Matter: Its Properties and Measurement

General Chemistry: Chapter 1Slide 1 of 25

PHILIP DUTTONUNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

TENTH EDITION

GENERAL CHEMISTRYPrinciples and Modern Applications

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Matter: Its Properties and Measurement 1

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.General Chemistry: Chapter 1Slide 2 of 25

Matter: Its Properties and Measurement


1-1 The Scientific Method

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)developer of germ theorypasteurizationrabies vaccination

Called the greatest physician of all time by some.

He was a chemist by training and profession.

FIGURE 1-1

The Scientific Method Illustrated



1-2 Properties of Matter

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or componentsex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

Properties: Distinguishing features physical and chemical properties


1-3 Classification of Matter

Matter is made of atoms.

114 elements.

About 90% available from natural sources

Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.

Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.

FIGURE 1-4

A classification scheme for matter


Separating Mixtures: a physical process


FIGURE 1-5

A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate


FIGURE 1-6

Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter

Figure 1-7



1-4 The Measurement of Matter

Philip Dutton

This table needs to be replaced with table in the new colour scheme.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.Slide 12 of 25

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Philip Dutton

This table needs to be replaced with the one in the new colour scheme

Mass


Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

Weight is the force of gravity on an object

W ∝ m W = g × m


Temperature


Volume


SI and non-SI Units Compared

1 kg 1 lb1 in 1 cm

1 US qt0.936 L

1 L

1 Imperial qt1.136 L


SI UnitsLength meter, m

Mass Kilogram, kg

Time second, s

Temperature Kelvin, K

Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1

Derived UnitsForce Newton, kg m s-2

Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2

Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

Non-SI UnitsLength Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm

Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3

Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J

Pressure

1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa

1 Atm = 760 mm Hg


1-5 Density and Percent Composition

= m/V

m=VV=m/

g/mLMass and volume are extensive properties

Density is an intensive property


Density in Conversion Pathways

What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25 inches on each side?

Have volume, need density = 22.59g/cm3

Philip Dutton

Replace figure, density value is wrong

Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object


FIGURE 1-10


1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Systematic errors.Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.

Random errorsLimitation in reading a scale.

PrecisionReproducibility of a measurement.

AccuracyHow close to the real value.


Precision

Reproducibility ∼ 0.1 g ∼ 0.0001 g

Precision low high


1-7 Significant Figures

Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

Figure 1-11


Significant Figures

The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precisionnumber (N) in a calculation 14.79 × 12.11 × N

N = 5.04 5.05 5.06


End of Chapter Questions

Instructors may provide lists of questions that reinforce topics they feel are particularly pertinent in the chapter. If no list is given students should attempt questions from each section of the chapter.

Build from the easier questions where the topic is identified, to the more difficult integrative examples where the approach to the question must be identified.

Matter: Its Properties and Measurement

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