Matter and Change. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – measures the amount of...
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Transcript of Matter and Change. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – measures the amount of...
Matter and ChangeMatter and Change
MatterMatter
Anything that has mass and takes up Anything that has mass and takes up spacespace
Mass – measures the amount of matterMass – measures the amount of matter
2 Kinds of Matter: Substances and 2 Kinds of Matter: Substances and MixturesMixtures
0.00043kg0.00043kg 5000 - 6500 kg5000 - 6500 kg
Pure SubstancesPure Substances
Uniform and definite compositionUniform and definite composition
Only contain ONE kind of matterOnly contain ONE kind of matter
There are two kinds of substances.There are two kinds of substances.
Pure SubstancesPure Substances
Examples: Examples: – Pure waterPure water– table sugartable sugar– baking sodabaking soda
Non – Examples:Non – Examples:– LemonadeLemonade– Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate chip cookie
doughdough
Pure Pure SubstancesSubstances
ElementElement– simplest form of mattersimplest form of matter– Made of one kind of atomMade of one kind of atom– Building blocks for all other substancesBuilding blocks for all other substances– Represented by a Represented by a chemical symbolchemical symbol– Examples: lithium, hydrogen, chlorine, carbon, Examples: lithium, hydrogen, chlorine, carbon,
aluminum, copper… look at the periodic table!aluminum, copper… look at the periodic table!
Chemical SymbolsChemical Symbols
Representation of each elementRepresentation of each elementFirst letter capitalized, second letter lower First letter capitalized, second letter lower casecaseUsually resembles the nameUsually resembles the nameSome symbols are based on the Latin or Some symbols are based on the Latin or Greek name and do not resemble the Greek name and do not resemble the English name English name – Example: ferrum is Latin for iron (Fe)Example: ferrum is Latin for iron (Fe)
Look at the periodic table!Look at the periodic table!
Pure SubstancesPure Substances
CompoundCompound–Matter that can be broken down Matter that can be broken down
into simpler forms by chemical into simpler forms by chemical reactionsreactions
–Examples: sugar (C6H12O6), Examples: sugar (C6H12O6), salt (NaCl), water (H2O)salt (NaCl), water (H2O)
MixturesMixtures
Physical blends of two or more substancesPhysical blends of two or more substances
Composition may varyComposition may vary
PhasePhase
Any part of a system with uniform Any part of a system with uniform composition and propertiescomposition and properties
Example: oil and vinegar saladExample: oil and vinegar salad
dressing, car oil on a water puddledressing, car oil on a water puddle
Heterogeneous MixtureHeterogeneous Mixture
Not uniform in compositionNot uniform in composition
Can have more than one phaseCan have more than one phase
Examples: salad or a bag of M&MsExamples: salad or a bag of M&Ms
Heterogeneous Mixtures – Heterogeneous Mixtures – Special Case 1Special Case 1
ColloidColloid– medium-sized particlesmedium-sized particles– Show the Tyndall effectShow the Tyndall effect– particles don’t settleparticles don’t settle– EXEX::
MilkMilk
MarshmallowsMarshmallows
SnotSnot
JellyJelly
ButterButter
Heterogeneous Mixtures –Heterogeneous Mixtures –Special Case 2Special Case 2
SuspensionSuspension– large particleslarge particles– Show greater Tyndall Show greater Tyndall
effecteffect– particles settle eventuallyparticles settle eventually– EXEX:: fresh-squeezed fresh-squeezed
lemonadelemonade
Tyndall EffectTyndall Effect
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
Uniform in Uniform in compositioncomposition
Only one phaseOnly one phase
Examples: Examples: – Salt water (NaCl in Salt water (NaCl in
solution with Hsolution with H22O)O)– Sterling silver (alloy of Sterling silver (alloy of
Cu and Ag)Cu and Ag)– Vinegar (acetic acid in Vinegar (acetic acid in
water)water)
SolutionsSolutions
Homogeneous Homogeneous mixturesmixtures
May be liquid, solid or May be liquid, solid or gasgas
No Tyndall effectNo Tyndall effect
Define…Define…
Examples:Examples:
– mayonnaisemayonnaise
– muddy watermuddy water
– fogfog
– saltwatersaltwater
– Italian salad Italian salad dressingdressing
colloidcolloid
suspensionsuspension
colloidcolloid
solutionsolution
suspensionsuspension
Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures
Simple physical methodsSimple physical methods– Use a fork to pick out the tomatoes from your Use a fork to pick out the tomatoes from your
saladsalad– Classify M&M’s by colorClassify M&M’s by color
Use knowledge of physical propertiesUse knowledge of physical properties– Separate iron from sulfur using a magnetSeparate iron from sulfur using a magnet– Separate water from salt by boiling the Separate water from salt by boiling the
solutionsolution
DistillationDistillation
Process used to separate Process used to separate liquids from dissolved liquids from dissolved solids in homogeneous solids in homogeneous mixturesmixtures
1.1. Solution is heated to boiling Solution is heated to boiling pointpoint
2.Vapor forms; dissolved solids 2.Vapor forms; dissolved solids are left behindare left behind
3.Vapor is condensed to liquid3.Vapor is condensed to liquid
4.Collected liquid is pure except 4.Collected liquid is pure except for dissolved gasesfor dissolved gases
Physical PropertyPhysical Property
A quality or condition of a substance that can be A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured observed or measured without changingwithout changing the the substance’s compositionsubstance’s composition
ExamplesExamples– ColorColor– SolubilitySolubility– DensityDensity– Melting or boiling pointMelting or boiling point– OdorOdor– HardnessHardness
Using Physical PropertiesUsing Physical Properties
Mystery substance…Mystery substance…– OdorlessOdorless– Freezes at 0 °CFreezes at 0 °C– Boils at 100 °CBoils at 100 °C– Has a density of 1 g/ cm³Has a density of 1 g/ cm³– ClearClear
What is the mystery substance?What is the mystery substance?
WATER!
Chemical propertyChemical property
Describes ability to undergo chemical Describes ability to undergo chemical changechange
Observed only when a substance Observed only when a substance undergoes chemical changeundergoes chemical change
Examples:Examples:– DecomposibleDecomposible– RustRust– CombustibleCombustible
Physical or Chemical Property?Physical or Chemical Property?
ColorColor
RustyRusty
FlammabilityFlammability
Melting pointMelting point
Boiling pointBoiling point
FermentabilityFermentability
MassMass
DensityDensity
PhysicalPhysical
ChemicalChemical
ChemicalChemical
PhysicalPhysical
PhysicalPhysical
ChemicalChemical
PhysicalPhysical
PhysicalPhysical
States of MatterStates of Matter
Physical states are physical properties.Physical states are physical properties.
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
SolidsSolids
Definite volumeDefinite volume
Definite shapeDefinite shape
Particles are packed Particles are packed
tightly and vibratetightly and vibrate
Nearly IncompressibleNearly Incompressible
Expand only slightly Expand only slightly
when heatedwhen heated
iron
ice
gold
LiquidsLiquids
Definite volumeDefinite volume
Take the shape of Take the shape of
their containerstheir containers
Flow – particles touch Flow – particles touch
but not rigidly packedbut not rigidly packed
Nearly incompressibleNearly incompressible
Expand when heatedExpand when heated
Hg - mercury
H2O - water
GasesGases
No definite volumeNo definite volume
Take the shape of their Take the shape of their
containerscontainers
Particle are spaced far Particle are spaced far
apartapart
Very compressibleVery compressible
Expand when heatedExpand when heated
Examples: oxygen, Examples: oxygen,
helium, carbon dioxidehelium, carbon dioxide
Gas or Solid?Gas or Solid?
GAS SOLID
Gases vs. VaporGases vs. Vapor
Gas – exists in the gaseous state at room Gas – exists in the gaseous state at room temperaturetemperature
Vapor – gaseous state of a substance that Vapor – gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or a solid at room is generally a liquid or a solid at room temperaturetemperature
Steam is water vaporSteam is water vapor
FluidsFluids
A substance that is capable of flowing and A substance that is capable of flowing and changing its shape at a steady ratechanging its shape at a steady rate
Which states of matter do you think are Which states of matter do you think are fluids?fluids?
Gases and Liquids
Properties of FluidsProperties of Fluids
Density – expresses the Density – expresses the relationship between relationship between mass and volumemass and volume
Viscosity – how much the Viscosity – how much the fluid resists flowingfluid resists flowing– Water has a low viscosityWater has a low viscosity– Ketchup has a high Ketchup has a high
viscosityviscosity
Buoyancy – the property Buoyancy – the property to float or rise in a fluidto float or rise in a fluid
The milkshake is VISCOUS
The gold bar is DENSE
The beach ball is BUOYANT
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
Matter is altered without altering the Matter is altered without altering the chemical composition of the materialchemical composition of the material
Examples: cutting, grinding, bending, Examples: cutting, grinding, bending, freezing, melting, boiling dissolving, freezing, melting, boiling dissolving, condensing, crushing, breakingcondensing, crushing, breaking
Chemical ChangesChemical Changes
The chemical composition of a substance The chemical composition of a substance is alteredis altered
Examples: rusting, burning, rotting, Examples: rusting, burning, rotting, exploding, fermenting, decomposing, exploding, fermenting, decomposing, corrodingcorroding
Physical or Chemical?Physical or Chemical?
Physical changes do not change the Physical changes do not change the chemical composition; chemical reactions chemical composition; chemical reactions do.do.
Physical changes are usually easily Physical changes are usually easily reversed; chemical reactions are not as reversed; chemical reactions are not as easily reversedeasily reversed– Freezing water and melting iceFreezing water and melting ice– Burning a piece of paperBurning a piece of paper
What is the difference here?What is the difference here?
Physical Changes: changes Physical Changes: changes between states of matterbetween states of matter
Melting – solid to liquidMelting – solid to liquid
Freezing – liquid to solidFreezing – liquid to solid
Vaporization – liquid to gas (evaporation)Vaporization – liquid to gas (evaporation)
Condensation – gas to liquidCondensation – gas to liquid
Sublimation – solid straight to gasSublimation – solid straight to gas
Crystallization – gas to solidCrystallization – gas to solid
Chemical Changes:Chemical Changes:Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions
One or more REACTANTS change into One or more REACTANTS change into new PRODUCTSnew PRODUCTS
There is no chemical reaction in a physical There is no chemical reaction in a physical change.change.
Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas
““recipe” for a substance or reactionrecipe” for a substance or reaction
Use symbols when writing formulasUse symbols when writing formulas
Examples:Examples:– Water: HWater: H22OO– Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis:
6H6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22 → C → C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Writing Reaction FormulasWriting Reaction Formulas
Reactants – left of the arrowReactants – left of the arrow
Arrow – means “changes to” or “produces”Arrow – means “changes to” or “produces”
Products – right of the arrowProducts – right of the arrow
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis: 6H6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22 → C → C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
REACTANTSWater and carbon dioxide
PRODUCTSSucrose and oxygen
Chemical Change: OxidationChemical Change: Oxidation
Rust is the product of an oxidation reaction!Rust is the product of an oxidation reaction!
An oxidation reaction always involves gaining An oxidation reaction always involves gaining oxygen, and losing electrons.oxygen, and losing electrons.
Anytime you have an oxidation reaction, you Anytime you have an oxidation reaction, you also have a reduction reaction. also have a reduction reaction.
Reduction is losing oxygen and gaining Reduction is losing oxygen and gaining electrons.electrons.
Chemical Change: OxidationChemical Change: Oxidation
““LEOLEO the lion goes the lion goes GERGER””– LLosing osing EElectrons lectrons OOxidationxidation– GGaining aining EElectrons lectrons RReductioneduction
ExamplesExamples– Burning: CHBurning: CH44 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H2200– Rusting: 4Fe + 3ORusting: 4Fe + 3O22 = 2Fe = 2Fe22OO33
Electroplating uses a redox reaction to coat one Electroplating uses a redox reaction to coat one metal with another. This protects the item metal with another. This protects the item against corrosion.against corrosion.
Digestion – Physical and Chemical Digestion – Physical and Chemical ChangesChanges
The digestive system includes the The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs digestive tract and its accessory organs Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the Food is broken down, bit by bit, until the molecules are small enough to be molecules are small enough to be absorbed and the waste products are absorbed and the waste products are eliminated.eliminated. Is chewing a physical or chemical change?Is chewing a physical or chemical change?Does stomach acid cause a physical or Does stomach acid cause a physical or chemical change?chemical change?
The Rock Cycle: Chemical and The Rock Cycle: Chemical and Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
The recycling of the Earth's outer layers - rocks are The recycling of the Earth's outer layers - rocks are continually being formed, destroyed, and re-formed in an continually being formed, destroyed, and re-formed in an endless cycle of change that takes millions of years. endless cycle of change that takes millions of years.
Physical Changes: Physical Changes: – surface weathering and erosionsurface weathering and erosion– the compaction and cementation of sediments into sedimentary the compaction and cementation of sediments into sedimentary
rockrock
Chemical Changes:Chemical Changes:– formation of igneous rock from magma (molten rock)formation of igneous rock from magma (molten rock)
Metamorphism - chemical and physical changes brought Metamorphism - chemical and physical changes brought about by heat and pressure, producing metamorphic about by heat and pressure, producing metamorphic rockrock
Conservation of MassConservation of Mass
During physical and chemical changes, matter During physical and chemical changes, matter is…is…– NOT createdNOT created– NOT destroyedNOT destroyed
It simply changes from one form to anotherIt simply changes from one form to another
Similar to the law of conservation of energySimilar to the law of conservation of energy
Conservation: Physical ChangeConservation: Physical Change
http://http://video.google.com/videoplay?docidvideo.google.com/videoplay?docid=-40474112520688034&pr==-40474112520688034&pr=goog-slgoog-sl
Conservation: Chemical ChangeConservation: Chemical Change
http://video.google.com/videoplay?http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4834799094622049414&pr=goog-sldocid=4834799094622049414&pr=goog-sl