MATHEMATICAL LEARNING BY W.K. ESTESPrinciples:1. Behavior is a probabilistic phenomenon.2. Elements are conditioned on an all-or-none basis.3. The stimulus situation is viewed as a population of stimulus elements.4. A population of homogenous stimulus elements is viewed as a single element.5. The passage of time is viewed as the fluctuation of stimulus elements.6. Discrimination learning is learning to distinguish between common and unique elementsof two stimulus populations.7. An alternative formulation: The stimulus situation is a unique pattern of stimuluselements.8. Associations are formed on an all-or-nothing-basis.