, femtocell and macrocell
base station development?Damian Anzaldo: Yes, operators are trending toward a multi-band/multi-standard architecture. This has always been the operator and equipment manufac-
|
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turer desire and is becoming more important as we move to a Heterogeneous Network
(HetNet). But different classes of base station have different performance requirements,
operating conditions and cost tolerance. In the short term there will be optimized solu-tions for groups of equipment like pico and femto cells versus micro and macro cells.
In the long term as active antenna and active antenna arrays are more widely adopted,
a single multi-standard/multi-band architecture or software defined radio will come
closer to realization. We have a good jump start on this challenge with the MAX2550-
family of single-chip RF transceivers that address femto cells and the MAX5879 RF
DAC which addresses multi-band/multi-standard transmitters in micro and macro cells.
Stephen Turnbull: Absolutely, and this is exactly the strength of FreescalesQorIQ Qonverge family of heterogeneous multicore basestation-on-a-chip SoCs.
Qonverge incorporates multiple integrated antenna interfaces, accelerators archi-tected for WCDMA or LTE and a common software architec-
ture spanning from residential solutions (covering a handful of
users) to macro solutions (which can handle 3 x 20MHz sector
of LTE). This common, scalable architecture has been popular
with our customers, allowing them to migrate from residential
to enterprise implementations without significant development
costs, or produce macro and metro solutions leveraging pin
compatible hardware and providing operators a common soft-
ware solution.Q: What new temperature control techniques have youdeveloped to maintain good performance over a wide rangeof temperature ranges when developing remote electronics
for base stations?Damian Anzaldo: To address wide operating
temperature range, Maxim takes a holistic approachat meeting this challenge. We look at device and sys-
tem level issues. At the device level, Maxim tempera-
ture control techniques for RF devices and high-speed
data converters include advanced packaging and inno-
vative circuit topologies; but fundamentally you need, and we are fortunate to
have, world class analog IC designers and product definers.
In terms of innovative circuit topologies for lowering power while main-
taining high dynamic performance in mixers, modulator/demodulators and
high-speed data converters; our RF DACs employ a proprietary differential
current-steering topology; our high-speed ADCs use a proprietary zero cross-
ing detection topology. Our mixer cores on a SiGe BiCMOS process use a
passive topology which delivers high linearity at low power while enabling
the high levels of integration.
Production test and bench characterization is an important customer
requirement to ensure high-reliability operation over a wide temperature
range. Maxim production tests all devices and guarantees operating param-
eters over the full temperature range.
At the system level, smart system partitioning with innovative architectures
help address temperature control challenges. This includes solutions that divergefrom conventional designs and operate at much lower total power. For example
multi-carrier/multi-band MIMO transmitters that employ direct digital synthesis
with the MAX5879 direct RF DAC. WDD
wirelessdesignmag.com|13
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OSCILLATORS|SHOWCASE|wirelessdesignmag.com14|
3200 MHz VCO Ideal for Digital Radio
EquipmentCrystek's CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200 VCO operates at 3200 MHz with a controlvoltage range of 0.5V~4.5V. This VCO features a typical phase noise of -115 dBc/
Hz @ 10KHz offset and has excellent linearity. Output power is typically +6 dBm.
The model CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200 is packaged in the industry-standard 0.5-in.
x 0.5-in. SMD package. Input voltage is 6V, with a typ. current consumption of 27
Oscillator Features High-Speed CurrentSteering LogicTellurian Technologies introduces its newest crystal
oscillator, the T4000HCSL. The oscillator touts a
small package size of 5.0 mm x 3.2 mm x 1.3 mm
and provides a high-speed, current steering logic
output (HCSL). It is designed to reduce the cost and
need for the additional circuitry needed to translate
CMOS, LVDS, and LVPECL outputs. The oscillator provides a lifetime stability
of +/- 25 ppm for all conditions over -40 C to +85C and boasts an RMS jitterof less than 1 ps (12 kHz to 20 MHz) by using a 3rd overtone crystal design. The
T4000HCSL eliminates spurs through a PLL chip set using voltages as low as 2.5 V
and drawing a maximum current of 88 mA. The oscillator targets PCI express appli-
cations and other communications devices requiring high speed data transfer.
Tellurian Technologies, www.telluriantech.com
Ultra Small VCO Idealfor Mobile Radios
Z-Communications announces aRoHS compliant Voltage Controlled
Oscillator model USSP2350-LF for
mobile communication system applica-
tions where low power consumption
and small package size are critical. The
USSP2350-LF covers the frequency
range of 2300-2400 MHz in 0.5 to
3.0V of tuning voltage. This high
performance VCO comes available in a compact surface mount package measur-
ing a mere 0.2" x 0.2" x 0.04" while operating off 2.7V and drawing only 6mA,
typically. The USSP2350-LF provides a spectral purity of -82dBc/Hz, typically, at
10kHz from the carrier and is designed to operate over the commercial tempera-
ture range of -20 to 70C. This ultra miniature VCO delivers 04dBm of output
power into a 50 ohm load and suppresses the 2nd harmonic to better than -13dBc.
Z-Communications, www.zcomm.com
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mA. Pulling and Pushing are minimized
to 0.3 MHz and 0.1 MHz/V, respectively.
Second harmonic suppression is -12 dBc
typical. The CVCO55CCQ-3200-3200
is ideal for use in applications such as
digital radio equipment, fixed wireless
access, satellite communications sys-
tems, and base stations.
Crystek Corporation,
www.crystek.com
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Able to last over 25 years under the mostchallenging conditions, Tadiran standard lithiumbatteries are ideal for remote locations andchallenging environmental conditions.
The more challenging the environment, the more critical
the choice of power management solution. This maxim
is especially true if the hostile environment is also
located in an inaccessible location, making battery replacement
difficult or impossible.
Remote sensors are increasingly finding their way into exotic
locations, from seismic monitoring stations in Antarctica, to
GPS tracking of icebergs in the North Atlantic, to sensors that
must withstand the extreme temperatures of oil and gas drilling
equipment and oceanographic sensors
that must survive the frigid cold and
high pressure of ocean depths.
Extreme environmental conditions
can also found in everyday life. For
example, millions of motorists flash
their E-ZPass at toll booths each day,
unaware that this RFID device is
powered by a lithium thionyl chloride
(LiSOCL2) battery capable of withstanding the extreme heat,
vibration and rapid temperature cycling to which automotivewindshields are subjected. LiSOCL2 chemistry is also utilized
to power tens of millions of wireless automated meter reading
(AMR) units worldwide, demanding reliable performance in all
types of conditions, from artic cold to desert heat. These batter-
ies are also utilized in medical RFID tags that must withstand
the prolonged heat of autoclave sterilization cycles, and data
loggers that must work continuously in the cold chain.
Lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCL2) chemistry is ideal for
long-term deployment in challenging environmental conditions
because it offers the highest specific energy (energy per unit
weight) and energy density (energy per unit volume) of all
existing battery chemistries. One reason for the high energy
density is lithiums large electric potential, exceeding that of
other metals and producing the high voltages typical of lithium
batteries (2.7-3.9 VDC). Lithium cells use a non-aqueous elec-
trolyte, which enables certain LiSOCL2 batteries to operate in
extreme temperatures (-55C to 125C), with certain models
adaptable to the cold chain (-80C). Recently, Tadiran LiSOCL2
cells were placed in a chyro chamber and subjected to progres-sively lower temperatures down to -100C and continued to
operate as needed.
Bobbin vs spiral wound construction
Lithium primary LiSOCl2 cells are constructed two ways:
bobbin-type and spiral-wound. Bobbin cells combine the high-
est energy density, the highest voltage, a wide temperature
range and very low annual self-discharge (less than 1 percent
per year). Bobbin cells consist of an outer cylinder made of
lithium metal and an inner electrode that is reminiscent of a
bobbin of thread. Spiral-wound cells use flat sheets of metal
wound around a core, providing a large surface area that can
create high currents. The greater number of layers within the
spiral-wound cell reduces the volume of electrolyte these bat-
teries can hold, whereas bobbin cells can hold more electrolyte,
enabling them to deliver about 30 percent more energy than
spiral-wound cells of equivalent size.
Bobbin-type LiSOCl2 cells have a proven track record in remote
wireless applications. In 1984, this battery technology was chosenby Aclara (formerly Hexagram) to power their first generation of
wireless AMR meters. Today, millions of these units remain in
operation, the earliest of which are still operating on their original
LiSOCl2 battery after 28+ years in the field.
Extreme Environments DemandExtreme Lithium PowerHarsh environmental conditions demand long-life lithium batteries
capable of powering remote wireless sensors reliably for 25+ years.
|By Sol Jacobs, Tadiran Batteries
POWER 16|wirelessdesignmag.com
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
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Trade in your current signal generator today
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The Agilent MXG X-Series signal generator lets you
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POWER18| wirelessdesignmag com
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Tadiran lithium thionyl chlo-ride cells are the most pow-erful and reliable lead-free, RoHSand WEEE compliant batteries in the world.
subjected to load, volt-
age can drop temporar-
ily, and then return to
its nominal value. TRR
Series batteries virtually eliminate this voltage drop
as well as voltage drop under pulse (or transient
minimum voltage level).The final result is zero delay
during the voltage response. These unique attributes
enable TRR Series batteries to utilize available capac-
ity more efficiently, thus extending the operating
life of the battery by up to 15 percent under certain
conditions, especially in extremely hot or cold tem-
peratures.
Lithium battery technology is evolving rapidly
to address the needs of high current pulse applica-
tions in extreme environments, providing designengineers with greater flexibility to craft optimized
solutions that result in decades of maintenance-free
battery performance. WDD
A choice of batteries
for high current pulse
applicationsWireless sensors are becoming increasingly com-
plex and feature-rich, with a growing demand for On
Demand 2-way RF communications that require
high current pulses for data gathering and transmis-
sion. To address the unique power requirements of
high current pulse applications, Tadiran developed
the PulsesPlus battery, which combines a standard
bobbin-type LiSOCL2 battery with a patented Hybrid
Layer Capacitor. This combination allows remote
wireless devices to operate continuouslywith low background current, periodi-
cally drawing high current pulses for data
capture and transmission, then returning
to a low current sleep or standby state. The
PulsesPlus battery also features a unique voltage
curve that allows devices to be programmed to
generate low battery status alerts. PulsesPlus batter-
ies are available in a 3.6V system that indicates when
approximately 95 percent of the batterys capacity
has been exhausted, and a 3.9V system that indicates
when approximately 90 percent of available capacity
has been used up.
Tadiran recently introduced a second alternative,
Tadiran Rapid Response TRR Series batteries,
which do not require the use of an HLC but stilldeliver high capacity and high energy
density without voltage or power delay.
When a standard LiSOCl2 battery is first
POWER18|wirelessdesignmag.com
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COVER STORY20|wirelessdesignmag.com
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Experienced digital power users are normally
well aware of the benefits of digital power sys-
tem management. However, for those who are
considering whether it makes sense for their products,
its benefits may not be so obvious. Typical questions
being asked are: Will our time-to-market be
longer when incorporating digital power?
How difficult is it to implement? How
long is the learning curve? What is the
additional cost? Will our customers value
digital power? Will this technology open
up new markets? Will we be left behind if
we dont incorporate digital power into our
product portfolio? The answers to these
questions need to be understood to help
determine if digital power is a good choice
in the end application.
Why Digital Power?Having digital control over analog power supplies
with a simple PC connection is especially valuable
during the development stage where designers need
to get their systems up and running quickly. There
can be as many as 30 point-of-load (POL) voltage
rails and users need to be able to easily monitor and
adjust supply voltages, sequence supplies up/down,
set operating voltage limits, and read parameters like
voltage, current and temperature as well as access
detailed fault logging via a digital interface. High
accuracy is extremely important in these systems to
maintain tight control over the rails and achieve the
maximum performance.
In data centers, a key challenge is to reduce overall power
consumption by rescheduling the work flow and moving jobs to
underutilized servers, thereby enabling shutdown of other serv-
ers. To meet these demands, it is essential to know the power
consumption of the end-user equipment. A properly designed
digital power management system can provide the user withpower consumption data, allowing for smart energy manage-
ment decisions to be made.
Knowing the condition and operating status of a voltage
regulator is perhaps the last remaining blind spot in todays
modern electronic systems, since they normally do not havethe means for directly configuring or remotely monitoring key
operating parameters. It can be critical for reliable operation
that a regulators output voltage drift over time or an over tem-
perature condition be detected and acted on before a potential
failure event occurs. A well designed digital dower system can
monitor the performance of a voltage regulator and report back
on its health in so that corrective action can be taken prior to it
going out of specification or even failure.
In order to protect expensive ASICs from the possibility of
an over voltage condition, high-speed comparators must moni-
tor the voltage levels of each rail and take immediate protective
action if a rail goes out of its specified safe operating limits. In
a digital power system, the host can be notified when a fault
occurs via the PMBus alert line and dependant rails can be shut
down to protect powered devices such as an ASIC. Achieving
this level of protection requires excellent accuracy and very fast
response times.
Digital power management is being adopted because of its abil-
ity to provide accurate information about the power system and itsability to autonomously control and supervise dozens of voltages
with ease. It can be very difficult to probe around and monitor
30 POL voltages on a complex system board. System designers
dont have to write a single line of code unless they want their host
Is Digital Power|By Bruce Haug, Senior Product Marketing Engineer, Power Products, Linear Technology
g g
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
Digital power creates a new design environment for powersupplies, and proves to be a very powerful tool.
LTC3880/-1 Programming Resolution
VOUT Command
12-bit Resolution 5.5V Range, 1.375mV per step 2.75V Range, 687V per stepCurrent Limit Set Point 3-bit Resolution, 5mV Accuracy 25mV to 75mV spanOV/UV VOUT Supervisor 8-bit Resolution, 2% of AccuracyOV/UV VIN Supervisor 8-bit Resolution, 2% of Accuracy
LTC3880/-1 Telemetry ResolutionInput Current 16-bit Resolution Per Phase and CombinedVIN 16-bit Resolution, 2% AccuracyVOUT 16-bit Resolution, 0.5% Accuracy
IOUT 16-bit Resolution 1% for 6mV VSENSE Calibration factor for DCR
Figure 1. LTC3880 Applications Schematic
wirelessdesignmag.com|21
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the Right Choice?
processor to read telemetry and do simple fault inter-
vention. It is clear that manufacturers need to provide
cost-effective parts tailored and targeted at specific
niches that can be easily implemented by new, as well
as experienced users. Linear Technology has several
digital power products and the LTC3880 (see page 20)
is one that has recently been released.
Digital Power Done Right
The LTC3880 and LTC3880-1 are dual output
high efficiency synchronous step-down DC/DC
controllers with I2C-based PMBus inter-
face for digital power system management.
These devices combine best in class ana-
log switching regulator performance with
precision mixed signal data conversion for
ease of power system design and manage-
ment, supported by the LTpowerPlay soft-
ware development system with easy-to-use
graphical user interface (GUI).
The LTC3880/-1 allows for digital pro-
gramming and read back for real-time con-
trol and monitoring of critical point-of-load
converter functions. Programmable control
parameters include output voltage, mar-
gining and current limits, input and output
supervisory limits, power-up sequencing
and tracking, switching frequency and iden-
tification and traceability data. On-chipprecision data converters and EEPROM
allow for the capture and nonvolatile stor-
age of regulator configuration settings and
telemetry variables, including input and
output voltages and currents, duty cycle,
temperature and fault logging.
The LTC3880/-1 has an analog control
loop for best loop stability and fastest
transient response without the quantization
effects commonly found in slower digital
control loops. This device can provide two
independent outputs or be configured for a
two phase single output. Up to 6 phases can
be interleaved and paralleled for accurate
sharing among multiple ICs, minimizing
input and output filtering requirements for
high current and/or multiple output appli-
cations. An integrated amplifier provides
true differential remote output voltagesensing, enabling high accuracy regulation,
independent of board IR voltage drops. Figure 1
shows a typical application using the LTC3880 to
develop 1.8V @ 20A and 3.3V @ 15A from a 12V
bus voltage.
Configurations for the LTC3880/-1 are easily
saved to internal EEPROM over the devices I2C seri-
al interface using Linear Technologys LTpowerPlay
GUI-based development software. Onboard memory
allows for specific user settings. In addition, this
controller can power up autonomously without bur-
dening the host processor. Default settings can be
optionally configured by external resistor dividers
g g
WDD|MAY|JUN|12
for output voltage, switching frequency, phase and
device address. The LTC3880/-1 has an onboard 16-
bit ADC that provides best in class programmability
and telemetry read-back.
Programming Resolution & Telemetry
Accuracy of the LTC3880/-1
The LTC3880/-1 features onboard integrated
MOSFET gate drivers to drive all N-channel power
MOSFETs from input voltages ranging from 4.5V
to 24V, and it can produce 0.50% accurate output
voltages from 0.5V to 5.5V with output currents up
to 30A per phase over the full operating temperature
range. The LTC3880/-1 can also drive power blocks
or DR MOS devices. The LTC3880/-1s minimum
on-time of just 90ns makes it ideal for compact
high frequency/high step-down ratio applications.
Accurate timing across multiple chips and event-based sequencing allow the optimization of power-up
and power-down of complex, multiple rail systems.
The LTC3880 features an onboard LDO. The
LTC3880-1 allows for an external bias voltage for
highest efficiency. Both parts are available in a ther-
mally enhanced 6mm x 6mm QFN-40 package with
a -40C to 105C operating junction temperature
range.
Digital System Management for Real-LifeApplications
A large multirail power board is normally com-
prised of an isolated intermediate bus converter,
which converts a 48V, 24V or other voltage from
the backplane to a lower intermediate bus voltage
(IBV), typically 12V that is distributed around the
PC card. Individual point-of-load (POL) DC-DC
converters step down the IBV to the required rail
voltages, which normally range from 0.6V to 5Vwith currents ranging from 0.5A to 120A. Figure
2 shows how a multi-rail system can be controlled
with various Linear Technology controllers and
DC/DC converters. The point of load DC/DCs can
be self-contained modules, monolithic devices or
solutions comprised of DC-DC controller ICs with
associated Ls, Cs and MOSFETs. These rails nor-
mally have strict requirements for sequencing, volt-
age accuracy, over current and over voltage limits,
margining and supervision.
Clearly, the sophistication of power management
is increasing and its not uncommon for circuit board
to have over 30 rails. These types of boards are
Figure 3. LTC2978 Controlling an External DC/DC Converter
Figure 2. Block Diagram on How to Control 15 Rails via an I2C/PMBus
COVER STORY22|wirelessdesignmag.com
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densely populated and the digital power system man-
agement circuitry must not take up too much board
space. It must be easy to use and be able to control a
high number of rails. Linear Technology's LTC2978
combines all the necessary features to work in
conjunction with the LTC3880/1 and LTC2874 to
control up to 72 voltages on a single segment of
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an I2C bus. The LTC3880/-1 controls,
monitors and generates up to two high
current rails. The LTC2978 controls and
monitors up to 8 rails, and the LTC2974
controls and monitors up to 4 rails. Such solutions
must operate autonomously or communicate with
a system host processor for command, control and
to report telemetry. Figure 3 shows an
example of one channel of an LTC2978
controlling a DC/DC converter.
The PMBus command language was
developed to address the needs of large multirail
systems. In addition to a well-defined set of stan-
dard commands, PMBus compliant devices can
also implement their own proprietary commands to
provide innovative value-added features. The stan-
dardization of the majority of the commands and the
data format is a great advantage to OEMs producing
these types of system boards. The protocol is imple-mented over the industry-standard SMBusTM serial
interface and enables programming, control, and
real-time monitoring of power conversion products.
Command language and data format standardization
allows for easy firmware development and reuse by
OEMs, which results in reduced time-to-market for
power systems designers.
With over 75 PMBus standard command func-
tions, users can take full operational control of
their power system using one of the most popular
open standard power-management protocols. Users
can also generate interrupt requests for the system
controller by asserting an ALERT pin in response to
supported PMBus faults. The supplied LTpowerPlay
GUI gives users easy access to the LTC3880/-1s
operations and settings.
Conclusion
Digital power creates a new design environmentfor power supplies which adds value in several areas.
First, having digital control over analog power sup-
plies with a simple PC connection is valuable during
the development stage enabling designers to get their
systems up and running quickly. Designers of high
rail count systems need an easy way to monitor, con-
trol and adjust supply voltages, limits and sequenc-
ing. Production margin testing is easier to perform
than traditional methods since the entire test can be
controlled by a couple of standard commands over
an I2C/PMBus bus. Power system data can be sent
back to the OEM about the power supplies health,
effectively opening up the blind spot with regards to
a DC/DC converters well being.
A properly designed digital power management
system provides the user with power consump-
tion data, allowing for smart energy management
decisions to be made, which can be used to reduce
overall power consumption. Digital power is not allthings to all people; however, for high rail count
complex systems and OEMs who want to keep
track of their power systems status it is a very pow-
erful tool. WDD
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
VIEW THIS ARTICLE ONLINE!
GO TO:
http://bit.ly/wdd-tech
-
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ofANT+wireless chip solut
ions
fromNordicSemiconducto
r
MeetNORDIC
SEMICONDUCTOR
A
ANT+ wireless technology is employed in its
millions in the vast majority of sports and fitness
sensors and hub products (such as sports
watches and bike computers) in use around the
world today?
BANT+ compatibility is now being included as
standard in an ever growing list of smartphones?
C
ANT+ is considered to be the wireless
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...and would it interest you to know that...Did you know that...
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WWW.NORDICSEMI.COM
24|wirelessdesignmag.com
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MAY|JUN|12|WDD
WRITE MORE
WIRE LESS
The 4G Challenge That Networking Users Now Faceby Dan-Joe Barry, VP of Marketing with Napatech
One of the biggest technical challenges facing the networking industry today are the de-
mands that the next generation of cellular communications known as 4G (for fourth gen-eration) will place on the network backhaul and communications networks generally.
4G better known as Long Term Evolution by those in the know is a revolution in termsof data speeds, but is actually a natural upgrade for existing 2G and 3G cellular networks,
achieving downstream speeds of an astonishing 300 Mbps and uplink speeds of 75 Mbps.
Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-Napatech
Noise on Vcc - A Challenge for Designersby Wolfgang Damm, Director Product Marketing, Wireless Telecom Group
Highest component integration and ultra-fast switching speed of electronic chips and
devices forces circuit designers to re-think their Vcc and GND architecture.
The Vcc level should be flat and GND should be a clean reference unfortunately, this isnot always the case. With increasing integration and growing requirements for speed and
accuracy, noise starts to permeate supply power and, even if minute, may affect the function-ality of integrated circuits and systems.
Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-wtg
Building a Success-ful All-CMOS SiliconOscillator - An Age-old Problem Solvedby Steve Cliffe, VP Worldwide
Sales and Marketing, eoSemiThe march of silicon integration
has proved irresistible in almost every
area of electronics design. Even the most intrac-table problems such as mixed signal circuits have
succumbed to the power of CMOS: in the process,vast swathes of hardware and software have been
sucked into the silicon chip. Oscillator design is
one of the very few exceptions to this rule. As soonas you learn a little about the subject, it becomes
clear that its a special challenge and it becomesobvious why the existing solution, the crystal, has
been in use for nearly a century now.Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-
eosemi
Change in Your PocketBy Janine E. Mooney, WDD Editor
For retailers tablets equal gold. After entering the e-commerce space in the last years, and
with the help of user-friendly mobile apps, retailers are pleased and profitable. But this isnt
the only wireless technology that theyre (almost) smiling about.Mobile payments are developing in their favor, thanks to near field communication. The
act of pointing your NFC-enabled phone at a card reader to pay your train fare, to downloaddetails about the next time your favorite band is coming to town, or to quickly pay for din-
ner, is so simple and intuitive. Some retailers have already started using the technology, andalthough there is considerable activity around mobiles payments, uncertainty still lingers.
Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-jm
WiGig is ComingBy Ali Sadri, President and Chairman of the WiGig Alliance
The widespread availability and use of digital multimedia content has created a need forfaster wireless connectivity that current commercial standards cannot support. This has
driven demand for a single standard that can support advanced applications such as wire-less display and docking. The Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) Alliance was formed to meet this
need by establishing a wireless technology operating in the unlicensed 60 gigahertz bandthat promises data rates of up to 7 gigabits per second, or more than 10 times the speed of
the fastest wifi networks available today. The band has much more spectrum available thanthe 2.4 or 5 gigahertz bands used by existing wifi products.
Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-wigig
Automating In-dustrial EquipmentControls with M2MCommunicationsPlatforms andServicesby Brian Anderson, VP of
Marketing, Sierra Wireless
Traditional control systems used to monitor and
automate industrial field equipment provide very spe-cific functions. These systems generally control localequipment functions, like process control, and allow
one-way data communication of data from the indus-trial product to a business application typically used by
a few individuals working within a single department.New machine-to-machine (M2M) communica-
tions technologies can vastly expand and improveupon those earlier control systems. These new
M2M solutions make it possible to build and deploysmart automation systems, providing new control
and management capabilities, that deliver more de-tailed, actionable information.
Read more at http://bit.ly/wdd-blog-sw
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divided by the intrinsic permeability, or:
Relative Permeability =
0
A very popular material used in todays indus-
try is the Ferrite core. The relative permeability
of a manganese zinc ferrite core is 640 or greater.
For wireless chargers, however, air is the core
material. This is because the primary winding
is located in a separate unit from the secondary
winding. The relative permeability of air is 1,resulting in a much less efficient transformer.
Because the transformer efficiency is low, the
efficiency of the rest of the circuit becomes very
important.
Secondary Side Bridge Rectification
The full-bridge rectifier and filter circuit pro-
duces a constant DC voltage from the AC signal
induced in the secondary winding. Figure 2 shows
a full-bridge rectifier circuit using a four-diode
configuration.
When diodes 1 and 3 are forward-biased, diodes 2
and 4 are reverse-biased, and vice versa. Therefore,
the main power loss across the bridge is the forward
drop across the two diodes. A standard diode has a
voltage drop of approximately 0.7 V. This means that
the power loss across the two diodes is:
Ploss= ILoad* (VF1+ VF2) = ILoad* 2(0.7V)
A Schottky diode has a much lower forward volt-
age drop, typically around 0.4 V. For the bridge con-
figuration shown in Figure 2, the Schottky diodes
give better efficiency. The example input waveform
shown in Figure 2 is a sine wave with amplitude
VPK. The rectified output has an amplitude of VPK
and both halves of the cycle are positive.
Figure 3 shows the current path across the bridge
and load for Region 1 and Region 2 of the input
voltage sine wave. During the first half of the input
voltage cycle (Region 1 and Figure 4a) the voltage at
node a is higher than the voltage at node b. Current
flows through diode 1, across the load, and returns to
the transformer through diode 3. During the second
half of the input voltage cycle (Region 2 and Figure
4b) the voltage at node b is higher than the voltage
at node a, and current flows in the opposite direc-
tion through diode 2, across the load, and returns tothe transformer through diode 4. In each
case, current flows in the same direction
across the load itself, producing the out-
put voltage waveform seen in Figure 2.
A second full bridge rectifier configuration con-sists of two diodes and two MOSFET devices.
Figure 4 shows an example of this configuration.
For this bridge configuration, diodes 3 and
4 are replaced with N-channel MOSFETs. The
gate of MOSFET 3 is tied to node a and the gate
of MOSFET 4 is connected to node b. The body
diode of each MOSFET blocks current flow
when that MOSFET is off. The example bridge
input and output waveforms are the same as the
previous bridge conf iguration. During Region 1,
the voltage at node a is higher than the voltage
at node b. Diode 1 is forward-biased, Diode 2 is
reverse-biased, MOSFET 3 is on and MOSFET 4
is off (with the body diode of MOSFET 4 reverse-
biased). During Region 2, the voltage at node b is
higher than the voltage at node a. Diode 2 is for-
ward-biased, Diode 1 is reverse-biased, MOSFET
4 is on and MOSFET 3 is off (with the body diode
of MOSFET 3 reverse-biased).The current path and resulting output
waveform is the same as the previous
configuration. However, by replacing two
diodes with MOSFETs, the bridge effi-
ciency is increased, and the power loss across thediode and MOSFET becomes:
Ploss
= ILoad
* VF1
+ I2Load
* RDS(ON)
The third implementation results in the lowest
power loss. This power loss savings translates
directly into improved efficiency of the secondary
circuit as a whole, making the wireless charging
solution more energy efficient.
Efficiency considerations are critical for wire-
less charging solutions, due to the lower efficiency
nature of the air-gap transformer over traditional
wired solutions. Therefore, to maximize the per-
formance for wireless charging, the efficiency of
each circuit block must be carefully considered
and addressed. Implementing a two-diode and
two-MOSFET solution results in a large power loss
savings. For the electronics industry today, energy
conservation and improved efficiency are at theforefront of the minds of both consumer and manu-
facturers. As wireless charging gains momentum,
so too does the increased need for high-efficiency
and high performance solutions. WDD
MAY|JUN|12|WDD
Figure 3: Current Path During (a) Region 1 and (b) Region 2 of the Input Waveform.
Figure 4: Full Bridge Rectifier: 2 Diode, 2 MOSFET Configuration
VIEW THIS ARTICLE ONLINE!
GO TO:http://bit.ly/wdd-tech
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The Newest Products for Your Newest Designs
Find It Here.Faster.
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NFC|SHOWCASE|wirelessdesignmag.com32|
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Five-in-oneWireless
ConnectivitySolutions for Next-generation MobileExperiencesTexas Instruments introduced
the WiLink 8.0 product family:
a collection of 45-nanome-
ter single-chip solutions that
integrate up to five different
radios, and set the stage for next-generation mobile Wi-Fi, GNSS, NFC, Bluetooth and FM transmit/receive
applications. The WiLink 8.0 architecture supports various combinations of
these technologies, allowing for customized solutions to address the unique
needs and price points of all mobile markets. Each chip variant comes in a
compact WSP package that can be mounted directly on a PCB, and includes
all required RF front ends, a complete power management system, and com-
prehensive coexistence mechanisms. WiLink 8 solutions are available for all
Wi-Fi throughput ranges, either using 2x2 MIMO or SISO 40MHz. Capable
of reaching more than 100Mbps Wi-Fi TCP throughput on the 2.4GHz and
5GHz bands, the chips promise the fastest mobile streaming and high-defini-
tion (HD) mobile video capabilities.
Texas Instruments, www.ti.com
Dual RFID-ZigBee SensorsEnable NFC Applications for
the Internet of ThingsLibelium has launched a RFID/NFC modulefor the Waspmote sensor platform. The
radio module extends Waspmote features
allowing the sensor data to be used in
Location Based Services (LBS),
such as asset tracking, supply
chain monitoring, intelligent
shopping or access management.
By using RFID/NFC along with
ZigBee, asset tracking can bemore accurate than ever along
the whole supply chain process.
Product management softwares,
like ERPs, will have access in real
time to information related to re-
maining stock, storage and transportation conditions, expiration dates and even
consumer profiles, knowing time spent in front of a shelf or products picked
up and not bought. Security applications, including access control, can also be
covered with this technology as the RFID standard -Mifare- uses a 6 bytes keyto ensure maximum privacy and authentication requirements, a major concern
in this technology.
Libelium, www.libelium.com
Single-chipSolution forMultifunctionCar KeysPioneering the marketfor smart car keys,
NXP Semiconductors
announced the avail-
ability of its produc-
tion-ready single-chip
solution for multifunc-
tion car keys - the
NCF2970 (KEyLink Lite). Enhancing the functionality of car keys by sup-
porting Near Field Communications (NFC) technology, NXPs KEyLinkLite enables car manufacturers to offer a new driving experience with keys
that connect to external NFC-compliant devices, such as mobile phones,
tablets and laptops. The launch of KEyLink Lite is timed to take advantage
of the growing popularity and availability of NFC. Drivers will be able
to simply wave their car key over an NFC-compliant mobile device to ac-
cess essential and useful car data. Based on NFC standards, and utilizing
the 13.56MHz frequency and cryptography such as Hitag-3 or AES-128,
KEyLink Lite provides secure storage and enables communication of sen-
sitive data. KEyLink Lite uniquely combines NFC capabilities and NXPs
industry-leading Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) and Passive Keyless Entry
(PKE) technologies. This allows NFC-compliant mobile devices to edit and
view data stored on a car key and opens many new use cases.
NXP Semiconductors, www.nxp.com
NFC|SHOWCASE|wirelessdesignmag.com |33
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Single-chipSolution for
MultifunctionCar KeysPioneering the market
for smart car keys,
NXP Semiconductors
announced the avail-
ability of its produc-
tion-ready single-chip
solution for multifunc-
tion car keys - the NCF2970 (KEyLink Lite). Enhancing the functionality of
car keys by supporting Near Field Communications (NFC) technology, NXPs
KEyLink Lite enables car manufacturers to offer a new driving experience with
keys that connect to external NFC-compliant devices, such as mobile phones,
tablets and laptops. The launch of KEyLink Lite is timed to take advantage of the
growing popularity and availability of NFC. Drivers will be able to simply wave
their car key over an NFC-compliant mobile device to access essential and use-
ful car data. Based on NFC standards, and utilizing the 13.56MHz frequency and
cryptography such as Hitag-3 or AES-128, KEyLink Lite provides secure storage
and enables communication of sensitive data. KEyLink Lite uniquely combines
NFC capabilities and NXPs industry-leading Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) andPassive Keyless Entry (PKE) technologies. This allows NFC-compliant mobile de-
vices to edit and view data stored on a car key and opens many new use cases.
NXP Semiconductors, www.nxp.com
Standalone NFCMicroSDaustriamicrosystems announced
the first demonstration that enables
NFC data transfer on removable
secure elements using a micro-an-
tenna design. This solution was
developed in cooperation
with Infineon Technologies
AG. It will speed up the
deployment and the ac-
ceptance of standalone
NFC solutions basedon ultra small form
factors such as
microSD. NFC
is now entering the
consumer mass market and
despite the release of new NFC enabled
phones, standalone solutions are needed
to enable NFC for the millions of mobile devices already in the field. The
NFC microSD solution is integrated with the micro-antenna included in the
ultra small form factor. No other design approach currently on the market al-
lows for reliable contactless payment fully enclosed within the microSD.
austriamicrosystems, www.ams.com
34|wirelessdesignmag.com
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MAY|JUN|12|WDD
Introducing No Strings AttachedEach month this section will highlight our web-based interview show where we talk
about the latest wireless technology, components and design issues.
NO
STRINGS ATTACHED
Listen as we discuss small cells and WiFi with Juan San-tiago, VP of Product Management at Powerwave. Small
cell technology boosts the capacity of cell networks, and
because the technology is designed to feature more, but
smaller transmitters, you'll find less dead zones and less
competition for cell tower resources. What does this mean
to you? It means more cell phone coverage and cheaper
data transmissions.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-pw
For more information about Powerwave, please visit: www.powerwave.com
We welcome Bill Saltzstein, President of connectBlue,
who is speaking with us about Bluetooth low energy tech-
nology. Bluetooth low energy technology is rapidly being
integrated in small mobile devices thanks to the unique
features of an extremely long battery lifetime, fast con-
nection times and interoperability focus provided by the
standard. Industrial and medical customers can now
easily utilize "apps" for Human Machine Interface (HMI),gateway and data acquisition functionality.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-cb
For more information about connectBlue, please visit: www.connectblue.se
In this podcast, Tom Dekker, Director of Sales and Mar-keting for RF Products at Cree, discusses the C-Band
GaN HEMT MMIC high-power amplifier. The device of-
fers superior linear efficiency in a small footprint package
facilitating reductions in transmitter size and weight with
lower cost thermal management. In addition, because this
device operates at higher voltages than GaAs MESFETs,
the transistors draw less current, resulting in lower power
distribution losses and higher overall system efficiencies.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-cree
For more information about Cree, please visit: www.cree.com
Talking with Andy Ross, Director of Wireless Appli-
cations for B&B Electronics, speaks with us about the
new airborne technology. This industrial-grade wire-
less access point is the first fruit of B&Bs October2011 acquisition of Quatech, whose Airborne wireless
networking devices feature WiFi connectivity technol-
ogy to network-enable industrial M2M devices.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-bbFor more information about B&B Electronics, please visit: www.bb-elec.com
Listen as Jennifer Ernst, VP of North America at Thinfilm
Electronics speaks with us about printed electronics and
the new printed temperature sensor system. They recently
announced a new partnership with PST Sensors to jointly
develop a printed temperature sensor system that will
monitor the temperature of perishable goods such as food
and pharmaceuticals. These systems are a successful ex-
ample of how low cost electronics can be manufactured in high volumes for a
fraction of the cost compared to traditional silicon microelectronics.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-tf
For more information about Thinfilm Electronics, please visit: www.thinfilm.no
We talk to Jeremy Hendy, VP of Sales and Marketing at
Nujira, who is speaking with us about envelope tracking.
Nujira has launched the first IC in its Coolteq.L product
family of Envelope Tracking (ET) power supply modula-
tors for mobile handsets. Nujiras NCT-L1100 has beendeveloped by the industrys largest and most experienced
ET team, delivering a chip that reduces wasted energy
from power amplifiers (PAs) in mobile handsets by more
than 50 percent, cutting heat dissipation and extending battery life.
Listen to the podcast at: http://bit.ly/wdd-nsa-njFor more information about Nujira, please visit: www.nujira.com
No Strings Attached Sponsored by: Memory Protection Devices, Inc.
200 Broadhollow Road; Suite 4; Farmingdale, NY 11790
Phone: 1-631-249-0001; Fax: 1-631-249-0002
Email: [email protected]
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SALES OFFICESAdvantage Business Media
Publishing Headquarters100 Enterprise Drive, Suite 600, Box 912
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P R O D U C T & S E R V I C E S M A R K E T P L A C EFor Information on this monthly section For Product & Service Advertising contact Nick Pinto, 972-920-7745.
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