Maurice Ravel and Pungmul

Jinnie ParkHL Music Y1

Population: 73 million (as of 2010)

Principal Ethnicity: Korean

Located on the Korean Peninsula, in North-East Asia

Area: 219, 140 km²

Religion: Traditionally Confucian and Buddhist, but 20th C Christianity in SOUTH Korea:

-22.8% Buddhist

-18.3% Protestant

-10.9% Catholic

-1.7% Other

-46.5% No Religion

South and West have plains; North and East are mountainous

Many significant islands

Korea

HISTORY• People began to live on the Korean Peninsula some

700,000 years ago

• 5th C: Town-states evolved into tribal leagues- Three notable kingdoms developed

• Starting in the 8thC, the Peninsula began to become more unified

• Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392)- 1234: Invention of the world’s first movable type

Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)• Scientific and cultural

advancement• Invention of the turtle ship,

the world’s first iron-clad battleship

• Switch from Buddhism to Confucianism

• Invaded by Japanese, Manchuria, etc.

• “Hermit Kingdom”- Isolationist principles to

protect from Western imperialism

• In 1897, became“The Korean Empire”

Gyeongbok Palace

Joseon Dynasty

PUNGMUL• Korean folk tradition;

originated in the Joseon Dynasty or before

• Rooted in lower-class, farming culture

• Involves singing, dancing, and drumming

• Most performances take place outside

• Constant motion

Nabal

Kkwaengawri

Changgo

Jing

Puk

Sogo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztGeP1wCSiE&feature=related

3:50 – 4:40; 7:38 – 8:14

• Central part: drumming• Sometimes includes wind

instruments (nabal, etc.)• Dancers, with elaborate,

acrobatic choreography• Often play the sogo while

dancing• Sometimes wear sangmo

• Japsaek, actors, dressed as “caricatures of traditional village roles,” interact with the audience

• Performers wear colorful costumes• Headgear: Buddhist kkokkal• May be a reflection of its

shamanist influence

● Originally a prayer song played at the beginning of a performer group’s stay at a village; meant to ask for blessings from village spirits

● Singing, dancing, and drumming

● Strong vocal and percussion● Some repetition of rhythm● Often played at samulnori

performances● Note: “Vocables” style of music

notation that arranges written syllables (note representations) in tables

BINARIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3EvsdU8Hxg&feature=related

0:03 – 0:30

Modern South Korea

Pungmul Today● Due to the large differences between Joseon

Korean culture and modern culture, pungmul is not played as often as before – but efforts are being made to preserve the style.

● Important Intangible Cultural Property– 1962 Cultural Property Protection

Law; after Japanese Occupation and Korean War

● Samulnori (1978 – )

● University groups

JOSEPH-MAURICE RAVEL• French composer• Known for his piano compositions,

chamber music, vocal music, and orchestral music

• Was a leader of avant-garde French music

• Personality – “meticulous about his appearance, “ “well-read,” “sensitive and self-critical,” “mischievous sense of humor”

• attentive to form and craftsmanship • Very original – not fully

impressionistic or modernist

Biography• Born March 7, 1875 in Ciboure, France• Began piano lessons and theory

lessons at age six– Was talented at the piano, but

preferred composing• Attended the Conservatoire de Paris

– Was not successful academically, though he was considered “very gifted” in musical areas

• Was expelled in 1895• Returned to the Conservatoire in

1898, this time focusing on composing rather than on piano playing

• Studied composition with Gabriel Fauré until 1900

• Studied each instrument’s unique abilities, color, and timbre

• Published a few early works, but was not well-accepted by critics

• Was considered “too radical”• Met Debussy in the 1890s and became

good friends• By 1905, people were comparing the

two and factions emerged, causing the men to grow distant

• During World War I, grew depressed over his mother’s death (1917)

- Wasn’t allowed to be an aviator because of his short stature and weak health; became a truck driver instead

• After the War, began international tours– Was more popular overseas than in

France• Continued to gather popularity and

wrote more pieces• In 1932, he was in a car accident and

began to exhibit signs of a neurological disease

• Consented to experimental brain surgery, but fell into a coma and never woke again

• Died on 28 December 1937

Influences● Mother, Marie Delouart, was Basque, but grew up in Spain

– Basque-Spanish folk songs sang to him at bedtime● His father, Joseph Ravel, was Swiss; was interested in music and culture

● “As a child, I was sensitive to music – to every kind of music.”

● Brought him to visit factories; influenced rhythm of Boléro● Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, at the Exposition Universelle (1889)

● Russian, foreign music● Ricardo Viñes – pianist and one of his best friends

● Interpreted much of his piano music

● “Important link between Ravel and Spanish music”● Café pianist Erik Satie

● “Distinctive personality and unorthodox musical experiments”● André Gadalge - teacher

● Apaches (hooligans) – a group of composers, musicians, poets, etc.● “artistic outcasts”; included Igor Stravinsky and Ricardo Viñes

● Met regularly until World War I

● Claude Debussy – different styles, but friends

Major Works

● Jeux d'eau ●“first piano masterpiece,” “pathfinding

impressionistic work” ● Mirrors (1905)● Daphnes et Chloé (1909)● Le tombeau de Couperin (1919)● La Valse (1920)● Boléro (1928)

Boléro (1928)• Ballet, based on the musical form

and Spanish dance, “bolero”

• Written for a large orchestra

• C major, ¾ time

• Begins pianissimo and rises in a continuous crescendo

• Key doubling and diatonic chords

• REPETITION

• Main continues to be played on C, minus eight measures of E major

Ida Rubinstein

Boléro (1928)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-4J5j74VPw

• Snare drum(s) play an unchanging ostinato rhythm constantly

• Two main melodies are repeated, passed from instrument to instrument

– First is diatonic– Second has more syncopation and flats– Spanish-Arabic melody

• Pizzacato strings, mainly with tonic and dominant notes, accompany the themes

• LAST SIX BARS– Bass drum, cymbals, and tam-tam enter for the first

time– Trombones and saxophones play “raucous glissandi”

while the rest of the orchestra plays the snare drum’s rhythm

– Dissonant D-flat chord to a C major chord• Instruments either follow snare drum rhythm, the main

theme, or a quarter/eighth note rhythm

• Performance duration: 12 -18 minutes

– Average time: 15 min.• Tempo di Bolero, moderato assai

(very moderate)– Original metronome

mark: ~66– Modern editions usually

play at 72• Ravel preferred a steady tempo –

like a metronome

● Most performances are outside● Number of performers differs● “Farmer's music;” usually not for

higher classes● Was originally played at village

events, shamanistic rituals.. Rural settings

● Blurred boundaries between audience and performers

● Vocal is important; no wind instruments

● Performers wear colorful costumes● No conductor● Improvisation is encouraged

• Usually played indoors• Written for a large orchestra• Rooted in Spanish dance• Not often played in rural

settings; concert halls• Rhythm reminiscent of

factories - ostinato• Wind instruments play a

large role• Led by a conductor• Rigid; Less improvisation

• Preferred setting: outside- Ravel once stated he wanted

the performance to take place outside, against a factory backdrop.

• Central element: drumming• Importance of rhythm• Has one central beat

BINARI/PUNGMULBINARI/PUNGMUL BOLÉRO

● Uses dancers in performance● Was not predicted to be a success● Style experienced change over time● Performance varies depending on performers● Represents a traditional style● Repetition● Emphasis on dynamics

SIMILARITIES

WORKS CITED"Instruments." Instruments. University of Chicago, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

<http://looseroots.uchicago.edu/instruments.html>.

Kim, Hae Joo. "Pungmul Nori." Virtual Instrument Museum. Wesleyan University, 14 Nov. 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://www.wesleyan.edu/vim/cgi-bin/instrument.cgi?id=109>.

"Korea at a Glance: History." Korea.net. KOCIS, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korea-at-a-Glance/History>.

"Overview of Pungmul and Samulnori." Cambridge Samulnori. Cambridge, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.srcf.ucam.org/samulnori/samulnori%20overview%20.xhtml>.

"Ravel: Concerto in D Major for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra." Broomlet. Broomlet, 22 Sept. 2008. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://www.broomlet.com/archives/2008/09/ravel_concerto.html>.

Roble, Neil. "Ravel's Greatest Hit - The Ultimate Bolero." Audioholics. N.p., 25 Feb. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

Sebastion. "Ravel's Bolero: A Mechanical Dance." Bolero. Favorite Classical Composers, 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://www.favorite-classical-composers.com/ravel-bolero.html>.

Slipayamanant, Jon. "Korean Chongganbo and Far Eastern Music Notation Systems."Wordpress.com. N.p., 07 Nov. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.

Stone, Stephen R. "A Waygukin's Guide to Samulnori." Wayguk Samulnori. Wetpaint, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://wayguksamulnori.wetpaint.com/page/Sheet Music%3A %EC%95%85%EB%B3%B4>.

"Traditional Musical Instruments of Korea." Sogang. Sogang University, 1998. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/korean/kks100/lesson14/l14_03.html>.

Yim, PJ. "Pungmul." PJYIM. Shinurl, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://pungmul.pjyim.com/what-is-pungmul/5-instruments>.