Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In...

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Impurities in stellarators The problem HDH mode & impurity hole Some recent developments Strawman research program: What can we do? Matt Landreman, University of Maryland

Transcript of Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In...

Page 1: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Impurities in stellarators

• The problem• HDH mode & impurity hole• Some recent developments• Strawman research program:                     What can we do?

Matt Landreman, University of Maryland

Page 2: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

In stellarators, like in tokamaks,‐ Core impurities radiate energy.‐ Core impurities dilute fuel.‐ Need to extract He ash.+  Edge impurities mitigate divertor heat flux.

Unlike tokamaks,‐ Strong neoclassical impurity pinch (usually).‐ Impurities can limit density.‐ Lower reactor T   more line radiation.?  Different divertor configurations.?  Different   (drifts vs centrifugal.)

Complicated interaction:    1. PSI,      2. SOL,     3. core

Page 3: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

In plasmas that are not perfectly quasisymmetric or axisymmetric, there is a robust neoclassical impurity pinch.

1 1 12 1

species

1 ~ 0zs zs zz

s s szs zzz r r

s zs

z

s s

c dn c q dT cE c E cn dr T T T

qdr

Page 4: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

In plasmas that are not perfectly quasisymmetric or axisymmetric, there is a robust neoclassical impurity pinch.

• Ion‐root inward Er : both ni and Tidrive impurities in:

Giannone et al, PPCF(2000)

t = 0.38s0.78s1.18s1.48s

W7‐AS data

1 1 12 1

species

1 ~ 0zs zs zz

s s szs zzz r r

s zs

z

s s

c dn c q dT cE c E cn dr T T T

qdr

2

1

1 0ii

i i ir ii

i i

T dn c dTEq n dr c dr

0

20

Page 5: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

In plasmas that are not perfectly quasisymmetric or axisymmetric, there is a robust neoclassical impurity pinch.

• Ion‐root inward Er : both ni and Tidrive impurities in:

Giannone et al, PPCF(2000)

t = 0.38s0.78s1.18s1.48s

W7‐AS data

1 1 12 1

species

1 ~ 0zs zs zz

s s szs zzz r r

s zs

z

s s

c dn c q dT cE c E cn dr T T T

qdr

2

1

1 0ii

i i ir ii

i i

T dn c dTEq n dr c dr

0• Can get outward z from Er > 0 in electron root 

(|Te| |Ti|), but may not be reactor‐relevant. 20

Page 6: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

In plasmas that are not perfectly quasisymmetric or axisymmetric, there is a robust neoclassical impurity pinch.

• Physically, you can transform away Er.• All fluxes are independent of Er. Main pinch term is gone.• dT/dr can give temperature screening.

• Ion‐root inward Er : both ni and Tidrive impurities in:

Do HSX/NCSX/ARIES‐CS have these advantages?

1

species

0zs

s

ss

c qT

Giannone et al, PPCF(2000)

t = 0.38s0.78s1.18s1.48s

W7‐AS data

1 1 12 1

species

1 ~ 0zs zs zz

s s szs zzz r r

s zs

z

s s

c dn c q dT cE c E cn dr T T T

qdr

2

1

1 0ii

i i ir ii

i i

T dn c dTEq n dr c dr

0• Can get outward z from Er > 0 in electron root 

(|Te| |Ti|), but may not be reactor‐relevant.

Axisymmetry and perfect quasisymmetry are different:

20

Page 7: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Impurity accumulation limits the density compatible with steady‐state operation.

W7‐AS measurements

Giannone et al, PPCF (2000)

Radiated

Burhenn et al, NF (2009)

Page 8: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Impurity accumulation limits the density compatible with steady‐state operation.

W7‐AS measurements

Giannone et al, PPCF (2000)

Radiated

Burhenn et al, NF (2009)

But, high n is good in edge:|| friction with main ions pulls impurities out.

Page 9: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

High‐density H mode(W7‐AS)

Impurity hole (LHD)

Ida et al, PoP (2009)

NBI, ion ITB, peaked Ti, low ne. Er < 0.

Rapid puffing at start,  ne> 1‐2x1020 m‐3,  NBI

LCFS

McCormick et al, PRL (2002)

HDH mode(3 discharges)

Page 10: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Some recent developmentsMikkelsen et al, PoP (2014)Gyrokinetic calculations show inward C flux contrary to experiment.

Garcia‐Regana et al, arXiv (2015)EUTERPE code: usually‐neglected 1 terms can affect LHD neoclassical impurity flux.

LHD impurity hole: GS2 quasilinear impurity flux

Page 11: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Some recent developmentsLandreman et al, PoP (2014)Mollen et al, PoP (2015) SFINCS code: 1, Fokker‐Planck‐Landau collisions between any # of species, no trace approx.

SFINCS

DKES + momentum correction

1 /

Theory:

61 flux in W7-Xzi

Hc C n

1 /

Cou

tward

Cinward

Alonso et al, ISHW (2015)ExB flow can be large enough for inertia to affect nz(,):

|| ...z z zm n T n b u u

z zn u E×BGives flux

Also get flux from magnetic drifts if you break stellarator symmetry!

Page 12: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Strawman research program: What can we do? 

• Study the transition from symmetry to non‐symmetry. Are HSX, NCSX, ARIES‐CS symmetric enough to realize advantages of QH/QA?  (HSX experiments?)

• Can 1 be manipulated to give an outward flux?

• Modeling to leverage US XICS investments in LHD & W7X.

• More impurity studies with gyrokinetic codes.

• Target divertor or edge features in stellopt? (What quantity exactly should be targeted?)

• Core stellopt targets: High gyrokinetic particle flux?  Neoclassical temperature screening coefficient? 

• Other ideas?

Page 13: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

Extra slides

Page 14: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

At high n, edge impurities can be screened by || friction with main ions

3 12 0 -1 -2 -3Friction – Thermal force (104 m/s)

Friction force

dominant

Thermal force

dominant

EMC3‐EIRENE simulations for LHD.    Kobayashi et al, NF (2013)

Impurity parallel momentum:

|| 2 2|| || || || || ||

1 0.71 2.6 ...zz z z i z e i

z

Vm p ZeE m V V Z T Z Tt n

Low nnLCFS=1.5x1019 m-3

High nnLCFS=5.0x1019 m-3

Thermal force, badFriction, good

Page 15: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

r/a=0.8Ion root

r/a=0.2Electron root

Mollen et al, PoP (2015)      SFINCS code

Peaked

 (bad)

Hollow

(goo

d)

“Peaking factor”  a/LnZfor C6+ in W7‐X

Impurities decrease the bootstrap current in W7‐X

The neoclassical impurity pinchis predicted to be significant in W7‐X.

Page 16: Matt Landreman, University of Maryland€¦ · Matt Landreman, University of Maryland. In stellarators, like in tokamaks, ‐Core impurities radiate energy. ‐Core impurities dilute

High‐density H mode(W7‐AS)

Impurity hole (LHD)

Ida (2009), Yoshinuma IAEA (2010)

NBI, ion ITB, peaked Ti, low ne. Er < 0.

Rapid puffing at start,  ne> 1‐2x1020 m‐3,  NBI

LCFS

McCormick et al, PRL (2002)

reff [cm]

n e[102

0m

‐3]

HDH

Normalconfinement

HDH mode(3 discharges)