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Materials of Art and Archaeology

Bibliography

Part IX. Stone Norbert S. Baer

Conservation Center Institute of Fine Arts New York University

September 1999

Introduction

Part I. Inorganic Materials (2003).

Part II. Metals (1999).

Part III. Organic Materials (2003).

Part IV. Instrumental Methods (2003).

Part V. Environment (1999).

Part VI. Museology (2003).

Part VII. Dating and Provenance (2003).

Part VIII Library and Archive Materials (2003).

Part IX Stone (1999).

Part X. Dyes and Pigments (2003).

Cumulative Index

May be obtained from:

Conservation Center Institute of Fine Arts New York University

14 East 78th Street New York, New York 10021

September 1999

PART IX: STONE

CONTENTS

Cemeteries...................................................................................1

Lavas and Volcanic Tuffs..........................................................1

Stone: Biodeterioration..............................................................2

Stone: Case Studies....................................................................4

Stone: Case Studies: Acropolis.................................................6

Stone: Case Studies: Kölner Dom.............................................6

Stone: Characterization..............................................................7

Stone: Conference Proceedings.................................................7

Stone: Conservation: Cleaning..................................................7

Stone: Conservation: Cleaning: Lasers.....................................9

Stone: Conservation: Consolidation.......................................10

Stone: Conservation: Desalination..........................................13

Stone: Conservation: Documentation.....................................13

Stone: Conservation: Economic Analysis..............................14

Stone: Conservation: Ethics and Policy.................................14

Stone: Conservation: General References..............................14

Stone: Conservation: Water Repellants..................................16

Stone: Deterioration Mechanisms...........................................17

Stone: Deterioration Mechanisms: Air Pollution Damage....22

Stone: Sculpture Conservation................................................25

Stone: Structures: NDT............................................................25

Stone: Testing and Evaluation.................................................27

Stone: Testing and Evaluation: Standards..............................28

Cemeteries

N.S. Baer and S.M. Berman, "Marble Tombstones in National Cemeteries as Indicators of Stone Damage: General Methods," Preprint of paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the APCA, Atlanta, Georgia (l983). 23pp.

D. Dragovich"Weathering Rates on Marble Tombstones at a Sydney Cemetery," ICCM Bulletin 7 No.l 27-31 (l98l).

R.P. Emlen, “Protective Custody: The Museum’s Responsibility to Gravestones,” Markers 1 (1979/1980), AGS Publications, Worcester, Massachusetts (1980). pp. 143-148.

A. Geikie, "Rock Weathering as Illustrated in Edinburgh Church Yards," In Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh l879/80, pp.518-532.

G.F. Matthias, "Weathering Rates of Portland Arkose Tombstones," Journal of Geological Education 15 140-144 (1967).

L.R. Mayer, “The Care of Old Cemeteries and Gravestones,” Markers 1 119-142 (1979/1980). T.C. Meierding, "Marble Tombstone Weathering Rates: A Transect of the United States," Physical Geography 2 No.1 1-18 (1981).

P.H. Rahn, "The Weathering of Tombstones and Its Relationship to the Topography of New England," Journal of Geological Education 19 No.3 112-118 (1971).

J. Riederer, "Die Erhaltung historischer Grabdenkmäler," Steinmetz und Bildhauer, No.5 272-275 (1973).

J. Sramek, "Determination of the Source of Surface Deterioration on Tombstones at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague," Studies in Conservation 25 No.2 47-52 (1980).

Lavas and Volcanic Tuffs

N. Beloyannis, “Deterioration of Volcanic Lavas by the Action of Water and Salts,” In Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stones and Wall Coverings, G. Biscontin and L. Graziano, Editors, Il Cardo, Venice (1993). pp. 161-167.

G. Caneva, G. De Marco, A. Dinelli and M. Vinci, “The Wall Vegetation of the Roman Archeological Areas,” Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage 1 217-226 (1992).

U. Carputi and G. De Martino, “L’Adhérence dans les Conservations des Maçonneries en Tuf,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials, Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, M-J. Theil, Editor, E & FN Spon, London (1993). pp. 445-451.

A.E. Charola, Death of a Moai, Easter Island Foundation Occasional Papers 4, Bearsville Press; Cloud Mountain Press, Los Ocos, CA (1996). 50pp.

A.E. Charola, Easter Island: The Heritage and Its Conservation, World Monuments Fund, New York (1995). 68pp.

A.E. Charola, P. Bahamondez, M.E. S.M. Van der Maele, C.A. Weber, A.E. Cabeza and R.J. Koestler, “The Human Factor in the Preservation of the Monumental Heritage of Easter Island,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials, Proceedings of the International RILEM/ UNESCO Congress, M-J. Theil, Editor, E & FN Spon, London (1993). pp. 3-10.

A.E. Charola, R.J. Koestler and G. Lombardi, Editors, Lavas and Volcanic Tuffs, Proceedings of the International Meeting, Easter Island 1990, ICCROM, Rome (1994). xii + 355pp.

L. Cinquegrana, S. Andria and C. Piccioli, “Some Cases of Alteration and Degradation of Yellow and Grey Tuff-Stone in the Campania Area,” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Moller, Berlin (1996). pp. 201-209.

A. Colantuono, S. Dal Vecchio, O. Marino and G. Mascolo, “Accurate Measurement of Expansion and Shrinkage in Porous Stones Caused by Moisture Absorbtion,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials, Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, M-J. Theil, Editor, E & FN Spon, London (1993). pp. 204-211.

M. De’ Genaro, C. Colella, A. Langella and P. Cappelletti, “Decay of Campanian Ignimbrite Stoneworks in Some Monuments of the Caserta Area,” Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage 4, No. 2 75-86 (1995).

M. De’ Genaro, M.D. Fuscaldo and C. Colella, “Weathering Mechanisms of Monumental Tuff-Stone Masonries in Downtown Naples,” Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage 2 53-62 (1993).

S. Laue, C. Bläuer Böhm and D. Jeannette, “Saltweathering and Porosity – Examples from the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne,” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Moller, Berlin (1996). pp. 513-522.

L. Lazzarini, G. Lombardi, F. Marconi and C. Meucci, "New Data on the Characterization and Conservation of the Easter Island Pyroclastics Used for the Maois,” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Moller, Berlin (1996). pp. 1147-1157.

T. Nishiura, “A New Method for the Conservation of Rock Reliefs,” In Engineers, Society and the Environment, Proceedinngs of the Technical Congress, Section II – Conservation of Historical Monumnets. Their Role in Modern Society, Praha (1989). pp. 163-179.

P. Roselli, “Restoration of Rock-Hewn Churches of Goreme Valley (Cappadocia, Turkey) and Environmental Protection,” In The Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, V. Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 485-492.

P. Schubert, B. Fitzner, O. Schwab and J. Zallmanzig, Mauerwerk aus Tuffstein, Landesamt für Bauwessen und Angewandt Bauschadenforschung (LLB), Aachen (1992).

M.M. Segarra Lagunes, “La Conservation de la Pierre dite ‘Tezontle’ au Mexique,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials, Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, M-J. Theil, Editor, E & FN Spon, London (1993). pp. 411-416.

D. Sikiotis, N. Beloyannis and Ph. Kirkitsos, “Study of the Deterioration of Volcanic Lavas in the Islands of Milos and Lesbos. Application of Ion Chromatography,” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Labroratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 801-810.

T. Topal and V. Doyuran, "The Physico-chemical Properties of the Weathered Cappadocian Tuff and Their Significance on Conservation Studies,” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Moller, Berlin (1996). pp. 223-231.

E. Von Plehwe-Leisen, H.D. Castello-Branco, E. Wendler, D.D. Klemm and R. Snethlage, “The Prophets of Aeijadinho in Concconhas, Brazil. Consideration on a Conservation Program for Soapstone,” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Labroratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1415-1424.

E. Wendler, A.E. Charola and B. Fitzner, “Easter Island Tuff: Laboratory Studies for Its Consolidation,” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Moller, Berlin (1996). pp.1159-1170.

E. Wendler, D.D. Klemm and R. Snethlage, “Consolidation and Hydrophobic Treatment of Natural Stone,” In Durability of Building Materials and Components, J.M. Naker, P.J. Dixon, A.J. Majumdar and H. Davies, Editors, London, Chapman and Hall (1991). pp. 203-212.

C. Zantedeschi and A. Zanco, “Distinctive Characteristics of Euganean Trachytes for Their Identification in Ancient Monuments,” Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage 2 1-10 (1993).

B. Zatler-Zupancic, A. Mladenovic, A. Ramovs, J. Vesel and C. Augustin, “Andesite Tuff in Slovenia – Part of the Cultural Heritage of Gorenjska,” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lisbon (1992). pp. 99-108.

Stone: Biodeterioration

G. Agarossi, R. Ferrari and M. Monte, "Biocides in the Control of Biodeterioration,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, Bari Grafo, Brescia, Italy (1989). pp. 511-517.

L. Aires-Barros, L. Alves and L. Esteves, “Saxicolous Lichenic Vegetation in Monuments as Bioindicators of Pollution,” Environmental Pollution 1 ICEP 1 162-169 (1991).

L. Aires-Barros, J. Basto, R.C. Graca, L. Alves, L. Esteves, A. Carmo and I. Ribero, “The Decay of Limestone Caused by Saxicolous Lichens: the Case of the Monastery of Jeronimos (Lisbon, Portugal),” In Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Bari, 1989, The Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, F. Zezza, Editor, Grafo, Brecia, Italy (1989). pp. 225-229.

V. Alunno Rossetti and M. Laurenzi Tabasso, “Distribuzione degli Ossalati di Calcio CaC2O4 · H2O e CaC2O4 · 2.25 H2O nelle Alterazioni delle Pietre di Monumenti Espositi all’Apperto,” In Problemi di Conservazione, G. Urbani, Editor, Editrice Compositori, Bologna (1973). pp. 375-386.

R.M. Atlas, A.N. Chowdhury and K.L. Gauri, “Microbial Calcification of Gypsum-Rock and Sulfated Marble,” Studies in Conservation 33 149-153 (1988).

C. Bassier, "Le Rayonnement Ultra-Violet dans la Désinfection des Matériaux de Nature ou D'Origine Minérale: Exemples d'Application,” In Patrimoine Culturel et Altérations Biologiques: Actes des Journées S'Etudes de la SFIIC, Poitiers, 17 dt18 Novembre 1988 Section Française de l'Institut International de Conservation, Champs-sur-Marne (1989). pp. 201-206.

G. Caneva, M.P. Nugari and O. Salvadori, Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art, ICCROM, Rome (1991). x + 182pp.

G. Caneva and O. Salvadori, "Biodeterioration of Stone,” In The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: Notes from The International Venetian Courses on Stone Restoration L. Lazzarini and R. Pieper, Editors, Unesco, Paris (1989). pp. 182-243.

C. Cipriani, “Sulla Presenza di Whewellite fra le Croste di Alterazione di Monumenti Romani,” Bolletino del Servizio Geologico D’Italia 79 555-556 (1957).

A. Danin, "Biogenic Weathering of Marble Monuments in Didim, Turkey and in Trajan Column, Rome," Water Science and Technology 7 557-563 (1993).

M. Del Monte, “I Monumenti in Pietra e I Licheni. Rass,” Beni Culturali V No. 3 12-17 (1989).

M. Del Monte, “Trajan’s Column: Lichens Don’t Live Here Anymore,” Endeavour 15 No. 2 86-93 (1991).

M. Del Monte and A. Ferrari, “Patine da Biointerazione alla Luce delle Superfici dei Marmoree,” In Le Pellicole ad Ossaliti: Origne e Significato nella Conservazione della Opere d’Arte, Centro del C.N.R. “Gino Bozza,” Corporate Author and Publisher, Milan (1989). pp. 171-182.

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Weddellite on Limestone in the Venice Environment," Environmental Science and Technology l7 No. 9 518-522 (l983).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, “A Study of the Patina called Scialbatura on Imperial Roman Marbles,” Studies in Conservation 32 114-121 (1987).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “The Origin of Calcium Oxalates on Historical Buildings, Mounments and Natural Outcrops,” Science of the Total Environment 67 17-39 (1987).

E. Diakumaku, P. Ausset, K. Sterflinger, U. Wollenzien, W.E. Krumbein and R.A. Lefèvre, “On the Problem of Rock Blackening by Fly-Ash, Fungal and Other Biogenic Particles, and Their Detection in Mediterranean Marbles and Monuments,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo V. Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 305-310.

W.H. Dukes, “Conservation of Stone: Causes of Decay,” Archaeological Journal 156 429-432 (1972).

K. Elmer, E. Rose, B. Fitaner, W.E. Krumbein and T. Warscheid, "Sterilization of Cultural Objects by Ethylene Oxide - Application for Conservation Practice by Laboratory-Based or Mobile Treatments,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 581-588.

J. E. Fearn, The Effects of Herbicides on Masonry, NSBIR 78-1449 (1978). 22pp.

M. Franzini, C. Gratziu and E. Wicks, “Patine as Ossalato di Calcio sui Monumenti Marmorei,” Società Italiana Mineralogia e Petrografia 39 59-70 (1984).

J. Garcia-Rowe, A. Aparicio-Martinez and C. Saiz-Jimenez, “Weeds Settling in Spanish cathedrals (Salamanca, Seville and Toledo),” In Science, Technoloy and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 497-500.

A.A. Gorbushina, W.E. Krumbein, L. Panina, S. Soukharjevski and U. Wollenzien, “On the Role of Black Fungi in Color Change Biodeterioration of Antique Marbles,” Geomicrobiology Journal, Special Issue ISEB XI, Monograph (1994). 24pp.

C. Gratziu, “Prima Dati sulle Caratteristiche Petrografiche e Stratigrafiche delle Patine ad Ossalato di Calcio sui Monumenti Marmorei Romani,” In Manutenzione e Conservazione del Costruito fra Tradizione e Innovazione, G. Biscontin, Editor, Libreria Progetto Editore, Padova (1986). pp. 751-763.

P.S. Griffin, N. Indictor and R.J. Koestler, “The Biodeter-ioration of Stone: A Review of Deterioration Mechanisms, Conservation Case Histories, and Treatment,” International Biodeterioration 28 187-207 (1991).

E.H. Hueck van der Plas, “The Microbiological Deterior-ation of Porous Building Materials,” International Biodeter-ioration Bulletin 4 11-28 (1968).

B. Jones, “Construction of Spar Calcite Crystals around Spores,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62 No. 6 1054-1057 (1992).

B. Jones and C.F. Kahle, “Lichen and Algae: Agents of Biodiagenisis in Karst Breccia from Grand Cayman Island,” Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 33 No. 4 446-461 (1985).

D. Jones and M.J. Wilson, "Chemical Activity of Lichens on Mineral Surfaces: A Review,” International Biodeterioration 21 No. 2 99-104 (1985).

D.K. Kobluk and M.J. Risk, “Calcification of Exposed Filaments of Algae, Micrite Envelope Formation and Sediment Production,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 47 No. 2 517-528 (1977).

R.J. Koestler and E.D. Santoro, "Assessment of the Susceptibility to Biodeterioration of Selected Polymers and Resins," GCI Scientific Program Report, Monograph, Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey (1988). viii + 96pp + 3 leaves.

R.J. Koestler, T. Warscheid and F. Nieto, “Biodeterioration: Risk Factors and Their Management,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 25-36.

W.E. Krumbein, “Geomicrobiology and Geochemistry of the ‘Nari-Lime-Crust’ (Israel),” In Recent Developments in the Carbonate Sedimentology in Central Europe, G. Müller and G.M. Friedman, Editors, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg and New York (1968). pp. 138-147.

W.E. Krumbein, S.E. Diakumaku, K. Petersen, T. Warscheid and C. Urzì, "Interactions of Microbes with Consolidants and Biocides Used in the Conservation of Rocks and Mural Paintings,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 589-596.

W.E. Krumbein and C. Urzì, "Biologically Induced Decay Phenomena of Antique Marbles: Some General Considerations,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo D. Decrouez, J. Chamay and F. Zezza, Editors, Musée d'Histoire Naturelle et Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 219-235.

F.J. Lewis, E. May and A.F. Bravery, “Isolation and Enumeration of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria from Decayed Stone,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Volume 2, G. Felix, Editor, Presses Polytechniques Romanades, Lausanne (1985). pp. 633-641.

M. Matteini and A. Moles, “Le Patine di Ossalato sui Manufatti in Marmo,” In OPD Restauro, Restauro del Marmo/Opere e Problemi, E. Biliotti, Editor, Opus Libri, Firenze (1986). pp. 65-73.

E. May and F.J. Lewis, "Strategies and Techniques for the Study of Bacterial Populations on Decaying Stonework,” In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun (1988). pp. 59-70.

E. May, F.J. Lewis, S. Pereira, S. Tayler, M.R.D. Seaward and D. Allsop, “Microbial Deterioration of Building Stone – A Review,” Biodeterioration Abstracts 7 109-123 (1993).

G. Orial and A. Brunet, "Elne: The Old Cathedral Cloister: The Capitals up Against a Bacterial Attack,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Muséum d'Histoire Narurelle et Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 237-245.

J.J. Ortega-Calvo, X. Ariño and C. Saiz-Jimenez, "Ecological Factors Causing Differential Algal Colonization of Building Materials,” In Proceedings of the EC Workshop, Research on the Conservation of Brick Masonry Monuments Leuven, 1994 In Press.

S.G. Paine, F.V. Lingood, F. Scimmer and T.C. Thrupp, “The Relationship of Microorganisms to the Decay of Stone,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 222 97-127 (1933).

Y.P. Petushkova and A.F. Grishkova, "Bacterial Degradation of Limestone Treated with Polymers,” In ICOM Committee for Conservation: 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, 1990 ICOM Committee for Conservation, Los Angeles (1990). pp. 347-349.

C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “Oxalate Patinas on Ancient Monuments: The Biological Hypothesis,” Aerobiology 7 1 (1991).

C. Saiz-Jimenez, “Characterization of Organic Compounds in Weathered Stones,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 523-526.

C. Saiz-Jimenez, G. Garcia-Rowe, M. Garcia del Cura, J.J. Ortaga-Calvo, E. Roekens and R. Van Grieken, “Endolithic Cyanobacteria in Massdtricht Limestone,” Science of the Total Environment 94 209-220 (1990).

L. Schnabel, “The Treatment of Biological Growths on Stone: A Conservator’s Viewpoint,” International Biodterioration 28 125-131 (1991).

C. Sorlini, D. Falappi and P. Sardi, "Effects of Mould Growth on Serena Stone Samples Untreated and Treated with Resin,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 632-635.

A.B. Strzelczyk, "Stone," Microbial Biodeterioration Volume 6 of Economic Microbiology Academic Press, London (1981). pp. 61-80.

J.K. Syers, A.C. Birnie and B.D. Mitchell, “The Calcium Oxalate Content of Some Lichens Growing on Limestone,” Lichenologist 3 409-414 (1967).

S. Tayler and E. May, “The Seasonality of Heterotrophic Bacteria on Sandstone from Ancient Monuments,” International Biodeterioration 28 49-64 (1991).

S. Tayler and E. May, “A Comparison of Methods for the Measurement of Microbial Activity on Stone,” Studies in Conservation 40 No. 3 163-170 (1995).

E.P. Verrechia, J.-L Dumont and K.E. Verrechia, “Role of Calcium Oxalate Biomineralization by Fungi in the Formation of Calcretes: A Case Study from Nazareth, Israel,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 63 No. 5 100-1006 (1993).

T. Warscheid, K. Peterson and W.E. Krumbein, “A Rapid Method to Demonstrate and Evaluate Microbial Activity on Decaying Sandstone,” Studies in Conservation 35 No. 3 137-147 (1990).

A. Watchman, “Age and Composition of Oxalate-rich Crust in the Northern Territory, Australia,” Studies in Conserva-tion 36 No. 1 24-32 (1990).

Stone: Case Studies

O.P. Agrawal, T. Singh and K.K. Jain, “Study and Conservation of Spotted Red Sandstone of Mathura,” In Case Studies in the Conservation of Stone and Wall Paintings, IIC, London (1986). pp. 165-169.

L. Aires-Barros, “Salt Occurences in the Archaeological Site of Eleusis, Cathedral of Bari, Church of Santa Marija Ta’Cwerra (Malta) and Cathedral of Cadiz,” In Marine Spray and Polluted Atmosphere as Factors of Damage to Monuments in the Mediterranean Coastal Environment (Fourth Report), EU R&D Programme in the Field of Environment (1994). Contract No. EV5V-CT92-0102. pp. 16-20.

A. Alessandri and M. Pennini Alessandri, "Il Restauro Delle Colonne del'Adrianeo (Rome)," Bollettino d'Arte 71 191-196 (1986).

G. Allesandrini, R. Bugini, R. Negroti and R. Peruzzi, “La Façade de L’Eglise de la Chantreuse Près de Pavie (Italie): Études sur les Anciens Traitments Superficiels,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Volume 2, G. Felix, Editor, Presses Polytechniques Romanades, Lausanne (1985). pp. 853-862.

G. Alessandrini, G. Dassu and R. Bugini, "The Technical Examination and Conservation of the Portal of St. Aquilino's Chapel in the Basilica of St. Lorenzo, Milan," Studies in Conservation 29 No. 4 161-171 (1981).

V. Antonelli, "Il Restauro della Porta della Carta in Venezia,” In Deterioramento e Conservazione della Pietra: Atti del 3 Congresso Internazionale Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy (1979). pp. 629-644.

M.A. Bello, L. Martin and A.J. Martin, “Scanning Electron Microscopy to Establish the Marble Alteration Mechanism in the Alhambra of Granada (Spain),” Scanning Microscopy 5 No. 3 645-652 (1991).

M.A. Bello, L. Martin and A.J. Martin, “Decay and Treatment and Macael White Marble,” Studies in Conservation 37 No. 3 193-200 (1992).

A. Bruno, "Protecting and Preserving the Column of Marcus Aurelius," Museum 39 No.1 3-7 (1987).

C. Bowler and P. Brimblecombe, "Long Term Stone Decay at York Minster," ECHNR 5 No.4 47-57 (1991).

S.G. Burgess and R.J. Schaffer, "Cleopatra's Needle," Chemistry and Industry 1026-1029 (1952).

R.J. Cheng and R. Castillo, "Investigations of Marble Deterioration of City Hall of Schenectady, New York," Atmospheric Sciences Research Center Technical Report No. 857, SUNY-Albany (l982). 4lpp.

A.N. Chowdhury, A.R. Punuru and K.L. Gauri, “Weathering of the Limestone Beds at the Great Sphinx,” Environmental Geology and Water Sciences (1989).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, “Chemical and Biological Weathering of an Historical Building: Reggio Emilia Cathedral,” Science of the Total Environment 50 165-182 (1986).

D.A. Dolske, W.T. Petuskey and D.A. Richardson, “Impacts of Microclimate and Air Quality on Sandstone Masonry of Anasazi Dwelling Ruins at Mesa Verde National Park,” In Proceedings of the Anasazi Symposium A. Hutchinson and J.E. Smith, Editors, Mesa Verde Museum Assocition, CO. (1991). pp. 241-246.

V. Fassina, "A Survey on Air Pollution and Deterioration of Stonework in Venice," Atmospheric Environment 12 2205-2211 (l978).

K.L. Gauri and S.S. Yerrapraga, "Pore Potential and Durability of Limestone at the Sphinx,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1992). pp. 917-923.

F. Gomez-Moral, “Conservation of the Historic District of Quito: La Compañía de Jesús Church as a Model Project,” In The Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, V. Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, Soprinten-denza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 717-720.

F.M. Helmi, “Deterioration Phenomenon in the North Temple Karanis (Near Fayoum), Egypt,” In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun (1988). pp. 166-174.

F.A. Herget and R.W. Crooks, "Deterioration and Stabilization of Berea Sandstone on the Hamilton County Courthouse,” In Masonry: Design and Construction, Problems and Repair Editors, J.M. Melander and L.R. Lauersdorf, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA (1993). pp.412-426.

P. Hofmann, "Rome's Monuments Go Under Wraps," New York Times, February 15 (l98l).

D. Jeffrey, “Air Pollution Damage to Dublin’s Historic Buildings,” Air Pollution in Ireland, Dublin: A Case Study, Royal Dublin Society, Dublin (1988).

S.W. Kal, “Problems Encountered in the Conservation of the Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials, Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, M-J. Theil, Editor, E & FN Spon, London (1993). pp. 479-484.

D.D. Klemm, R. Snethlage and B. Graf, "Bericht über die Steinrestaurierung am Bayer-tor in Landsberg am Lech," Maltechnik/Restauro 83 No.4 242-252 (1977).

J. Larson, "New Approaches to the Conservation of External Stone Sculpture: The Twelfth Century Frieze at Lincoln Cathedral,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1167-1175.

L. Lazzarini, “I Rilievi Degli Arconi dei Portali della Basilica di San Marco a Venezia: Ricerche Tecnico-scientifiche,” In Die Skulpturen von San Marco in Venedig, Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich (1979). pp. 58-65.

L. Leysen, E. Roekens, Z. Komy and R. Van Grieken, “A Study of the Weathering of an Historic Building,” Anal. Chim. Acta 195 247-255 (1987).

R.A. Livingston, "The Air Pollution Contribution to Stone Deterioration: Investigating the Weathering of the Bowling Green Custom House, NY City," Technology and Conservation 6 No.2 36-39 (Summer 1981).

L. Malleret, "La Restauration des monuments d'Angkor et ses problèmes," Studies in Conservation 4 No.2 51-61 (1959).

R.E. Meadows, Historic Buiding Facades: A Manual for Inspection and Rehabilitation New York Landmarks Conservancy, New York (1986). xvi+165pp.

W.T. Petuskey and D.A. Dolske, “An Hypothesis of Anasazi Criteria for Selecting Sandstone Masonry,” In Proceedings of the Anasazi Symposium A. Hutchinson and J.E. Smith, Editors, Mesa Verde Museum Association, CO. (1991). pp. 239-240.

K.S. Rao, R.S. Soin, and T.S. Rao, "Air Pollution Threat to the Taj Mahal and Its Environs Due to Mathura Oil Refinery," Chemical Age India 29 No.8 663-674 (1978).

J. Riederer, "Steinkonservierung am Aphaia-Tempel auf Ägina," Maltechnik/Restauro No.3 193-199 (1973).

V.G. Rönicke and R. Rönicke, "Über den Mechanismus der zerströrenden Wirkung der Luftverunreinigung am Freiburger Münster," Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege 30 No.l 57-64 (1972).

B. Ross, "Pity the Poor Lincoln Memorial: It has a Very Bad Case of the Blahs," The New York Times, (February 6, 1972). pp. 1, 22.

S.A. Saleh, F.H. Helmi, M.M. Kamal and A.-F.E. El-Banna, “Study and Consolidation of Sandstone: Temple of Karnak, Luxor, Egypt,” Studies in Conservation 37 No. 2 93-104 (1992).

O. Salvadori and A. Zitelli, “Monohydrate and Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate in Living Lichen Incrustations Biodeteriorating Marble Colums of the Basilica of S. Maria Assunta on the Island of Torcello (Venice),” In The Conservation of Stone II, Centro Conservazione Sculture all’Aperto, Bologna (1981). pp. 379-390.

N. Schiavon, "Decay Mechanisms of Oolitic Limestones in an Urban Environment: King's College Chapel, Cambridge and St. Luke's Church, London," In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.258-267.

R.K. Sharma and H.O. Gupta, "Dust Pollution at the Taj Mahal: A Case Study,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 11-18.

A.D. Sharpe, S.T. Trudgill, R.U. Cooke, C.A. Price, R.W. Crabtree, A.M. Pickles and D.I. Smith, "Weathering of the Balustrade on St. Paul's Cathedral, London," Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7 387-389 (1982).

G.G. Terreros and M. Alcalde, “Investigation and Treatment of the Portal of San Telmo Palace in Seville,” Studies in Conservation 41 No. 3 145-152 (1996).

K. Torfs, R. Van Grieken, F. Zezza, N. Garcia and F. Macri, “The Cathedral of Bari, Italy: Evaluation of Environmental Effects on Stone Decay Phenomenon,” Studies in Conservation 42 No. 4 193-206 (1997).

M. Vendrell-Saz and M. Garcia-Vallès, “Decay Mechanisms of the Portico of the Romanesque Monastery of Ripoll (Catalunya, Spain),” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 277-286.

T. Verdel and C. Chambon, "Environment Degradation Study of the Sphinx (Egypt) by the Use of System Dynamics: A New Approach at the Disposal of Specialists,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 383-392.

V. Vergès-Belmin, "Repartition des Seds et Cartographie des Altérations sur la Façade de L'Église Notre-Dame-La-Grande à Poitiers, France,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 927-936.

G. Vleugels, E. Roekens, A. van Put, F. Araujo, B. Fobe, R. Van Grieken, E. Mesquita, A. Carmo, L. Azevedo Alves and L. Aires-Barros, “Analytical Study of the Weathering of the Jeronimos Monastery in Lisbon,” Science of the Total Environment 120 225-243 (1992).

J. Vouvé, P. Malaurent and F. Vouvé, “Efficience des Methodologies Geoscientifiques Intirectes dans la Characterisation des Desordres Structurels d’un Monument Monolithique Souterrain et Mesunes Conservatoires Associees,” Studies in Conservation 42 No. 3 165-175 (1997).

Stone: Case Studies: Acropolis

K. Anagnostidis, C.K. Gehrmann, M. Gross, W.E. Krumbein, S. Lisi, A. Pantazidou, C. Urzì and M. Zagari, "Biodeterioration of Marbles of the Parthenon and Propylaea, Acropolis, Athens: Associated Organisms, Decay and Treatment Suggestions,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle et Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 305-325.

Anon., "The Troubled Parthenon," Chemistry 3, July/August (1975).

G. Binns, "The Greek Acropolis and Parts of the Parthenon - London and Athens," The Environmentalist 3 245-250 (l983). (offprint).

CPAM, Conservation of the Surface of the Acropolis, Monuments Committee for the Preservation of the Acropolis Monuments (CPAM), Athens (1994).

P. Delopoulou and D. Sikiotis, "Dry Deposition of Nitrates on the Parthenon," Science of the Total Environment 106 263-268 (1991).

N. Gage, "Traffic and Pollution Proving the Acropolis All Too Mortal," The New York Times, June 23 (1978).

A.L. Huxtable, "Alms for the Acropolis," The New York Times, January 17 (1977). Editorial.

A. Ierodiconu, "Athens Turns to Alchemy to Stop Acropolis Wonders from Melting," Washington Post (7 August, 1981). p.A 23.

J.E. Yocom, "Air Pollution Damage to Buildings on the Acropolis," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 29 No.4 333-338 (April, 1979).

Stone: Case Studies: Kölner Dom

S. Luckat, "Die Einwirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die Bausubstanz des Kölner Domes-III," Kölner Domblatt 38/39 95-106 (1974).

S. Luckat, "Stone Deterioration at the Cologne Cathedral Due to Air Pollution," In The Conservation of Stone I, Proceedings of the International Symposium, Bologna R. Rossi-Manaresi, Editor, Bologna (1976). pp.37-43.

S. Luckat, "Die Einwirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die Bausubstanz des Kölner Domes-IV," Kölner Domblatt 151-189 (1977).

S. Luckat, "Stone Deterioration at the Cologne Cathedral and Other Monuments Due to Action of Air Pollutants," Proceedings of the International Clean Air Congress 4 128-130 (1977).

S. Luckat, "Untersuchungen von Luftverunreinigungen und ihr Einfluss auf Kunstgüter aus Stein am Beispiel des Kölner Doms," Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren 2 149-153 (1980).

A. Wolff, "Untersuchungen zur Einwirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die Baumaterialien des Kölner Domes,” In International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations (IUAPPA), 3rd International Clean Air Congress, Düsseldorf, (1973). pp.A90-92.

Stone: Characterization

L. Aires-Barros, “Mineropetrography, XRF and IR-Specroscopy of Cathedral of Bari and Archaeological Site of Eluesis,” In Marine Spray and Polluted Atmosphere as Factors of Damage to Monuments in the Mediterranean Coastal Environment (Third Report), EU R&D Programme in the Field of Environment (1994). pp. 17-27.

E. Galan, L. Aires-Barros, B. Christaras, A. Kassoli-Fournaraki, B. Fitzner and F. Zezza, “Represenative Stones from the Sanctuary of Demeter in Eleusis (Greece), Santa Marija Ta’Cwerra of Siggiewi (Malta) and Bari (Italy) and Cadiz (Spain) Cathedrals: Petrographic Characteristics, Physical Properties and Alteration Products,” In Origin, Mechanisms and Efffects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, F. Zezza, Editor, Techomack, Bari (1996). pp. 75-85.

C.G. Inks and R.B. Hahn, “Determination of Surface Area of Calcium Carbonate by Isotopic Exchange,” Analytical Chemistry 39 625-628 (1967).

T.Y. Irfan and W.R. Dearman, “The Engineering Petrography of a Weathered Granite in Cornwall, England,” Journal of Engineering Geology 11 233-244 (1978).

W.S. MacKenzie and A.E. Adams, A Colour Atlas of Rocks and Minerals in Thin Section, Manson, London (1994). 192pp.

B. Meng, "Characterization of Pore Structure for the Interpretation of Moisture Transport,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1994). pp. 155-162.

E.C. Robertson, "Physical Properties of Building Stone,” In Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments National Academy Press, Washington D.C. (1982). pp. 62-86.

J. Šramek, J. Rathousky and P. Schneider, “Mercury-Porosimetric Characterization of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks,” Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica 1 35-54 (1990).

See Also: Stone Provenance ( Part VII).

Stone: Conference Proceedings

N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, Saving our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). 425pp.

N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). xxxxii+980pp.

G. Biscontin and L. Graziano, Editors, Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stones and Wall Covering Il Cardo, Venice (1993). xii+239pp.

D. Decrouez, J. Chamay and F. Zezza, Editors, La Conservazione nel Bacino del Mediterrano Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle et Musée d’Art et d’Histoire Geneva (1991). 519pp.

J. Delgado Rodrigues, F. Henriques and F. Telmo Jermias, Editors, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). xix + 1578pp (in three volumes).

V. Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterrano Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Soprintendenza ai Bene Artestici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). xxvii+961pp.

National Materials Advisory Board (U.S.), Committee on Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments, Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1982). xiii + 365pp.

M.-J. Thiel, Editor, Conservation of Stone and Other Materials Proceedings of the Unesco/Rilem Conference (1993). 2 Volumes, 892pp.

R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone Donhead, London (1992). 308pp.

See Also: Stone: Conservation: General References.

Stone: Conservation: Cleaning

G. Alessandrini, L. Toniolo, A. Antonioli, A. Di Silvestro, F. Piacenti, S. Righini Ponticelli, and L. Formica, "On the Cleaning of Deteriorated Stone Minerals,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 503-511.

C. Andrew, "Towards an Aesthetic Theory of Building Soiling,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.63-81.

C. Andrew, Stonecleaning: A Guide for Practitioners Historic Scotland, The Robert Gordon University, Edinburgh (1994). 126pp.

C. Andrew and E. Crawford, "Conservation and Planning Considerations in Stone Cleaning,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.193-198.

J. Ashurst, "Conservation of Stone: Cleaning Natural Stone Buildings," Architects Journal 156 No.35 494-504 (1972).

J. Ashurst, "Cleaning Masonry Buildings,” In Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone Volume 2 Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1990). pp. 125-154.

J. Ashurst, "The Cleaning and Treatment of Limestone by the Lime Method,” In Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone Volume 2 Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1990). pp. 169-184.

B. Bluck, "The Composition and Weathering of Sandstone with Relation to Cleaning,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.125-127.

P. Brimblecombe, "A Brief History of Grime: Accumulation and Removal of Soot Deposits on Buildings Since the 17th Century,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.53-62.

T. Chvatal, "Systematische Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit neuer Stein-Reiningungs-Pasten," Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren 6 No.2 35-39 (1973).

T. Chvatal, "Systematische Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit der neuen Reinigungspasten,” In Aktuelle Restaurierprobleme und Untersuchungmethoden in der Denkmalpflege, Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna (1973). pp.112-119.

E. De Witte and M. Dupas, "Cleaning Poultices Based on EDTA,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1023-1031.

V. Fassina, "General Criteria for the Cleaning of Stone: Theoretical Aspects and Methodology of Application,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1993). pp. 126-132.

K.L. Gauri, L. Parks, J. Jaynes and R. Atlas, "Removal of Sulphated-Crust from Marble Using Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.160-165.

L.A. Goldberg, “A Fresh Face for Samuel Gompers: Methyl Cellulose Poultice Cleaning,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 28 31-42 (1989).

C.A. Grissom, T. Power and S. West, “Methyl Cellulose Poultice Cleaning of a Large Marble Sculpture,” In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun (1988). pp. 551-562.

M. Hoffman and H. Heuser, "The Injector Process for the Cleaning of Natural Stone Facades,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 526-533.

K. Kouzeli, "Black Crust Removal Methods in Use: Their Effects on Pentelic Marble Surfaces,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1147-1156.

J.A. Lauffenburger, C.A. Grissom and A.E. Charola, "Changes in the Gloss of Marble Surfaces as a Result of Methylcellulose Poulticing," Studies in Conservation 37 No. 3 155-164 (1992).

J. Lehmann, “The Methodology for Cleaning and Desalting of Stone Objects in Goluchow Castle Museum,” In ICOM Committee for Conservation Eighth Triennial Meeting, Sydney (1987). pp. 487-491.

S.Z. Lewin and E.J. Rock, "Chemical Considerations in the Cleaning of Stone and Masonry," In The Conservation of Stone I, Proceedings of the International Symposium, Bologna, (June 19 - 21, 1975) , R. Rossi-Manaresi, Editor, Bologna (1976). pp.343-360.

C. Liddle, "Building Cleaning: Process or Procedure, an Industry View,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.207-216.

R. Livingston, "Geochemical Considerations in the Cleaning of Carbonate Stone,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.166-182.

F. Lyons, “Stone Cleaning Regent House,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL, November (1991).

F. Lyons, “Stone Cleaning Materials and Techniques,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL, November (1991).

J. MacDonald, B. Thomson and K. Tonge, "Chemical Cleaning of Sandstone: Comparative Laboratory Studies,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.217-226.

T. Mansfield, "Sources of Building Soiling and a Review of the Stone Cleaning Industry 1991,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.84-96.

P. Maravelaki, G. Biscontin, E. Zendri, R. Polloni and W. Cecchetti, "Investigation on Surface Alteration of Limestone Related to Cleaning Processes,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1093-1102.

I. Maxwell, "Stone Cleaning, for Better or Worse? An Overview,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.3-52.

D. McLaughlin, "Acid Rain: The Cleaning and Conservation of Stonework in Bath,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.183-192.

A. Milligan, "To Clean or not to Clean Buildings within Edinburgh,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.97-104.

W.A. Oddy, M. Hughes and S. Baker, "Washing Limestone Sculptures from Egypt," Lithoclastia 2 3-10 (1976).

G. Orial and G. Riboulet, "Technique de Nettoyage de la Statuaire Monumentale par Désincrustation Photonique: Réalisation d'un Prototype Mobile,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 542-549.

D. Rodwell, "Stone Cleaning in Urban Conservation,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.199-206.

J. Simpson, "Stone Cleaning: A Professional View,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.82-83.

T. Skoulikidis and P. Papakonstantinou, "Stone Cleaning by the Inversion of Gypsum back into Calcium Carbonate,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.155-159.

C. Tucker, The Cleaning of the Palace of Westminster,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.113-120.

V. Vergès-Belmin, C. Pichot and G. Orial, "Elimination de Croutes Noire sur Marbre et Craie: A quel Niveau Arrêter le Nettoyage? In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 534-541.

L. Verhoef, "Cleaning or Proper Detailing to Prevent Cleaning?" In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.293-306.

J. Walker, "Mr. Clean (1938 Elgin Marbles Cleaning Scandal)," Connoisseur 215 30 (1985).

R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, Donhead, London (1992). xii + 308pp.

N.R. Weiss, "Cleaning of Building Exteriors," Technology and Conservation 2/76 pp.8-13.

M. Werner, "Research on Cleaning Methods Applied to Historical Stone Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 688-691.

M. Werner and C. Neuwald, "Research on Cleaning Methods Applied to Historical Stone Monuments,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.141-145.

M. Wilimzig, W. Sand and E. Bock, "The Impact of Stone Cleaning on Micro-organisms and Microbially Influenced Corrosion,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.235-238.

M.E. Young, "Stonecleaning of Granite Buildings and Monuments: The Use of Colour Measurement in Stonecleaning Trials,” In Conservation Science in the U.K., James and James, London (1993). pp. 20-28.

M. Young and D. Urquhart, "Abrasive Cleaning of Sandstone Buildings and Monuments: An Experimental Investigation,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.128-140.

M. Zádor, "Experience with Cleaning and Consolidating Stone Façades in Hungary,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.146-154.

Stone: Conservation: Cleaning: Lasers

M.I. Cooper, D.C. Emmony and J.H. Larson, "A Comparative Study of the Laser Cleaning of Limestone,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1307-1316.

M.I. Cooper, D.C. Emmony and J.H. Larson, "Laser Cleaning of Limestone Sculpture,” In Conservation and Science in the U.K. N.H. Tennent, Editor, James and James, London (1993). pp. 29-32.

M.S. D'Urbano, C. Giovannone, P. Governale, A. Pandolfi and U. Santamaria, "La Pulitura laser di Superfici Lapidee: Messa a Punto di una Metodologia Standardizzata pril Controllo degli Effetti,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 955-962.

L. Lazzarini, J.L. Asmus and L. Marscesini, “Lasers for the Cleaning of Statuary: Initial Results and Potentialities,” In First International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, La Rochelle (1972). pp.89-94.

P. Maravelaki, G. Biscontin, E. Zendri, R. Polloni and W. Cecchetti, “Cleaning with Laser Radiation on Istria Stone,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, G.S. Wheeler and I.C. Freestone, Editors, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1992). pp. 955-961.

Stone: Conservation: Consolidation

G.G. Amoroso and V. Fassina, “Stone Decay and Conservation,” In Material Science Monographs 11, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1983).

R.M. Atlas, A.N. Chowdhury and K.L. Gauri, "Microbial Calcification of Gypsum-Rock and Sulfated Marble," Studies in Conservation 33 149-153 (1988).

M. Auras, "Stone Conservation by Impregnation with Polyurethane,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 717-724.

W.P. Bauer, "Zum Stand der Festigung von Stein und verwandten Materialien,” In Aktuelle Restaurier Probleme und Untersuchungsmethoden in der Denkmalpflege, Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna (1973). pp.126-139.

S.N. Black, L.A. Bromley, D. Cottier, J.D. Roger, B. Dobs and J.E. Rout, "Interactions at the Organic/Inorganic Interface: Binding Motifs for Phosphonates at the Surface of Barite Crystals," Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 87 3409-3414 (1991).

S.M. Bradley, “Evaluation of Organo-Silanes for the Use in Consolidation of Sculpture Displayed Indoors,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Volume 2, G. Felix, Editor, Presses Polytechniques Romanades, Lausanne (1985). pp. 759-768.

S.M. Bradley, “An Introduction to the Use of Silanes in Stone Conservation,” Geological Curator 4 427-432 (1987).

K. Brandt, "L'Emploi des Silicones dans le Traitement des Maçonneries," Peintures, Pigments, Vernis 44 No.1 47 (1968).

J. Brus and P. Kotlik, “Cracking of Organosilicone Stone Consolidants in Gel Form,” Studies in Conservation 41 No. 1 55-59 (1996).

J. Brus and P. Kotlik, “Consolidation of Stone by Mixtures of Alkoxysilane and Acrylic Polymer,” Studies in Conservation 41 No. 2 109-119 (1996).

R.N. Butlin, T.J.S. Yates and W. Martin, "Comparison of Traditional and Modern Treatments for Conserving Stone,” In Preprints of the International Colloquium on Methods of Evaluating Products for the Conservation of Porous Building Materials in Monuments, Rome, 19-21 June 1995 ICCROM, Rome (1995).

M.C. Caron, "Applications des résines synthéthiques dans les travaux publics," Annals de l'Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics 235-236 996-1016 (1967).

S.Y. Chang and T.A. Ring, “Map of Gel Times for Three Phase Region Tetraethoxysislane, Ethanol and Water,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 147/148 56-61 (1992).

A.E. Charola, “Brief Introduction to Silanes, Siloxanes, Silicones and Silicate Esters,” In The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Notes from the International Venetian Courses on Stone Restoration, UNESCO, Venice (1988). pp. 313-317.

A.E. Charola, A. Tucci and R.J. Koestler, “On the Reversibility of Treatment with Acrylic/Silicone Resin Mixtures,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 25 83-92 (1986).

A.E. Charola and G.E. Wheeler, “The Influence of Relative Humidity in Polymerization of Methyl Trimethoxy Silane,” In Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London (1984). pp. 177-181.

A.H. Church, "Stone Preserving and Colouring, Cements," British Patent, No.220, 28 January (1862).

T. Chvatal, "Die Festigung von Stein," Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren 7 No.1 40-51 (1974).

J.R. Clifton, “Laboratory Evaluation of Stone Consolidants,” In Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London (1984). pp. 151-155.

R.L. Coffman, N. Agnew and C. Selwitz, "Modification of the Physical Properties of Natural and Artificial Adobe by Chemical Consolidation,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp. 201-207.

C. Danehey, G.S. Wheeler and S-C. H. Su, "The Influence of Quartz and Calcite on the Polymerization of Methyltrimethoxysilane,” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1043-1052.

F. Deveraux, J.P. Boilot and F. Chaput, “Sol-gel Condensation of Rapidly Hydrolysed Silicon Alkoxides: A Joint 29Si NMR and Small-angle X-ray Scattering Study,” Physical Review A 41 No. 12 6901-6909 (1990)

E. De Witte, "Soluble Nylon as Consolidation Agent for Stone," Studies in Conservation 20 No.1 30-34 (1975).

E. De Witte, P. Huget, and P. Van den Broeck, "A Comparative Study of Three Consolidation Methods on Limestones," Studies in Conservation 22 No.4 190-196 (1977).

E. De Witte and M. Mathot, “The Consolidation of Tuff of Maastricht by Free Radical Polymerization of Methacrylate,” RILEM Symposium, Paris 6-15 (1978).

W. Domaslowski, "Consolidation of Stone Objects with Epoxy Resins," Monumentum 4 51-64 (1969).

W. Domaslowski, "L'Affermissement structural des pierres avec des solutions à base de résines époxydes,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.85-101.

A.E. El-Banna, “Comparative Study of the Different Used Materials and Methods in Treatment and Conservation of Stone Monuments and Their Effect on Their Properties,” Master’s Thesis, Cairo University, Faculty of Archaeology, Conservation Department (1990).

V. Fassina, M.L. Tabasso, L. Lazzarini and A.M. Mecchi, “Protective Treatment for the Reliefs of the Arconi de San Marco in Venice: Laboratory Evaluation,” Durability of Building Materials 5 167-181 (1989).

C. Félix and V. Furlan, "Variations Dimensionnelles de Grès et Calcaires liées à leur Consolidation avec un Silicate d'éthyle,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 855-859.

E. Ferroni, V. Malaguzzi-Valeri and G.F. Rovida, "Considerazioni sull'azione dei fluosilicati sul marmo,” In La Conservazione delle Sculture all'Aperto, Edizione Alfa, Bologna (1969). pp.192-197.

J.A. Franklin, "Rock Impregnation Trials Using Monomers, Epoxide and Unsaturated Polyster Resins," Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 39 No.3 1251-1253 (1969).

E. Galan and M.I. Carretero, "Estimation of the Efficacy of Conservation Treatments Applied to a Permotriassic Sandstone,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 947-954.

K.L. Gauri, "Improved Impregnation Technique for the Preservation of Stone Statuary," Nature 228 No.5274 882 (1970).

K.L. Gauri, "Efficiency of Epoxy Resins as Stone Preservatives," Studies in Conservation 19 No.2 100-101 (1974).

K.L. Gauri and A.N. Chowdhury, "Experimental Studies on Conversion of Gypsum to Calcite by Microbes,” In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun (1988). pp 545-550.

K.L. Gauri, G.C. Doderer, N.T. Lipscomb and A.T. Sarma, "Reactivity of Treated and Untreated Marble Specimens in an SO2 Atmosphere," Studies in Conservation 18 No.1 25-35 (1973).

K.L. Gauri, L. Parks, J. Jaynes and R. Atlas, "Removal of Sulfated-Crust from Marble Using Sulfate Reducing Bacteria,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone Donhead, London (1992). pp. 160-165.

C. Hammeker, R.M.E. Alemany and D. Jeannette, "Geometry Modifications of Porous Network in Carbonate Rocks by Ethyl Silicate Treatment,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1053-1062.

S.B. Hanna, The Use of Organo-Silanes for the Treatment of Limestone in an Advanced State of Deterioration,” In Adhesives and Consolidants, International Institute for Conservation, London (1984). pp. 171-176.

E.F. Hansen and N. Agnew, "Consolidation with Moisture Curable Isocyanates: Polyureas and Polyurethanes,” In ICOM Committee for Conservation: 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, 1990 ICOM Committee for Conservation, Los Angeles (1990). pp. 557-562.

B. Isik-Yürüsksoy and O. Güven, “The Preservation of Denizli Limestones by in situ Polymerization,” Studies in Conservation 42 No. 1 55-60 (1997).

P. Kotlik, J. Ingas and J. Zelkinger, “Some Ways of Polymerizing Methyl Methacrylate in Sandstone,” Studies in Conservation 25 1-13 (1980).

R. Kumar and C.A. Price, "The Influence of Salts on the Hydrolysis and Condensation of Methyltrimethoxysilane,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo V.Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 861-865.

M. Laurenzi Tabasso, “Conservation Treatment of Stone,” In The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Notes from the International Venetian Courses on Stone Restoration, UNESCO, Venice (1988). pp.271-290.

S.Z. Lewin, "The Conservation of Limestone Objects and Structures," Progress report No. l, Institute of Fine Arts, New York (l965-66). 13pp. Unpublished.

S.Z. Lewin, "Preservation of Limestone Structures," United States Patent, No.3577244, 4 May (1971).

S.Z. Lewin, "Recent Experience with Chemical Techniques of Stone Preservation,” In The Treatment of Stone, R. Rossi-Manaresi, Editor, Centro per la conservazione delle sculture all'aperto, Bologna (1972). pp.139-144.

S.Z. Lewin, "The Current State of the Art in the Use of Synthetic Materials for Stone Conservation. Inorganic and Metal-Organic Compounds,” In The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Notes from the International Venetian Courses on Stone Restoration, UNESCO, Venice (1988). pp. 290-302.

S.Z. Lewin and N.S. Baer, "Rationale of the Barium Hydroxide-Urea Treatment of Decayed Stone," Studies in Conservation 19 No.1 24-35 (1974).

S.Z. Lewin and G. E. Wheeler, “Alkoxy Silane Chemistry and Stone Conservation,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Volume 2, G. Felix, Editor, Presses Polytechniques Romanades, Lausanne (1985). pp. 831-844.

K. Littman, H.R. Sasse, S. Wagener and H. Hocker, "Development of Polymers for the Consolidation of Natural Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 681-688.

L. Mailer, F. Deveraux, F. Chaput, J.P. Boilot and M.A.V. Axelos, “29Si NMR and Viscosity Study of the Sol-gel Transition and Evolution After Gel Time,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 147/148 686-689 (1992).

L. Marchesini and R. Bonora, “The Use of Silicon Resin in the Conservation and Protection of Stone,” In The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Notes from the International Venetian Courses on Stone Restoration, UNESCO, Venice (1988). pp. 317-328.

R. Mirowski, "A New Method of Impregnation of Stone Historical Objects,” In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun, (1988). pp. 633-640.

A. Moncrieff, "The Treatment of Deteriorating Stone with Silicone Resins: Interim Report," Studies in Conservation 21 No.4 179-191 (1976).

R.A. Munnikendam, "Preliminary Notes on the Consolidation of Porous Building Materials by Impregnation with Monomers," Studies in Conservation 12 No.4 158-162 (1967).

R.A. Munnikendam, "Acrylic Monomer Systems for Stone Impregnation," In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.15-18.

R.A. Munnikendam, "A New System for the Consolidation of Fragile Stone," Studies in Conservation 18 No.2 95-97 (1973).

R.A. Munnikendam and Th.J. Wolschrijm, “Further Remarks on the Impregnation of Porous Materials with Monomer,” In Studies in Conservation 14 133-135 (1969).

T. Nishiura, “Treatment of Stone with Synthetic Resin for its Protection Against Damage by Freeze-Thaw Cycles,” In Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London (1984). pp. 156-159.

T. Nishiura, “Laboratory Evaluation of the Mixture of Silane and Organic Resin as Consolidant of Granulary Decayed Stone,” In ICOM Committee for Conservation Eighth Triennial Meeting, Sydney (1987). pp. 805-807.

F. Piacente, M. Camaiti, C. Manganelli Del Fà and A. Scala, "Fluorinated Aggregating Materials for Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 740-747.

E.J.A. Pope and J.D. MacKenzie, “Sol-Gel Processing of Silica. 2. The Role of Catalyst,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 87 185-198 (1986).

C.A. Price, "The Evaluation of Stone Preservatives,” In Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments National Academy Press, Washington D.C. (1982). pp. 329-340.

C.A. Price, “The Consolidation of Limestone Using a Lime Poultice and Limewater,”in Adhesives and Consolidants, IIC, London (1984). pp. 160-162.

C.A. Price, K.D. Ross and G. White, "A Further Appraisal of the "Lime Technique" for Limestone Consolidation, Using a Radioactive Tracer," Studies in Conservation 33 No. 4 178-186 (1988).

F. Ransome, "Stone Artificial, Stone Colouring, Stone Preserving," British Patent, No.2267, 27 September (1856).

R. Rossi-Manaresi, “Treatment of Sandstone Consoli-dation,” In The Conservation of Stone, Centro per la Conservazione delle Sculture All’aperto, Bologna (1976). pp. 547-571.

R. Rossi-Manaresi, A.E. Charola, A. Tucci, R.J. Koestler and G.E. Wheeler, “Study of Accelerated Weathering of Limestone Treated with an Acrylic-Silicone Mixture,” In ICOM Committee for the Conservation Seventh Triennial Meeting, Copenhagen (1984). pp. 102-104.

E.V. Sayre, "Direct Deposits of Barium Sulfate from Homogeneous Solution Within Porous Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.115-117.

L. Schnabel, "Evaluation of the Barium Hydroxide - Urea Consolidation Method,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon pp. 1063-1072.

C.M. Selwitz, "The Use of Epoxy Resins for Stone Consolidation,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.181-192.

C.M. Selwitz, "Epoxy Resins in Stone Conservation," Research in Conservation 7 Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey (1992).

P. Sinner, "Conservation of Crystalline Marble with the Acrylic-Total-Impregnation Process," In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 700-703.

T. Skoulikidis, "Protective Treatment for Marbles and Stones Based on the Mechanisms of Decay,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1993). pp. 139-154.

T. Skoulikidis, "Decrease of UV Influence on 'Protective Polymers' for Stones and Marbles by n-Semiconductor Pigments,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 903-909.

T.N. Skoulikidis and N. Beloyannis, "Inversion of Marble Sulfation: Reconversion of Gypsum Films into Calcite on the Surfaces of Monuments and Statues," Studies in Conservation 29 197-204 (1984).

G.A. Sleater, A Review of Natural Stone Preservation, NBSIR, Washington, D.C., December (1973). COM-74-10548; 74-444 NTIS, Virginia (1973). 39pp.

P. Tiano, “Stone Reinforcement by Calcite Crystal Precipitation Induced by Organic Matrix Macromolecules,” Studies in Conservation 40 171-176 (1995).

P. Tiano, L. Addadi and S. Weiner, "Stone Reinforcement by Induction of Calcite Crystals Using Organic Matrix Macromolecules: Feasibility Study,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon pp. 1317-1326.

G. Torraca, “Treatment of Stone Monuments a Review of Principles and Processes,” In The Conservation of Stone I, R. Rossi-Manaresi, Editor, Bologna (1976). pp. 297-315.

J. Twilley, "The Relationship of Microstructure to Treatment Variables in the Consolidation of Limestone with Barium Compounds," In Preprints of Papers Presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, Los Angeles (1984), AIC, Washington (1984). pp.79-85.

G. Wheeler, “The Use of GC-MS in the Study of Alkoxysilane Consolidants,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration of Stone, Torun (1989). pp. 607-613.

G. Wheeler, “Comparative Strengthening of Several Consolidants on Wallace Sandstone and Indiana Lime-stone,” In Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Deterioration of Stone, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1033-1042.

G. S. Wheeler, S.A. Fleming and S. Ebersole, "Comparative Strengthening Effect of Several Consolidants on Wallace Sandstone and Indiana Limestone,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon pp. 1033-1041.

G. S. Wheeler, G.L. Shearer, S. Fleming, L.W. Kelts, A. Vega and R.J. Koestler, "Toward a Better Understanding of B72 Acrylic Resin Methyltrimethoxysilane Stone Consolidants,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.209-226.

G.S. Wheeler, E. Wolkow and H. Gafney, "Microstructures of B72 Acrylic Resin/MTMOS Composites,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1992). pp. 963-967.

R. Wihr, "Kieselsäureester und Methylmetacrylat-zwei wichtige Steinkonservierungsmittel," Arbeitsblätter für Resauratoren 1 120-129 (1979).

R. Wihr, Restaurierung von Steindenkmälern, Callwey, Munich (1980). 229pp.

R. Wihr and G. Steenken, "On the Preservation of Monuments and Works of Art with Silicates,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.71-75.

W. Yen and Y. Dauchman, “Thermal Stability and Hardness of New Polyacrylate – SiO Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials,” Material Letters 13 261-266 (1992).

M. Zádor, "Consolidation of Porous Stones by Weather Resistant Agents,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon pp. 1289-1298.

Stone Conservation: Desalination

Anon., Le Dessalement des Matériaux Poreux SFIIC, Paris (1996). 289pp.

M.J. Bowley, "Desalination of Stone: a Case Study,” In Building Research Establishment Current Paper CP46/75 Building Research Establishment, Watford, England (1975).

P. Friese, "Removing of Soluble Salts and Drying of Masonry by Means of Electrochemical Techniques,” In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Torun (1988). pp. 624-632.

P. Friese, "Desalination of Brickwork," In NATO-CCMS Pilot Study "Conservation of Historic Brick Structures," Proceedings if the 5th Expert Meeting, Berlin, 1991 (1992). pp. 186-194.

V. Minder-Heng, A.-J. Berteaud and V. Vergès-Belmin, "Migration de l'eau dans les Roches sous Microondes en vue du Dessalement des Pierres de Taille,” In Studies in Conservation 39 121-131 (1994).

C.A. Price, "Preventive Conservation of Salt-Contaminated Masonry in the Wakefield Tower, HM Tower of London,” Institute of Archaeology Bulletin 30 121-133 (1993).

C.A. Price and P. Brimblecombe, "Preventing Salt Damage in Porous Materials,” In Preventive Conservation: Practice, Theory and Research International Institute for Conservation, London (1994). pp. 90-93.

J. Puehringer and L. Engström, "Unconventional Methods for the Prevention of Salt Damage,” In 5th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Presses Polytechniques Romandes, Lausanne (1985). pp. 241-250.

S. Skibinski, "Salt Removal from Stone Historical Objects by Means of Membrane Electrodialysis,” In 5th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Presses Polytechniques Romandes, Lausanne (1985). pp. 959-965.

Stone: Conservation: Documentation

M.S. Carroll, “The HABS/HAER Database,” NCPTT Notes No. 19 6 (1997).

S. Fitz, "MONUFAKT: The Federal Environmental Agency's Database for the Protection of Historic Monuments and Cultural Heritage,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 830-833.

B. Fitzner and K. Heinrichs, "Damage Diagnosis at Monuments Carved from Bedrocks in Petra, Jordan,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 663-671.

B. Fitzner, K. Heinrichs and R. Kownatzki, "Classification and Mapping of Weathering Forms,” In Seventh Inter-national Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 957-968.

J. Larson, "Current Developments in the Application of Laser Technology to the Treatment and Recording of Artworks," Conservation News 53 13-14 (1994).

S. Massa, S. Naldini and A. Rorro, "A System of Classification of the Decay of Stone Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 859-862.

J. Ordaz and R.M. Esbert, "Glosario de Términos Relacionados con el Deterioro de las Piedras de Construcción," Materiales de Construcci ó n 40 219 (1990).

J.M. Taylor, I.N.M. Wainwright, F.R. Livingstone, M. Rioux and P. Boulanger, "Applications of a Laser Scanner to the Recording and Replication of Museum Objects," In ICOM Committee for Conservation: Eighth Triennial Meeting, Sydney, 1987 Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey (1987). pp. 93-97.

K. Van Balen, "Expert System for Evaluation of Deterioration of Ancient Brick Masonry Structures," European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 7 64-67 (1993).

I.N.M. Wainwright and J.M. Taylor, "NRC's Laser Scanner for Recording and Replication," Canadian Conservation Institute Newsletter 6 6-9 (1990).

D. Woodcock, “Documentation Symposium,” NCPTT Notes No. 19 9 (1997).

F. Zezza, "Computerized Analysis of Stone Decay in Monuments,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, Bari Grafo, Brescia, Italy (1989). pp. 163-184.

F. Zezza, "Stone Decay Diagnosis and Control of Treatments by Computerized Analytical Techniques,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 77-81.

Stone: Conservation: Economic Analysis

P. Brimblecombe (Rapporteur), C.A. Andrew, N.S. Baer, P.A.T.I. Burman, J. Kendrew, E. Mohr, U. Schubert, F. Snickars and A.I. Sors, “Group Report: Heritage and Monuments,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The

Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 389-403.

E. Mohr and J. Schmidt, “Aspects of Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 333-348.

U. Schubert, “The Preservation of Stone Monuments in the Maze of Complex Urban Development Policy,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 315-332.

F. Snickars, “How to Assess and Assert the Value of Cultural Heritage in Planned Negotiations,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 349-370.

Stone: Conservation: Ethics and Policy

P.A.T.I. Burman, “‘Hallowed Antiquity’: Ethical Considerations in the Selection of Conservation Treatments,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 269-290.

ICOMOS, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter). Adopted 1979 Revised, International Council on Monuments and Sites, Paris (1988).

G. Torraca, "The Application of Science and Technology to Conservation Practice,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 221-232.

Stone: Conservation: General References

G.G. Amoroso and V. Fassina, Stone Decay and Conservation: Atmospheric Pollution, Cleaning, Consolidation and Protection, Elsevier, New York (1983). xix + 453pp. Review: C.A. Price, Studies in Conservation 29 No.3 158-159 (1984).

Anon., "The Weathering, Preservation and Maintenance of Natural Stone Masonry," Building Research Station Digest No.20, July (1950). 8pp; No.21, August (1950). 8pp.

J. Ashurst and N. Ashurst, Practical Building Conservation, Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, England (1988). Volume 1: 100pp; Volume 2: 126pp; Volume 3: 85pp; Volume 4: 129pp; Volume 5: 114pp.

J. Ashurst and F.G. Dines, Stone in Building: Its Use and Potential Today Architectural Press, London (1977). 105pp.

J. Ashurst and F.G. Dines, Editors, Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, 2 Vols., Butterworths, London and Boston, MA (1990). Volume I: 193pp; Volume II: 254pp.

A.H. Bouma, Methods for the Study of Sedimentary Structures Wiley Interscience, New York (1969). 458pp.

C.A. Brebbia, Editor, Structural Repair and Maintenance of Historical Buildings Computational Mechanics, Boston (1989). 622pp.

B.L. Clarke and J. Ashurst, Stone Preservation Experiments Building Research Establishment, Watford, England (1972). 5 + 78pp.

E. De Witte and K. Bos, "Conservation of Ferruginous Sandstone Used in Northern Belgium,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1113-1125.

E. Drioli, A. Basile and R. Gagliardi, "Potentialities and Reality for Membrane Technology in the Preservation of Cultural Heritages,” In Proceedings of the EEC China Workshop in Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xian, Shaanxi, 1991 Teti, Naples (1991). pp. 9-18.

B. Feilden, "The Care of Cathedrals and Churches," Royal Society of Arts Journal (London) 123 (1975).

E. Galan, "Control of Physico-Mechanical Parameters for Determining the Effectiveness of Stone Conservation Treatments,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1993). pp. 189-197.

K.L. Gauri, "The Preservation of Stone," Fine Art Preservation and Authentication pp.126-136 (1978).

K.L. Gauri, "The Preservation of Stone," Scientific American 238 No. 6 126-136 (1978).

F. Guidobaldi, M.L. Tabasso and C. Meucci, "Monumenti in Marmo di Epoca Imperiale a Roma: Indagine sui Residui di Trattamenti Superficiali," Bollettino d'Arte 24 121-134 (1984).

K. Hempel, "The Biological Pack,” In International Symposium on Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments: International Symposium, Paris, 5-9 June 1978, sec. 7.6. Rilem, Unesco, Paris (1978).

D.B. Honeyborne, "Surface Treatments,” In Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Volume 1 Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1990). pp. 156-159.

Z. Iskander, "Some Restoration Problems in Egypt and Their Treatment,” In Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials, Volume 3, Plenum, New York (1973). pp.1-8.

J. Kauffmann, "Corrosion et protection des pierres calcaires de monuments," Corrosion-Anticorrosion 8 No.3 87-95 (1960).

A. Kieslinger, "Probleme des Natursteinbaues (IV) - Erfahrungen mit Steingeschutz," Steinmetz und Steinbildhauer 69 76-78 (1953).

R. Kozlowski, M. Tokarz and M. Persson, "'Gypstop' -A Novel Protective Treatment," In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon 1187-1196 (1992).

A. Kratz, "Eine neue Methode der Steinrestaurierung," Museumskunde No.1 32-39 (1963).

L. Lazzarani and M. Laurenzi-Tabasso, Il restauro della Pietra , Cedam Edit. Dott Antonio Milani, Padua (1986).

S.Z. Lewin, "The Preservation of Natural Stone, 1839-1965: An Annotated Bibliography," AATA 6 No.1 158-272 (1966).

S.Z. Lewin, "The Conservation of Limestone Objects and Structures,” In Conferences on the Weathering of Stones, Brussels, International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Paris (1968). pp.41-64.

M. Mamillan, “Connaissance de la Pierre,” Center D'Assistance Technique et de Documentation Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse (1991).

M. Maass, "Nachträgliche Überlegungen zur Restaurierung der Agineten," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 99 165-176 (1981).

J.E. Marsh, Suggestions for the Prevention of Decay of Building Stone, Oxford (1923). 19pp.

NATO, A Report on the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study on Conservation and Restoration of Monuments. No. 158 NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, Brussels (1985).

W.A. Oddy, "The Conservation of Pyritic Stone," Studies in Conservation 22 No.2 68-72 (1977).

C.A. Price, "Stone Decay and Preservation," Chemistry in Britain 11 350-353 (1975).

C.A. Price, Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research Getty Conservation Institute, Santa Monica, CA (1996). 73pp.

J. Riederer, "Stone Preservation in Germany,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.125-134.

J. Riederer, "Bibliographie der deutschsprachigen Literatur zur Verwitterung und Konservierung natürlicher Bausteine," Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege 106-118 (1973).

J. Riederer, "Die Erhaltung von Kunstwerken aus Stein in Deutschland," Maltechnik/Restauro No.1 6-30 (1973).

J. Riederer, "Die Erhaltung Ägyptischer Baudenkmäler," Maltechnik/Restauro No.1 43-52 (1974).

J. Riederer, "Further Progress in German Stone Conservation,” In The Conservation of Stone I, R. Rossi-Manaresi, Editor, Centro per la conservazione delle sculture all'aperto, Bologna (1975). pp.369-374.

R. Rossi-Manaresi and E. Torraca, Editors, The Treatment of Stone, Centro per la Conservation delle Sculture all'Aperto, Bologna (1972). 292pp.

J. Rosvall and S. Aleby, Editors, Air Pollution and Conservation: Safeguarding our Architectural Heritage Elsivier, New York (1988). 420pp.

J. Rosvall and B. Lagerqvist, "A Standardized Monitoring System in Cultural Conservation: A Tentative Model,” In Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stones and Wall Covering Il Cardo, Venice (1992). pp. 69-76.

K. Schmidt-Thomsen,"Steinzerstörung und Konservierung in Westfalen-Lippe,” International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations (IUAPPA), 3rd International Clean Air Congress, Dusseldorf, (1973). pp.A93-A97.

T. Skoulikidis and E. Kritikou, "Protective Coatings for Marbles and Stones Using Polymers Pigmented with doped n-Semiconductors," In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1137-1145.

T. Stambolov, "Conservation of Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.119-123.

C.R. Steen, "Some Recent Experiments in Stabilizing Adobe and Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, IIC, London (1970). pp.59-64.

K.E.P. Van Balen, “Monitoring of Degradation: Selection of Treatment Strategies,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 167-180.

S. Vedovello, "La legge speciale per Roma: attività di manutenzione e restauro dei monumenti marmorei," Bollettino d'Arte 71 179-190 (1986).

Vermont Marble Company, Marble Color Selector and Use Guide, Vermont Marble Company, Proctor, VT (1971). 83pp.

E. Wendler, “New Materials and Approaches for the Conservation of Stone,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 181-196.

R. Wihr, Restaurierung von Steindenkmälern, Callwey, Munich (1980). 229pp.

E.M. Winkler, "Stone Decay in Urban Atmospheres," Engineering Geology Case Histories 11 53-58 (April, 1977).

E.M. Winkler, Stone: Properties, Durability in Man's Environment, Springer Verlag, New York (1973). xiii + 230pp.

E. Worch, "Gedanken eines Praktikers zur Steinkonservierung," Maltechnik/Restauro 83 No.4 253-255 (1977).

See Also: Stone: Conference Proceedings

Stone: Conservation: Water Repellants

M. Aglietto, E. Passaglia, E. Taburoni, F. Ciardelli, C. Botteghi, U. Matteoli, S. Paganelli, R. Arbizzani and V. Fassina, "A New Class of Fluorinated Acrylic Polymers: Protective Materials for Stone,” In ICOM Committee for Conservation: 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, D.C. ICOM Committee for Conservation, Paris (1993). pp. 553-558.

G.G. Amoroso and V. Furlan, "Utilisation de résines acryliques pour la protection superficielle de grès tendres," Studies in Conservation 20 No.1 2-7 (1975).

G. Biscontin, P. Maravelaki, E. Zendri, A. Glisenti and E. Tondello, "Investigation into the Interaction Between Aqueous and Organic Solvent Protection and Building Materials,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 689-696.

G. Biscontin, P. Maravelaki, E. Zendri and A. Glisenti, "Siliconic and Acrylic Resins Dispersed in Water as Protectives for Stone Surface,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1992). pp.935-941.

K. Brandt, "L'emploi des silicones dans le traitement des maçonneries," Peintures, Pigments, Vernis 44 No.1 47 (1968).

M. Chiavarini, V. Guidetti, G. Bortolaso and U. Zezza, "Indagine sugli Effetti Protettivi di Poliuretani Fluorurati Applicati su Pietra di Lecce,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 897-902.

J. Ciabach and J.W. Lukaszewicz, "Silicone Emulsion Concentrate VP1311 as a Water Repellant for Natural Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E& F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 697-704.

L. Cimitàn, P.P. Rossi and G. Torraca, "Accelerated Sulphation of Calcareous Materials in a Climatic Chamber: Effect of Protective Coatings and Inhibitors,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 233-241.

V. Fassina, R. Arbissani, C. Botteghi, U. Matteoli, E. Passaglia and M. Aglietto, "Behaviour of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-methacrylate Polymers as Stone Protective Materials,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 911-923.

V. Guidetti, M. Chiavarini and P. Parrini, "Polyfluoroethanes as Stone Protectives," In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1279-1288.

F.M.A. Henriques, "Water Repellants for Masonry Surfaces: A Comparative Analysis of Performance Tests,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 631-640.

J. Hosek and J. Sramek, "Arkoses and their Highly Hydrophobic Treatment,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 1197-1204.

R.C. Mack, "The Cleaning and Waterproof Coating of Masonry Buildings," Preservation Briefs No.1, November (1975). 4pp.

J.H. Petropoulos and M. Sanopoulou, "Permeability and Barrier Properties of Polymer Films and Coatings,” In Proceedings of the EEC China Workshop in Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xian, Shaanxi, 1991 Teti, Naples (1991). pp. 26-53.

F. Piacente, M. Camaiti, T. Brocchi and A. Scala, "New Developments in Perfluorated Protective Agents for Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 733-739.

A. Pien, "Surface Water Repellants: Unification of Tests Methods,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 646-648.

T. Ritchie, "Silicone Water-Repellents for Masonry," Canadian Building Digest, National Research Council of Canada, No.162 (1974). 4pp.

M. Roth, "Hydrophobierbarkeit von Natursteinen,” In Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (1983). pp.329-334.

H.R. Sasse and D. Honsinger, "A New Chemical and Engineering Approach for Development and Optimization of Stone Protecting Materials,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 649-652.

H. R. Sasse, D. Honsinger and B. Schwamborn, "'PINS:' New Technology in Porous Stone Conservation,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 705-716.

J.W.M. Schoonbrood, "Low Pressure Application Technique for Stone Preservatives,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 512-518.

R. Snethlage, "Die Wasserdampf-Sorptionseigenschaften von Sandsteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Conservierung," Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (1983). pp.297-303.

R. Snethlage and E. Wendler, "Surfactants and Adherent Silicon Resins - New Protective Agents for Natural Stone,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.193-200.

J. Sramek, "Effects of Hydrophobization on Stone,” In Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stones and Wall Covering Il Cardo, Venice (1993). pp. 169-174.

R. Villegas and J.F. Vale, "Evaluation of the Behaviour of Water Repellent Treatments for Stone,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon 1253-1262 (1992).

Stone: Deterioration Mechanisms

G. Åborg, D.E, Stijfhoorn, A. Råheim and R. Lofvendahl, "Laser Determination of Weathering Depth and Provenance by Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 144-151.

L. Aires-Barros and L. Alves, Geochemistry and Origin of ‘Black Crusts’ of Portals of Jeronimos. The Engineering Ecology of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites, Balkemo, Rotterdam (1988). 793pp.

L. Aires-Barros and A. Moraz-Miranda, “Weathering and Weatherability of Rocks and its Significance in Geotechnics,” In Weathering: Its Products and Deposits Volume II, Theophrastus Publications, S.A. Zographou, Athens, Greece (1989). pp. 604-645.

F. J. Alonso, R.M. Esbert, J. Alonso and J. Ordaz, "Saline Spray Action on a Treated Dolomitic Stone," In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Saprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 860-870.

A. Arnold, “Behaviour of Some Soluble Salts in Stone Monuments,” In Second International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones Athens (1976). pp. 27-36.

A. Arnold and A. Kueng, "Crystallization and Habits of Salt I: Methods of Investigations and Habits,” In Vth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lausanne (1985). pp. 255-268.

C. Atzeni, M.G. Cabiddu, L. Massidda and U. Sanna, "Considerazioni sul Meccanismo Elettrochimico della Solfatazione delle Superfici Carbonatiche,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 89-92.

P. Bacci, M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “Black Crusts as Air Pollution Indicators,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 462-464.

P.A. Baedecker, M.M. Reddy, K.J. Reimann and C.A. Sciammarella, "Effects of Acidic Deposition on the Erosion of Carbonate Stone-Experimental Results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)," Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 147-158 (1992).

N.S. Baer and S.Z. Lewin, "The Replacement of Calcite by Fluorite: A Kinetic Study," American Mineralogist 55 No.3/4 466-476 (1970).

M.L. Bailey and P. Dowding, “Distant and Local Pollution Effects on Rain Chemistry and Leaf Yeasts,” a Study Carried Out for the European Community under the R & D Programme in the Field of the Environment, Contract No. ENV 688 EIR(H) (1987).

M.A. Bello, L. Martin and A.J. Martin, "Scanning Electron Microscopy to Establish the Marble Alteration Mechanism in the Alhambra of Granada (Spain)," Scanning Microscopy 5 No. 3 645-652 (1991).

M.A. Bello, L. Martin and A.J. Martin, "Decay and Treatment of Macael White Marble," Studies in Conservation 37 No. 3 193-200 (1992).

M. Benarie, "The Establishment and Use of Damage Functions,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 214-220.

BERG (Building Effects Review Group), The Effects of Acid Deposition on Buildings and Building Materials in the United Kingdom, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1989). xiv + 106pp + 4 plates.

A. Bernardi, “Meccanismi de Formazione delle Croste sui Monumenti,” Rassegna dei Beni Culturali 5 No. 2, 38-42 (1989).

A. Bernardi, D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, “Microclimate and Weathering of an Historical Building: the Ducal Palace in Urbino,” Science of the Total Environment 46 243-260 (1985).

R.N. Butlin, "A Study of Limestone Decay. Progress Report on Contract EnV-869-UK, To the European Commission for the period January-June l985." Easton, England (1985). 4pp.

D. Camuffo, “The Influence of Run-Off in Weathering of Monuments,” Atmoshperic Environment 18 2273-2275 (1984).

D. Camuffo, “Deterioration Processes of Historical Buildings,” In Acidification and its Policy Implications, T. Schneider, Editor, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1986). pp. 189-221.

D. Camuffo, “The Aurelian Column in Rome – An Atlas of Stone Deterioration,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 3, No. 2 5-8 (1989).

D. Camuffo, “Weathering Ordinary Maintenance and Conservation of Stone Monuments,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 4 No. 2 3-10 (1990).

D. Camuffo, "Pores, Capillaries and Moisture Movement in the Stone,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1993). pp. 27-42.

D. Camuffo, “Perspectives on Risks to Architectural Heritage,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 63-92.

D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Origin and Growth Mechanisms of the Sulfated Crusts on Urban Limestone," Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 19 351-359 (1983).

D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and O. Vittori, "Wetting, Deterioration and Visual Features of Stone Surfaces in an Urban Area," Atmospheric Environment 16 No.9 2253-2259 (1982).

D. Camuffo, C. Sabbioni, S. Vicenzi, A. Bernardi & M. Del Monte, “I Meccanismi di Degrado dei Monumenti,” Ambiente Risore e Salute 43 6-38 (1985).

J.H. Cann, "A Field Investigation into Rock Weathering and Soil Forming Processes," Journal of Geological Education 22 226-230 (l974).

R.J. Cheng, J.R. Hwu, J.T. Kim and S.M. Leu, “Deterior-ation of Marble Structures,” Analytical Chemistry 59 104-106 (1987).

Commissione NORMAL, Alterazioni Macroscopiche dei Materiali Lapidei: Lessico. Doc. 1/88 CNR/Istituto Centrale per il Restauro, Rome (1988).

R.V. Cooke and I.J. Smalley, “Salt Weathering in Deserts,” Nature 220 1226-1227 (1968).

C.W. Correns, "Growth and Dissolution of Crystals Under Linear Pressure,” In Discussions of the Faraday Society 5 Butterworths, London (1949). pp. 267-271.

J. Delgado Rodrigues, "Causes, Mechanisms and Measurement of Damage in Stone Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd., Oxford (1991). pp. 124-137.

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Authigenic Dolomite on Marble Surface," Nature 288 350-351 (November 27, l980).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Gypsum Crusts and Fly Ash Particles on Carbonatic Outcrops,” Archives for Meteorology Geophysics and Bioclimatology B 35 105-111 (1984).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "A Study of the Patina Called 'Scialbatura' on Imperial Roman Marbles," Studies in Conservation 32 No. 3 114-121 (1987).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Glassy Sperical Particles on Stone,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 1, No. 4 4-7 (1987).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Superficial Patinas on Ancient Monuments,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 2, No. 4 11-13 (1988).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and O. Vittori, "Urban Stone Sulphation and Oil-fired Carbonaceous Particles," Science of the Total Environment 36 369-376 (l984).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “The Origin of Calcium Oxalates on Historical Buildings, Mounments and Natural Outcrops,” Science of the Total Environment 67 17-39 (1987).

Ph. Delopoulou, Ph. Kirkitsos, V. Labropoulos and D. Sikiotis, “Nitric Acid and Nirates in the Atmosphere of Athens and their Effects on Pentelic Marble," In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 422-425.

E. Doehne, “In Situ Dynamics of Sodium Sulfate Hydration and Dehydration in Stone Pores: Observation at High Magnification Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope,” In III International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Venice (1994). pp. 143-150.

P. Dowding and P. O’Brien, “Comparison of the Rates of Loss/Gain of Ions from/to Microcatchments during September-November 1989,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL November (1991).

P. Dowding and P. O’Brien, “Time Series Analysis of Stone Runoff,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL November (1991).

A. Duffy, “The Effect of Air Pollution on the Structure of 18th Century Classical Buildings,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL November (1991).

A. Duffy, “Modelling the Stone Decay Process - A Proposed Approach,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL November (1991).

W.H. Dukes, "Conservation of Stone: Causes of Decay," The Architect's Journal l5C No.34 429-432 (August 23, l972).

R.M. Esbert, M. Monsoto, L.M. Suarez del Rio, V.G. Ruiz de Argandoña and C.M. Grossi, “Mechanical Stresses Generated by Crystallization of Salts Inside Treated and Non-Treated Monumental Stones; Monitoring and Interpretation by Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activity,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Materials Research Society (1991). pp. 285-297.

D.H. Everett, "The Thermodynamics of Frost Damage to Porous Solids," Transactions of the Faraday Society 57 1541-1551 (1961).

V. Fassina, L. Lazzarini and G. Biscontin, “Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on the Composition of Black Crust Deposited on Ventian Marbles and Stones,” In 2e Colloque sur la Détérioration des Pierres en Oeuvre, Athens (1976). pp. 201-210.

C. Felix, "Sandstone Linear Swelling Due to Isothermal Water Sorption,” In Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (l983). pp.305-3l0.

B. Fitzner and R. Snethlage, “Über Zusammenhänge zwichen Slazkristallization und Porenradienverteilung,” GP Newslettter 3 13-24 (1982).

M. Franzini and C. Gratziu, "Patine sulle superfici marmoree dall'antichità al XIX secolo: proprietà e caratteristiche delle patine ad ossalato di calcio," Bollettino d'Arte 71 17-20 (1986).

P. Friese, "Removing of Soluble Salts and Drying of Masonry by Means of Electrochemical Techniques," In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone ,Torun (1988). pp. 624-632.

V. Furlan and R. Pancella, "Effects of Water on the Properties of a Calcereous Sandstone Consolidated with Synthetic Resins,” In Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (l983). 6pp.

K. Gauri, "Weathering of Dolomite in Industrial Environments," Environmental Geology and Water Science 19 55-63 (1992).

C.M. Grossi, R.M. Esbert, L.M. Suárez del Rio, M. Montoto and M. Laurenzi-Tabasso, "Acoustic Emission Monitoring to Study Sodium Sulphate Crystallizaion in Monumental Porous Carbonate Stones," Studies in Conservation 42 No. 2 115-125 (1997).

S.J. Haneef, C. Dickinson, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Effects of Air Pollution on Historic Buildings and Monuments and the Scientific Basis for Conservation: Environmental Test Box Studies,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 2 13-21 (1988).

S.J. Haneef, C. Dickenson, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Degradation of Coupled Stones by Artificial Acid Rain Solution,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 469-473.

S.J. Haneef, C. Dickenson, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Effects of Dry Deposition of Polllutants on Stone Degradation,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991).

F. Hawes, Weathering as a Controllable Phenomenon,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.283-292.

F.H. Haynie, "Deterioration of Marble," Durability of Building Materials l No. 3 241-254 (January, l983).

F.M. Helmi, “Deterioration of Stone Granite in Egypt,” In Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Volume 2, G. Felix, Editor, Presses Polytechniques Romanades, Lausanne (1985). pp. 421-430.

E. Hoke, "Investigations of Weathering Crusts on Salzburg Stone Monuments," Studies in Conservation 23 No. 3 118-126 (l978).

D.B. Honeyborne, "Weathering and Decay of Masonry,” In Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Volume 1J. Ashurst and F.G. Dimes, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1990). pp. 153-178.

D.B. Honeyborne and P.B. Harris, "The Structure of Porous Building Stone and its Relation to Weathering Behaviour," In Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London (1958). pp. 343-359.

C.B. Horsley, "The Urban Rock Fall: A Peril of Spring," The New York Times, April 23, Section 8 (1978). pp.1-4.

S.M. Jaynes and R.U. Cooke, "Stone Weathering in Southeast England," Atmospheric Environment 21 No. 7 1601-1622 (1987).

J.B. Johnson, S.J. Haneef, C. Dickenson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Laboratory Exposure Chamber Studies: Pollutant and Acid Rain Preservation Rates and Stone Degradation,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 474-477.

N.A. Katsanos, P. Agathanos and A. Niotis, “Mass Transfer Phenomena Studied by Reversed-flow Gas Chromatography. Part 2: Mass Transfer and Partition Coefficients Across Gas-solid Boundries,” Journal of Physical Chemistry 92 1645 (1988).

N.A. Katsanos and J. Kapolos, “Diffusion Coeficients of Gases in Liquids and Partition Coefficients in Gas-liquid Interphases by Reversed-flow Gas Chromotography,” Analytical Chemistry 61 2231 (1989).

N.A. Katsanos and G. Karaiskakis, “Kinetic Study of Reactivity of Marble with Sulphur Dioxide by Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography 395 423-436 (1987).

N.A. Katsanos and G. Karaiskakis, “Adsorption, Reaction and Desorption Rate Constants, Measured Simultaneously by Gas Chromotography,” Pure and Applied Chemistry 61 2057 (1989).

R. Kozlowshi, J. Magiera, J. Weber and J. Haber, “Decay and Conservation of Pinczow Porous Limestone. I. Lithology and Weathering,” Studies in Conservation 35 No. 4 205-221 (1990).

L. Lazzarini and O. Salvadori, "A Reasssessment of the Formation of the Patina Called Scialbatura," Studies in Conservation 33 No. 3 119-153 (1988).

L. Lazzarini and O. Salvadori, "A Reasssessment of the Formation of the Patina Called Scialbatura," Studies in Conservation 34 No. 1 20-26 (1989).

S.Z. Lewin, "The Mechanism of Masonry Decay Through Crystallization,” In Conservation of Historic Stone Buildings and Monuments National Academy Press, Washington D.C. (1982). pp. 120-144.

S.Z. Lewin, "The Susceptibility of Calcareous Stone to Salt Decay,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, Bari Grafo, Brescia, Italy (1990). pp. 59-63.

S.Z. Lewin, "Influence of Evaporite Minerals on Gypsum Crusts and Alveolar Weathering,” In La conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 101-107.

L. A. Leysen, E.J. Roekens, R. Van Grieken and G. de Geyter, “Characterization of the Weathering Crust of Various Historical Buildings in Belgium,” Science of the Total Environment 90 117-147 (1990).

R.A. Livingston, “Influence of Evaporite Minerals on Gypsum Crusts and Alveolar Weathering,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo V. Fassina, H. Ott and F. Zezza, Editors, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistice e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 101-107.

R.A. Livingston and N.S. Baer, "Stone Damage Rates Measured at Historic Buildings and Monuments." Paper No. 84-83.2. In: Preprints of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association (1984), APCA, Pittsburgh, PA (1984). 21pp.

S. Luckat, "Steinzerfall und Steinkonservierung: Chemie Gegen Chemie," Chemie in Unserer Zeit 16 No.3 , 89-93 (1982).

P.P. Malesani and S.A. Vannucci, "Decay of Pietra Serena and Pietraforte, Florentine Building Stones: Petrographic Observations," Studies in Conservation 19 No.1 36-50 (1974).

M. Mamillan, "Methods for Assessing the Deterioration of Stone Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 90-99.

R.R. Manaresi, "Pietre porose: alterazione e conservazione," Bolletinno d'Arte 72 133-144 (1987).

M. Matteini, A. Moles and S. Giovannoni, "Calcium Oxalate as a Protective Mineral System for Wall Paintings: Methodology and Analyses,” In La conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 155-162.

E.S. McGee, "Gypsum Accumulation on Carbonate Stone," Atmospheric Environment 26 Part B 249-253 (1992).

E.S. McGee and V.G. Mosotti, "Gypsum Accumulation on Carbonate Stone," Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 249-254 (1992).

D.J. McMahon, P. Sandberg, K. Folliard and P.K. Mehta, "Deterioration Mechanisms of Sodium Sulfate,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon 705-714 (1992).

C.G. Miller and L.A. Berry, "Raindrops that Damage Stone and Steel," In Acid Rain - Getting Your Feet Wet: A Sourcebook for Young People, (1985). pp.64-75.

C.A. Price, "Causes and Mechanisms of Deterioration in Porous Materials,” In Proceedings of the EEC China Workshop in Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Xian, Shaanxi, 1991 Teti, Naples (1991). pp. 172-182.

J. Pühringer, Salt Disintegration. Salt Migration and Degradation by Salt – A Hypothesis, Swedish Council for Building Research, Spangbergs Tryckerier AB, Stockholm (1983). 159pp.

J. Pühringer, "Salzwanderung und Verwitterung durch Salze,” In Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (1983). pp.36l-366.

M. Rautureau, G. Pierre and P. Bendimerad, "Incidence des joints Stylotiques sur le développement de l'altération des Pierres Calcaires." In La conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 65-68.

M.M. Reddy, S. Sherwood and B. Doe, "Limestone and Marble Dissolution by Acid Rain,” In Research and Design 85: Architectural Applications of Design and Technology Research, Proceeding of AIA (March, 1985). pp.383-388.

M. Ridley, "Acid Rain: The Risk to our Stone Buildings," Estates Gazette 274 1320-1322 (1985).

E. Roekens, Z. Komy, L. Leysen, P. Veny and R. Van Grieken, “Chemistry of Precipitation Near a Limestone Building,” Water Air Soil Pollution 38 273-282 (1988).

R. Rossi-Maranesi and A. Tucci, "Pore Structure and the Disruptive or Cementing Effect of Salt Crystallization in Various Types of Stone," Studies in Conservation 36 53-58 (1991).

C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, "Weathering of Sandstone Monuments in Urban Areas," European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 5 No. 4 10-16 (1991).

C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, "Oxalate Patinas on Ancient Monuments: The Biological Hypothesis," Aerobiology 7 No. 1 31-37 (1992).

R.J. Schaffer, The Weathering of Natural Building Stones, Special Report, No.18 Reprint, Building Research Establishment, Watford, England (1972). x + 194pp.

N. Schiavon, "Decay Mechanisms of Oolitic Limestones in an Urban Environment: King's College Chapel, Cambridge and St. Luke's Church, London,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.258-267.

K.V. Schmidt-Thomsen, "Zum Problem der Steinzerstörung und Konservierung," Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege (1969). pp.11-23.

R.J. Shaffer, “Causes of Deterioration on Building Materials. I – Chemical and Physical Causes,” Chemistry and Industry 23 1584-1586 (1967).

B.J. Smith and J.P. McGreevy, “Contour Scaling of a Sandstone by Salts Weathering Under Simulated Hot Desert Conditions,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 13 697-705 (1988).

B. Smith, B. Whalley and R. Magee, "Assessment of Building Stone Decay: A Geomorphological Approach,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.249-258.

R. Snethlage and E. Wendler, “Moisture Cycles and Sandstone Degradation,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 7-24.

C.H.B. Sperling and R.U. Cook, “Salt Weathering in Arid Environments I. Theoretical Considerations,” Papers in Geography 8 (1980).

C.H.B. Sperling and R.U. Cook, “Salt Weathering in Arid Environments II. Laboratory Studies,” Papers in Geography 9 (1980).

C.H.B. Sperling and R.U. Cook, “Laboratory Simulation of Rock Weathering by Salt Crystallization and Hydration Processes,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 10 541-555 (1985).

H. Sweevers and R. Van Grieken, "Analytical Study of the Deterioration of Sandstone, Marble and Granite," Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 159-164 (1992).

G. Thomson and R. White, "The pH of Rain and the Destruction of Alkaline Stone," Studies in Conservation 19 No.3 190-191 (1974).

R.C. Thunell, R.S. Keir and S. Honjo, "Calcite Dissolution: An in situ Study in the Panama Basin," Science 212 659-661 (1981).

S.T. Trudgill, H.A. Viles, R.J. Inkpen and R.U. Cooke, "Remeasurement of Weathering Rates at St. Paul's Cathedral, London," Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14 175-196 (1989).

F. Vandiver, P. Bradow, O. Vittori, D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, “Wetting, Deterioration and Visual Features of Stone Surfaces in an Urban Area: A Discussuion,” Atmospheric Environment 18, No. 2 481-484 (1984).

H. Viles (Rapporteur), D. Camuffo, S. Fitz, B. Fitzner, O. Lindqvist, R.A. Livingston, P.-N.V. Maravellaki, C. Sabbioni and T. Warsheid, “Group Report: What is the State of Our Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Deterioration and How Good are Our Estimates of Rates of Deterioration?” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 95-112.

G.J. Vleugels, E.J. Roekens and R.E. Van Grieken, “Microattachment Study of the Weathering of Balegem and Massengis Limestones,” In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Torun (1988). pp. 56-65.

G.J. Vleugels, E.J. Roekens and R.E. Van Grieken, “Study of the Weathering and Treated Limestones in Ambient Atmospheric Conditions,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 696-699.

H. Weber, "Ursachen und Behandlung der Steinwitterung," Maltechnik/Restauro 83 No.2 73-89 (1977).

E. Wendler, D.D. Klemm and R. Snethlage, "Contour Scaling on Building Façades: Dependence on Stone Type and Environmental Conditions,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.265-272.

E.M. Winkler, “Decay of Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, Volume I: Stone, IIC, London (1970). pp. 1-14.

E.M. Winkler, "Stone Weathering: A Literature Review," Engineering Geology Case Histories 11 59-61 (April, 1977). (Geological Society of America). E.M. Winkler and P.C. Singer, "Crystallization Pressure of Salts in Stone and Concrete," Geological Society of America Bulletin 83 3509-3514 (1972).

E.M. Winkler and E.J. Wilhelm, "Salt Burst by Hydration Pressures in Architectural Stone in an Urban Atmosphere," Geological Society of America Bulletin 81 567-572 (1970).

G. Zappia, C. Sabbioni and G. Gobbi, "Damage to Stone Surfaces in Urban Environment," Material Engineering 2 255-262 (1991).

G. Zappia, C. Sabbioni and G. Gobbi, “Weathering Layers on Stone Monuments in Maritime Localities of Northern and Central Italy,” In Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Bari, 1989, The Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, F. Zezza, Editor, Grafo, Brescia, Italy (1990). pp. 79-82.

K. Zehnder, "New Aspects of Decay Caued by Crystallization of Gypsum,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 107-114.

K. Zehnder and A. Arnold, "Crystal Growth in Salt Efflorescence," Journal of Crystal Growth 97 513-521 (1989).

F. Zezza, “The Cathedral of Bari,” In Marine Spray and Polluted Atmosphere as Factors of Damage to Monuments in the Mediterranean Coastal Environment (1 st Report) , EU R&D Programme in the Field of Environment, Contract Numer EV5V-CT92-0102 (1993). pp. 25-30.

F. Zezza and F. Macri, “Marine Aerosol and Stone Decay,” Science of the Total Environment 167 123-143 (1995).

See Also: Stone: Case Studies

Stone: Deterioration Mechanisms: Air Pollution Damage

P. Ausset, R. Lefevre, J. Phillipon and C. Venet, "Large Scale Distribution of Fly-Ash Particles Inside Weathering Crusts on Calcium Carbonate Substrates: Some Examples on French Monuments,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Muséum d'Histoire Narurelle et Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 121-139.

P. Bacci, C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “Atmospheric Aerosol and Damage of Monuments and Historical Buildings,” In Aerosols: Science, Industry, Health and Environment, S. Masuda and K. Takahashi, Editors, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1990). pp. 997-1000.

A. Bernardi, “Comments on the Symposium ‘Air Pollution and Conservation, Safegaurding our Architectural Heritage’ Rome, 15-17 October 1986,” European Heritage Newsletter on Research 2 16 (1987).

A. Bernardi, “Meccanismi di Formazione della Croste Bianche, Nere e Grige Sui Monumenti,” Beni Culturali 4 No. 2 11-12 (1990).

A. Bernardi, D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni, S. Vincenzi and G. Zappia, “Weathering of Bronze and Stone Monuments as a Result of Both Atmospheric Pollution and Precipitation,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 1 No. 3 10-11 (1987).

G. Biscontin, V. Fassina, P. Maravelaki and E. Zendri, "Venice: Stone Material Behaviour in Connection with the Environment,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.253-264.

R.H. Borgwardt and R.D. Harvey, "Properties of Carbonate Rocks Related to SO2 Reactivity," Environmental Science and Technology 6 No.4 350-360 (April l972).

R.C. Braun and M.J.G. Wilson, "The Removal of Atmospheric Sulphur by Building Stones," Atmospheric Environment 4 371-378 (l970).

P. Brimblecombe, "History of Air Pollution and Deterioration of Heritage,” In Weathering and Air Pollution Comunità delle Università Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Bari, Italy (1991). pp. 23-32.

R.N. Butlin, "Effects of Air Pollution on Buildings and Materials," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B 255-272 (1991).

R.N. Butlin, A.. Coote, M. Devenish, I.F.C. Hughes, C.M. Hutchens, J.G. Irwin, G.O. Lloyd, S.W. Massey, A.H. Webb and T.J.S. Yates, "A Four-Year Study of Stone Decay in Different Pollution Climates in the United Kingdom,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 345-353.

R.N. Butlin, A.. Coote, M. Devenish, I.F.C. Hughes, C.M. Hutchens, J.G. Irwin, G.O. Lloyd, S.W. Massey, A.H. Webb and T.J.S. Yates, "Preliminary Results from the Analysis of Stone Tablets from the National Materials Exposure Programme (NMEP)" Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 189-198 (1992).

D. Camuffo, “Stone Decay and Air Pollution,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 3 No. 2 12-16 (1989).

D. Camuffo, “Aspetti Microfisci della Precipitazione Acide in Relazione al Degrado dei Monumenti,” In Despsizioni Acide: i Precursori, le Interazioni con L’Ambiente e i Materiali, L. Morselli, Editor, Maggioli, Rimini (1991). pp. 339-350.

D. Camuffo, M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, “Influenza delle Precipitazione e della Condensazione sul Degrado Superficiale dei Monumenti in Marmo e Caclcare,” Bollettino d’Arte 41, Series: Materiali Lapidei, 15-36 (1987).

D. Camuffo and A. Sors, “The Impact of Atmospheric Contamination on Ancient Buildings,” In Urban Environment – The Future of the Ancient City, Commission of the European Communtities, Editors, Genoa (1990). pp. 106-114.

T.P. Cooper, P.F. O'Brien and D.W. Jeffrey, "Rates of Deterioration of Portland Limestone in an Urban Environment," Studies in Conservation 37 No. 4 228-238 (1992).

M. Del Monte, "Stone Monument Decay and Air Pollution,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1991). pp. 101-110.

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Weddellite on Limestone in the Venice Environment," Environmental Science and Technology l7 No. 9 518-522 (l983).

M. Del Monte and C. Sabbioni, "Stone Decay and Air Pollution,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 2, No. 2 12-16 (1989).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni, A. Ventura and G. Zappia, “Crystal Growth from Carbonaceous Particles,” Science of the Total Environment 36 247-254 (1984).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and G. Zappia, “Calcite Deposition from Carbonaceous Particles Scavenged by Snow,” Science of the Total Environment 50 147-163 (1986).

M. Del Monte, C. Sabbioni and O. Vittori, "Airborne Carbon Particles and Marble Deterioration," Atmospheric Environment l5 No.5 645-652 (l98l).

P. Delopoulou, "Comparison of the Corrosive Action on Pentelic Marble of Nitrates and Sulfates with the Action of Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide," Atmospheric Environment 26 Part B 183-188 (1990).

Ph. Delopoulou and D. Sikiotis, "A Comparison of the Corrosive Action on Pentelic Marble of Nitrates and Sulphates with the Action of Nitrogen Oxides and Sulphur Dioxide," Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 183-188 (1992).

F. De Santis, D. Pasella and I. Allegrini, "A Diffusion Technique for the Evaluation of Surface Reactivity: Application to the Study of SO2 Deposition on Marble,” In La conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 213-216.

C. Dickenson, S. Haneef, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “The Effects of Air Pollution on Historic Buildings and Monuments and the Scientific Basis for Conservation,” In EC Contract EV4V.0053.UK(H), Progress Report (1988).

V. Fassina, “Stone Decay in Venetian Monuments in Relation to Air Pollution,” In Enginnering Geology of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites, P.G. Marinos and G.C. Koulkis, Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam (1988). pp. 787-796.

V. Fassina, "Atmospheric Pollutants Responsible for Stone Decay: Wet and Dry Surface Deposition of Air Pollutants on Stone and the Formation of Black Scabs,” In Weathering and Air Pollution Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Bari (1991). pp. 67-86.

V. Fassina, L. Lazzarini, and G. Biscontin, "Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on the Composition of Black Crusts Deposited on Venetial Marbles and Stones,” In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, Athens (1976). pp. 201-211.

V. Furlan, "Mesure du dépôt de Soufre "sec" et Rèactivité Intrinseque despierres,” In Weathering and Air Pollution Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Bari, Italy (1991). pp. 131-138.

K.L. Gauri, A.N. Chowdhury, N.P. Kulshreshtha and A.R. Punuru, "The Sulfation of Marble and the Treatment of Gypsum Crusts," Studies in Conservation 31 201-206 (1989).

K.L. Gauri and J.A. Gwinn, "Deterioration of Marble in Air Containing 5-10 ppm SO2 and NO2," Durability of Building Materials 1 217-223 (1982/1983).

K.L. Gauri and G.C. Holdren, Jr., "Pollutant Effects on Stone Monuments," Environmental Science and Technology 15 No.4 385-391 (l981).

K.L. Gauri, N.P. Kulshreshtha, A.R. Punuru and A.N. Chowdhury, "Rate of Decay of Marble in Laboratory and Outdoor Exposure," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 1 73-85 (1989).

F. Girardet and V. Furlan, The Ratio Between the Dry Deposition of Sulfur by Aerosol and by Gas on Vertical Surfaces,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 350-353.

S.J. Haneef, C. Dickinson, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Development of Laboratory Based Testing and Simulation of Dry and Wet Deposition of Pollutants and Their Interaction with Building Materials,” European Cultural Heritage Newsletter on Research 4 9-16 (1990).

M. Hartman, J. Pata and R.W. Coughlin, "Influence of Porosity of Calcium Carbonates on their Reactivity with Sulfur Dioxide,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Processes Des. Dev. 17 411-419 (1978).

L.-G. Johansson, O. Lindqvist and R.E. Mangio, "Corrosion of Calcareous Stones in Humid Air Containing SO2 and NO2,” In Air Pollution and Conservation, Swedish Institute of Classical Studies, Rome (1986).

J.B. Johnson, S.J. Haneef, C. Dickinson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, “Laboratory Exposure Studies: Pollutant and Acid Rain Presentation Rates and Stone Degradation,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 474-477.

N.A. Katsanos and G. Karaiskakis, "Third six-monthly report on the research programme (from lst January to 30th June l985). Rate and Mechanism of Action of Atmospheric SO2 on Limestone and Marbles," Ref.: Contract ENV-789GR, Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Patras, Patras, Greece (1985).

N.P. Kulshreshtha, A.R. Punuru and K.L. Gauri, "Kinetics of the Reaction of SO2 with Marble," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 1 60-72 (1989).

L. Leysen, E. Roekens and R. Van Grieken, “Air-pollution-induced Chemical Decay of a Sandy-limestone Cathedral in Belgium,” Science of the Total Environment 78 263-287 (1989).

F.W. Lipfert, "Atmospheric Damage to Calcareous Stones: Comparison and Reconciliation of Recent Experimental Findings," Atmospheric Environment 23 415-429 (1989).

R.A. Livingston, “Evaluation of Building Deterioration by Water Runoff,” In Building Performance: Function, Preservation and Rehabilitation, ASTM, Philadelphia (1986). pp. 181-188.

R.A. Livingston, “Atmospheric Deposition and Its Measurements with Regard to Air Pollution Legislation to Protect Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 67-77.

R.A. Livingston, "Graphical Methods for Examining the Effects of Acid Rain and Sulfur Dioxide on Carbonate Stones,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 375-386.

R.A. Livingston, “Air Pollution Standards for Architectural Conservation,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 371-387.

R.A. Livingston, “Development of Air Pollution Damage Functions,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp.37-62.

R.A. Livingston and N.S. Baer, "Mechanisms of Air Pollution Induced Damage to Stone." Paper presented at 6th World Congress on Air Quality, Paris (1983).

A. Longinelli and M. Bartelloni, "Atmospheric Pollution in Venice, Italy as Indicated by Isotopic Analyses," Water, Air and Soil Pollution 10 335-341 (1978).

S. Luckat, "Quantitative Untersuchung des Einflusses von Luftverunreinigungen bei der Zerstörung von Naturstein," Staub - Reinhalt Luft 41 No.11 484-486 (1972).

A.G. Nord and T. Ericsson, "Chemical Analysis of Thin Black Layers on Building Stone," Studies in Conservation 38 25-35 (1993).

A.G. Nord and Svärdh, "Report from a Journey to Poland-Air Pollution and Stone Weathering,” Internal Report, Central Board of National Antiquities, Stockholm (1991). 114pp.

A.G. Nord and K. Tronner, “Stone Weathering – Air Pollution Effects Evidenced by Chemical Analysis,” Konserveringsteknista Studier Vol. R1K-4, Central Board of National Antiquities, Stockholm (1991). 80pp.

K. Pye and N. Schiavon, "Cause of Sulphate Attack on Concrete, Render and Stone Indicated by Sulphur Isotope Ratios," Nature 342 663-664 (1989).

M. Reddy, "Acid Rain and Air Pollution Effects on Carbonate-Stone: Dissolution-Runoff Experiments,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, Bari Grafo, Brescia, Italy (1990). pp. 359-364.

M. Reddy and M. Werner, “Composition of Rainfall Runoff from Limestone and Marble at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,” US Geological Survey, Open File Report 85-630 (1985).

J. Riederer, "Die Schädigende Einwirkung Luftverun-Reinigender Stoffe auf Kunstwerke,” In Proceedings of the Third International Clean Air Congress, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (1973). A86-A89.

J. Riederer, "No Destruction of Stone by Air Pollution,” In 1er Colloque International sur la détérioration des pierres en oeuvre, Imprimeries Réunies de Chambéry, Chambery (1973). pp.119-124.

R.B. See and M. Reddy, “Summary of Data for Onsite and Laboratory Analyses of Precipiation Runoff from Carbonate Rock Surfaces,” In National Acid Precipitation Assesment Programme, June 1984- September 1986 (1987).

T. Skoulikidis and D. Charalambous, "Mechanism of Sulphation by Atmospheric SO2 of the Limestone and Marbles of the Ancient Monuments and Statues II. Hypothesis Concerning the Rate Determining Step in the Process of Sulphation, and its Experimental Confirmation," British Corrosion Journal 16 No.2 70-77 (1981).

D.J. Spedding, "Sulphur Dioxide Uptake by Limestone," Atmospheric Environment 3 683 (1969).

J. Sramek, “Determination of the Source of Surface Deterioration on Tombstones at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague,” Studies in Conservation 25 47-52 (1980).

T. Stambolov, “Effect of Sulfur Pollution on Building Materials” In London Conference on Museum Climatology IIC, London (1967). 15-22.

K.M. Torfs, R.E. van Griekan and F. Buzek, “Use of Stable Isotope Measurements to Evaluate the Origin of Sulfur in Gypsum Layers on Limestone Buildings,” Environmental Science and Technology 31 No. 9 2650-2655 (1997).

C. Vassilakos and A. Salta, "Synergistic effects of SO2 and NO2 in their Action on Marbles Studied by Reversed Flow Gas Chromatography,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 99-106.

A.H. Webb, R.J. Bawden, A.K. Busby and J.N. Hopkins, "Studies on the Effects of Air Pollution on Limestone Degradation in Great Britain," Atmospheric Environment 26B 165-181 (1992).

B. Whalley, B. Smith and R. Magee, "Effects of Particulate Air Pollutants on Materials: Investigation of Surface Crust Formation,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.227-234.

A.H. Webb, R.J. Bawden, A.K. Busby and J.N. Hopkins, "Studies on the Effects of Air Pollution on Limestone Degradation in Great Britain," Atmospheric Environment 26B No.2 165-182 (1992).

Stone: Sculpture Conservation

Anon., "The Care of Marble Sculptures," Technical Notes on the Care of Art Objects, No.7, Victoria and Albert Museum, Conservation Department (1972). 4pp.

J.F. Asmus, G. Guattari, L. Lazzarini, G. Musumeci and R.F. Wuerker, "Holography in the Conservation of Statuary," Studies in Conservation 18 No.2 49-63 (1973).

L. Dei, P. Baglioni, G. Sarti and E. Ferroni, "Aging Effects on Ammonium Carbonate/Acetone Solutions and Cleaning of Works of Art," Studies in Conservation 41 No. 1 9-18 (1996).

V. Fassina, "The Weathering of the Statues of Prato della Valle and the Criteria Used for Consolidation,” In Stone Cleaning and the Nature, Soiling and Decay Mechanisms of Stone, R.G.M. Webster, Editor, Donhead, London (1992). pp.268-282.

R. Franchi, G. Galli and C. Manganelli del Fa, "Researches on the Deterioration of Stonework. VI. The Donatello Pulpit," Studies in Conservation 23 No.1 23-37 (1978).

K.M. Garland and J.C. Rogers, " Disassembly and Reassembly of an Egyptian Limestone Sculpture," Studies in Conservation 40 No. 1 1-9 (1995).

K. Hempel, "An Improved Method for the Vacuum Impregnation of Stone," Studies in Conservation 21 40-43 (1976).

G. Hyvert, "Borobudur, les bas-reliefs matériaux - facteurs responsables des dégradations - programme de conservation," Studies in Conservation 18 No.3 131-155 (1973).

J.H. Larson, “The Conservation of Marble Monuments in Churches” The Conservator 2 20-25 (1978).

J.H. Larson, “A Museum Approach to the Techniques of Stone Conservation,” In Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on the Deterioration and Preservation of Stone Objects, K.L. Gauri and J.A. Gwinn, Editors, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (1982). pp. 219-237.

J.H. Larson, “The Conservation of Stone Sculpture in Museums,” In Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Volume 2 Butterworth-Heinemann, London (1990). pp. 197-207.

J.H. Larson, “A Museum Approach to the Techniques of Stone Conservation,” In Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on the Deterioration and Preservation of Stone Objects, Lousville, Kentucky (1982). pp. 219-237.

J. Larson, "The Use of Laser Scanners for Recording and Reproducing Sculpture," Conservation News 52 10-11 (1994).

A. Moncrieff and K. Hempel, "Work on Degeneration of Sculptured Stone,” In Conservation of Stone and Wooden Objects, International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London (1970). pp.103-114 (Second Edition 1971).

V. Plahter and L.E. Plahter, "Notes on the Deterioration of Donatello's Marble Figure of St. Mark on the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence," Studies in Conservation 16 No.3 114-118 (1971).

J. Podany, “Advances in the Reassembly of Large Stone Sculpture at the J. Paul Getty Museum,” In Recent Advances in the Conservation and Analysis of Artifacts, Summer Schools Press, London (1987). pp. 375-382.

Stone: Structures: NDT

L. Aires-Barros, A. Maurício and C. Figueiredo, "Profilometry and Image Analysis Applications to "in situ" Study of Monuments Stone Decay Phenomena,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 19-24.

J. F. Asmus, G. Guattari, L. Lazzarini, G. Musemeci, and R.F. Wuerker, "Holography in the Conservation of Statuary," Studies in Conservation 18 49-63 (1973).

L. Binda and A. Anzani, “Structural Behavior and Durability of Stone Masonries,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 113-150.

J.A. Coe, S.I. Sherwood, J.A. Messerich, C.L. Pillmore, A. Andersen and V.G. Mossotti, "Measuring Stone Decay with Close Range Photogrammetry,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1991). pp. 918-936.

A. Duffy, “An Assessment of the Structural Stability of a Stone Monument,” Final Report to the EC for Research Contract EV4V-0048-IRL, November (1991).

R.M. Esbert, C. Grossi, L.M. Suarez del Río, L. Calleja, J. Ordaz and M. Montoto, "Acoustic Emission Generated in Treated Stones During Loading,” In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Torun (1988). pp. 403-410.

R.M. Esbert, M. Montoto, L.M. Suarez del Río, V.G. Ruiz de Argandoña and C.M. Grossi, "Mechanical Stresses Generated by Crystallization of Salts Inside Treated and Non-Treated Monumental Stones: Monitoring and Interpretation by Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activity,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp. 285-296.

I. Facaoaru and C. Lugnani, "Contributions to the Diagnosis of Stone and Concrete Historical Structures Using Non-Destructive Techniques,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 238-251.

E. Finzi, V. Massa and D. Morero, "Radar-Aided Investigations on Mosaics,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 969-978.

E. Galan, M.A. Guerrero, M.A. Vazquez, F. Maert and F. Zezza, "Marble Weathering: Relation Between Ultrasonic Data and Macroscopic Observations: The Case of the Columns of the Court of the Lions at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle et Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 193-207.

E. Gayo, A. Palomo and M.S. García-Morales, "Utilization of Infrared Thermography for the Pursuit of the Movement of Moisture through Different Materials," In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 989-1000.

P. Jacobs, E. Sevens and M. Kunnen, "Principles of Computerised Tomography and Applications in Geology Related Topics," In Proceedings of the EC Workshop, Research on the Conservation of Brick Masonry Monuments, Leuven, October 1994, K. Van Balen, Editor. (In Press).

M. Mamillan, “Methods for Assessing the Deterioration of Stone Monuments,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage N.S. Baer, C. Sabbioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 90-99.

P. Meinlschmidt, G. Gülker, K. Hinsch and C. Hölscher, "Nondestructive Microdeformation Measurements on Stone Surfaces with Video Holography,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1991). pp. 937-946.

M. Montoto, L. Calleja, B. Perez and R.M. Esbert, "Evaluation in situ of the State of Deterioration of Monumental Stones by Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Techniques,” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, Editors, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and G.S. Wheeler, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh (1991). pp.273-284.

M. Montoto, L. Valdèon, P. Côtte, L. Calleja, N. Corral, T. López, B. Sánchez and R.M. Esbert, "Non-Destructive Characterization of the State of Deterioration of Megaliths by Ultrasonic Tomography: A Petrophysical Interpretation,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 3-9.

A. Nappi and P. Côte, “Nondestructive Test Methods Applicable to Historic Stone Structures,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures, N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 151-166.

D. Paoletti, G. Schirripapagnolo, R. Quaresima, G. Schippa, G. Scoccia and R. Volpe, "Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for Marble Erosion Measurements,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle et Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva (1992). pp. 247-253.

S. Simon, V. Vergès-Belmin, A. Blanc and R. Snethlage, "The Marble Colums in the Cloister of the Primatial Church St. Trophimes in Arles, France: Ultra-Sonic Velocity Measurements as a Tool for Anamnesis and Diagnosis,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 11-17.

J.G. Stockbridge, "Techniques for Evaluating the Conditions of Masonry Buildings," Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (1983). pp.379-384.

L. Valdeón, M.S. King and M.H. de Freitas, "Ultrasonic Methods for Quantifying the Degradation of Building Stones,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 697-704.

Stone: Testing and Evaluation

G. Angelis D’Ossat, Guide to the Methodical Study of Monuments and Causes of their Deterioration, International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome (1982). 46pp.

Anon., "Stone Test Wall Built in 1948," Building Stone News 3, June (1976).

K.B. Atkinson and D.M.A. Walsh, “The Transportable Reflex Microscope Non-Contact Measurement of Masonry Surfaces,” In Final Report to the Commission of the European Communities on Contract EV3V.0931 UK(H), (1987).

E.T. Brown, Editor, Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring Pergamon Press, Oxford (1981). x+211pp.

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A.E. Charola and J. Weber, "The Hydration-Dehydration Mechanism of Sodium Sulfate,” In Seventh International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon (1992). pp. 581-590.

S. Chatterjii, P. Christensen and G. Ovegaard, "Mechanisms of Breakdown of Natural Stones Caused by Sodium Salts," In Third International Congress on the Deterioration and Preservation of Stones, Venice (1979). pp. 131-134.

E. Doehne, "In situ Dynamics of Sodium Sulfate Hydration and Dehydration in Stone Pores: Observations at High Magnification Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo. Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 143-150.

R.M. Esbert, L. Suarez Del Rio, M. Montoto and M. Laurenzi-Tabasso, "Acoustic Emission Monitoring to Study Sodium Sulphate Crystalization in Monumental Porous Carbonate Stones," Studies in Conservation 42 No. 2 115-125 (1997).

S. J. Haneef, C. Dickinson, J.B. Johnson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, "Simulation of the Degradation of Coupled Stones by Artificial Acid Rain," Studies in Conservation 37 No. 2 105-112 (1992).

H. R. Hardy, Jr., “Application of Acoustic Emission Techiniques to Rock Mechanics Research,” In Acoustic Emission, ASTM, STP 505 (1972). pp. 41-83

J.B. Johnson, S.J. Haneef, B.J. Hepburn, A.J. Hutchinson, G.E. Thompson and G.C. Wood, "Laboratory Exposure Systems to Simulate Atmospheric Degradation of Building Stone Under Dry and Wet Deposition Conditions," Atmospheric Environment 24A 2585-2592 (1990).

S.B. Lyon, G.E. Thompson, J.B. Johnson, G.C. Wood and J.M. Ferguson, "Accelerated Atmospheric Corrosion Testing Using a Cyclic Wet/Dry Exposure Test," Corrosion 43 719-726 (1987).

P.W. Mirwald and S. Brüggerhoff, “Requirements for and Interpretation of Accelerated and Field Testing,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 255-268.

M. Montoto, R.M. Esbert, L.M. Suárez del Río, V.G. Ruiz de Argandoña, L. Calleja and C.M. Grossi, “Acoustic Emssion in Stone Conservation,” In Acoustic Emission/ Microseismic Activity in Geologic Structures and Materials V, H.R. Hardy, Jr., Editor, Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal (1995). pp. 665-684.

M. Montoto, R.M. Esbert, L.M. Suárez del Río, V.G. Ruiz de Argandoña and C.M. Grossi, “Acoustic Emssion/ Microseismic Activity Monitoring of Salt Crystallization for Stone Conservation," Journal of Acoustic Emission 10, Nos. 1-2 25-41 (1992).

M. Montoto and H.R. Hardy, “Kaiser Effect in Intact Rock: Current Status as a Feasible Means of Evaluating Thermal and Mechanical Loading,” In Int. Geselleschaft für Felsmechanik, W. Wittke, Editor, Balkema Publications (1991). pp. 569-572.

M. Montoto, L.M. Suárez del Río, A.W. Khair and H.R. Hardy, “AE in Uniaxially Loaded Granitic Rocks in Relation to Their Petrographic Character,” In Acoustic Emission/ Microseismic Activity in Geologic Structures and Materials V, H.R. Hardy, Jr., Editor, Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal (1995). pp. 83-100.

K. Niesel, "Materialkennwerte als Kriterien für die Verwitterung von Naturwerkstein,” In Papers of the International Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration, Esslingen (1983). pp.311-315.

C.A. Price, "The Use of the Sodium Sulfate Crystallization Test for Determining the Weathering Resistance of Untreated Stone,” In International Symposium on Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Paris (1978). 3.6. 10pp.

RILEM, "Essais recommandes pour l'altration des pierres et valuer l'efficacit des mthodes de traitement," Mat riaux et Constructions 17 No. 75 216-22- (1980).

W.D. Robertson, "Evaluation of the Durability of Limestone Masonry in Historic Buildings,” In Science and Technology in the Service of Conservation International Institute for Conservation, London (1982). pp. 51-55.

H.R. Sasse and R. Snethlage, “Methods for the Evaluation of Stone Conservation Treatment,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 223-243.

H.R. Sasse and B. Riecken, "'VENUS": A New Concept in Laboratory Simulation of Aggressive Climatic Conditions,” In Conservation of Stone and Other Materials E & F N Spon, London (1993). pp. 801-807.

C.L. Searls (Rapporteur), L. Binda, J.F. Henriksen, P.W. Mirwald, A. Nappi, C.A. Price, K.E.P. Van Balen, V. Vergès-Belmin, E. Wendler and F.H. Wittmann, “Group Report: How Can We Diagnose the Condition of Stone Monuments and Arrive at Suitable Treatment Programs?” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 199-221.

G.A. Sleater, Stone Preservation: Methods of Laboratory Testing and Preliminary Performance Criteria, NBS TN-941 SD, Washington, D.C. (1977). iv + 74pp.

D.I. Smith, "The Micro Erosion Meter: Its Application to the Weathering of Rock Surfaces,” In Conservation of Rock Art, C. Pearson, Editor, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material, Sydney (1978). pp.44-53.

C.H.B. Sperling and R.U. Cooke, "Laboratory Simulation of Rock Weathering by Salt Crystallization and Hydration Processes in Hot, Arid Environments," Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 10 541-555 (1985).

J. Sramek, "An Objective Assessment of Stone Conservation Using Krypton-85 Labelling,” In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 692-695.

J.M. Teutonico (Rapporteur), A.E. Charola, E. De Witte, G. Grassegger, R.J. Koestler, M. Laurenzi Tabasso, H.R. Sasse and R. Snethlage, “Group Report: How Can We Ensure the Responsible and Effective Use of Treatments (Cleaning, Consolidation, Protection)?” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 293-313.

P. Tiano, U. Matteoli, C. Manganelli Del F, P. Frediani and F. Piacencti, "Humidity in Stones. I. A New Procedure for the Determination of Humidity and Temperature in Stones,” In The Conservation of Stone II, Centro per la Conserva-zione delle Sculture All'Aperto, Bologna (1981). pp. 465-473.

R. Van Grieken, E. Roekens, H. Sweevers and G. Vleugels, "Spectroscopy and Ion Chromatography to Study the Effects of Air Pollution on Historical Buildings," Spectroscopy X 70-81 (1990).

R. Van Grieken, G. Vleugels, E. Roekens and P. Veny, "Modern Micro Analytical Techniques to Elucidate the Causes and Mechanisms of Damage to Cultural Property", In Science, Technology and European Cultural Heritage, N.S. Baer, C. Sabioni and A.I. Sors, Editors, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1991). pp. 101-110.

R. Villegas, J.F. Vale and M.A. Bello, "Evaluation of Consolidants By Means of Ultrasonic and Surface Hardness Measurements,” In La Conservazione dei Monumenti nel Bacino del Mediterraneo Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Venice (1994). pp. 919-923.

F. Zezza, "Evaluation Criteria of the Effectiveness of Treatments by Non-Destructive Anaysis,” In Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation Comunitá delle Universitá Mediterranee, Scuola Universiteria Conservazione dei Monumenti, Crete (1993). pp. 198-207.

Stone: Testing and Evaluation: Standards

G. Alessandrini and A. Pasetti, "Elenco Ragionato delle Raccomandazioni NORMAL," Arkos 14 26-34 (1991).

Anon., "Standard Specification for Building Sandstone," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials (1976).

Anon., "Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Natural Building Stone," ASTM C-170-76, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials (1976).

Anon., "Standard Test Methods for Absorption of Natural Building Stone," ASTM C-97, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials (1977).

Anon., "Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate," ASTM C-88, Annual Book of ASTM Standards 14, American Society for Testing and Materials, 48-53 (1977).

A.E. Charola, E. De Witte and M. Laurenzi Tabasso, “Establishing International Standards for the Quality Control of Conservation Materials and for Qualifying Practitioners Applying Them,” In Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures N.S. Baer and R. Snethlage, Editors, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK (1997). pp. 245-254.

Rilem 25 PEM Working Group, "Recommended Tests to Measure the Deterioration of Stone and to Assess the Effectiveness of Treatment Methods," In Proceedings of the International Syposium on Deterioration and Protection of Stone Monuments, Volume 5, Rilem, Unesco, Paris (1976).

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