Matrices and linear transformations For grade 1, undergraduate students For grade 1, undergraduate...
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Transcript of Matrices and linear transformations For grade 1, undergraduate students For grade 1, undergraduate...
Matrices and linear transformationsMatrices and linear transformations
For grade 1, undergraduate studentsFor grade 1, undergraduate students
Made by Department of Math. ,Anqing Teachers collegeMade by Department of Math. ,Anqing Teachers college
1. Representing a linear transformation by a matrix Let us suppose given a linear transformation
between the finite-dimensional vector spaces V and W.
:T V W
Let be an ordered basis for V and
1, n
1, m
an ordered basis for W. It is then possible to fine unique numbers
, 1, , ; 1, ,ija i n j m
such that
1 11 1 21 2 1 ,m mT a a a
2 12 1 21 2 2 ,m mT a a a
1 1 2 2n n n mn mT a a a
which we have seen may be written more compactly as
1
1,2, , .m
j ij ii
T a j n
1, n 1, m
( )ijA am nThe matrix
is called the matrix of T relative to the ordered bases
EXAMPLE 1. Let be the linear transformation given by
Calculate the matrix of T relative to the standard basis of .
2 2:T R R
( , ) ( , )T x y y x
2R
Solution. By the “standard basis of ”, we of course mean the basis
and that we are to use this ordered basis in both the domain and range of T. We have
2R
1 21,0 , 0,1 ,E E
1,0 0,1 , 0,1 1,0 ,T T
so the matrix we seek is
0 1.
1 0A
EXAMPLE2. With T as in Example 1, find the matrix of T relative to the pair of ordered bases and , where 1, 2E E 1, 2F F
1 2(0,1), (1,0).F F
Solution. We still have
1,0 0,1 , 0,1 1,0 ,T T
but now we must write these equation as
1 1 2 2 2 2( ) 1 0 ( ) 0T E F F T E F F
so that 0 1
1 0B
is the matrix that we now seek . EXAMPLE3. Calculate the matrix of the differentiation operator D: ( ) ( )n nP PR R
relative to the usual basis
for . 21, , , nx x x
( )nP R
Solution . We have for 1,2,m 1 10 0 0m m m nDx mx x mx x
and (1) 0.D
Thus the matrix that we seek is 0 1 0 0
0 0 2 0
.
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N
n
Remark. There is of course no reason to restrict us to square matrices. For example we have the linear transformation
1: ( ) ( )n nD P P R R
and we can ask for its matrix relative to the standard bases of and . ( )nP R 1( )nP R
Question. What size is this matrix?
How to calculate the matrix of linear transformation 1: ( ) ( )?n nD P P R R
2. An isomorphism and its matrix
Proposition. is an isomorphism iff its matrix A is invertible.
:T V V
PROOF. Suppose that T is an isomorphism Let:S V V
be the linear transformation inverse to T. Let B be the matrix of S relative to the basis pair 1 1,n n (Note that we have interchanged the role of the bases ). 1 1,n n
Thus if B=( ) then . ijb ( )j ij jS b Since the matrix product AB is the matrix of the linear transformation
:TS V Vrelative to the basis pair
1 ,n 1 .n
But for all since T and S are inverse isomorphisms.
( )TS V
In particular
1 2 1 1( ) 0 0 0 1 0 0j j j j nT S B B
and hence the matrix of relative to the bases
is
T S
1 ,n 1 n
1 0
1
0 1
I
Therefore AB=I.
Likewise, since the matrix product BA is the matrix of the linear transformation
:ST V V
relative to the basis pair-
1 1, .n n
But
( )ST
for all in V because S and T are inverse isomorphisms, and hence as before we find BA=I.
This shows that if :T V V
is an isomorphism then a matrix S for T is always invertible.
To prove the converse, we suppose that the matrix A of T is invertible. Let B be a matrix such that AB=I=BA.
Let be the linear transformation whose matrix relative to the ordered bases
:S V V
1 1,n n
is B . Then the matrix of T relative to the ordered bases
is
:S V V
1 ,n 1 n
1 0
1.
0 1
I
Therefore and I have the same matrix relative to the bases
S T
1 ,n 1 n
so that by , that is S T I ( )S T for all in V.
Likewise we see that
( )TS for all in V,
so that S and T are inverse isomorphisms.
EXAMPLE 4. Find the matrix of the identity linear transformation
relative to the ordered bases
3 3:I R R
1 2 3
1 2 3
1,0,0 , 0,1,0 , 0,0,1
1,1,1 , 1,1,0 , 1,0,0
Solution. We have
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
1 1 1,0,0 , 1,0,0 0 0 1 ,
1 0,1,0 0,1,0 0 1 ( 1) ,
1 0,0,1 0,0,1 1 ( 1) 0 .
So the matrix we seek is
0 0 1
0 1 1 .
1 1 0
A
Remark. In view of Example above, it is reasonable to expect that when we calculate with matrices of transformations
, we insist upon using the same ordered basis
twice to do the calculation, rather than work with distinct ordered bases
:T V V
1 n
1 .n 1 ,n
EXAMPLE 5. Let be the linear transformation
given by
3 3:T R R
( , , ) ( , , )T x y z y z x z y z
Calculate the matrix of T relative to (a) the standard basis of 3R
(b) the basis
used twice.
(1,1,1), (1, 1,0), (1,1, 2) ,
Solution .To do Part (a) we compute as follows:
: (1,0,0) (0,1,1)
: (0,1,0) (1,0,1)
: (0,0,1) (1,1,0).
T
T
T
Thus the desired matrix is 0 1 1
1 0 1 .
0 1 0
A
To so the computations of Part (b) , let us set
123 1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,2.
Then we find
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
( ) 1,1,1 2,2,2 2 0 0
( ) 1, 1,0 1, 1,0 0
( ) 1,1, 2 1,1, 2 0 0 .
T T
T T
T T
So the matrix for Part (b) is
2 0 0
0 1 0 .
0 0 1
B
3. Matrices relative to different bases
Theorem. Let A and B be
matrices, V and n-dimensional vector space and W
an m-dimensional vector space. Then A and Brepresent the same linear transformation
m n
:T V W
relative to (perhaps) different pairs of ordered bases iff there exist nonsingular matrices P and Q such that
1A PBQwhere P is and Q is . m n n n
PROOF. There are two things we must prove. First, if A and B represent the same linear transformation relative to different bases of V and B represent the same linear transformation relative to different bases of V and W we must construct invertible matrices P and Q such that
1A PBQ
we must construct a linear transformation:T V W
and pairs of ordered bases for V and W such that A represents T relative to one pair and S relative to the other. Consider the first of these. We suppose given bases
1 ,n 1 n
such that the matrix of T relative to these bases is A, and bases
1 ,n 1 n
, such that the matrix of T relative to these bases is B . Let P be the matrix of
:I W Wrelative to the bases
1 ,n 1 .n
Then by the proposition above, P is invertible.
,
1Q
relative to the bases
Then is also invertible and represent the matrix of
:I V V
1 ,n 1 .n
Let Q be the matrix of
relative to he bases
1 ,n 1 .n
:I V V
Therefore PB is the matrix of
relative to the bases
:T V W
1 .n 1 ,n
If we apply it again we see that
is the matrix of T relative to the bases
1PBQ
1 .n 1 ,n
But Q is also the matrix of T relative to the bases
1 .n 1 ,n
To prove the converse, suppose given invertible matrices P and Q such that
1A PBQ
so that
as required .
1A PBQ
:T V W
Choose bases
1 ,n 1 n
for V and W respectively . Let be the linear transformation whose matrix is A relative to these bases. Let
1 1
1 1
( ), , ( )
( ), , ( )n n
n m
P P
Q Q
,
since P and A are isomorphisms, the collections
1 ,n 1 n
are bases for V and W respectively. A brute force computation now shows that B is the matrix of T relative to the bases
1 ,n 1 .n
EXAMPLE 6. Recall that we are given the linear transformation
defined by
3 3:T R R
( , , ) ( , , )T x y z y z x z y z
and
is the matrix of T relative to the standard basisof , while
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
A
3R2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
B
is the matrix of relative to the ordered basis
(1,1,1), (1, 1,0), (1,1, 2) ,
3.Rof
Since there are invertible matrices P, and
such that
, our task is to
1Q
1A PBQ
compute P and . We compute them as follows.1Q
(1) P is the matrix of
relative to the basis pair
and
3 3:I R R
(1,1,1), (1, 1,0), (1,1, 2) ,
(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1) ,
1Q
(2) is the matrix of
relative to the basis pair
and
3 3:I R R
(1,1,1), (1, 1,0), (1,1, 2) .
(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1) ,
The computation of P is easy and gives us 1 1 1
1 1 1 .
1 0 2
P
The computation of is not hard and depends on the following equations
1Q
1 1 1(1,0,0) (1,1,1) (1, 1,0) (1,1, 2)
3 2 61 1 1
(0,1,0) (1,1,1) (1, 1,0) (1,1, 2)3 2 61 1
(0,0,1) (1,1,1) 0(1, 1,0) (1,1, 2).3 3
so that
1
1 1 1
2 2 61 1 1
.3 2 61 1
03 3
Q
A tedious computation shows that .
1A PBQ
That is 1 1 1
2 2 60 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 01 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 .3 2 6
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 1
03 3
4. Some exercises
1. Find the matrix of following linear transformations relative to the stand are bases for
3R
(a) given by 3 5:T R R
1 2 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 2, , , , , .T a a a a a a a a a a
(b) given by 4 4:T R R
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4, , , , , , .T a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
(c) given by 3:T R R
1 2 3 1 2 3, ,T a a a a a a
(d) given by 2 4:T R R
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2, , 2 ,3 ,2T a a a a a a a a a
2. Let be the linear transformation whose matrix relative to the standard bases is
4 7:T R R
1 2 1 0
0 1 4 1
2 0 2 0
.0 1 3 1
3 2 5 0
0 0 7 1
4 0 1 0
Find
(1,2,3,4).T
3. Let be the linear transformations with matrices
3 2, :S T R R
6 1 2,
2 4 1
5 0 7
2 1 9
respectively. What is the matrix of the linear transformation
3 23 7 : .S T R R
Find (3S-7T)(1,2,3).
Thanks !!!