Matlab File 2

8/3/2019 Matlab File 2

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Matrix Laboratory

Subject: Digital system processing

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. Ritu Pahwa Sumit

Asst. Professor: DSP 514/EC/08

Deptt: ECE 7th

Sem.VCE, ROHTAK VCE, ROHTAK

INTRODUCTION TO

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MATRIX LABORATORY

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MATLAB

MATLAB PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION

Topical Help:

In addition to the help on individual functions, you can get help on any of the following topics by typinghelp topicname at the command line.

Arith Arithmetic operators

relop Relational and logical operators

Punct Special character operators

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User-written

functions &

Built-in functions

User-written

functions &

Built-in functions

GraphicsGraphicsComputations,

Extra functionsComputations,

Extra functionsExternal interface

(Mex-files)External interface

(Mex-files)

* 2D

* 3D

* Color andlightening

* Animation

* Audio and

video

TOOL BOXES

*Signal processing

*Image processing

*Control system

*Neural network

Interface with C,

Java and Fortran

Programs


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Slash Arithmetic division operators

Paren Parentheses, braces, and bracket operators

Precedence Operator precedence

Datatypes MATLAB data types, their associated functions, and operators that you

can overload

Lists Comma separated lists

Strings Character strings

function_handle Function handles and the @ operator

Debug Debugging functions

Java Using Java from within MATLAB

Fileformats A list of readable file formats

changeNotification Windows directory change notification

Keywords: MATLAB reserves certain words for its own use as keywords of the language. To list thekeywords, type iskeyword

ans =

'break' , 'case' , 'catch' , 'continue' , 'else' , 'elseif' , 'end' , 'for' , 'function' ,

'global' , 'if' , 'otherwise' , 'persistent' , 'return' , 'switch' , 'try' , 'while' .

Operators: The MATLAB operators fall into three categories:

Arithmetic Operators perform numeric computations, for example, adding two numbers orraising the elements of an array to a given power.

Relational Operators compare operands quantitatively, using operators like "less than" and "not

equal to."

Logical Operators use the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT.

Arithmetic Operators: MATLAB provides these arithmetic operators:

Operator Description Operator Description Operator Description

+ Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication

../ Right division .\ Left division + Unary plus

- Unary minus : Colon operator ^ Power

..' Transpose ' Complex conjugate

transpose

* Matrix

multiplication

/ Matrix right division \ Matrix left division ^ Matrix power

Relational Operators: MATLAB provides these relational operators:

Operator Description Operator Description

< Less than Greater than >= Greater than or equal to

== Equal to ~= Not equal to

Logical Operators: MATLAB offers three types of logical operators and functions:

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1. Element-wise -- operate on corresponding elements of logical arrays.2. Bit-wise -- operate on corresponding bits of integer values or arrays.

3. Short-circuit -- operate on scalar, logical expressions.

The values returned by MATLAB logical operators and functions, with the exception of bit-wisefunctions, are of type logical and are suitable for use with logical indexing.

Element-Wise Operators and Functions: The following logical operators and functions perform

element-wise logical operations on their inputs to produce a like-sized output array. The examplesshown in the following table use vector inputs A and B, where

A = [0 1 1 0 1];

B = [1 1 0 0 1];

Operato

r

Description Example

& Returns1 for every element location that is true (nonzero) in both

arrays, and 0 for all other elements.

A & B = 01001

| Returns 1 for every element location that is true (nonzero) in either

one or the other, or both arrays, and 0 for all other elements.

A | B = 11101

~ Complements each element of the input array, A.~A = 10010

xor Returns 1 for every element location that is true (nonzero) in only onearray, and 0 for all other elements.

xor(A,B)=10100

Bit-Wise Functions: The following functions perform bit-wise logical operations on nonnegative

integer inputs. Inputs may be scalar or in arrays. If in arrays, these functions produce a like-sized output

array.The examples shown in the following table use scalar inputs A and B, where

A = 28; % binary 11100

B = 21; % binary 10101

Function Description Example

bitand Returns the bit-wise AND of two nonnegative integer

arguments.

bitand(A,B) = 20

(binary 10100)

bitor Returns the bit-wise OR of two nonnegative integer

arguments.

bitor(A,B) = 29

(binary 11101)

bitcmp Returns the bit-wise complement as an n-bit number,

where n is the second input argument to bitcmp.

bitcmp(A,5) = 3

(binary 00011)

bitxor Returns the bit-wise exclusive OR of two nonnegative

integer arguments.

bitxor(A,B) = 9

(binary 01001)

Short-Circuit Operators: The following operators perform AND and OR operations on logical

expressions containing scalar values. They are short-circuit operators in that they evaluate their second

operand only when the result is not fully determined by the first operand.

Operato

r

Description

&& Returns logical 1 (true) if both inputs evaluate to true, and logical 0 (false) if they do not.

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|| Returns logical 1 (true) if either input, or both, evaluate to true, and logical 0 (false) if they

do not.

Program Control Statements:

Program control is divided into these four categories:

1. Conditional Control -- if, switch2. Loop Control -- for, while, continue, break3. Error Control -- try, catch

4. Program Termination -- return

1. Conditional Control -- if, switch

if, else, and elseif

if evaluates a logical expression and executes a group of statements based on the value of the expression.

In its simplest form, its syntax is if logical_expression

statementsend

If the logical expression is true MATLAB executes all the statements between the if and end lines

If the condition is false MATLAB skips all the statements between the if and end lines.

switch, case, and otherwise

switch executes certain statements based on the value of a variable or expression. Its basic form is

switch expression (scalar or string)

case value1statements % Executes if expression is value1

case value2statements % Executes if expression is value2

.

.

.

otherwisestatements % Executes if expression does not

% match any case

End

2. Loop Control -- for, while, continue, break

for

The for loop executes a statement or group of statements a predetermined number of times. Its syntax is

for index = start:increment:endstatements

end

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The default increment is 1. You can specify any increment, including a negative one. For positiveindices, execution terminates when the value of the index exceeds the end value; for negative

increments, it terminates when the index is less than the end value.

while

The while loop executes a statement or group of statements repeatedly as long as the controlling

expression is true (1). Its syntax is while expressionstatements

end

If the expression evaluates to a matrix, all its elements must be 1 for execution to continue. To reduce a

matrix to a scalar value, use the all and any functions.

continue

The continue statement passes control to the next iteration of the for or while loop in which it appears,skipping any remaining statements in the body of the loop. In nested loops, continue passes control to

the next iteration of the for or while loop enclosing it.

break

The break statement terminates the execution of a for loop or while loop. When a break statement is

encountered, execution continues with the next statement outside of the loop. In nested loops, breakexits from the innermost loop only

3. Error Control -- try, catch

Error control statements provide a way for you to take certain actions in the event of an error. Use the

try statement to test whether a certain command in your code generates an error. If an error does occurwithin the try block, MATLAB immediately jumps to the corresponding catch block. The catch part ofthe statement needs to respond in some way to the error.

try and catch

The general form of a try-catch statement sequence is try

statement

...statement

catch

statement

...statement

end

In this sequence, the statements between try and catch are executed until an error occurs. The statementsbetween catch and end are then executed. Use lasterr to see the cause of the error. If an error occurs

between catch and end, MATLAB terminates execution unless another try-catch sequence has been

established.

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4. Program Termination -- return

Program termination control enables you to exit from your program at some point prior to its normal

termination point.return

After a MATLAB function runs to completion, it terminates and returns control either to the function

that called it, or to the keyboard. If you need to exit a function prior to the point of normal completion,you can force an early termination using the return function. return immediately terminates the current

sequence of commands and exits the currently running function.

return is also used to terminate keyboard mode.

General commands:

Online help:help: lists topic on which help is available.

demo: runs the demo programs.

Workspace information:who lists variables currently in workspace.

whos lists variables currently in workspace with their size.

clear clear the workspace, variables are removed.clear all clears all variables and functions from workspace.

clc clears command window, command history is lost.

home same as clc.clf -

Command line help

Help topics:-

Matlab/general: General purpose commands

Matlab/ops: Operator and special characters

Matlab/lang: Programming language constants

Matlab/elmat: elementary matrix

Matlab/elfun: elementary math function

Matlab/specfun: specialized math function

File types:-1. M-files: script file and function file

2. Mat-files

3. Fig-files4. P-files: are compiled m-files with P-extension

5. Mex-files: are for interface to higher languages

M-files: Standard ASCII text files; m-extensionMat-files: Binary data files; mat-extension. These files are created by MATLAB. When you save data

with save command.

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Fig files: Binary fig. files, fig-extension. They are saved as a figure through save option.

Program% Program to display basic functions : 1.unit step , 2.unit impulse, 3.unit ramp functions..clc;

close all ;

clear all;menu('functions','1.impulse','2.step','3.ramp');

n = input(' Enter the function number : ');

switch ncase 1 % impulse

n1 =input ('Lower limit :');

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n2 =input ('Upper limit :');if n1 >= n2

error (' Invalid limits ');

elsea=[];

for i=n1:n2

if i==0

a= [a 1];else a=[a 0];

end;

end;stem(n1:n2 , a );

end;

case 2n1 =input ('Lower limit :');

n2 =input ('Upper limit :');

if n1 >= n2error (' Invalid limits ');

elsea=[];

for i=n1:n2if i>=0

a=[a 1];

else a=[a 0];end;

end;

stem (n1:n2,a);end;

case 3

n1 =input ('Lower limit :');n2 =input ('Upper limit :');if n1 >= n2

error (' Invalid limits ');

elsea=[];

for i=n1:n2

if i>=0a=[a i]

else a =[a 0];

end ;

end;stem(n1:n2,a);

end;

end;

Output:Enter the function number : 1Lower limit :-3

Upper limit :4

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>>

Enter the function number : 2 Enter the function number : 3

Lower limit :- 3 Lower limit :-2

Upper limit :4 Upper limit :4>> >>

Program% Program to represent basic signals: 1.Sin ,

2.Cos , 3.Exponential.clc;

close all;

clear all;

menu('Functions','1.sine','2.cosine','3.exponential');

n =input ( 'Enter the function number :');

switch ncase 1 % sin

n1 =input (' Enter the lower limit :');

n2 =input ( 'Enter the upper limit :');if n1>=n2

error ('Invalid limits ');

else a=[];

for i=n1:.5:n2a=[a sin(i)];

end ;

stem(n1:.5:n2,a);

title(' Sin function');end ;

case 2 %cosinen1 =input (' Enter the lower limit :');

n2 =input ( 'Enter the upper limit :');

if n1>=n2error ('Invalid limits ');

else a=[];

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for i=n1:.5:n2a=[a cos(i)];

end ;

stem(n1:.5:n2,a);title(' Cosine function');

end ;

case 3 % exponential

n1 =input (' Enter the lower limit :');n2 =input ( 'Enter the upper limit :');

if n1>=n2

error ('Invalid limits ');else a=[];

for i=n1:.5:n2

a=[a exp(i)];end ;

stem(n1:.5:n2,a);

title('Exponential function');end ;

end;

Output:Enter the function number :1

Enter the lower limit :-3

Enter the upper limit :4

>>

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Enter the function number :2 Enter the function number :3

Enter the lower limit :-3 Enter the lower limit :-2

Enter the upper limit :4 Enter the upper limit :8>> >>

Program% Program for folding of a sequence

clc;

close all;

clear all;

n= input(' Enter the input sequence : ');

a= input(' Enter the mask no.: ');

nl=-(a-1);

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nr= length(n)-a ;

subplot(1,2,1);

stem(nl:nr,n);

xlabel('No. of samples >>>> n : ') ;

ylabel('Input sequence: x(n)');

title('Plot of sequence x(n)');

yl=-nr;

yr=-nl;

l=length(n);

for j=1:length(n)

m(j)=n(l);

l=l-1;

end;

subplot(1,2,2);

stem(yl:yr,m);

xlabel('No. of samples >>> n: ');

ylabel('Output sequence y(n) ');

title('Plot of folded sequence ');

Output:

Enter the input sequence : [3 2 5 1 7 6 8]Enter the mask no.: 2

>>

-2 0 2 4 60

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

No. of samples >>>> n :

Inputsequence:x(n)

Plot of sequence x(n)

-6 -4 -2 0 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

No. of samples >>> n:

Outputsequ

encey(n)

Plot of folded sequence

Program% Program for convolution of sequencesclc;

close all;

clear all;

x=input('Enter the first sequence:');

h=input('Enter the second sequence:');

a=input(' Enter n=0 position for x from L.H.S.:');

b=input(' Enter n=0 position for h from L.H.S.');

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xl=-(a-1);

xr=length(x)-a;

hl=-(b-1);

hr=length(h)-b;

yl=xl+hl;

yr=xr+hr;

y=conv(x,h);

subplot(2,2,1);

stem(xl:xr,x);

xlabel('No. of samples > n');

ylabel('Amplitude entry > sequence x(n)');

title('Plot of sequence > x(n)');

subplot(2,2,2);

stem(hl:hr,h);


ylabel(' Amplitude entry > sequence h(n)');

title(' Plot of sequence h(n)');

subplot(2,2,3);

stem(yl:yr,y);


ylabel('Amplitude entry > sequence y(n)');

title('Plot of sequence > y(n)');

OutputEnter the first sequence:[2 4 9 2 7 4]

Enter the second sequence:[2 1 9 4 9 2]

Enter n=0 position for x from L.H.S.:2Enter n=0 position for h from L.H.S.1

>>

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-2 0 2 40

5

10

No. of samples > nAmplitudee

ntry>sequencex(n) Plot of sequence > x(n)

0 2 4 60

5

10

No. of samples > nAmplitudeentry>sequenceh(n)

Plot of sequence h(n)

-5 0 5 100

50

100

150

200

No. of samples > nAmplitude

entry>sequencey(n)

Plot of sequence > y(n)

Program%Program for discrete correlation of sequences

clc;

close all;

clear all;

x=input('Enter the first sequence:');

h=input('Enter the second sequence:');

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a=input(' Enter n=0 position for x from L.H.S.:');

b=input(' Enter n=0 position for h from L.H.S.');

xl=-(a-1);

xr=length(x)-a;

hl=-(b-1);

hr=length(h)-b;

yl=xl+hl;

yr=xr+hr;

y=xcorr(x,h);

subplot(2,2,1);

stem(xl:xr,x);


ylabel('Amplitude entry > sequence x(n)');

title('Plot of sequence > x(n)');

subplot(2,2,2);

stem(hl:hr,h);


ylabel(' Amplitude entry > sequence h(n)');

title(' Plot of sequence h(n)');

subplot(2,2,3);

stem(yl:yr,y);


ylabel('Amplitude entry > sequence y(n)');title('Plot of sequence > y(n)');

OutputEnter the first sequence:[5 2 7 3 5 1]

Enter the second sequence:[5 2 7 3 5 1]

Enter n=0 position for x from L.H.S.:2Enter n=0 position for h from L.H.S.1

>>

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-2 0 2 40

2

4

6

8

No. of samples > nAmplitudee

ntry>sequencex(n)

Plot of sequence > x(n)

0 2 4 60

2

4

6

8

No. of samples > nAmplitudeentry>sequenceh(n)

Plot of sequence h(n)

-5 0 5 100

50

100

150

No. of samples > nAmplitude

entry>sequencey(n)

Plot of sequence > y(n)

Program%Program to understand sampling theorem

clc

close all

clear all

f1=1/128;

n=0:255;

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fc =50/128;

x =cos(2*pi*f1*n)

xa=cos(2*pi*fc*n)

xamp= x.*xa;

subplot(2,2,1);

plot(n,x);

title('x(n)')

xlabel('n--->');

ylabel('amplitude');

subplot(2,2,2);

plot(n,xa);

title('xa(n)');

xlabel('n--->');


subplot(2,2,3);

plot(n,xamp);

title('xa(n)');

xlabel('n--->');


Output:

0 100 200 300-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1x(n)

n--->

amplitude

0 100 200 300-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1xa(n)

n--->

amplitude

0 100 200 300-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

xa(n)

n--->

amplitude

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Matlab File 2

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