MATTER AND CHANGE

COURSE OBJECTIVES: UNDERSTAND, LEARN AND QUANTIFY THE CHANGES OF MATTER AND TO VALUE ITS IMPACT ON NATURE

Chapter 1

Introduction to Chemistry

What is Chemistry?

•The study of the matter, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes.

•Applied chemistry is the using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing•Pure chemistry gathers knowledge for knowledge’s sake

Which Comes First?

•Pure ChemistryUsually comes first, applied laterCalled technologyOr engineering

Pure chemistry can explain behavior that has been used without knowing why. Steel swords

Applied Chemistry

Can’t be good or badPure research studies

Can be good or bad depending on useProduction and Mfg of products

Branches of Chemistry•Analytical Chemistry -studies composition of substances.–Quality Control of Products–Laboratory Medical Analysis. etc

•Organic Chemistry -compounds containing carbonHydrocarbons in general

•Inorganic Chemistry -substances without carbon and refers to the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. •Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things•Physical Chemistry studies behavior of substances–rates and mechanisms of reactions–energy transfers–Boilers, Reactors, Distillation towers etc

Why study Chemistry•Explain the natural world–Understand Materials in Nature and its behavior.

Like Geophysics. Mining. Function of body organs and substances

•Prepare for developing an analytical thinking process. •Chemistry methods of analysis are profound and systematical. Fool proof •Be an informed individualChemistry and its general approaches to science are useful tools in all life circumstances.Develop better tools for comprehension of nature

Examples of Applied Chemistry•Material Design–Plastics. –Paints–Nanotechnology•Scale–Macroscopic- Big enough to see–Microscopic- Too small to see unaided–Nanotechnology- manipulating individual atoms

and molecules

Examples Applied Chemistry•Energy–Ability to do work. Steam Machines, Reactors and

distillation towers•Conservation–More efficient conversion of materials to make

compounds (i.e Chemical reactions, Separation machines like industrial filters and other separators –Insulation. Materials that are useful to preserve

heat•Production –new sources of materials. Like cosmetics, medicines, resins and aerospece materials (Tiles and adhesives of Challenger spacecraft)•Storage of energy - batteries, fuel cells,

Examples of Applied Chemistry

•Agriculture–Production- fertilizers, soil tests–Protection – pesticide, herbicide•Medicine–Drugs–Materials- hips, artificial skin, implants–Biotechnology- using organisms as a means of

production

Examples of Applied Chemistry

•Environment- Pollution–Eliminate sources. Like ozone layer pollutants –Treatment once polluted. Like waste water

purification, like sanitation in hospitals•Astronomy–Remote analysis of stars from their light. Like the

infrared and other wavelengths they project –Analysis of extraterrestrial samples like the

Curiosity rover on mars

MATTER AND ITS CHANGES

WHAT IS MATTER?• MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE. • Mass is a measure of how much matter an object has. Weight is a measure of

how strongly gravity pulls on that matter.•MATTER CLASSIFICATION• BY PHYSICAL STATE: • SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, PLASMA• BY CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION• ELEMENT, COMPOUND AND MIXTURE

•LETS NAME SOME EXAMPLES OF SOLIDS, GASES AND LIQUIDS•NAME SOME ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

MATTER AND ITS CHANGES•OUR MAIN INTEREST IN THIS COURSE IS TO UNDERSTAND THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER ! – IN ALL ITS FORMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

•LETS CONSIDER BOILING WATER– NAME WHAT MAKES WATER BOIL– CAN WE CONTROL EXTERNALLY THE WAY WATER BOILS?– CAN WE MEASSURE THE AMOUNT OF HEAT APPLIED TO

A GIVEN VOLUME OF WATER?– WHAT USES CAN WE MAKE OF THIS PROPERTY OF WATER?

•NOW LETS CONSIDER FREEZING WATER– HOW FREEZING OF WATER OCCUR?– CAN WE CONTROL THE RATE OF FREEZING?– WHAT USES CAN WE MAKE OF FREEZING WATER?

MATTER AND ITS CHANGES•ONCE WE TRULY INDERSTAND THE BEHAVIOR F MATTER WA CAN MAKE A CONTROLLED INTELLIGENT OPTIMIZED USE OF IT !– THIS IS WHY IS SO RELEVANT TO STUDY MATTER, ITS CHANGES AND THE

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THESE CHANGES.•GOING BACK TO THE BOILING WATER EXAMPLE– IF WE KNOW THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE BOLING POINT OF WATER (AND

OF ANY OTHER LIQUID) WE CAN ALTER THESE FACTORS TO OUR CONVENIENCE

– SOME OF THESE FACTORS ARE:• PURITY OF THE SUBSTANCE• PRESSURE

– THEREFORE WE CAN ALTER THE BOILING POINT OF LIQUIDS BY ALTERING THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT IT

MATTER AND ITS CHANGES

•VARIOUS SCIENCES STUDYING MATTER– PHYSICS. Like in motion of objects– CHEMISTRY. Like understanding behavior of materials. – NANOTECHNOLOGY. LIKE MANIPULATION OF MATERIALS ON AN ATOMIC

AND MOLECULAR SCALE. One nanometreis a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre.

– MATHEMATICS. LIKE TO CORRELATE THE VARIABLES OF CHANGES OF MATTER IN EQUATIONS THAT DESCRIBES THE PHENOMENA.

– pV=nRT. – Q=mCp(T2-T1)– COMBINATION OF ALL

•PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY– STUDY OF BEHAVIOR OF MATTER BOTH FROM THE PHYSICAL AND

CHEMICAL STANDPOINTS – MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS TO FORMULATE AND DESCRIBE THESE

BEHAVIORS–WHY AND HOW CHEMISTRY IN PARTICULAR

EVOLVED?

FIRST Alchemy

•Forerunner of chemistry. BOILING, BURNING,ETC•Mystical- search for perfection•Practical- developed glassware and techniques used today•Tried to change elements. LIKE ALLOYS •Faulty assumptions and lack of logic led them astray. NEED FOR A BETTER METHOD OF PREDICTING AND UNDERSTANDING BEHVIOR

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

•AS HUMANS EVOLVED SO THE METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS EVOLVED.– EARLY HUMANS OBSERVED ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS SO THE COULD

HUNT THEM AND FEED THEIR COMMUNITIES– GALILEO WAS THE FIRST TO DEFINE A SCIENTIFIC

METHOD AND ESTABLISHED SOME RULES– FRANCIS BACON HAD THE IDEA THAT THOUGHT SHOULD

BE BASED ON EXPERIMENTATION AND SCIENCE. FIRTS BYINDUCTIVE REASONING AND THEN INFERRING GENERAL PRINCIPLES FROM OBSERVATIONS.– NOW THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS USED BROADLY IN MANY FIELDS OF SCIENCE

AND OTHER DICIPLINES. SINCE THIS METHOD PROVIDES THE BEST FOUNDATION FOR ACHIEVING RESULTS WHEN APPLIED.

Scientific Method

•A way of solving problems or answering questions.•Starts with observation- noting an recording facts•Hypothesis- a possible explanation as to the cause of the observation, based on research and previous knowledge

Scientific Method

•Experiment- designed to test the hypothesis•only two possible answers–hypothesis is right–hypothesis is wrong•Generates data -observations from experiments.•Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

Variables

•Controlled experiment- Only want one thing to change at a time in a laboratory.–Manipulated variable- What you change or control

directly –Also called independent variable–Responding variable – What changes as a result. No

direct control–Also called dependent variable

THEORIES ARE •the best explanation•Useful because they predict behavior•Helpful for us to form mental pictures of processes (models)

•Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times then ----•Scientific Law is developed•Exact and predictable Description of how things behave •Usually an equation–Law - how–Theory- why

PHASES OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD•DEFINE INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE•MEASURE RESULTS

OF DEPENDIENT VARIABLES•ANALIZE THE RESULTS •CONSTRUCT GRAPHS•DEFINE BEHAVIOR EQUATION

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

LETS MAKE EXERCISES USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD•HYPOTHESIS 1: SALINE WATER HAS DIFFERENT BOILING POINT THAN DISTILLED WATER.– HOW WOULD YOU USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO PROVE YOUR

HYPOTHESIS?– WHICH ARE THE VARIABLES THAT MAKE WATER BOIL?– WHICH VARIABLES WOULD YOU KEEP CONSTANT?– WHICH MEASUREMENTS WOULD YOU MAKE?– WHAT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS WOULD YOU UTILIZE?– HOW WOULD YOU ORGANIZE THE COLLECTED DATA?– HOW WOULD YOU RE-TEST AND PROVE THE REPEATABILITY OF YOUR

HYPOTHESIS?– WHICH COULD BE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS?

EXERCISES USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

HYPOTHESIS 2: A MIXTURE OF 90% UNLEADED GASOLINE WITH 10% ETHANOL, PRODUCES LESS POLUTANTS THAN 100% UNLEADED GASOLINE.– WHAT USE OF PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE WOULD YOU USE?– HOW WOULD YOU ARRANGE OR PLAN YOUR EXPERIMENT?– WHAT MEASUREMENTS WOULD YOU MAKE ?– WHICH INSTRUMENTS WOULD YOU USE?– HOW WOULD YOU ARRANGE AND ANALIZETHE DATA GATHERED?– HOW WOULD YOU PROVE THAT YOUR HYPOTHESIS IS REPEATABLE?– HOW WOULD YOU FIND THE OPTIMUM BALANCE OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS

( ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICALLY)– HOW WOULD YOU USE THE RESULTS OF YOUR HYPOTHESIS IN REAL LIFE?

ORGANIZATION AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

•FORMS OF MATTER:– ELEMENTS: ATOMS AND ITS COMPONENTS– COMPOUND: DIFFERENT ATOMS– MIXTURE: DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS

•ALL MATTER CONTAINS ENERGY– ENERGY: IS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK. (W=F X d)– ACCORDING TO EINSTEIN: E=mC2

CHANGE OF MATTER FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER REQUIRES ENERGY:

CHANGE WATER INTO STEAM …HEAT ENERGYCHANGE WATER INTO ICE…- HEAT ENERGYThe law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed