Matter and ChangesMatter and ChangesMatter - Matter - anything that has mass and takes anything that has mass and takes up spaceup space. .

Mass - Mass - the measurement of the amount of the measurement of the amount of matter in an object. matter in an object.

We use a balance to determine massWe use a balance to determine mass. .

The amount of space is a volume The amount of space is a volume measurementmeasurement

Four states of matter: Four states of matter:

SolidSolid - anything that has both a definite volume - anything that has both a definite volume and a definite shape.and a definite shape.LiquidLiquid - anything that has definite volume but - anything that has definite volume but no definite shape - flows and can be poured. no definite shape - flows and can be poured. GasGas - has no definite volume and no definite - has no definite volume and no definite shape.  shape.  – always takes volume and shape of containeralways takes volume and shape of container– if not in container, it will spread as far as can. if not in container, it will spread as far as can. PlasmaPlasma - has no definite volume or shape - - has no definite volume or shape - composed of electrical charged particles. composed of electrical charged particles.

Characteristics of matter Characteristics of matter AtomsAtoms are small particles that make up matter. are small particles that make up matter.

A pure substance that is made of only one kind A pure substance that is made of only one kind of atom is called an of atom is called an elementelement. .

Most elements are found combined together as Most elements are found combined together as moleculesmolecules rather than individual atoms. rather than individual atoms.

Elements in their pure state are difficult to find Elements in their pure state are difficult to find because they usually react to form because they usually react to form compoundscompounds, , a substance that is composed of a substance that is composed of molecules containing more than one element.molecules containing more than one element.

Flow Chart Of MatterFlow Chart Of Matter

MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCEMIXTURE

ELEMENT

HOMOGENEOUSHETEROGENEOUS

COMPOUND

physical change

chemical change

solutions

Physical ChangesPhysical ChangesOne important characteristic of compounds is One important characteristic of compounds is that they that they cannotcannot be separated into atoms they be separated into atoms they are made of by are made of by physicalphysical methods. methods.

Physical methodsPhysical methods include: freezing, boiling, include: freezing, boiling, straining, filtering, or even dissolving in water. straining, filtering, or even dissolving in water.

Water, for example, can be frozen or boiled, but Water, for example, can be frozen or boiled, but the ice or water vapor is still the ice or water vapor is still waterwater!  ! 

Freezing and boiling cannot separate water Freezing and boiling cannot separate water molecules into molecules into hydrogenhydrogen and and oxygenoxygen atoms. atoms.

Most matter is not pure but is made of a Most matter is not pure but is made of a combination of combination of moleculesmolecules of two or more of two or more differentdifferent substances.  substances. 

A A mixturemixture is the combination of different is the combination of different molecules that are not chemically combined. molecules that are not chemically combined.

The key characteristic of a mixture is that each The key characteristic of a mixture is that each of the different kinds of molecules in the mixture of the different kinds of molecules in the mixture keeps its own keeps its own identityidentity. .

You can take a mixture apart, and You can take a mixture apart, and separateseparate the the different molecules of the mixed substances. different molecules of the mixed substances.

Unlike compounds, mixtures can be separated Unlike compounds, mixtures can be separated into their parts using into their parts using physicalphysical methods. methods.

FiltrationFiltration

EvaporationEvaporation

ChromatographyChromatography

DistillationDistillation

Properties of matter Properties of matter

A substance may be identified by certain A substance may be identified by certain qualities, or traits - a quality or trait that qualities, or traits - a quality or trait that identifies a substance is called a identifies a substance is called a propertyproperty. .

The properties of a substance stays the same The properties of a substance stays the same even if its even if its volumevolume changes. changes.

Color, mass, small, density, and composition Color, mass, small, density, and composition are all examples of are all examples of propertiesproperties that can help that can help scientist identify substances. scientist identify substances.

Every substance has two kinds of properties - Every substance has two kinds of properties - physicalphysical properties and properties and chemicalchemical properties. properties.

A A physicalphysical property is a property of matter that property is a property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance. the composition of the substance.

PhysicalPhysical properties are often used to identify properties are often used to identify substances. substances.

Some physical properties of Some physical properties of mattermatter

Boiling pointBoiling point - the temperature at which a - the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

Condensation pointCondensation point - the temperature at - the temperature at which a substance changes from a gas to which a substance changes from a gas to liquid; same temperature as boiling point. liquid; same temperature as boiling point.

Freezing pointFreezing point - the temperature at which a - the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid;  substance changes from a liquid to a solid;  same temperature as melting point. same temperature as melting point.

Melting pointMelting point - the temperature at which a - the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Some physical properties of Some physical properties of mattermatter

DensityDensity - the mass of a specific volume of - the mass of a specific volume of substance. substance.

ResistanceResistance - the ability of a substance to slow - the ability of a substance to slow down the flow of electric current. down the flow of electric current.

SolubilitySolubility - the degree to which a substance - the degree to which a substance will dissolve in a given amount of another will dissolve in a given amount of another substance, such as water. substance, such as water.

Physical changesPhysical changes

A A physicalphysical change is a change that does not change is a change that does not produce a new kind of matter. produce a new kind of matter.

When you stretch a rubber band or crush a When you stretch a rubber band or crush a cube of ice, you are causing cube of ice, you are causing physicalphysical change. change.

Only certain Only certain physicalphysical characteristics of matter, characteristics of matter, such as shape, and volume, are changed. such as shape, and volume, are changed.

Common physical changes include Common physical changes include phase phase changeschanges such as freezing, melting and boiling. such as freezing, melting and boiling.

All pure substances can change from phase to All pure substances can change from phase to phase without changing their phase without changing their chemicalchemical composition. composition.

When a liquid When a liquid freezesfreezes, it changes from a liquid , it changes from a liquid phase to a solid phase. phase to a solid phase.

The temperature at which a substance changes The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called its from a liquid to a solid is called its freezingfreezing point. point.

Water for an example, turns to Water for an example, turns to iceice at its at its freezing point. If the ice is heated, it changes freezing point. If the ice is heated, it changes back to a back to a liquidliquid. .

The temperature at which a substance changes The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called its from a solid to a liquid is called its meltingmelting point. point.

CondensationCondensation is the changing of phases is the changing of phases from a gas to a liquid. Condensation is the from a gas to a liquid. Condensation is the opposite of opposite of boilingboiling. If water is then . If water is then boiledboiled, it , it changes from a liquid phase to a gaseous changes from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase.phase.EvaporationEvaporation is the opposite of is the opposite of condensation. A liquid changes to a gas and condensation. A liquid changes to a gas and moves into the surrounding atmosphere. moves into the surrounding atmosphere. SublimationSublimation is a phase change in which a is a phase change in which a solid changes directly into a gas. Dry ice is solid changes directly into a gas. Dry ice is an example of a substance that sublimes. an example of a substance that sublimes.

Phase changes are related to Phase changes are related to temperature.  If you have a colorless liquid temperature.  If you have a colorless liquid that boils at 100 degrees C and freezes at that boils at 100 degrees C and freezes at 0 degrees C, you can be reasonably 0 degrees C, you can be reasonably certain the substance is ______________. certain the substance is ______________.

What is a chemical change?What is a chemical change?

ChemicalChemical changes are changes changes are changes substances undergo when they become substances undergo when they become new or different substances. new or different substances.

For example, the fireworks we see on the For example, the fireworks we see on the 4th of July are actually metals such as 4th of July are actually metals such as magnesium and copper that change magnesium and copper that change chemicallychemically - they light up the night skies - they light up the night skies with their fantastic colors. with their fantastic colors.

To identify a chemical change look To identify a chemical change look for for observableobservable signs such as: signs such as:

Color changeColor change

Bubbling and fizzingBubbling and fizzing

Light productionLight production

SmokeSmoke

Presence of heat or coldPresence of heat or cold