What causes continental drift and plate tectonics? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.
Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.
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Transcript of Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.
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Part I
Matter and Phase Change
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Part I
Matter and Phase Change
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Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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First Area of Focus: Matter
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Matter : Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Matter : Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Important note: Mass and weight are different.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Important note: Mass and weight are different.– Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter
something contains.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Important note: Mass and weight are different.– Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter
something contains.– Weight deals with the pull of gravity.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Important note: Mass and weight are different.– Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter
something contains.– Weight deals with the pull of gravity. – Even if you are weightless in space you still have
mass.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Characteristics of Matter- Can be a solid, liquid, gas or plasma
- Example: water, cereal, desk
- Non examples: light, love, gravity
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PURE SUBSTANCE
Define- Matter that always has the same composition and properties
Characteristics- can be classified as elements and compounds, can not be broken down without breaking chemical bonds
Examples: all elements, sugar, salt, diamondNonexamples: dirt, pencil, soda
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Element: A substance that is made entirely from one type of atom.
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ELEMENT
Define- substance that is made up of entirely one type of atom
Characteristics: has a fixed composition and cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Examples: everything on the periodic table, gold, carbon, titanium, mercury
Non examples: steel, water, jello
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Compound: Made up of two or more elements (atoms) chemically bonded together.
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COMPOUNDSCharacteristics- can be broken down into individual elements. Properties of the compound differ from the substances from which it is made
Examples: silicon dioxide (SiO2) water (H2O), rust (FEO2)
Non examples: all elements on the periodic table
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Solute
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
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Homogeneous mixture: Same molecules throughout.
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Homogeneous(Same throughout)
(Uniform)
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HomogeneousDefine: Substances evenly distributed that you cannot distinguish them
Characteristics: uniform molecules- appears to contain only one substance but does not,
Examples: alloys like stainless steel, cake batter, coffee
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• Alloys (combined metals) are homogeneous because each metal added changes the melting point of the whole.
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Heterogeneous: A mixture of two or more compounds.
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Heterogeneous: A mixture of two or more compounds.
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Mixture is not uniformthroughout.
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Heterogeneous: A mixture of two or more compounds.
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Mixture is not uniformthroughout.
Spoonful is Heterogeneous
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Heterogeneous: A mixture of two or more compounds.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Mixture is not uniformthroughout.
Spoonful is Heterogeneous
Broth mightbe homogeneous
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Heterogeneous
Define- made up of different material that remain physically separate
Characteristics: parts are noticeably different
Examples: sand, trail mix, beans and rice
Non examples: vinegar, coffee, soda
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Which is… A
B C
D E F G
An untouched substance made of atoms or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios. Example CO2
A substance made of the same type of atoms.Example - Hydrogen
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
An accumulation of molecules or atoms of different types.
A substance that is a form of matter that has a constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into its several components without breaking its chemical bonds.
A mixture is made of different materials that remain physically separate.
answer
A mixture that has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout.
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SolutionDefine: when a substance dissolves
and forms a homogeneous mixture
Characteristics: particles too small to separate into layers, let light pass through, or be filtered
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SOLUTION
Examples: windshield wiper fluid, tea
Nonexamples: orange juice with pulp, Muddy water
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Suspension
Define: heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time
Characteristics: contains larger particles that can be filtered, scatter light making them cloudy
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Suspension
Examples: muddy water, orange juice with pulp with pulp
Nonexamples: koolaid, coffee
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COLLOID
Define: contains particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in a suspension
Characteristics: do not separate in layers, cannot filter out particles, particles scatter light
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COLLOID
Examples: homogenized milk (decreases size of fat molecule compared to fresh milk which is a suspension, fog
Nonexamples: fresh milk, salt water, sand and water
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Solvent: A substance that does the dissolving (usually larger amount).
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Solvent: A substance that does the dissolving (usually larger amount).
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Solute: The substance that gets dissolved (usually lesser amount).
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Solubility: How much solute can dissolve in a substance before it becomes saturated.
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Solubility: How much solute can dissolve in a substance before it becomes saturated.
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Solutegets
dissolved
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Supersaturated: When no more solute will dissolve. (crystals become visible)
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Learn more about solutions at…http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html
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Video Link! Supersaturated with Sodium Acetate and some interesting students.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1y3bKIOk
cmk
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The Tyndall Effect
Used to identify solutions from colloids
Colloids- light collides with particles and scatters causing the substance to appear cloudy. This effect was observed and described by John Tyndall as the Tyndall Effect.
Solutions- do not exhibit Tyndall effect, light passes cleanly through
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Physical properties
Physical property- characteristic of a material that can be observed or changed without changing the composition
Types of physical properties viscosity- the tendency of a liquid to
keep from flowing, its resistance to flowex. Ketchup has more viscosity
then water Viscosity decreases when heated
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Physical properties
Conductivity- materials ability to allow heat to flow
high conductivity materials (metals) are called conductors and are also a good conductors of electricity
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Physical PropertiesMalleability- ability of a solid to be
hammered without shattering; most metals are malleable. Ex. Glass is not malleable but gold is.
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Physical Properties Melting point- temperature
when a solid changes into a liquid; specific temperature for every known substance;
Ex. Gold will melt at 1064 C
Boiling point- temperature when substance boils (converts to a gas)
ex. Gold will boil at 2856 C
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Using physical properties to separate mixtures
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Evaporation Allowing the
liquid to evaporate, leaving the solid behind.
Example: heating sugar water. The water evaporates and the sugar crystals are left behind.
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MAGNETISM
- separating mixtures using a magnet to attract magnetic objects away from the substance it is in.
- Not all metals are magnetic: gold, silver, and aluminum are examples of metals that are not magnetic.
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MAGNETISM
Magnetic separators are used in factories. Materials are put on a conveyor belt that is spun by magnetic wheels. As the objects are moved upside down the non magnetic objects fall off and the magnetic ones stay on.
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Filtration
physically separating a heterogeneous mixture of a liquid and a solid.
Carried out by pouring mixture into a funnel with filter paper in it.Filtrate (liquid) is collected in the beaker
below the funnel.Solid residue is collected in the filter
paper.
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Distillationphysically separating a
homogeneous mixture by differences in their boiling points.
Carried out by heating up the solution until the first substance boils and goes to the gaseous state.Gas is collected and condensed back
into the liquid state in a separate container.
Solid residue (or a second liquid with a higher boiling point) is collected in the original container.
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DISTILLATION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz_jYx4dF0U
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DECANTING
- A method of physically separating the top layer of a liquid from a mixture.
- Top layer is poured into new container.Bottom layer remains in original container
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CHROMATOGRAPHY
A method of physically separating a mixture based on differences in solubility of the components.Types of chromatography include:
Paper chromatography.Gas-liquid chromatography.Thin-layer chromatography.
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CHROMATOGRAPHY
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TLC is a simple, quick, and inexpensive procedure that gives the chemist a quick answer as to how many components are in a mixture.
Gas chromatography separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture
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CENTRIFUGATION- physically separating a mixture based on differences in density.
- Sample is spun at high speeds in tubes placed in a machine called a centrifuge:
- The most dense substance falls to the bottom layer and the least dense goes to the top
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical property- any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter
- observed when one substance is changing into a different substance
Flammability- materials ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Reactivity- describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances
ex- oxygen reacts easily with most other elements; rust is formed when it reacts with iron and water
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CHEMICAL CHANGE VS PHYSICAL CHANGE
Chemical changes- occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances
In a physical change , the composition of the matter remains the same and nothing new is produced.
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EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
1) change in color- ex. Silver bracelet turning dark (tarnish)
2) production of a gas- ex. Baking soda and vinegar
produces carbon dioxide
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3) Formation of a precipitate(any solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture)- ex. Put lemon juice (acid in milk will cause it to curdle due to a change in the protein molecules)
EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
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EVIDENCE OF A CHEMIAL CHANGE
• Temperature or energy change- endothermic- a change
(chemical reaction) that absorbs requires (absorbs) heat
so the temperature decreases as energy is used
ex. Photosynthesisrequires input from the sun
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EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE
- exothermic- a change (chemical reaction) that releases heat; temperature increases as heat is given off
ex. Combustion of fuels(releases heat)
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Law Conservation of Matter-
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Law Conservation of Matter-
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Law Conservation of Matter-
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Law Conservation of Matter-
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Law Conservation of Matter-
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Same amount ofelements, just arranged
differently
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In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 77: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 78: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 79: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 80: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 81: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 82: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 83: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 84: Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697c0041a28abf838cc4620/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
In any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed Matter can be changed from one form to
another.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy