Matter, Energy & Temperature

States of Matter:

Matter occurs in __ states:3

Solids have a definite _____ and _______.

shapevolumeLiquids have a definite _______ but take the _______ of their__________.

volumeshape containers

Gases have neither a definite ______ nor a definite _______, but will expand to fill their_________.

shapevolume

container

Solids

Particles in a solid are ______ packed together.tightly

They still _____, but don’t have much _______ and can only _________.

moveenergy

vibrate

There are _______ forces of _________ between the particles, which holds them close together in a structure called a _________ ________.crystal lattice

strong attraction

Liquids

Particles in a liquid are ______ apart than in solids and _____ much more.

farthermove

Liquid particles can _______ and _______.vibrate rotate

The attractive forces aren’t as ______ in liquids – so they have no definite _______.

strong

shape

Gases

Gas particles are much _______ apart than in either _______ or ______.

farthersolids

liquids

Gas particles can ________, _______ and _________.

vibrate rotatetranslate

There is almost no _________ between particles, so a gas will _______ to fill the ______ and ______ of its container.

attractionexpand

size shape

The States, they are a-change-n

What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes

_______ is what determines the state of matter!Energy

Solid to Liquid

Add ______ to a solid, and its particles will move ________ and the ___________ will increase.

energy

fastertemperature

Eventually, the particles will have enough energy to ________ from their crystal structure and the substance becomes a _______.

escape

liquid

Liquid to Gas

Add ______ to a liquid, and the particles will move ______ and the temperature will _________.

energyfaster

increase

Eventually, the liquid particles will have enough _______ to overcome the __________ forces and become a ____.

energyattractive

gas

Energy MattersEnergy is the ability to do ________.

There are different forms of energy:

Chemical

Mechanical

Electrical

Light Heat

WORK

Energy TypesThere are 2 main types of energy:

• __________ energy is the energy of __________.

• ________ energy is the energy of ________.

Potentialposition

Kineticmotion

When _____ is added, the particles that make up a substance begin to move _______.

This is an increase in ____________ energy.

**This is also an increase in ______________.

heat

faster

Kinetic

temperature

The ‘official’ definition for temperature:

Average kinetic energy

Absolute ZERO

• A __________ that states if the temperature ____________ enough, all molecular motion will _________.

• Can _______ actually happen!

• ________ always has a way to move to/from an object!

theorydecreases

STOP

never

Heat

Kelvin Scale

When approaching absolute zero, we use the ________ scale.Kelvin

The Kelvin scale starts at ____ K, which is _______________.

zero absolute zero

To convert Celsius to Kelvin:

K = °C + 273

100°C = ____ K 373

Phase changes

If you add heat to a solid, its _______ energy increases.

Eventually, you reach a point where the particles have enough energy to __________ from their ____________ structure.

The solid now becomes a ______.

Kinetic

break freecrystal lattice

liquid

The temperature at which this occurs is the substance’s ________ point.

The energy required to change the solid to a liquid is called the _______ of _______.

melting

heat fusion

(Heat energy is measured in ________.)Joules (J)

During the ______ change from solid to liquid, what happens to the temperature?

_______ the _______!

This means the average _______ energy stays the same.

But we’re still adding ______ energy – if the kinetic energy isn’t increasing, what kind of energy is?

phase

STAYS SAME

Kinetic

Heat

Potential!!!

________________is the pressure exerted by the _______ particles.

In order for a liquid to boil, the vapor pressure must equal the ___________ pressure, and then the liquid will change to a _____.

Vapor pressure

atmosphericgas

liquid

The amount of energy needed to change a liquid to a gas is called the _____ of ____________.

The temperature at which the liquid particles have enough energy to escape is the substance’s _______ point.

boiling

___________ is a change from liquid to gas at the _______ of the liquid.

heat vaporization

Evaporationsurface

Happens at ANY temperature!

Occasionally, there are substances that skip the liquid step and go directly from a _____ to a _____. (like ____________)

This is called ___________.

(The opposite – going directly from a gas to a solid – is called __________.)

solid gasDry ice (CO2)

sublimation

deposition

Remember that a substance’s _______ point is the same as its ____________ point.

The name just tells you the _________ of the phase change.

boilingcondensation

direction

________ point = ______ to _______________ point = _______ to _______________ point = _______ to _______________ point = _______ to ______

Heat of ________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _______.

Heat of ___________ = energy needed to change a _______ to a _____.

solid liquidsolidliquid

liquidliquidgas

gas

MeltingFreezingBoiling

Condensation

Fusionsolid liquid

Vaporizationliquid gas

Phase changes

Substances will be found in the solid, liquid or gas phase according to the _________ of their particles.energy

Watch the following animation to see what I mean!

Heating & Cooling Curves

If you graph the energy & temperature associated with phase changes, you end up with something that looks like…

Energy

Tem

pera

ture

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Freezing

Boiling

Condensation

Reading a Heating Curve

Increases in temperature are also increases in _______ energy.kinetic

_________ lines are increases in ___________, and therefore increases in _______ energy.

Diagonaltemperature

kinetic

__________ lines do not show increases in temperature, so the _______ energy stays the same!

Horizontal

kinetic

Horizontal lines show periods of increases in _________ energy – during a _____________

potentialphase change

Use the temperature on the side of the graph to find:

Boiling point?

Melting point?

Condensation point?Solid phase?

Liquid phase?Gas phase?

Potential energy Increase ?

Kinetic energy increase ?