TO MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL
•  RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEER AND INSPECTOR IN THE
  IMPLEMENTATION OF MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY
  CONTROL
• Benefits Gain in Learnin Materials Testin
• Definition of Q$alit% Control
• P$r"ose of Q$alit% Control
•  Roles of Pro'e#t Enineers an& Materials Enineers
•  D$ties an& Res"onsi(ilities of Pro'e#t Enineer in Pro'e#t I!"le!entation
 
  * MATERIALS AND QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS +
•  Earthworks
Item 10! – "omaction E#uiment and $ensit% "ontro& 
•  Subbase and 'ase "ourse
Item 202 – "rushed (ggregate 'ase "ourse
•  Sur)ace "ourses
Item *0, - 'ituminous P&ant ix Sur)ace "ourse-.enera& 
Item *10 – 'ituminous "oncrete Sur)ace "ourse/ ot aid 
Item *11 – Port&and "ement "oncrete Pavement 
 
Item 40, – "oncrete Structures
Item 500 – Pie "u&verts and Storm $rains
Item 505 – ira and .routed ira
Item 50! – Stone asonr% 
isce&&aneuos ateria&s
RELATED TO MATERIALS TESTING AND
  QUALITY CONTROL
QUALITY CONTROL HAS T)O ASPECTS
NAMELY .
3(+ IS (+EI(S +ES+I. 6 
 is t/e (asi# !eans or a tool (% 0/i#/ an enineer
or an ins"e#tor #an (e $se& to &eter!ine& 0/et/er
t/e !aterials s/o$l& (e allo0e& to (e in#or"orate&
or (e re'e#te& into t/e 0or12
 It is a &o#$!ente& "roof of t/e 3$alit% of !aterials
  in&i#atin it !eets or it fails t/e &esire& "ro"erties
as #alle& for in t/e s"e#ifi#ations re3$ire!ents of an
  a""ro4e& #ontra#t2
 T/ere #an (e no 3$alit% ass$ran#e 0it/o$t a&e3$ate 3$alit%
#ontrol at t/e so$r#e or !an$fa#t$rer or at #onstr$#tion-
t/erefore testin is a tool for !eas$rin 3$alit% #ontrol
in "ro'e#t i!"le!entation2
3(+ IS +E IP7+("E 78 (+EI(S
+ES+I. 
 Engineers do not guess !!!
So without testing even in the )ie&d or in the &aborator%/
no one can state de)inite&% i) the #ua&it% o) materia&s is
satis)ied or not/ even the exert9
Testin is an i!"ortant #o!"le!ent of 3$alit%
#ontrol in enineerin 0or1s
Materials testin is not &one (% si/t or ot/er !eans 0it/o$t
t/e (enefit of la(orator% tests2 If it is &one (% si/t- it is "$re
an& si!"le $essin2
- Pro=ect Engineers/ ateria&s Engineers and aborator% +echnicians  
0/o are in4ol4e& in t/e i!"le!entation of 4ario$s infrastr$#t$res
nee&s to learn 5 1no0 testin te#/nolo% in #onstr$#tion !aterials to
en/an#e an& strent/ t/eir #a"a(ilities in t/e i!"le!entation of
Q$alit% Ass$ran#e Prora! in a "ro'e#t2
 
E(I. (+EI(S +ES+I.
  ecogni@e the basic techno&ogies in testing o)
construction materia&s9
•  I&entif% an& fa!iliari6e t/e re3$ire& tests on s"e#ifi#
#onstr$#tion !aterials
•  I&entif% an& $n&erstan& t/e (asi# "ro"erties of !aterials
•  Un&erstan& t/e sinifi#an#e of tests on t/e !aterials
•  A0are of t/e i!"ortan#e of !aterials testin in "ro'e#t
i!"le!entation
  Per)orm e))ective&% )ie&dA&aborator% sam&ing and testing o)
construction materia&s in accordance with the standard
methodsArocedures9
• Fa!iliari6e in t/e a""li#ation of t/e "ro"er !et/o& of sa!"lin
of !aterials in t/e fiel& an& la(orator%
• I&entif% an& fa!iliari6e in all la(orator% testin a""arat$s 7
  e3$i"!ent for !aterials sa!"lin an& testin
• Learn an& fa!iliari6e stan&ar& !et/o&s an& "ro#e&$res of
la(orator% testin of 4ario$s #onstr$#tion !aterials
• Learn to #/e#1 t/e a##$ra#% an& "ro"er !aintenan#e of 
  la(orator% testin a""arat$s7e3$i"!ent
 
 Eva&uate/ ana&%@e and interret test resu&ts o)
construction materia&s )or the urose o) accetance and
re=ection9
tests "erfor!e&
•  8no0 t/e "ro"er re"ortin s%ste! of test re"orts
•  Un&erstan& t/e a""li#ation of !aterials stan&ar&
s"e#ifi#ations (ase& on t/e res$lt of tests
•  Learn /o0 to anal%6e an& e4al$ate res$lt of
tests in&i#ate& on offi#ial test re"orts fro! testin
la(oratories
a##e"tan#e or re'e#tion of !aterials
 
': ( +ES+ 
T/e $s$al "ro#e&$re is to !a1e a test for a #ertain 3$antit% of !aterials
re"resentin t/e 3$antities to (e in#or"orate& into t/e 0or1 or in
a##or&an#e 0it/ t/e minimum testing re#uirements "res#ri(e& in ea#/
"ro'e#t2 T/e re3$ire!ents s"e#if% t/e 1in& an& n$!(er of tests for
ea#/ ite!s of 0or1s2
It s/o$l& (e e!"/asi6e& t/at 0/at are s"e#ifie& are t/e !ini!$! n$!(er
of testin onl%2  (dditiona& number o) test   #an (e re3$ire to t/e !aterials
if t/e o0ner7ins"e#tor is in &o$(t of t/e 3$alit% of !aterials or t/e
finis/e& str$#t$re2
3hen the +esting o) ateria&s be "onducted
An as"e#t of testin 0/i#/ is 4er% i!"ortant an& !ost often
o4erloo1 is 0/en testin s/o$l& (e #on&$#te&2
+esting o) materia& is conducted rior to incororation into the
work9
If t/e test is not #on&$#te& at t/e "ro"er ti!e- there is no #ua&it% contro&
since it wi&& then be too &ate to correct an%thing that is de)ective9
If so!eone 0ill atte!"t to e4al$ate t/e 3$alit% of !aterials 0it/o$t testin
 
3hat is ?ua&it% 6 
 is a =udgment b% the customer or users o) a roduct or
service9
It is the extent to which the customer or users )ee& the
 roduct or service surasses their needs and
exectations9
the characteristic o) a roduct that rovides a &eve& o)
 er)ormance in terms o) service and &i)e9
 
3hat is "ontro& 6 
It is $s$all% $se& in relation to so!et/in in nee& of
#/e#1in or re$latin &$e to so!e i!"ortant an&
  #o!"ellin reasons2
It is $se& to #orre#t so!et/in 0/i#/ /as one 0ron or
in ot/er 0or&s- #ontrol is instit$te& as a *#orre#ti4e+
"re4enti4e !eas$re2
T/ere is anot/er for! of #ontrol 0/i#/ is no0 0i&el% an&
in#reasinl% $se& in !ost in&$stries to a$e t/e
"erfor!an#e an& e9#ellen#e of 0or1 an& "ro&$#t2 It is t/e
#o!(ination of t/e a(o4e t0o:0or&s 0e /a4e '$st &efine& an&
t/e na!e is ?ua&it% "ontro&9
 
In t/e i!"le!entation of 3$alit% #ontrol in t/e enineerin #onstr$#tion-
two-items are checked9
3hat is checked6 
ateria&s an& methods of #onstr$#tion or 0or1!ans/i"
?ua&it% "ontro& there)ore inc&udes a&& rocedures which are necessar%
to insure that the materia&s used and workmanshi em&o%ed con)orm
to the standard o) #ua&it% seci)ied in the aroved &ans and seci)ications
If 3$alit% #ontrol is &one (% si/t or ot/er !eans 0it/o$t t/e (enefit
of la(orator% tests- an& latel% e9e#$te&- it is ure and sim&e
guessing9
 
Q$alit% Control is (ein in#reasinl% instit$te& in t/e #onstr$#tion
in&$str%- not ne#essaril% as a #orre#ti4e !eas$re- ($t !ore as
a  reventive too&9
Preventive measures are a&wa%s economica& and this is true/ i) the
)inished structure is de)ective or )ai&s/ the cost o) reair andAor
maintenance wi&& be ver% high9
Quality Control in construction is checking )or con)ormit% to the
re#uirements o) the aroved &ans and seci)ications9
 (n B ounce o) revention is worth a ound o) cureC /was origina&&% a
 
+he odern "oncet o) ?ua&it% "ontro& 
 : T/e !o&ern #on#e"t of Q$alit% Control is t/at- it is a s%ste!
0/i#/ in4ol4es t/e 'oint ($t in&e"en&ent efforts of t/e o0ner 
  an& t/e #ontra#tor to a#/ie4e t/e le4el of 3$alit% &esire& (% t/e
  o0ner as esta(lis/e& in t/e "ro'e#t s"e#ifi#ations2
- T/e ownerDs task  is to 4erif% t/at t/e #ontra#tor;s 3$alit%
#ontrol s%ste! is f$n#tionin an& t/e #o!"lete& str$#t$re is of 
  t/e s"e#ifie& 3$alit%
- T/e contractorDs task  is to re$late- test an& ins"e#t t/e
"ro#e&$res- e3$i"!ent- !aterials- an& !an"o0er so t/at t/e
#o!"lete& fa#ilit% 0ill #o!"l% 0it/ t/e re3$ire!ents2
 
 3hat is the Purose o) the ?ua&it% "ontro&6 
 to insure the highest #ua&it% o) work 
 to extend the service &i)e o) an% structure b%
constructing according to the rescribed &ans
  and seci)ications
materia&s
 
19 ?ua&it% "ontro& Program
  In t/e #onstr$#tion or i!"ro4e!ent "ro'e#ts of t/e De"art!ent of
P$(li# )or1s 5 Hi/0a%s- t/e follo0in 3$alit% #ontrol "ro#e&$res
  are #o!!onl% $se&7"ra#ti#e.
*9 Pretesting o) anu)actured ateria&s
!9 Insection
49 onth&% ateria&s eort 
59 (ccom&ishment o) ?ua&it% "ontro& ogbook 
 
?ua&it% "ontro& Program ?"PF
-  A "rora! of 3$alit% #ontrol 0or1s in a #ertain "ro'e#t 0/i#/
in4ol4e ins"e#tion an& testin of !aterials to (e in#or"orate&
into a 0or12
- It s"e#ifies t/e !ini!$! n$!(er of tests re3$ire& for an ite!
of 0or1 0/i#/ #orres"on&s to t/e 3$antities state& in t/e
a""ro4e& Prora! of )or1 of a "ro'e#t
 
-  It is "re"are& (% t/e #on#erne& Materials Enineer of t/e
o0ner an& (e a""ro4e& (% t/e Pro'e#t Enineer
assine& in t/e "ro'e#t2
 
PRO<ECT.  Restoration  of   N$e4a E#i'a = Panasinan Roa&
  Sta2 >?@> to Sta2 ?>- N$e4a E#i'a
 (9 +ests to be Per)ormed 
  Ite! No2 Des#ri"tion Unit Q$antit% No2 of Test *Min2+ 
103 (1) Structure Excavation cu! "1 None
103 (#) Exc $or %ie Cu'vert cu! * None
  10" (1) E!+ $ro! R, Excavation cu! #*- .%C / 1 2
  10" (4) E!+ $ro! 5orro6 cu! 1#* .%C /1 21
10* (1) Su+7ra,e %rearation 8! 410 .%C /3 2""
  400 (1) A77 Su++ae Coure cu! "11 .%21#C2"2#"
  92" C5R24
401 A77 5ae Coure cu! "" .%24* C2*92*
  2100 C5R23
a Ce!ent +a7 #1*4# 9 / 31
  + $ine A77 cu ! 3"1- 9 / 3 .2 "#
c Coare A77 cu ! *4#" 9 / " .21
  , Stee' 5ar :7 00 9 / 1
  e Concrete cu ! $S / -1 et C5
  ; Co!'ete, %CC% 400!! t<: * / core=:!='ane
 
5 INS%ECTION>
Continuou 8ua'it? contro' inection on a'' Ite! o; Wor: <a'' +e ,one
 a contruction 6or: ro7ree Inection Reort to +e u+!itte, a
 re8uire,
 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 
 In t/e DP)H- enineerin 0or1s s/o$l& e!"/asi6e t/at
?ua&it% "ontro& is t/e res"onsi(ilit% of t/e #ontra#tor 0/ile t/e
 ?ua&it% (ssurance is t/e res"onsi(ilit% of t/e I!"le!entin
Offi#e * O0ner +
"eri)icate o) ?ua&it% "ontro& (ssurance "?"(F is an ass$ran#e
 re"ort "re"are& an& a##o!"lis/e& (% t/e "ro'e#t i!"le!entin
 offi#e stating the accom&ished #uantit% er item o) work as the
 work rogresses and certi)%ing the #ua&it% o) materia&s com&eted 
 works9
CQCA is a##o!"lis/e& an& s$(!itte& 0ee1l% (% t/e Materials
 Enineer an& (ot/ &$l% sine& (% t/e #on#erne& Pro'e#t Enineer 
 an& Materials Enineer an& it is a re3$ire& &o#$!ents 0/en a
#ontra#tor is re#uesting )or artia& or )ina& a%ment o) the
com&eted works9
Pro'e#t  
 Contra#tor  
  )e /ere(% #ertif% t/at 0e /a4e #on&$#te& an ins"e#tion an& 4erifi#ation
on 0or1 a##o!"lis/e& on t/e a(o4e = !entione& "ro'e#t for t/e "erio&
 2 )e f$rt/er #ertif% t/at 0e fo$n& t/at t/e 3$alit% of !aterials
in t/e follo0in ite!s of 0or1 #orres"on&in to t/e 3$antit% a##o!"lis/e&
#onfor!s 0it/ t/e Stan&ar& S"e#ifi#ations an& S"e#ial Pro4ision of t/e
Contra#t- 4i6.
   
   
 
  st re"ort =
  n& re"ort =
  > r& re"ort =
Pretesting o) anu)actured ateria&s
-  to a4oi& &ela%s of sen&in sa!"les fro! t/e "ro'e#t
  to testin la(oratories- sa!"les of !an$fa#t$re&
!aterials are o(taine& at t/e fa#tor% or at re"$ta(le
s$""lier an& teste& at an% of t/e DP)H or A##re&ite&
  testin la(oratories2
 : Man$fa#t$re& !aterials s$#/ as as"/alt- #e!ent- steel
  (ars- "aints an& et#2 "arti#$larl% in (i "ro'e#ts are
  "reteste& $"on t/e instr$#tion of Enineer an& $"on
4erifi#ation- t/e "reteste& !aterials are allo0e& to $se
$"on t/e &eli4er% at t/e 'o(:site2
 
 MONTL MATERIALS RE"ORT
+he ateria&s Engineer sha&& reare and submit to the Pro=ect
Engineer a onth&% ateria&s eort containing the individua&
tests conducted on the materia&s incororated into the works and
the status o) tests accom&ished based on the aroved ?ua&it%
"ontro& Program9
+he reort sha&& inc&ude the )o&&owingG
a9 Status o) tests er)ormed and the ba&anced o) tests as
re#uired in the aroved ?ua&it% "ontro& Program
b9 Summar% o) )ie&d and &aborator% tests
c9 'ack-u test resu&ts o) a&& tested construction materia&s
d9 Photograhs and Insection eorts covering materia&s used
during the month9
 (ccom&ishment o) ?ua&it% "ontro& ogbook 
Pro=ect "ontro& ogbook is being accom&ished b% the Pro=ect
 Aesident Engineer / stating the dai&% construction activities in the
  ro=ect/ but another contro& &ogbook ateria&s ?ua&it% "ontro&
ogbookF where the dai&% entries o) activities undertaken re&ative to
sam&ing/ testing/ insection and other #ua&it% contro& activitiesA
comments in the ro=ect sha&& be roer&% encoded b% the concerned
ateria&s Engineer9
ateria&s ?ua&it% "ontro& ogbook sha&& contain a&& in)ormation andA
or observation re&evant to materia&s #ua&it% contro& and sha&& be du&%
signed b% the concerned ateria&s Engineer o) the ro=ect9
 
I>S+(+IHE E(PE 78 (+EI(S 7.'77; 
ate an, a? @ @ @ @ arc< 10400* = T<ur,a?
Weat<er @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ AC'ear %C'ear
Pro=ect (ctivitiesG
a Co!action o; t<e ;i'' !ateria' Ite! 10* 6a ,one 6it< <ee;oot ro''er at
  Sta 1D#00 to Sta 4D000
+ Screenin7 o; coare a77re7ate ;ro! 5auan River 6a ,one at t<e +atc<in7 'ant
;or ue ;or Ite! "0*
c %rearation o; rein;orcin7 tee' +ar ;or concrete ourin7 o; ,ou+'e cu'vert at Sta
  4D10*0
ateria&s ?ua&it% "ontro& (ctivitiesG
  a $ie', enit? tet 6ere er;or!e, +? Contractor !en at Sta 1D00 an, Sta 1D00 an,
uervie, +? 7overn!ent ateria'!en R CruF We reorte, t<at t6o tet 6ere !a,e
an, t<e a!'e ;or !oiturre content 6ere +rou7<t to t<e roBect 'a+orator? 6ie7<e,
an, ,rie, un,er !? uerviion
  + Sieve ana'?i 6a con,ucte, on creene, coare a77re7ate ;or ue ;or Ite! "0* ;or
c<ec:in7 o; t<e re8uire, 7ra,ation an, t<e reu't 6a revie6e, +? !e
  c C<ec:e, t<e iFe an, acin7 o; re+ar inta''e, at ,ou+'e cu'vert at Sta 4D10*0 ;or
co!'iance to arove, 'an
(S.) GUAN ELA CRUH
- (n activit% which is com&imentar% to #ua&it% contro& 
 : It is &one on ite!s of 0or1s not s$('e#t to testin2 Constr$#tion
a#ti4ities s$#/ as "ro"er "la#in of for!s- ($il&in $" an e!(an1!ent
in la%ers- (en#/in of t/e /illsi&e "rior to fillin- "la#in of 
  reinfor#e!ent or #$rin of #on#rete are en#o!"asse& (% ins"e#tion2
3hen the Insection shou&d be done6 
-  Li1e in testin- it is also i!"ortant t/at ins"e#tion is &one at
 
 
ESP7SI'II+IES 78 +E E.IEE ($
ISPE"+7 I +E IPEE+(+I7 78
(+EI(S +ES+I. ($ ?>(I+: "7+7
 
3hose esonsibi&it% )or ?ua&it% "ontro& 6 
  T/e #on#e"t t/at 3$alit% #ontrol rests solel% on t/e Materials
Enineer is 0ron2 Q$alit% #ontrol is t/e res"onsi(ilit% of
e4er%one in4ol4e& in t/e #onstr$#tion2 It is t/e res"onsi(ilit%
of t/e enineers- ins"e#tors- te#/ni#ians an& e4en an or&inar%
  la(orers2
Q$alit% #ontrol is a tea! effort- it is li1e a #/ain t/at a 0ea1ness
in an% one lin1 0ill #a$se t/e 0/ole #/ain to fail- all "arties
in4ol4e& in t/e #onstr$#tion !$st &o t/eir "art in or&er to
ins$re s$##ess of a 3$alit% #ontrol "rora!2
 
  Engineers and suervisors have the great resonsibi&it% in the
im&ementation o) the #ua&it% contro&/ i) it )ai&s/ the% were to be
b&ame/ because the% )ai&ed to transmit their know&edge o) good
#ua&it% contro& ractices to the &ower &eve&s9
?ua&it% "ontro&/ i) roer&% executed/ it wi&& more than a% itse&)/
it is the ke% to more economica& construction9 +here)ore/ #ua&it%
contro& is not a cost itemJ it is in rea&it% an investment9 It a%s
 
7E 78 P7KE"+ E.DS9 < (+EI(S E.DS9 I +E
IPEE+(+I7 78 (+EI(S ?>(I+: "7+7
  Pro=ect Engineers /as t/e o4erall res"onsi(ilit% in ter!s of 
  !aterials 3$alit% #ontrol2 He !$st /a4e t/e te#/ni#al 1no0 :
  /o0 in !aterials testin an& 3$alit% #ontrol to ena(le to
#/e#1 an& re$late t/e $se of #onstr$#tion !aterials an& to
  e#ono!i6e t/e #ost of !aterials in t/e "ro'e#t2
  ateria&s Engineers  /as t/e "ri!ar% res"onsi(ilit% in t/e
  3$alit% of !aterials 0/i#/ in#l$&es sa!"lin- testin an&
ins"e#tion- re#o!!en&s for t/e a##e"tan#e or re'e#tion an&
  re#o!!en&s a""ro"riate #orre#ti4e !eas$res to i!"ro4e&J
  t/e 3$alit% of !aterials an& 0or1s2
 
$>+IES ($ ESP7SI'II+IES 78 P7KE"+ E.IEE 
 19 Ensures that materia&s and workmanshi are at a&& times in
accordance with &ans and seci)ications9
 Is a$t/ori6e& to re'e#t !aterials 0/i#/ fails to !eet s"e#ifi#ation
re3$ire!ents e4en t/o$/ t/e% /a4e "re4io$sl% "asse& t/e
re3$ire!ents2
Is a$t/ori6e& to re3$ire t/e #ontra#tor to &is#ontin$e o"erations
if t/e 0or1!ans/i" or !et/o&s e!"lo%e& 0o$l& a&4ersel% affe#t
t/e 3$alit%- &$ra(ilit% or a""earan#e of t/e 0or12
 Is &ire#tl% s$"er4ise t/e sa!"lin testin an& #ontrol as 0ell as
#/e#1 t/e res$lt of test to 4erif% t/e 3$alit% of !aterials "rior to
in#or"oration into t/e 0or12  Ma% or&er t/e "re:testin7retestin of #onstr$#tion !aterials $n&er
t/e #on&itions for a##e"tan#e of !aterials 0/i#/ /a4e sa!"le&
 
29 Ensures that insections and tests are carried out romt&%
and time&%9
C/e#174erif% t/e 3$antities re"orte& in t/e Certifi#ate of Q$alit%
Control Ass$ran#e *CQCA+ Re"ort an& ens$re t/at 3$antities
(ein #lai!e& /a4e #orres"on&in test res$lts2
 C/e#1 t/at t/e re3$ire& tests on !aterials are #on&$#te&
"rior to its a#t$al $se an& !eets t/e !ini!$! testin
re3$ire!ents of t/e a""ro4e& Q$alit% Control Prora!2
 Iss$e "o$rin "er!it for as"/alt an& #on#retin 0or1s
 
  $>+IES ($ ESP7SI'II+IES 78 (+EI(S E.IEE 
 As#ertain t/at all !aterials in#or"orate& into t/e 0or1s "ass t/e
re3$ire!ents of DP)H Stan&ar& S"e#ifi#ations for Hi/0a%s-
Bri&es an& Air"orts an& stri#tl% #o!"l% 0it/ t/e s#/e&$le of
Mini!$! Testin Re3$ire!ents2
 A&4i#e t/e Pro'e#t Enineer on t/e a##e"tan#e or re'e#tion of
#onstr$#tion !aterials inten&e& for $se in t/e "ro'e#t *(ase& on test
res$lts+
 Re#o!!en& t/e Pro'e#t Enineer re!e&ial !eas$res for t/e
#orre#tion of $nsatisfa#tor% #on&ition of !aterials2
 Pre"are Q$alit% Control Prora! *QCP + of t/e "ro'e#t (ase& on
t/e stan&ar& !ini!$! testin re3$ire!ents2
 
 (ccom&ish the week&% "erti)icate o) ?ua&it% "ontro& (ssurance
"?"(F reorts o) the ro=ect9
 Preare design mixes )or concrete and bituminous mixtures9
 8u&&% ac#uaint himse&) with the standard rocedures o) sam&ing/
testing and contro&9
 Ensure that the &aborator% is ade#uate&% e#uied such that the
 rogress o) the work wi&& not be imeded to &aborator% testing
and that non-er)ormance o) tests shou&d not caused de&a% in the
 rosecution o) work9
 Submit test reorts and other ertinent #ua&it% contro& reorts
within the re#uired time )rame9
 Strict&% suervise his &aborator% technicians in the er)ormance o)
)ie&d and &aborator% test9
 
 
ITEM 311 - PCCP
Item 104 - Embankment
                  I                   T                   E                   M
              I      P             A       P
 ITEM 102 – EXCAVATION 
• T()s )tem s(a** +ons)sts o, roa.a/ ra)nage an borro. e+aat)on
  an t(e )sosa* o, mater)a* )n a++oran+e .)t( se+),)+at)on an )n
+on,orm)t/ .)t( t(e *)nes graes an )mens)ons s(o.n on t(e P*ans
• Roadway excavation )n+*ues e+aat)on an gra)ng ,or roa.a/s
ark)ng areas )nterse+t)ons aroa+(es s*oe roun)ng ben+()ng
  .ater.a/s an t+(es5 remoa* o, unsu)tab*e mater)a* ,rom t(e roabe an
beneat( embankment areas5 an e+aat)ng se*e+te mater)a* ,oun
  )n t(e roa.a/ ,or se+),)+ use )n t(e )mroement
• "&assi)ication o) oadwa% Excavation
2 >nc&assi)ied Excavation : it #onsist of t/e e9#a4ation an& &is"osal
of all !aterials rear&less of its nat$re- not #lassifie&
  an& in#l$&e& in t/e Bill of Q$antities
2 ock Excavation = it #onsist of ineo$s- se&i!entar% an& !eta!or:
  "/i# ro#1 0/i#/ #annot (e e9#a4ate& 0it/o$t (lastin
  or t/e $se of ri""ers- an& all (o$l&ers or ot/er
 
3 Common E+aat)on - )t +ons)st o, a** e+aat)on not )n+*ue )n t(e B)**
o, 6uant)t)es uner o+k E+aat)on or ot(er a/ )tems
• Classification of Roadway Excavation
4 Mu+k E+aat)on - )t +ons)st o, t(e remoa* an )sosa* o, eos)ts o,
saturate or unsaturate m)tures o, so)*s an organ)+ matter not
su)tab*e ,or ,ounat)on mater)a* regar*ess o, mo)sture +ontent
• 'orrow Excavation : #onsist of t/e e9#a4ation an& $tili6ation of
a""ro4e& !aterial re3$ire& for t/e #onstr$#tion of
e!(an1!ents or for ot/er "ortions of t/e 0or1 an& s/all (e
o(taine& fro! a""ro4e& so$r#es in a##or&an#e 0it/ t/e follo0in.
• Borro. Case 1 - .)** +ons)st o, mater)a* obta)ne ,rom sour+es
es)gnate on t(e P*ans or )n t(e Se+)a* Pro)s)on
• Borro. Case 2 - .)** +ons)st o, mater)a* obta)ne ,rom sour+es
ro)e b/ t(e +ontra+tor
 
Const!ction"#!ality Contol Re$!ie%ents&
• A** e+aat)on s(a** be ,)n)s(e to reasonab*/ smoot( an un),orm
  sur,a+es "o mater)a*s s(a** be .aste .)t(out t(e aut(or)t/ o, t(e
  Eng)neer
• Pr)or to e+aat)on a** ne+essar/ +*ear)ng an grubb)ng )n t(at area s(a**
(ae been er,orme )n a++oran+e .)t( Item 100 C*ear)ng an Grubb)ng
• A** su)tab*e mater)a*s remoe ,rom t(e e+aat)on s(a** be use )n
  t(e ,ormat)on o, t(e embankment subgrae s(ou*ers s*oes be)ng
an ba+k,)** ,or stru+tures an ,or ot(er uroses s(o.n on t(e P*ans or as
)re+te
• A** e+ess mater)a* )n+*u)ng ro+k an bou*ers t(at +annot be use )n t(e
embankments s(a** be )sose o,, as )re+te
 
 
(+EI(S E?>IEE+ G
Embankments sha&& be constructed o) suitab&e materia&s/ in consonance
with the )o&&owing de)initionsG
2 S$ita(le Material = !aterial 0/i#/ is a##e"ta(le in a##or&an#e 0it/ t/e
  #ontra#t an& 0/i#/ #an (e #o!"a#te& in t/e !anner s"e#ifie&2 It #an (e
  #o!!on !aterial or ro#12
Sele#te& Borro0 - for To""in = soil of s$#/ ra&ation t/at all "arti#les
0ill "ass sie4e 0it/ !! * > in#/es + an& not !ore t/an !ass
"er#ent 0ill "ass t/e 2 !! * N2 + sie4e2 T/e !aterials s/all /a4e
a &asticit% index o) not more than ! and a &i#uid &imit o) not more than
*0  
•  an earth materia& &aced on to o) subgrade in order to distribute the whee& 
  &oad transmitted to the subgrade9 It is common&% used as )i&& materia&s to a
 
29 >nsuitab&e ateria& - materia& other than suitab&e materia&s such asG
a2 Materials #ontainin &etri!ental 3$antities of orani# !aterials-
s$#/ as rass- roots an& se0erae2
(2 Orani# soils s$#/ as "eat an& !$#12
 
&2 Soils 0it/ a nat$ral 0ater #ontent e9#ee&in K
e2 Soils 0it/ 4er% lo0 nat$ral &ensit%- 17!> or lo0er 
f2 Soils t/at #annot (e "ro"erl% #o!"a#te& as &eter!ine& (% Enineer 
"7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S G
  T/e s$rfa#e of t/e e9istin ro$n& s/all (e #o!"a#te& to a &e"t/ of 
  !! * in2 + an& t/e to" "ortions of t/e roa&(e& in (ot/ #$ts an&
  fill of e!(an1!ents s/all #onsist of sele#te& (orro0 for to""in fro!
e9#a4ations2
 
  Roa&0a% e!(an1!ent of eart/ !aterial s/all (e "la#e& in /ori6ontal
  la%ers not e9#ee&in !! * in#/es +- loose !eas$re!ent- an& s/all
  (e #o!"a#te& (efore t/e ne9t la%er is "la#e&2
 +hicker &a%er ma% be &aced i) vibrator% ro&&er with high comactive
e))ort is used rovided that densit% re#uirement is attained and as
aroved b% the Engineer9
"omaction +ria&s
Before #o!!en#in t/e for!ation of e!(an1!ents- #o!"a#tion trials
 on areas not &ess than 10 m wide and 50 m &ong s/all (e #arr%:o$t to
 &eter!ine t/e relations/i" (et0een t%"es of #o!"a#tion e3$i"!ent an&
 t/e n$!(er of "asses re3$ire& an& t/e !et/o& of a&'$stin !oist$re
 #ontent2
  T/e e!(an1!ent !aterial s/all (e #o!"a#te& in la%ers $ntil a $nifor!
  &ensit% of not less t/an @ !ass "er#ent of t/e !a9i!$! &r% &ensit% is
  attaine& as &eter!ine& (% AASTHO T @@ Met/o& C
  At least one ro$" of t/ree in:sit$ &ensit% tests s/all (e #arrie& o$t
 
I+E 105 - S>'.($E PEP((+I7 
T/is ite! s/all #onsist of t/e "re"aration of t/e s$(ra&e for t/e s$""ort of
o4erl%in str$#t$ral la%ers an& s/o$l& e9ten& to f$ll 0i&t/ of t/e roa&0a%2
(+EI(S E?>IEE+ G
Unless ot/er0ise state& in t/e Contra#t an& e9#e"t 0/en t/e s$(ra&e is
in ro#1 #$t- all !aterials (elo0 s$(ra&e le4el to a &e"t/ of !! or to
s$#/ reater &e"t/ s/all !eet t/e re3$ire!ents of Ite! : E!(an1!ent
"7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S G
T/e finis/e& #o!"a#te& s$rfa#e of t/e s$(ra&e s/all #onfor! to t/e
allo0a(le toleran#es.
  : > !!
Strai/t E&e > !!
Ca!(er 2K
Gra&e o4er ! lent/ 2K
 
I+E 10! - "7P("+I7 E?>IPE+ and $ESI+:
"7+7 S+IPS 
T/is ite! is a #ontrol "ro#e&$re $se& to &eter!ine &ensit% re3$ire!ents
of sele#te& e!(an1!ents- s$(ra&e- (ases an& (it$!ino$s #on#rete2 T/e
"ro#e&$re 0ill #onsist of #ontrol stri" #onstr$#tion to esta(lis/ taret
&ensities for t/e s"e#ifie& #o$rse "l$s $#e of san&:#one !et/o& of &ensit%
testin e3$i"!ent to &eter!ine in:"la#e &ensities o(taine& &$rin t/e
#onstr$#tion "ro#ess2
"7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S G
Mini!$! re3$ire!ents for #o!"a#tion e3$i"!ent.
2 S/ee"sfoot- ta!"in or ri& rollers s/all (e #a"a(le of e9ertin a for#e
  of ne0ton7!! * l(s7in2+ of lent/ of roller &r$!
2 Steel:0/eel rollers ot/er t/an 4i(rator% s/all (e #a"a(le of e9ertin for#e
of not less t/an ne0ton7!! * l(s7in2+ of 0i&t/ of t/e #o!"ression
  roll or rolls
>2 ,i(rator% steel:0/eel rollers s/all /a4e a !ini!$! !ass of tonnes2
  T/e #o!"a#tor s/all (e e3$i""e& 0it/ a!"lit$&e an& fre3$en#% #ontrols
 
2 Pne$!ati#:tire rollers s/all /a4e a s!oot/ trea& tires of e3$al si6e t/at 0ill
  "ro4i&e a $nifor! #o!"a#tin "ress$re for t/e f$ll 0i&t/ of t/e roller an&
  #a"a(le of e9ertin a ro$n& "ress$re of at least 1"a * l(s7in+2
2 Hea4ier #o!"a#tin $nit !a% (e re3$ire& to a#/ie4e t/e s"e#ifie&
&ensit% of t/e e!(an1!ent
To &eter!ine taret &ensit%- a #ontrol stri" s/all (e #onstr$#te& at t/e
(einnin of 0or1 ea#/ #o$rse !aterial to (e #o!"a#te&2 A #ontrol
 stri" s/all an area of a""ro9i!atel% >> s32!2
T/e taret &ensit% s/all (e t/e !ean &ensit% of t/e #ontrol stri" (%
a4erain t/e res$lts of ten in:"la#e &ensit% tests ta1en at ran&o!l%
sele#te& sites 0it/in t/e #ontrol stri"s
If t/e !ean &ensit% of t/e #ontrol stri"s is less t/an @ "er#ent of t/e
&ensit% of la(orator% #o!"a#te& s"e#i!ens as &eter!ine& (% testin
"ro#e&$res a""ro"riate for t/e !aterial (ein "la#e&- anot/er #ontrol
stri" s/all (e #onstr$#te&2
 
 
  I+E 200 – (..E.(+E S>''(SE "7>SE 
•  Ma&e of e#ono!i#al !aterials 0it/ a relati4el% lo0 loa& (earin #a"a#it%
0/i#/ are "la#e on to" of s$(ra&e or an e!(an1!ent !aterials in or&er to
&istri($te t/e 0/eel loa& trans!itte& to t/e s$(ra&e2
• T/e s$((ase is a str$#t$ral la%er 0/i#/ a##e"ts reater #o!"ressi4e stress
t/an t/e s$(ra&e an& t/$s re&$#es t/e &efor!ation of t/e "a4e!ent $n&er
traffi# loa&in2
ateria&s e#uirementsG
S$((ase !aterials s/all #onsist of /ar&- &$ra(le "arti#les or fra!ents of
#r$s/e& sla- or #r$s/e& nat$ral ra4el an& filler of nat$ral or #r$s/e& san&
or ot/er finel% &i4i&e& !ineral !atter s/all (e free fro! 4eeta(le !atter an&
l$!"s or (alls of #la%2
 
.rading e#uirementsG
T/e s$((ase !aterials s/o$l& (e 0ell ra&e& an& s/o$l& #onfor! to
t/e follo0in ra&in re3$ire!ents as teste& (% ASSHTO T an& T
Sie4e Desination Mass K Passin
M! In#/es
i#uid imitG +ested b% ((S+7 + LMF
: T/e fra#tion "assin 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a Li3$i&
Li!it of not reater t/an >
: T/e fra#tion "assin t/e 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
"lasti#it% in&e9 *PI+ of not reater t/an
P&asticit% IndexG +ested b% ((S+7 + M0F
 (brasion oss or ass Percent 3earG +ested b% ((S+7 +
M!F
: T/e #oarse "ortion- retaine& on a 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
!ass "er#ent of 0ear not e9#ee&in (% t/e Los Aneles
A(rasion Tests2
"' Ha&ueG +ested b% ((S+7 + 1M*F
: T/e !aterial s/all s/all /a4e a soa1e& CBR 4al$e of not less t/an
K2 T/is 4al$e s/all o(taine& at t/e !a9i!$! &r% &ensit%
*MDD+ as &eter!ine& (% ASSHTO T - Met/o& D+
 
"onstructionA?ua&it% "ontro& e#uirementsG
: 0/ere t/e re3$ire& t/i#1ness is !! or less- t/e !aterial !a% (e
s"rea& an& #o!"a#te& in one:la%er2
Sreading and "omacting 
: 0/ere t/e re3$ire& t/i#1ness is !ore t/an !!- t/e areate
s$((ase s/all (e s"rea& an& #o!"a#te& into t0o *+ or !ore la%ers
of a""ro9i!atel% e3$al t/i#1ness an& t/e !a9i!$! #o!"a#te&
t/i#1ness of an% one *+ la%er s/all not e9#ee& !!
: #o!"a#tion of ea#/ la%er s/all /a4e a fiel& &ensit% of at least
"er#ent of t/e !a9i!$! &r% &ensit% &eter!ine& in a##or&an#e 0it/
AASHTO T:- Met/o& D
: (efore s$((ase #onstr$#tion is starte&- a trial se#tion s/all (e
#on&$#te& in or&er to #/e#1 t/e s$ita(ilit% of t/e !aterials an& t/e
effi#ien#% of t/e e3$i"!ent an& #onstr$#tion !et/o& 0/i#/ is
"ro"ose& to (e $se& (% t/e #ontra#tor2
: one trial se#tion of a(o$t ! s/all (e !a&e for e4er% t%"e of
 
  Le4el of S$rfa#e : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
  Lonit$&inal Gra&e o4er ! lent/ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2K
Allo0a(le Toleran#es to t/e Desine& Le4el an&
 
I+E 201 – (..E.(+E '(SE "7>SE 
  Ma&e of /i/ 3$alit% !aterial 0it/ a /i/ loa& (earin #a"a#it% an& lies
#lose $n&er t/e s$rfa#in #o$rse !aterial2 It "ro4i&es a relati4el% non:
  frost !aterial on 0/i#/ to "ro4i&e s$""ort for s$rfa#e #o$rse an&
so!eti!es to #arr% traffi# te!"oraril%2
  T/e (ase re&$#es t/e 4erti#al #o!"ressi4e stress in&$#e& (% traffi#
in t/e s$((ase an& t/e s$(ra&e2
ateria&s e#uirementsG
  T/e fra#tion "assin t/e 2 !! *No2 sie4e s/all not (e
reater t/an 2 *t0o t/ir&s+ of t/e fra#tion "assin t/e 2 !!
*No2 sie4e+
ateria&s e#uirements
  T/e (ase #o$rse !aterials s/o$l& #onfor! to one of t/e follo0in
ra&in re3$ire!ents.
!! in#/es Gra&in A Gra&in B

i#uid imitG +ested b% ((S+7 + LMF
  T/e fra#tion "assin 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a Li3$i&
Li!it of not reater t/an
  T/e fra#tion "assin t/e 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
"lasti#it% in&e9 *PI+ of not reater t/an
P&asticit% IndexG +ested b% ((S+7 + M0F
 (brasion oss or ass Percent 3earG +ested b% ((S+7 + M!F
  T/e #oarse "ortion- retaine& on a 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
!ass "er#ent of 0ear not e9#ee&in 2
"' Ha&ueG +ested b% ((S+7 + 1M*F
  T/e !aterial "assin t/e @ !! *>7 in2+ s/all /a4e a soa1e& CBR
4al$e not less t/an K2 T/e CBR 4al$e s/all (e o(taine& at MDD
(% AASHTO T - Met/o& D
 
 "7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S 
Sreading and "omaction
  T/e sa!e as #onstr$#tion "ro#e&$re as in Ite! = Areate S$((ase
Co$rse
Trans4erse Slo"es for a Co!"a#te& Areate S$((ase
Per!itte& 4ariation fro! &esin
T/i#1ness of La%er : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
!!
Le4el of S$rfa#e : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
 
I+E 202 – ">SE$ (..E.(+E '(SE "7>SE 
  Eit/er a nat$ral or !an$fa#t$re& (ase #o$rse !aterial 0/ere ran$lar
#o!"onent are !a&e of #r$s/e& ra4el- #r$s/e& stone or #r$s/e& ro#1 an&
of !$#/ s$"erior 3$alit% t/an an or&inar% (ase #o$rse an& not less t/an
!ass "er#ent s/all /a4e at least one *+ fra#t$re& s$rfa#e2
T/is !aterial re3$ires a soil (in&er to /a4e "lasti#it% for "ro"er (on&in of
areates an& $se to "ro4i&e s$""ort for s$rfa#e #o$rse of a roa&0a%2
ateria& e#uirements
  Cr$s/e& Areates
  s/all #onsist of /ar&- &$ra(le "arti#les or fra!ents of stone or ra4el
#r$s/e& to t/e si6e an& s/all (e #lean an& free fro! 4eeta(le !atters-
l$!"s or (alls of #la% an& ot/er &eleterio$s s$(stan#es2 T/e !aterial
s/all (e of s$#/ nat$re t/at it #an (e #o!"a#te& rea&il% to for! a
  fir!- sta(le (ase2
.($I. E?>IEE+S 
T/e (ase !aterial s/all #onfor! to one of t/e follo0in ra&in
re3$ire!ents- 0/i#/e4er is #alle& for in t/e Bill of Q$antities2
Sie4e Desination Mass Per#ent Passin
  St&2- !! St&2- in#/ Gra&in A Gra&in B
  >2 = 7
i#uid imit G +ested b% ((S+7 + LM F
  T/e "ortion of t/e !aterial "assin t/e 2 !! * No2 + sie4e s/all
/a4e a li3$i& li!it of not reater t/an
P&asticit% Index G +ested b% ((S+7 + M0 F
  T/e "ortion of t/e !aterials "assin t/e 2 !! * No2 + sie4e s/all
/a4e a "lasti#it% in&e9 of not reater t/an
 (brasion oss or ass Percent 3ear +ested b% ((S+7 + M!F
T/e #o$rse areate retaine& on a 2 !! * No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
!ass "er#ent not e9#ee&in (% t/e Los Aneles A(rasion Test
"' H(>E G +ested b% ((S+7 + 1L0 F
  T/e !aterial "assin t/e @ !! * in2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a !ini!$!
soa1e& CBR 4al$e of K teste& a##or&in to AASTHO T @>2 T/e CBR
4al$e s/all (e o(taine& at t/e !a9i!$! &r% &ensit% &eter!ine&
a##or&in to AASTHO t - Met/o& D2
 
I+E *00 - (..E.(+E S>8("E "7>SE 
T/is Ite! #onsist of a 0earin #o$rse or to" #o$rse #o!"ose& of ra4el
or #r$s/e& areate an& (in&er !aterial #onstr$#te& on a "re"are& (ase2
ateria&s e#uirement G
S/all #onsist of /ar&- &$ra(le "arti#les or fra!ents of stone or ra4el an&
san& or ot/er fine !ineral "arti#les free fro! 4eeta(le !atter an& l$!"s
or (alls of #la% an& it #an (e #o!"a#te& rea&il% to for! a fir!- sta(le la%er2
.rading e#uirements
Sie4e Desination Mass Per#ent Passin
Stan&ar& Alternate Gra&in Gra&in Gra&in Gra&in
  !! US St&2 A B C D

 
 (brasion oss or ass Percent 3earG +ested b% ((S+7 + M! F
  T/e #oarse "ortion- retaine& on a 2 !! *No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a
!ass "er#ent of 0ear (% Los Aneles Test of not !ore t/an 2
8racture 8ace
)/en #r$s/e& areate is inten&e& for $se- not less t/an fift% * + !ass
"er#ent of t/e "arti#les retaine& on t/e 2 !! * No2 + s/all /a4e at least
one * + fra#t$re& s$rfa#e2
i#uid imit and P&asticit% Index
T/e fra#tion "assin t/e 2 !! * No2 + sie4e s/all /a4e a li3$i& li!it
not reater t/an > an& a "lasti#it% in&e9 rane of to @- 0/en teste& (%
 AASTHO T @ AND T @- res"e#ti4el%2
"' Ha&ueG +ested b% ((S+7 + 1M*F
  T/e !aterial "assin t/e @ !! *>7 in2+ s/all /a4e a soa1e& CBR
4al$e not less t/an K2 T/e CBR 4al$e s/all (e o(taine& at MDD
(% AASHTO T - Met/o& D
 
"7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S G
P&acing/ "omacting e#uirements and +ria& Sections sha&& be in
accordance with the re#uirements o) Item 201/ (ggregate 'ase "ourse9
Sur)ace "ourse +hickness and +o&erances
Per!itte& 4ariation fro! &esin
T/i#1ness of La%er : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
? !!
: !!
Le4el of S$rfa#e : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
 
I+E *01 - 'I+>I7>S PIE "7(+ 
T/is ite! #onsists of "re"arin an& treatin an areate (ase #o$rse
0it/ (it$!ino$s !aterial "re"arator% to t/e #onstr$#tion of (it$!ino$s
s$rfa#e #o$rse2
ateria&s e#uirement G
Bit$!ino$s !aterial s/all (e eit/er Ra"i& C$rin *RC+ or Me&i$! C$rin
 *MC+ C$t:Ba#1 As"/alt
Ra"i& C$rin Li3$i& As"/alts s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of
AASHTO M
Me&i$! C$rin Li3$i& As"/alts s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of
AASHTO M
"onstruction A ?ua&it% "ontro& e#uirements G
Pri!e #oat s/all (e a""lie& onl% to s$rfa#es 0/i#/ are &r% or sli/tl%
!oist2 No "ri!e #oat s/all (e a""lie& 0/en t/e 0eat/er is fo% or
rain%2
T/e (it$!ino$s !aterial s/all (e s"ra%e& (% !eans of a "ress$re
&istri($tor of not less t/an liters #a"a#it% !o$nte& on "ne$!ati#
tires with a heated temerature o) 1L0 deg9 centigrade
T/e rate of a""li#ation of t/e (it$!ino$s !aterial s/all (e 0it/in t/e
range o) 1 to 2 &itersAm2
T/e "ri!e #oat s/all (e left $n&ist$r(e& for a "erio& of at least 24
hours an& s/all not (e o"ene& to traffi# $ntil it /as "enetrate& an&
#$re& s$ffi#ientl%2
T/is ite! #onsists of "re"arin an& treatin an e9istin (it$!ino$s
or #e!ent #on#rete s$rfa#e 0it/ (it$!ino$s !aterial "re"arator% to
t/e #onstr$#tion of (it$!ino$s s$rfa#e #o$rse2
ateria&s e#uirement G
Bit$!ino$s !aterial s/all (e eit/er Ra"i& C$rin *RC+ C$t:Ba#1 or
E!$lsifie& As"/alt
Ra"i& C$rin Li3$i& As"/alts s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of
AASHTO
M
E!$lsifie& As"/alt s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of AASHTO M
*Anioni#+ or AASHTO M *Cationi#+
 
"onstruction A ?ua&it% "ontro& e#uirements G
Ta#1 #oat s/all (e a""lie& onl% to s$rfa#es 0/i#/ are &r% or sli/tl%
!oist2 No ta#1 #oat s/all (e a""lie& 0/en t/e 0eat/er is fo% or
rain%2
Before a""l%in t/e ta#1 #oat - t/e f$ll 0i&t/ of t/e s$rfa#e to (e
treate& s/all (e #leane& of loose an& forein !aterials (% !eans of
"o0er (roo! or (lo0er an& s$""le!ente& as ne#essar% (% /an&
s0ee"in2
T/e rate of a""li#ation of t/e (it$!ino$s !aterial s/all (e 0it/in t/e
range o) 092 to 09, &itersAm2
 
I+E *10 - 'I+>I7>S "7"E+E S>8("E "7>SE/
  7+ (I$
  T/is is Ite! s/all #onsist of #onstr$#tin a (it$!ino$s #on#rete s$rfa#e
  #o$rse #o!"ose& of areates- !ineral filler- an& (it$!ino$s !aterial
!i9e& in a #entral "lant - #onstr$#te& an& lai& /ot on t/e "re"are& (ase2
ateria&s e#uirements G
"omosition and ?ua&it% o) 'ituminous ixture
Kob ix 8ormu&a F
•  Each =ob-mix )ormu&a sha&& roose de)inite sing&e va&ues )or G
2 T/e "er#entae of areate "assin ea#/ s"e#ifie& sie4e si6e
2 T/e "er#entae of (it$!ino$s !aterial to (e a&&e&2
>2 T/e te!"erat$re of t/e !i9t$re &eli4ere& on t/e roa&
 
Passin No2 an& larer sie4es ? "er#ent
Passin No2 to No2 sie4es * in#l$si4e + ? "er#ent
Passin No2 sie4e ? "er#ent
Bit$!ino$s Material ? 2 "er#ent
Te!"erat$re of Mi9t$re ? &e2 Centira&e
  +he mixture sha&& have a minimum comressive strength o) 194 a
200 si F
  +he mixture sha&& have a mass ercent air voids with the range o) * to 5 
  +he mixture sha&& a&so have an index o) etain Strength o) not &ess than
  ,0 when tested b% ((S+7 + 1!5 
  +he roortion o) bituminous materia&/ on the basis o) tota& dr% aggregate
  sha&& be )rom 590 to L90 mass ercent
  %drated &ime sha&& be added to the mixture during the mixing oeration
  in the amount o) one-ha&) to one 095 to 190 F mass ercent b% dr% 
  aggregate basis9
"onstruction A ?ua&it% "ontro& e#uirements G
  3eather imitations G  Bit$!ino$s !i9t$res s/all not (e "la#e& on an%
  0et s$rfa#e- or 0/en 0eat/er #on&itions 0o$l& (e "re4ent
  t/e "ro"er /an&lin or finis/in of t/e !aterial2
  +he mixture sha&& be &aced at a temerature not &ess than 10, deg9
  "entigrade as measured in the truck =ust rior to duming into the
sreader9
  +he mixture sha&& be ro&&edAcomacted b% a aver unti& the marks ro&&er 
  marks are e&iminated and a minimum o) M, mass ercent o) the densit% 
  o) the &aborator% comacted secimens reared in accordance with
 ((S+7 t 1!! has been obtained9
 
 (ccetance/ Sam&ing and +esting 
 Sam&es sha&& be cut at )u&& deth o) the )inished avement )or testing
b% sawing or core dri&&ing9 Sawed and cored sam&es sha&& be s#uared 
  at &east 150 mm x 150 mm or 100 mm diameter/ resective&%9
 (t &east one/ but not more than three *F sam&es sha&& be taken )or each
)u&& da%Ds oeration9
 I) no core sam&es were taken during the da%Ds oeration/ core sam&es
  sha&& be taken )rom the com&eted avement )or ever% 100 &m9 er &ane9
  no accetance and )ina& a%ment sha&& be made on com&eted asha&t
 
  +he comacted avement sha&& have a densit% e#ua& to/ or greater than M,
mass ercent o) the densit% o) a &aborator% secimen9 +he asha&t
 avement reresented b% the cores sha&& not acceted i) the de)icienc% in
densit% is more than 2 N9
 +he comacted avement sha&& have a thickness to&erances o) -F 5 mm9
  +hickness in excess o) the seci)ied thickness sha&& not be considered in
  the a%ment o) asha&t avement9
  +he asha&t avement reresented b% the individua& core sha&& not be
acceted i) the de)icienc% in the core thickness is more than 5 mm9
  (veraging o) the densit% and thickness o) asha&t cores is not ermitted9
  I) the de)icienc% in the core thickness is more than 5 mm/ additiona& &a%er 
  ma% be ermitted in order to meet the designed thickness/ however/ the
  minimum additiona& asha&t over&a% thickness shou&d be deendent on the
  minimum caacit% o) asha&t aver but it shou&d not be &ess than 50 mm
  2 inches F9
 
I+E *11 - P7+($ "EE+ "0"E+E P(HEE+ 
  T/is ite! #onsist of "a4e!ent of Portlan& Ce!ent Con#rete- 0it/ or 0it/o$t
reinfor#e!ent- #onstr$#te& on t/e "re"are& (ase in a##or&an#e 0it/
s"e#ifi#ation an& in #onfor!it% 0it/ lines an& ra&es- t/i#1ness an&
t%"i#al #ross:se#tion of t/e "lans2
ateria&s e#uirementsG
T/e $se of Portlan& Po66olan Ce!ent T%"e IP !eetin t/e re3$ire!ents
of AASTHO M 7 ASTM C @ s/all (e allo0e&- "ro4i&e& t/at t/e trial
!i9es s/all (e &one an& t/at t/e !i9es !eet t/e #on#rete strent/
re3$ire!ents2
in t/e S"e#ial Pro4isions2
  Different (ran&s or t/e sa!e (ran&s fro! &ifferent !ills s/all not (e !i9e&
nor s/all t/e% (e $se& alternatel% $nless t/e !i9 is a""ro4e& (% t/e
Enineer2
19 Port&and "ement 
 
 
!ore t/an *>+ !ass "er#ent (% 0as/in nor !ore t/an *+ !ass
"er#ent ea#/ of #la% l$!"s or s/ale2
•  0/en s$('e#te& to fi4e *+ #%#les of t/e so&i$! s$lfate so$n&ness
test- t/e 0ei/te& loss- sha&& not exceed 10 mass ercent 
 
0/en teste& for t/e effe#t of orani# i!"$rities of strent/ of !ortar-
t/e fine areate !a% (e $se& if t/e relati4e strent/ at an&
&a%s is not &ess than M5 mass ercent 
 
  Sie4e Desination Mass Per#ent Passin
 
*9 "oarse (ggregate
•  #ontain not !ore t/an one *+ !ass "er#ent of !aterial "assin t/e 2
!! * No2 sie4e + (% 0as/in nor !ore t/an 2 !ass "er#ent of #la%
l$!"s- nor !ore t/an >2 !ass "er#ent of soft fra!ents2
•  if s$('e#te& to fi4e *+ #%#les of t/e so&i$! s$lfate so$n&ness test- t/e
0ei/te& loss sha&& not exceed 12 mass ercent9
•  s/all /a4e a !ass "er#ent of 0ear not exceeding 40 when tested to os
 (brasion machine9
  Sieve ei7nation a %ercent %ain7
Stan,ar, A'ternate .ra,in7 .ra,in7 .ra,in7
  !! US St, A 5 C
  * 3 in 100 2 2
#3 4 / in -0 / 100 100 100
*0 4 in 2 -0 / 100 -* 2 100
  3 * 1 / in 4* / #0 3* / 0 2
4* 1 in 2 0 / 1* 3* / 0
1- J in 0 / 10 2 2
14* in 0 / * 0 / * 10 / 30
"* No " 2 2 0 / *
59 ein)orcing Stee& 
•  tie (ars s/all (e &efor!e& (ars t/at are to (ent an& re:strai/tene&
&$rin #onstr$#tion an& s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of AASTHO M
> or M
•  &o0el (ars s/all (e "lain ro$n& (ars 0/ere one:/alf of t/e lent/ s/all
(e "ainte& 0it/ one #oat of a""ro4e& lea& or tar "aint an& s/all #onfor! to
t/e re3$ire!ents of AASTHO M > or M2
•  slee4es for &o0el (ars s/all (e !etal of a""ro4e& &esin to #o4er
!! * in#/es + of t/e &o0el 0it/ a #lose& en&- an& 0it/ s$ita(le
sto" to /ol& t/e en& of t/e slee4e at least !! * in#/ + fro! t/e en&
of t/e &o0el2
 
P7P7+I7I./ "7SIS+E": ($ S+E.+ 78 "7"E+E
"ement 8actor/ in9 G
- to !eet t/e !ini!$! strent/ re3$ire!ents for "a4in #on#rete- it is
re3$ire& to /a4e at least > 12 of #e!ent "er #$(i# !eter of #on#rete or
a #e!ent #ontent of @2 (as7#$2!2 of #on#rete on a 12 "er (a of
#e!ent
  : if 4i(rate&- a sl$!" (et0een >2 = !! * :7 = > in#/es +
  : if not 4i(rate&- a sl$!" (et0een 2 = >2 !! * : > in#/es +
Strength e#uirements G
: fle9$ral strent/ &a%s of >2 M"a * "si +- 0/en teste& (% t/e
t/ir& "oint !et/o& or 2 M"a * "si +- 0/en teste& (% !i&:"oint
!et/o&
: #o!"ressi4e strent/ &a%s of 2 M"a * > "si + for #ores ta1en
 
"7S+>"+I7 A ?>(I+: "7+7 E?>IEE+S 
Prearation o) .rade
•  t/e "re"are& (ase s/all (e #/e#1e& of t/e re3$ire& &ensit%- s$rfa#e
i!"erfe#tions an& finis/e& ra&e ele4ation2
•  t/e "re"are& (ase s/all (e e9ten&e& an& #o!"a#te& at least #!2
(e%on& t/e e&e of t/e "ro"ose& #on#rete "a4e!ent to ens$re t/at t/e
&ensit% of t/e (ase at t/e e&e of "a4e!ent is t/e sa!e as on its #arriae0a%
t/at #an s$""ort t/e "a4in !a#/ine 0/en it is $se&2
Setting o) 8orms
•  an% roa&(e&- 0/i#/ at t/e for! line is fo$n& (elo0 esta(lis/e& ra&e-
s/all (e fille& 0it/ a""ro4e& ran$lar !aterials to ra&e in lifts of > #!2
or less- an& t/oro$/l% re:rolle& or ta!"e&2
•  for!s s/all (e of steel an& of e3$al &e"t/ e3$al to t/e t/i#1ness of t/e
"a4e!ent at t/e e&e an& "ro4i&e& 0it/ a&e3$ate &e4i#es for se#$re
settin2
ixing o) "oncrete
•  t/e #on#rete !a% (e !i9e& at t/e site of t/e 0or1- in a #entral:
  !i9 "lant- or in tr$#1 !i9ers
•  #on#rete !i9 0/en s$""lie& (% a (at#/in "lant- s/all onl% (e
  allo0e& in t/e DP)H "ro'e#ts "ro4i&e& it is &$l% a##re&ite&
  (% t/e BRS * DO >- S2 of > +2
•  (at#/in "lants installe&7$se& in t/e DP)H #ontra#t "ro'e#ts
s/all also (e re3$ire& to (e a##re&ite& "rior to s$""l% t/e
  #on#rete !i92
•  #on#rete 0/en !i9e& at t/e site or in a #entral !i9in "lant- t/e
  !i9in ti!e s/all not (e less t/an se#on&s nor !ore t/an @
  se#on&s
ixing o) "oncrete
•  t/e ti!e ela"se& fro! t/e ti!e t/e 0ater is a&&e& to t/e !i9 $ntil t/e
#on#rete is &e"osite& in "la#e at t/e site- s/all not e9#ee& !in$tes
0/en #on#rete is /a$le& in non aitatin tr$#1s- nor @ !in$tes 0/en
/a$le& in tr$#1 !i9ers2
•  0/en 4ol$!etri# !eas$re!ents are a$t/ori6e& for s!all "ro'e#t re3$irin
less t/an #$2!2 of #on#rete "er &a% of "o$rin- t/e 0ei/t "ro"ortions
s/all (e #on4erte& to e3$i4alent 4ol$!etri# "ro"ortions2 Use of #/$te is
allo0e& "ro4i&e& t/at a 0ei/in s#ales for &eter!inin t/e (at#/ 0ei/t
0ill (e $se&2
•  rete!"erin #on#rete (% a&&in 0ater or (% ot/er !eans s/all not (e
"er!itte&- e9#e"t t/at 0/en #on#rete is &eli4ere& in tr$#1 !i9ers- "ro4i&e&
all t/ese o"erations are "erfor!e& 0it/in !in$tes after t/e initial !i9in
 
imitation o) ixing 
•  #on#rete not in "la#e 0it/in @ !in$tes fro! t/e ti!e t/e inre:
  &ients 0ere #/are& into t/e !i9in &r$! or t/at /as &e4elo"e&
  initial set s/all not (e $se&2
•  rete!"erin of #on#rete or !ortar 0/i#/ /as "artiall% /ar&ene&
  t/at is re!i9in 0it/ or 0it/o$t a&&itional #e!ent-areate or 
  0ater- s/all not (e "er!itte&2
•  if onl% finis/in e3$i"!ent is #arrie& on t/e ne0l% "a4e& lane-
"a4in in a&'oinin lanes !a% (e "er!itte& after > &a%s2
P&acing o) "oncrete
•  #on#rete s/all (e t/oro$/l% #onsoli&ate& (% !eans of a 4i(rator
inserte& in t/e #on#rete in a 4erti#al "osition an& s/o$l& not (e
o"erate& loner t/an se#on&s in an% one lo#ation2
•  4i(rators s/all o"erate at a fre3$en#% of -> to @- i!"$lses
  "er !in$te $n&er loa& an& t/e s"a#e inter4al of insertin
4i(rators s/o$l& (e (et0een #! to #!2
 
•  4i(rators s/all (e $se& for #onsoli&ation onl%- an& not (e $se& for
!o4in #on#rete /ori6ontall% alon t/e for!s2
P&acing o) "oncrete
•  #on#rete not in:"la#e 0it/in @ !in$tes fro! t/e ti!e t/e inre&ients
0ere #/are& into t/e !i9in &r$! or t/at /as &e4elo" initial set s/all
not (e $se&2
•  a 0ell #onsoli&ate& #on#rete is K to K /i/er in strent/ t/an t/at
of #on#rete 0/i#/ is not t/oro$/l% #onsoli&ate&
+est Secimens
•  as 0or1 "roresses- at least one *+ set #onsistin of t/ree *>+ #on#rete
(ea! test s"e#i!ens- !! 9 !! 9 !! or @ !! s/all (e
ta1en fro! ea#/ >> ! of "a4e!ent- > !! &e"t/- or fra#tion t/ereof
"la#e& ea#/ &a%2
 
ongitudina& Koints
•  &efor!e& steel tie (ars of s"e#ifie& lent/- si6e-s"a#in s/all (e "la#e&
"er"en&i#$lar to t/e lonit$&inal 'oints an& !a% (e (ent at ri/t anles
aainst t/e for! of t/e first lane #onstr$#te& an& strai/tene& into final
"osition (efore t/e #on#rete of t/e a&'a#ent lane is "la#e&2
•  0/en s/o0n on t/e "lans an& 0/en t/e a&'a#ent lanes of "a4e!ent are
#onstr$#te& se"aratel%- 'oint steel si&e for!s s/all (e $se& 0/i#/ 0ill
for! a 1e%0a% alon t/e #onstr$#tion2
 
•  #onsists of "lanes of 0ea1ness #reate& (% for!in or #$ttin
  roo4es in t/e s$rfa#e of t/e "a4e!ent an& s/all in#l$&e transfer 
  asse!(lies2
•  t/e &e"t/ of t/e 0ea1ene& "lane 'oint s/o$l& at all ti!es not less
t/an !! an& 0i&t/ s/o$l& not (e !ore t/an !!2
De"t/ !! !in2
 
2 Trans4erse Stri" Contra#tion <oint
- #an (e for!e& (% installin a "artin stri" to (e left in "la#e
2 For!e& Groo4e Contra#tion <oint
-  s/all (e !a&e (% &e"ressin an a""ro4e& tool or &e4i#e into t/e
"lasti# #on#rete an& s/all re!ain in "la#e $nti t/e #on#rete /as
attain its initial set an& s/all t/en (e re!o4e& 0it/o$t &ist$r(in t/e
a&'a#ent #on#rete- $nless t/e &e4i#e is &esine& to re!ain in t/e
 'oint2
>2 Sa0e& Contra#tion <oint
- #reate& (% sa0in roo4es in t/e s$rfa#e of t/e "a4e!ent of t/e 0i&t/
not !ore t/an !! an& &e"t/ of not less t/an !! an& at t/e
s"a#in an& lines as s/o0n on t/e "lans2
 : sa0in of t/e 'oints s/all #o!!en#e as soon as t/e #on#rete /as
/ar&ene& s$ffi#ientl% to "er!it sa0in 0it/o$t e9#essi4e ra4ellin-
$s$all% to /o$rs2
- sa0in of an% 'oint s/all (e o!itte& if #ra#1s o##$rs at or near t/e 'oint
lo#ation "rior to t/e ti!e of sa0in2
 
+ransverse "onstruction Koint 
•  s/all (e #onstr$#te& 0/en t/ere is an interr$"tion of !ore t/an
  > !in$tes in t/e #on#retin o"erations2
•  if s$ffi#ient #on#rete /as (een !i9e& at t/e ti!e of interr$"tion
to for! a sla( of at least 2 ! lon- t/e e9#ess #on#rete fro!
t/e last "re#e&in 'oint s/all (e re!o4e& an& &is"ose& off as
&ire#te&2
•  no trans4erse 'oint s/all (e #onstr$#te& 0it/in 2 ! of an
  e9"ansion 'oint- or "lane of 0ea1ness2
 
oad +rans)er $evice
•  &o0el (ar of s"e#ifie& si6e- lent/ an& s"a#in is $se& in
  trans4erse #ontra#tion 'oint as loa& transfer &e4i#e to t/e
s$##ee&in "lane of 0ea1ness an& s/all (e /el& in "osition
  "arallel to t/e s$rfa#e an& #enter line of t/e sla( t/at is
left in t/e "a4e!ent2
•  t/e "ortion of ea#/ &o0el s/all (e "ainte& 0it/ one #oat of lea&
  or tar an& (e t/oro$/l% #oate& of an a""ro4e& l$(ri#ant to
  "re4ent t/e #on#rete fro! (in&in to t/at "ortion of t/e &o0el2
•  &o0el (ar s/all (e "ro4i&e& 0it/ !etal slee4es &esine& to #o4er 
  !! "l$s or !in$s !! of t/e &o0el - 0it/ a 0aterti/t
#lose& en& an& 0it/ a s$ita(le sto" to /ol& t/e en& of t/e
slee4es at least !! fro! t/e en& of t/e &o0el2
 
•  (roo!in o"eration s/o$l& (e e9e#$te& t/at t/e #orr$ations
  "ro&$#e& in t/e s$rfa#e s/all (e $nifor! in a""earan#e an&
not !ore t/an 2 !! in &e"t/2
•  t/e /ar&ene& s$rfa#e of t/e finis/e& "a4e!ent s/all /a4e a
#oeffi#ient of fri#tion less t/an 2 or !ore2 Co!"lete&
 
•  t/e /ar&ene& finis/e& "a4e!ent s/all (e teste& 0it/ a >:!
  strai/t:e&e or ot/er s"e#ifie& &e4i#e2
•  areas s/o0in /i/ s"ots of !ore t/an > !! ($t not e9#ee&in
  !! s/all (e !ar1e& an& i!!e&iatel% ro$n& &o0n 0it/ an
  a""ro4e& rin&in tool to an ele4ation 0/ere t/ere area or s"ot
  0ill not s/o0 s$rfa#e &e4iations in e9#ess of > !! 0/en teste&
  0it/ > ! strai/t
•  areas s/o0in /i/ s"ots of !ore t/an !!- t/e "a4e!ent
s/all (e re!o4e& an& re"la#e& (% an& at t/e e9"ense of t/e
#ontra#tor2
•  an% area or se#tion to (e re!o4e& s/all not (e less t/an 2 !
in lent/ an& not less t/an t/e f$ll 0i&t/ of t/e lane in4ol4e&2
•  an% re!ainin "ortion of t/e sla( to (e re!o4e& an& re"la#e&
  a&'a#ent to t/e 'oints t/at is less t/an 2 ! in lent/- s/all also
  (e re!o4e& an& re"la#e&2
 
  I!!e&iatel% after t/e finis/in o"erations /a4e (een #o!"lete& an&
t/e #on#rete /as s$ffi#ientl% set- t/e s$rfa#e of t/e ne0l% "la#e&
#on#rete s/all (e #$re& for a "erio& of /o$rs- 0it/ an% of t/e
follo0in !et/o&s.
2 B% #o4erin t/e "a4e!ent 0it/ #otton or ($rla" !ats sat$rate& 0it/
0ater2
2 B% t/oro$/l% 0ettin t/e "a4e!ent an& #o4erin its to" s$rfa#e
an& si&es 0it/ 0ater"roof "a"er2
>2 B% "on&in 0/i#/ in4ol4es !aintainin a la%er of 0ater on t/e
s$rfa#e of t/e "a4e!ent (% !eans of eart/ or san& &i1es2
2 B% s"ra%in $nifor!l% 0it/ 0/ite "i!ente& #$rin #o!"o$n&
* I!"er4io$s Me!(rane Met/o& + i!!e&iatel% after finis/in of t/e
 
emova& o) 8orms
•  for!s for #on#rete s/all re!ain in "la#e $n&ist$r(e& for not
  less t/an /o$rs after #on#rete "o$rin2
•  in #ase "ortions of t/e #on#rete are s"alle& &$rin t/e re!o4al
  of for!s- t/e% s/all (e i!!e&iatel% re"aire& 0it/ fres/ !ortar 
  !i9e& in t/e "ro"ortione& of one "art of Portlan& Ce!ent an&
  t0o "arts of fine areates2
•  in #ase !a'or /one%#o!(s o##$rs on si&es of t/e "a4e!ent- it
 
 (ccetance o) "oncrete
• t/e strent/ le4el of t/e #on#rete 0ill (e #onsi&ere& satisfa#tor% if t/e
averages o) a&& sets o) three *F consecutive strength test resu&ts e#ua&s
or exceed the seci)ied strength an& no individua& strength test resu&t
is de)icient b% more than 15 N o) the seci)ied strength9
• Con#rete &ee!e& to (e not a##e"ta(le $sin t/e a(o4e #riteria !a%
(e re'e#te& $nless t/e #ontra#tor #an "ro4i&e e4i&en#e- (% !eans of
#ore tests- t/at t/e 3$alit% of #on#rete re"resente& (% faile& test is
a##e"ta(le in "la#e2
• Con#rete in t/e area re"resente& (% t/e #ores 0ill (e #onsi&ere&
 
 (ccetance o) "oncrete
•  if t/e strent/ of #ontrol s"e#i!ens &oes not !eet t/e strent/
  re3$ire!ents an& it is not a&4isa(le to o(tain #ores fro! t/e str$#t$re
&$e to str$#t$ral #onsi&erations- "a%!ent of t/e #on#rete 0ill (e !a&e
at an a&'$ste& "ri#e &$e to strent/ &efi#ien#% of #on#rete s"e#i!ens
as s"e#ifie& /ere$n&er.
 Defi#ien#% in Strent/ of Con#rete S"e#i!ens Per#ent *K+ of Contra#t
  Per#ent *K+ Pri#e Allo0e&
Less t/an
7ening to +ra))ic 
• t/e #on#rete "a4e!ent 0ill not (e o"ene& to traffi# $ntil t/e test
s"e#i!ens !ol&e& an& #$re& /a4e attaine& t/e !ini!$! strent/
re3$ire!ents2
• if tests are not #on&$#te& "rior to t/e s"e#ifie& ae- t/e "a4e!ent
s/all not (e o"erate& to traffi# unti& 14 da%s a)ter t/e #on#rete 0as
"la#e&2
+o&erance and Pavement +hickness
•  t/e #o!"lete& "a4e!ent s/all (e a##e"te& on a lot (asis 0/en .
a2 Pa4e!ent lent/ of l! 0/en sinle lane is "o$re&2
(2 Pa4e!ent lent/ of l! 0/en t0o lanes are "o$re& #on#$rrentl%2
#2 T/e last $nit in ea#/ sla( #onstit$tes a lot in itself 0/en its lent/ is
at least of t/e nor!al lent/- /o0e4er- if it is s/orter t/an of
t/e nor!al lent/- it s/all (e in#l$&e& in t/e "re4io$s lot2
&2 Ot/er areas s$#/ as interse#tions- entran#es- #ross:o4ers- ra!"s-
et#2- 0ill (e ro$"e& toet/er to for! a lot2
•  t/e t/i#1ness of t/e "a4e!ent 0ill (e &eter!ine& (% !eas$re:
  !ent of #ores fro! t/e #o!"lete& "a4e!ent2
  e2 Ea#/ lot 0ill (e &i4i&e& into fi4e *+ e3$al se!ents an& one
#ore 0ill (e o(taine& fro! ea#/ se!ent2
 
u&e in "a&cu&ating the (verage +hickness o) Pavement 
2 In&i4i&$al !eas$re!ents 0/i#/ are in e9#ess of t/e s"e#ifie&
t/i#1ness (% !ore t/an !! 0ill (e #onsi&ere& as t/e s"e#ifie&
t/i#1ness "l$s !!
2 Meas$re!ent 0/i#/ are less t/an t/e s"e#ifie& t/i#1ness (% !ore
t/an !! s/all not (e in#l$&e& in t/e a4erae2
>2 )/en t/e a4erae t/i#1ness for t/e lot is &efi#ient- t/e #ontra#t $nit
"ri#e 0ill (e a&'$ste& for t/i#1ness2
2 )/en !eas$re!ent of an% #ore is less t/an t/e s"e#ifie& t/i#1ness
(% !ore t/an !!- t/e a#t$al t/i#1ness of t/e "a4e!ent is t/is area
  0ill (e &eter!ine& (% ta1in a&&itional #ores at no less t/an !
inter4als "arallel to t/e #enterline in ea#/ &ire#tion fro! t/e
affe#te& lo#ation $ntil a #ore is fo$n& in ea#/ &ire#tion- 0/i#/ is
not &efi#ient (% !ore t/an !!2
 
u&e in "a&cu&ating the (verage +hickness o) Pavement 
2 T/e area of sla( for 0/i#/ no "a%!ent 0ill (e !a&e s/all (e t/e
"ro&$#t of t/e "a4in 0i&t/ !$lti"lie& (% t/e &istan#e alon t/e #enter 
  line of t/e roa& (et0een trans4erse se#tions fo$n& not
&efi#ient in t/i#1ness (% !ore t/an !! 2
2 T/e re!ain&er of t/e se!ent to (e $se& to et t/e a4erae t/i#1ness
 
Defi#ien#% in t/e A4erae T/i#1ness- "er lot *!!+
Per#entae Contra#t
 Pri#e Per Lot
 
•  0/en t/e a4erae t/i#1ness of t/e "a4e!ent "er lot is &efi#ient
  "a%!ent for t/e lot s/all (e a&'$ste& as follo0s.
= K "a%!ent
  = @K "a%!ent
= K "a%!ent
= K "a%!ent
= K "a%!ent
 
I+E 404 - EI87"I. S+EE
Reinfor#in Steel for #on#retin 0or1s $n&er t/e Ite! >- Portlan&
Ce!ent Con#rete Pa4e!ent an& Ite! - Str$#t$ral Con#rete s/all
#onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of  ((S+7 *1 (S+ ( !15F
T/e $se& of PS 4M/ Phi&iine ationa& Standard Seci)icationF for 
 #on#rete reinfor#e!ent is allo0e& "ro4i&e& t/at a s"e#ial "ro4ision in
 
 
STANAR S%ECI$ICATIONS $OR E$ORE AN %LAIN STEEL 5ARS
  $OR CONCRETE REIN$ORCEENT
AASKTO 31 ( 4003 )
  GA!E Tens)*e Streng(t MPa m)n ')e* Steng(t Ma m)n
 270 8 40 9 420 270
 420 8 &0 9 &20 420
 %20 8 :% 9 &;0 %20
E#$"GATI$" E6UEME"TS<
STE"GT= E6UIEME"TS<
BA !ESIG"ATI$" "o 8mm9 GA!E 270 8 40 9 GA!E 420 8&0 9 GA!E %20 8:%9
"o 3 8 10 9 11 ; -
"o 4 % 8 13 1& 9 12 ; -
"o & 8 1; 9 12 ; :
  "o : 7 8 22 2% 9 - 7 :
"o ;1011 8 2; 32 3& 9 - : &
"o 14 17 8 43 %: 9 - : &
 
 STA"!A! "$MI"A# !IME"SI$"S A"! !E>$MATI$" E6UIEME"TS
"om)na* !)a "om)na* Mass "om)na* Cross Ma Ae M)n Ae =t Ma Ga
mm kg ? m Se+t Area mm2 Sa+)ng mm mm mm
10 0%&0 :1 &: 037 3&
13 0;;4 12; 7; 0%1 4;
1& 1%%2 1;; 111 0:1 &1
1; 223% 274 133 0;: :3
22 3042 37: 1%% 112 7%
2% 3;:3 %10 1:7 12: ;:
2; %0&0 &4% 201 142 10;
32 &404 71; 22& 1&3 124
3& :;0: 100& 2%1 170 13:
 
Variation in Mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass
Pos!orous "ontent, % 0.06 Max.
>ootnotes<
Grae 270 8409 are ,urn)s(e on*/ )n s)@es 10 %% t'o!(' 1) %%
Grae %20 8:%9 are ,urn)s(e on*/ )n s)@es 1) %% t'o!(' *+ %%
 
GA!E MI"IMUM TE"SI#E STE"GT= Ma MI"IMUM 'IE#! STE"GT= Ma 
"$" - E#!AB#E E#!AB#E "$" - E#!AB#E E#!AB#E
230 3;0 3;0 230 230
2:% 470 470 2:% 2:%
41% &20 %%0 41% 41%
E-ON.ATION RE#/REMENT&
"$" – E#!AB#E E#!AB#E
230 2% mm 17 20
2:% 2% mm 10 1&
D 2% mm 1& 17
D 2% mm 7 14
42% 2% mm 7 14
  D 2% mm : 12
ECIICATION OR TEE- 3AR OR CONCRETE REINORCEMENT 
TREN.T4 RE#/IREMENT&
ECIICATION OR TEE- 3AR OR CONCRETE REINORCEMENT 
!IME"SI$"A# P$PETIES
10 12 1& 20 2% 27 32 3& 40
"om)na* Un)t Mass kg?m 0&1& 0777 1%:7 24&& 37%3 4734 &313 :;;0 ;7&%
"om)na* -Se+t Area mm2  :7%4 11310 2010& 3141& 4;077 &1%:% 7042% 101:77 12%&&4
Ma Ae Sa+)ng mm :0 74 112 140 1:2% 1;& 224 2%2 270
M)n #ug =e)g(t mm 04 0% 0: 10 12 14 1& 17 20
Ma Summ $, Gas mm :7 ;4 12& 1%: 1;& 220 2%1 2:% 3141
Ma #ug =e)g(t mm 07 10 14 20 24 27 32 3& 40
Far)at)on )n Mass H & H & H & H& H & H & H & H & H &
"ote < Tens)*e srengt( s(a** not be *ess t(an 12% t)mes t(e a+tua* /)e* strengt( TS ? T' ,or
  e*ab*e D 12%
')e* Strengt( %40 Ma ma
 
•  T/is ite! s/all #onsist of )urnishing/ &acing and )inishing concrete
in a&& structures e9#e"t "a4e!ents in a##or&an#e 0it/ t/is
S"e#ifi#ation an& #onfor!in to t/e lines- ra&es an& &i!ensions
s/o0n on t/e "lans2
• Con#rete s/all #onsist of a !i9t$re of  ort&and cement/ )ine
aggregate/ coarse aggregate/ admixture/ when seci)ied   and water  in
"ro"ortions s"e#ifie& or a""ro4e& (% t/e Enineer2
I+E 405 - S+>"+>( "7"E+E
 
"&asses and >ses o) Structura& "oncrete
Class B : Footins- "e&estals- !assi4e "ier s/afts- "i"e (e&&in- an&
  ra4it% 0alls- $n:reinfor#e& or 0it/ onl% a s!all reinfor#e!ent
Class P : Prestresse& #on#rete str$#t$res an& !e!(ers
Seal : Con#rete &e"osite& in 0ater
Class C : T/in reinfor#e& se#tions- railins- "re#ast R2C2 "iles an& #ri((in an&
  for filler ri& floors2
Class A : All s$"erstr$#t$res an& /ea4il% reinfor#e& s$(str$#t$res
s$#/ as sla(s- (ea!s- ir&ers- #ol$!ns- ar#/ ri(s- (o9
#$l4erts- reinfor#e& a($t!ents- retainin 0alls an&
reinfor#e& footins2
Port&and "ement 
• T%"e I Portlan& Ce!ent s/all (e $se& $nless ot/er0ise "ro4i&e& for
in t/e S"e#ial Pro4isions
•Use of Portlan& Po66olan Ce!ent T%"e IP !eetin t/e re3$ire!ents
of AASHTO M 7ASTM C @- S"e#ifi#ations for Blen&e& H%&ra$li#
Ce!ent s/all (e allo0e&- "ro4i&e& t/at trial !i9es s/all (e &one
an& t/at t/e !i9es !eet t/e #on#rete strent/ re3$ire!ents2
8ine (ggregates
•It s/all #onsist of nat$ral san&- stone s#reenins or ot/er inert
!aterials 0it/ si!ilar #/ara#teristi#s- or #o!(inations- t/ereof-
/a4in /ar&- stron an& &$ra(le "arti#les2
•It s/all not #ontain !ore t/an t/ree *>+ !ass "er#ent of !aterial
"assin t/e 2 !! *No2 sie4e+ (% 0as/in nor !ore t/an
 
• )/en s$('e#te& to fi4e *+ #%#les of t/e so&i$! s$lfate so$n&ness test
t/e 0ei/te& loss s/all not e9#ee& !ass "er#ent
• )/en teste& for t/e effe#t of orani# i!"$rities of strent/ of !ortar (%
AASHTO T - t/e fine areates !a% (e $se& if t/e relati4e strent/ at
an& &a%s is not less t/an @ !ass "er#ent2
.rading e#uirements )or 8ine (ggregates
  Sie4e Desination Mass Per#ent Passin
  @2 !! * >7 in2 +
"ourse (ggregates
• It s/all #onsist of #r$s/e& stone- ra4el- (last f$rna#e sla- or ot/er
a""ro4e& inert !aterials of si!ilar #/ara#teristi#s or #o!(inations
t/ereof- /a4in /ar&- stron- &$ra(le "ie#es an& free fro! an% a&/erent
#oatins2
• It s/all #ontain not !ore t/an one *+ !ass "er#ent of !aterials "assin
t/e 2 !! *No2 Sie4e+- not !ore t/an 2 !ass "er#ent of #la%
l$!"s- nor !ore t/an >2 !ass "er#ent of soft fra!ents2
• If s$('e#te& to fi4e *+ #%#les of t/e so&i$! s$lfate so$n&ness test- t/e
0ei/te& loss s/all not e9#ee& !ass "er#ent2
• It s/all /a4e a !ass "er#ent of 0ear not e9#ee&in 0/en teste& (%
AASHTO T @2
Sieve ei7nation a %ercent %ain7
Stan,ar, A'ternative C'a A C'a 5 C'a C C'a % C'a
Sea'
*00 4 in 100 -* 2 100
3* 121=4 in -*/100 2 100
4*0 1 in 2 3*20 100 -*2100
1-0 3" in 3*20 2 100 -* 2 100 2
14* 1=4 in 2 10230 -02100 2 4*2#0
-* 3= in 10230 2 "020 402** 2
"* No " 02* 02* 021* 0210 0210
 
ein)orcing Stee& 
• it s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of AASHTO M > *ASTM A
+ = Defor!e& Billet = Steel Bars for Con#rete Reinfor#e!ent
•  (ar reinfor#e!ent for #on#rete str$#t$res- e9#e"t No2 (ars s/all (e
&efor!e& in a##or&an#e 0it/ AASTHO M - M > an& M > for Nos2 >
t/ro$/ 2
•  s"e#ifi#ation re3$ires t/e $se of str$#t$ral or inter!e&iate ra&es of
steel 0it/ s$ita(le #/e!i#al #o!"osition- tensile an& (en&in
"ro"erties2
•  reinfor#in steel s/o$l& (e #lean an& free of loose r$st or !ill s#ale
0/en #on#rete is "la#e&2
 
"uring ateria&s
  C$rin !aterials for #on#rete s$#/ as #otton !ats- ($rla" #lot/- 0ater:
"roof "a"er- li3$i& !e!(rane for!in #o!"o$n&s or s/eetin *fil!+
!aterials s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of AASHTO M - AASHTO
M an& AASHTO M - res"e#ti4el%
•  #$rin !eans "re4entin or &ela%in &r%in $" of intrinsi# !oist$re
insi&e t/e #a"illaries of #on#rete for a&e3$ate /%&ration of #e!ent in
t/e !i9 in or&er t/at !a% #ontin$e to ain strent/2
•  i!!e&iatel% after t/e finis/in o"erations /a4e (een #o!"lete& an& t/e
#on#rete /as s$ffi#ientl% set- t/e s$rfa#e of t/e ne0l% "la#e& #on#rete
s/all (e #$re& for a "erio& of /o$rs- 0it/ an% of t/e !et/o&s as in
Ite! >:Portlan& Ce!ent Con#rete Pa4e!ent2
• 
Sam&ing and testing o) Structura& "oncrete
• As 0or1 "roresses- at least one *+ sa!"le #onsistin of t/ree
*>+ #on#rete #%lin&er test s"e#i!ens !! 9 > !! * 9
in#/es+- s/all (e ta1en fro! ea#/ #$(i# !eters of ea#/ #lass of
#on#rete or fra#tion t/ereof "la#e& ea#/ &a%2
 
"omosition and Strength o) "oncrete )or >se in Structures
C'a o; Concrete
(+a7)
St, ! (inc<)
4 ,a?
(- +a7) (4 / ") (121=4 / No ") (3000)
5 340 0* *0 / 100 *0 / "* 1#*
( +a7) (4 / ") (4 / No ") (4"00)
C 30 0** *0 / 100 14* / "* 40
(-* +a7) (4 / ") (1=4 / No ") (3000)
% ""0 0"- 100 !ax 1-0 / "* 3
(11 +a7) (" !ax) (3=" / No ") (*000)
Sea' 30 0* 100 / 400 4* / "* 40
(-* +a7) (" / ) (1 / No ") (3000)
+he measured cement content sha&& be within &us or minus and mass ercent o)
the design cement content 
'ased o) 40 kgAbag  
ixing and $e&iver% o) "oncrete
• Con#rete !a% (e !i9e& at t/e site of #onstr$#tion- at a #entral "oint of (%
a #o!(ination of #entral "oint an& tr$#1 !i9in or (% a #o!(ination of
#entral "oint an& tr$#1 aitatin2
•  t/e inter4als (et0een &eli4er% of (at#/es s/all not (e so reat as to allo0 t/e
#on#rete in"la#e to /ar&en "artiall% - an& in no #ase s/all s$#/ an inter4al
e9#ee& > !in$tes2
•  #on#rete !i9 0/en s$""lie& (% a (at#/in "lant- s/all onl% (e allo0e& in
t/e DP)H "ro'e#ts "ro4i&e& it is &$l% a##re&ite& (% t/e BRS * DO >-
S2 of > +2
•  (at#/in "lants installe&7$se& in t/e DP)H #ontra#t "ro'e#ts s/all also (e
 
•  0/en 4ol$!etri# !eas$re!ents are a$t/ori6e& for s!all "ro'e#t re3$irin
less t/an #$2!2 of #on#rete "er &a% of "o$rin- t/e 0ei/t "ro"ortions
s/all (e #on4erte& to e3$i4alent 4ol$!etri# "ro"ortions2
•  #on#rete !i9in- (% #/$te is allo0e& "ro4i&e& t/at a 0ei/in s#ales for
&eter!inin t/e (at#/ 0ei/t to (e $se&2
•  !i9er /a4in a rate& #a"a#it% of less t/an a one:(a (at#/ s/all not (e
$se& an& t/e 4ol$!e of #on#rete !i9e& "er (at#/ s/all not e9#ee& t/e
!i9er;s no!inal #a"a#it%2
•  !i9in ti!e s/all (e !eas$re& fro! t/e ti!e all !aterials- e9#e"t 0ater-
are in t/e &r$! an& s/all not (e less t/an se#on&s for !i9ers /a4in a
#a"a#it% of 2 #$2!2 or less2 )/ile for !i9ers /a4in a #a"a#it% reater
 
• Con#rete &$rin an& i!!e&iatel% after "la#in s/all (e t/oro$/l%
#o!"a#te&2- T/e #on#rete in 0alls- (ea!s- #ol$!ns an& t/e li1es s/all
(e "la#e& in /ori6ontal la%ers not !ore t/an > #! t/i#12
P&acing o) "oncrete
• ,i(rators s/all (e inserte& into an& 0it/&ra0n slo0l% an& 4erti#all%
fro! t/e #on#rete to "enetrate $n&erl%in lift for /o!oeneit% (et0een
lifts2
•  a 0ell #onsoli&ate& #on#rete is K to K /i/er t/an t/at
of #on#rete 0/i#/ is not t/oro$/l% #onsoli&ate&2
A""li#ation of 4i(rators s/all (e at "oints $nifor!l% s"a#e&- an& not
f$rt/er a"art t/an t0i#e t/e ra&i$s o4er 0/i#/ t/e 4i(ration is 4isi(l%
effe#ti4e2
• 
 
  <oints in t/e #on#rete &$e to sto""in 0or1 s/all (e a4oi&e& as !$#/ as
"ossi(le2 )/en "la#in of #on#rete is te!"oraril% &is#ontin$e&- t/e
#on#rete- after (e#o!in fir! eno$/ to retain its s/a"e- s/all (e
#leane& of laitan#e an& ot/er o('e#tiona(le !aterials to a s$ffi#ient
&e"t/ to e9"ose so$n& #on#rete2
•  t/e ti!e of #onsoli&ation7#o!"a#tion of str$#t$ral #on#rete !$st not
e9#ee& se#on&s an& t/e s"a#e inter4al of insertin 4i(rators s/o$l&
(e (et0een #! to #!2
"uring o) "oncrete
"uring o) concrete sha&& be done b% an% o) the )o&&owing methodG
2 )ater Met/o&
• T/e #on#rete s/all (e 1e"t #ontin$o$sl% 0et (% t/e a""li#ation of 0ater
for a !ini!$! "erio& of &a%s after t/e #on#rete /as (een "la#e&2
Cotton !ats- r$s- #ar"ets- or eart/ or san& (lan1ets !a% (e $se& to
retain t/e !oist$re2
29 "uring "omound 
• S$rfa#es e9"ose& to t/e air !a% (e #$re& (% t/e a""li#ation of an
i!"er4io$s !e!(rane an& s/all (e "ra#ti#all% #olorless li3$i&2 T/e
#o!"o$n& s/all (e a""lie& 0it/ a "ress$ri6e& s"ra% to #o4er t/e entire
#on#rete s$rfa#e 0it/ a $nifor! fil! an& s/all (e of s$#/ #/ara#ter t/at
it 0ill /ar&en 0it/in > !in$tes after a""li#ation2
*9 3aterroo) embrane ethod 
• T/e e9"ose& finis/e& s$rfa#es of #on#rete s/all (e s"ra%e& 0it/ 0ater-
$sin a no66le t/at so ato!i6es t/e flo0 t/at a !ist an& not a s"ra% is
for! $ntil t/e #on#rete /as set- after 0/i#/ a #$rin !e!(rane of
0ater"roof "a"er or "lasti# s/eetin s/all (e "la#e&
• C$rin !e!(rane s/all re!ain in "la#e for a "erio& of not less t/an
/o$rs2
 
-C/e!i#al a&!i9t$res- if s"e#ifie& or "er!itte&- s/all #onfor! to t/e
re3$ire!ents of AASHTO M @2 Fl% As/- if s"e#ifie& or "er!itte& as a
!ineral a&!i9t$re an& as K "artial re"la#e!ent of Portlan&
Ce!ent in #on#rete !i9 s/all #onfor! to t/e re3$ire!ents of ASTM C
2
49
 (dmixtures
 : a !aterial- ot/er t/an 0ater- areates an& /%&ra$li# #e!ent *in#l$&e&
(len&e& #e!ent+ t/at is $se& as an inre&ient of #on#rete an& is a&&e&
to t/e (at#/ in #ontrolle& a!o$nts i!!e&iatel% (efore or &$rin !i9in
to "ro&$#e so!e &esire& !o&ifi#ation to t/e "ro"erties of t/e #on#rete2
-A&!i9t$res s/o$l& (e a&&e& onl% to t/e #on#rete !i9 to "ro&$#e so!e
&esire& !o&ifi#ations to t/e "ro"erties of #on#rete 0/en ne#essar%- ($t
not as "artial re"la#e!ent of #e!ent2
 
+%es o) "hemica& (dmixtures
: Con#rete #/e!i#al a&!i9t$res s/all (e #lassifie& as follo0s an&
s/all
  #onfor! t/e re3$ire!ents of AASHTO M @2
•  T%"e A – A##eleratin A&!i9t$res : an a&!i9t$re t/at a##elerates t/e ti!e
  of settin an& earl% strent/ &e4elo"!ent of #on#rete2
•  T%"e B – Retar&in A&!i9t$res = a&