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Transcript of Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit...
![Page 1: Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit 6: Station Design & Access.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032707/56649e415503460f94b33605/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Stop/ Station Design & Access
Unit 6: Station Design & Access
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Three Main Considerations
• Station Types and Configuration– Structure based on transit type
• Vehicle Circulation– Number and movement of buses
• Passenger Circulation– Number and movement of riders
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
STATION TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bus Stops
• Located along streets • Consist of– Waiting area on public
sidewalk– Signage to mark stop– Lighting– Sometimes amenities
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
ADA Compliant Bus Stop Pad
• Firm, stable surface• Clear dimension of 96 by 60 in. • No steeper than 1:48 slope
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
ADA Compliant Bus Shelters
• Connected to accessible routes• Signage at shelters and stops is highly visible• Low-level platforms 8” above top of rail
or coordinated with typical vehicle floor
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
DISCUSSION QUESTION
• What works with this solar-powered bus stop?
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Transit Centers
• Multiple bus routes converge to transfer
• Layover area for bus routes
• Transfer to rail, intercity bus, park and ride
• Located off-street• Wayfinding• Larger or more elaborate
shelter and amenities• Driver break room and
restrooms
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Busway and BRT Stations
• Along roadways (on of off-street)
• More elaborate• 40 to 100 ft • Amenities• Possible vertical
circulation • Fare collection
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Vancouver BRT
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Eugene BRT
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Light Rail Stations
• 180 to 400 ft• Center, side, or split • On-street, off-street,
rail ROW, transit mall• High or low platforms• Usually include
canopies, limited seating, TVM
• More amenities
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Heavy Rail / AGT Stations
• More elaborate • High-level platforms due
to third-rail power• Platform screen doors to
control access • Often underground or
elevated• Center or side platform • 600 to 800 ft long• Fare control• Possible parking• Other amenities
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Commuter Rail Stations
• Wide range– Suburban locations with one
or two platforms– Major urban terminals with
many tracks and platforms
• Center or side platforms or combination
• Passenger and freight• 300 to >1,000 ft• Heavy park-n-ride• Often amenities• Can be complex passenger
interactions
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Possible Amenities
Amenity Advantages Disadvantages
Shelters Comfort, protection from climate, identify stop
Maintenance, graffiti, visual impact
Benches Comfort, identify stop, lower cost Maintenance, graffiti, no climate protection
Lean Bars Some comfort, lower cost, less space Not as comfortable, maintenance
Lighting Visibility, security Power, maintenance, cost
Maps Info on transit, area Periodic updating
Real-time Arrival Info Perceived reliability, wait time Power, communications, maintenance, cost
Heat Comfort in cold Power, maintenance, cost, liability
Vending machines Services, revenue Trash, visual, vandalized
Trash Cleanliness, Cost, odor, security
Telephones Convienice, security Loitering, cell phones negate
Art Aesthetics Perceived wasteful cost
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
VEHICLE CIRCULATION
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Required Bus Berths
• At least two berths (one for each direction) • Possible layover berths• Based on recovery time divided by route
headway times safety factor (1.2)• Need to calculate for whole day and use the
greatest plus growth room
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bus Berth Designs
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bus Berth Designs
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Private Vehicles
• Park-and-Ride– Per passenger rates of 0.4 – 0.6
• Kiss-and-Ride– Average wait time 7-8 minutes
• Bike Parking
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bike Parking
Bike Lockers Bike Share
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Bike Parking
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
PASSENGER CIRCULATION
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Station Access Includes Many Aspects
• Sufficient safe space for movement– Horizontal Space
• Corridor widths• Doorways
– Vertical Space• Stairway widths• Escalators
• Efficient time for purchasing and collecting fares– Number of ticket machines– Number of fare gates
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Decisions Based on Walkway LOS
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Pedestrian Speed
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Pedestrian Circulation Terms
• Pedestrian capacity: max people occupying or passing through facility (persons / area / min)– “absolute” capacity - max possible– “design” capacity – max desirable
• Pedestrian speed: average or range of walking speed (f/s or m/s)
• Pedestrian flow rate: peds per unit time passing a point (escalator, fare control gate, etc)– Pedestrian flow per unit width (walkway width in in, ft,
or m
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Pedestrian Circulation Terms (cont’d)
• Pedestrian density: average number of persons per area within a walkway or queuing area
• Pedestrian space per person: average area for each pedestrian– Inverse of density– Varies by activity and characteristics of peds
• Pedestrian time-space: space required multiplied by time spent doing activity in area
• Effective width or area: walkway or stairway space actually used by pedestrians
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Design Capacities
• Passenger demand volumes under typical peak-period
• Additional demand from service disruptions and special events
• Emergency evacuation situations
• Breakdown in pedestrian flow occurs with dense crowding – Desirable pedestrian LOS– Not max pedestrian capacity
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Horizontal Circulation
• Walkways• Multi-activity Passenger Circulation
• Moving Walkways– Same as walkways
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine Required Walkway Width
1. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)2. Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate
(p/ft/min or p/m/min)3. Estimate ped demand4. Compute design ped flow (p/min) by dividing the
demand by # minutes.5. Compute required effective width of walkway (in feet
or meters) by dividing design ped flow by the max ped flow rate.
6. Compute the total width of walkway (in feet or meters) by adding 2 to 3 ft (0.6 29 to 1.0 m), with a 12- to 18-in. (0.3- to 0.5-m) buffer on each side to the effective width of walkway.
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine the Required Doorways
1. Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate2. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)3. Estimate pedestrian demand4. Compute the design pedestrian flow (per/ min) by dividing the demand
by # minutes.5. Compute the required width of the doorway (in feet or meters) by
dividing the design pedestrian flow by the maximum pedestrian flow rate.6. Compute the number of doorway required by dividing the required
entrance width by the width of one doorway (always round up).7. Determine whether the design pedestrian flow exceeds the entrance
capacity
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Doorway LOS
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Vertical Circulation
• Stairways• Escalators• Elevators
1. Entering / exiting2. User characteristics (luggage)3. Elevator travel time4. Capacity
• Ramps– Use walkways
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine Required Stairway Width
Two methods:1. LOS Method2. Pedestrian Paths Method
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Option 1: LOS Method
1. Based on desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate
2. Select analysis period 3. Estimate directional ped demand4. Compute design ped flow (ped/min) by
dividing the demand by # minutes5. Compute required width (in ft or m) by dividing
design ped flow by max ped flow6. Increase the stairway width by one or more
traffic lane (30 in) when reverse-flow pedestrian volumes occur frequently
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Stairway LOS
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Option 2: Pedestrian Paths Method
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine the Required Escalators
1. Determine analysis period (15 min or less)2. Estimate directional ped demand3. Compute the design ped flow (ped / min) by dividing the
demand by # minutes4. Based on width and speed of escalator, choose nominal
capacity (ped / min)5. Compute # escalators by dividing the design pedestrian flow
by the nominal capacity of one escalator, rounding up.
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine the Required Ticket Vending Machines
Two methods (round up to at least 2)1. Install sufficient TVMs so that peak-period queues do
not exceed “tolerable” levels, except during periods of unusually high demand.
2. Install sufficient TVMs to meet off-peak demand, and supplement them with on-site fare sales during peak times.
NTVM = # TVMs (round up),Parr = # arriving pass / hr pt = % purchasing ticket 3,600 = sec/hr tt = avg transaction time (sec/pass)
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Steps to Determine the Required Faregates
1. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)2. Estimate ped demand3. Compute design ped flow (pass / min) by
dividing the demand by # minutes 4. Compute # gates, turnstiles, or combination
required by dividing the pass flow by capacity of individual units (always round up or add one for each direction of flow)
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Faregate Capacity
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Conclusion
• It is important to design attractive stations in order to obtain ridership.
• Enough space should be given to vehicles and passengers to maneuver.
• Elements of a transit station such as corridors, fare boxes etc. have levels of service.
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Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood
Reference
Materials in this lecture were taken from:• TCRP Report 165, “Transit Capacity and
Quality of Service Manual, 3rd edition”, 2013• TCRP Report 153, “Guidelines for providing
access to public transportation stations” 2012.
• Manual, Highway Capacity. "HCM 2000." Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board (2000).