Materials and Joints in Timber Structures

RILEM BOOKSERIESVolume 9

RILEM, The International Union of Laboratories and Experts in ConstructionMaterials, Systems and Structures, founded in 1947, is a non-governmental scien-tific association whose goal is to contribute to progress in the construction sciences,techniques and industries, essentially by means of the communication it fosters be-tween research and practice. RILEM‘s focus is on construction materials and theiruse in building and civil engineering structures, covering all phases of the buildingprocess from manufacture to use and recycling of materials. More information onRILEM and its previous publications can be found on www.RILEM.net.

For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/8781

Simon Aicher · H.-W. ReinhardtHarald GarrechtEditors

Materials and Jointsin Timber Structures

Recent Developments of Technology

ABC

EditorsSimon AicherUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany

H.-W. ReinhardtUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany

Harald GarrechtUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany

ISSN 2211-0844 ISSN 2211-0852 (electronic)ISBN 978-94-007-7810-8 ISBN 978-94-007-7811-5 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

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Preface

The use of timber in structures represents one of the most promising approachesto meeting the urgent needs for sustainability, environmental friendliness and CO2

emission reduction in building technology. Due to the world’s fast growing popu-lation, the achievement of the mentioned aims is increasingly understood as one ofthe primary keys to ensure future life on earth.

Timber construction has experienced considerable progress within recent years.Advancement can be seen within the both equally important interacting construc-tion components - materials and joints. With regard to materials, it is undeniablethat cross-laminated timber (cross-lam) has widened the range of possibilities oftimber constructions the most. Its re-invention of plywood, now based on sawnboards instead of peeled veneers, is the basis for multi-storey buildings of up to 9storeys and for realistic perspectives of up to 30 storeys. Though itself rigid, cross-lam in combination with energy dissipative joints is well suited for buildings inzones with high seismic activity. The recent production of glulam and LVL madeof high strength hardwoods such as beech, oak, chestnut and several tropical hard-woods, further broadens architectural horizons and meets the demands of forestrytowards sustainable and soil/climate apt tree cultivation. The spectrum of glulampossibilities has also been expanded substantially due to so-called block gluing,whereby several glulams are glued to form massive cross-sections which may, forinstance, be ideally used in bridges. An additional renewable, wood-like material,bamboo, is also considerably extending the possibilities and efficiency of woodenmaterials. Processed and densified bamboo strands enable the production of platesand beams with strength properties similar or even higher than those of steel. Lowdensity wood fibre boards, representing a highly ecological insulation material, arenow simultaneously used for structural bracing purposes as well. Timber-concretecomposites with different connection technologies are increasingly gaining trac-tion in buildings, most notably as cost-effective floor elements, due to good provenperformances regarding strength, stiffness, vibration and response to fire. Innova-tive, glued, lightweight, composite deck-element constructions based on solid woodand panel materials are also now manufactured industrially with lengths of over30 meters.

VI Preface

Regarding mechanical joints, self-tapping screws produced at lengths of up to1.5 m have substantially changed jointing and reinforcement technology. The useof the screws as primarily tension or compression transferring devices at an angleto the fibre direction represents a new highly efficient jointing and reinforcementtechnology. Contrary to dowel type fasteners which act by embedment and herebyinherently induce splitting of the wood, self-tapping screws overcome the problemof tension perpendicular to the grain, hereby increasing load capacity of the jointand changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Further, self-tapping screwsused in combination with specially formed i.a. dovetailed metal plates enable archi-tecturally esteemed, completely hidden, end-grain connections.

The diversity of structural adhesives (now comprising phenolic resorcinol,melamine urea, one-component polyurethanes, emulsion polymer isocyanates andepoxies) with properties tailored to specific timber products and production pro-cesses has increased considerably within the last years. In the case of joints withglued-in rods, recently approved and reliable adhesive systems have been introducedinto timber construction technology and now enable new jointing solutions, i.a. forwide-span grid-like spherical domes. Further, glued-in, perforated steel plates allowfor stiff and strong connections, i.a. in timber-concrete composite structures. Re-cently, a new glued jointing technology for glulam beams which enables the trans-fer of forces without any reduction of the full cross-sectional capacity has also beendeveloped.

The present Conference follows the earlier RILEM conference “Joints in TimberStructures” held in Stuttgart from the 12th to 14th of September, 2001. The objec-tive of the Conference is to bring together world leading experts in the mentionedfields of timber materials, joints and construction to present the latest state of tech-nology and to identify future research needs to conserve the pace of progress. Themain subjects of the conference are: cross-laminated timber, glued laminated timber,timber based facades, modified wood, i.a. acetylated and thermally treated wood,adhesives, self-tapping screws, glued and mechanical joints, seismic and cyclic be-haviour of joints and structures, durability issues, surface treatment, timber-concretecompounds and bamboo-based materials.

The financial support from the sponsoring companies is gratefully acknowledged.Sincere gratitude is owed to the staff of the Division of Timber Structures of the Ma-terials Testing Institutute (MPA), Otto-Graf Institute, University of Stuttgart, par-ticularly to Maximilian Henning, Nikolai von Ruckteschell and Zachary Christianfor all of their organizational efforts. We also greatly appreciate the effort and en-gagement from the editorial staff of Springer in the compilation of the Proceedings,particularly Ms. Anneke Pot.

Simon AicherH.-W. ReinhardtHarald Garrecht

Sponsors

The Conference was kindly supported by the following enterprises:

VIII Sponsors

Contents

Part I: Structures

Horizontal Displacements in Medium-Rise Timber Buildings:Basic FE Modeling in Serviceability Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Ida Näslund, Helena Johnsson

Improving the Moment Resistance of a Concealed Timber Post BaseJoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Jérôme Humbert, Sang-Joon Lee, Joo-Saeng Park, Moon-Jae Park

The Multifunctional TES-Façade Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Stefan Loebus, Stephan Ott, Stefan Winter

Green-Glued Products for Structural Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Erik Serrano, Jan Oscarsson, Magdalena Sterley, Bertil Enquist

Experimental Analysis of a Post-tensioned Timber Connection . . . . . . . . 57Flavio Wanninger, Andrea Frangi

Risk Based Investigations of Partly Failed or Damaged TimberConstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Gerhard Fink, Jochen Kohler

Naturally Grown Round Wood – Ideas for an Engineering Design . . . . . . 77Matthias Frese, Hans Joachim Blaß

Recycling and End-of-Life Scenarios for Timber Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 89Annette Hafner, Stephan Ott, Stefan Winter

Advancements for the Structural Application of Fibre-ReinforcedMoulded Wooden Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Jörg Wehsener, Tom-Egmont Werner, Jens Hartig, Peer Haller

X Contents

Sole Plate Fixing Details for Modern Methods of TimberConstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Jesus M. Menendez, Kenneth Leitch, Robert Hairstans

Thin-Walled Timber Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Benoit P. Gilbert, Steven B. Hancock, Henri Bailleres

Recommendations for the Design of Complex Indeterminate TimberStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Andrew Lawrence

Novel Lightweight Timber Composite Element: Web Design in Shearand Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Simon Aicher, C. Stritzke

New Timber Bridges: Inventive Design by Block-Gluing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Frank Miebach, Dominik Niewerth

Part II: Mechanical Connections

Steel-to-Timber Joints with Very High Strength Steel Dowels UsingSpruce, Beech and Azobé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Jan-Willem van de Kuilen, Carmen Sandhaas, Hans Joachim Blaß

Wood Load-Carrying Capacity of Timber Connections: An ExtendedApplication for Nails and Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Pouyan Zarnani, Pierre Quenneville

Ductility in Timber Structures: Investigations on Over-StrengthFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Frank Brühl, Jörg Schänzlin, Ulrike Kuhlmann

An Experimental Study on Bearing Strength in Compressionfor Bolted Joint of Plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Akiko Ohtsuka, Sumiya Takahashi, Takumi Ito, Wataru Kambe

Investigations Concerning the Force Distribution along AxiallyLoaded Self-tapping Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer

Experimental Analysis on the Structural Behaviour of Connectionswith LVL Made of Beech Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Peter Kobel, René Steiger, Andrea Frangi

The Embedment Failure of European Beech Compared to SpruceWood and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Steffen Franke, Noëlie Magnière

Contents XI

Modelling of Non-metallic Timber Connections at ElevatedTemperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Daniel Brandon, Martin P. Ansell, Richard Harris, Pete Walker,Julie Bregulla

Analysis of the Brittle Failure and Design of Connections LoadedPerpendicular to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Bettina Franke, Pierre Quenneville

Structural Performance and Advantages of DVW Reinforced MomentTransmitting Timber Joints with Steel Plate Connectors and TubeFasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Daniel Brandon, Adriaan Leijten

Fully Threaded Self-tapping Screws Subjected to Combined Axialand Lateral Loading with Different Load to Grain Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Robert Jockwer, René Steiger, Andrea Frangi

Alternative Approach to Avoid Brittle Failure in DowelledConnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Daniela Wrzesniak, Massimo Fragiacomo, André Jorissen

Resistance and Failure Modes of Axially Loaded Groups of Screws . . . . . 289U. Mahlknecht, R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer

A Method to Determine the Plastic Bending Angle of Dowel-TypeFasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Michael Steilner, Hans Joachim Blaß

Low-Damage Design Using a Gravity Rocking Moment Connection . . . . 307Mamoon Jamil, Pierre Quenneville, Charles Clifton

Part III: Glued Joints and Adhesives

Finger Jointing of Freshly Sawn Norway Spruce Side Boards –A Comparative Study of Fracture Properties of Joints Glued withPhenol-Resorcinol and One-Component Polyurethane Adhesive . . . . . . . 325Magdalena Sterley, Erik Serrano, Bertil Enquist, Joanna Hornatowska

Pressure Distribution in Block Glue Lines Analyzed by Theoryof Beams on Elastic Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Gordian Stapf, Simon Aicher

EPI for Glued Laminated Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Kristin Grøstad, Ronny Bredesen

Bonding of Various Wood Species – Studies about Their Applicabilityin Glued Laminated Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Y. Jiang, J. Schaffrath, M. Knorz, Stefan Winter

XII Contents

Fatigue Performance of Adhesive Connections for Wooden WindTowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Leander Bathon, Oliver Bletz-Mühldorfer, Jens Schmidt,Friedemann Diehl

Multifunctional Wood-Adhesives for Structural Health MonitoringPurposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Christoph Winkler, Ulrich Schwarz

Assessment of the Glue-Line Quality in Glued Laminated TimberStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Bettina Franke, Florian Scharmacher, Andreas Müller

Review of Recent Research Activities on One-ComponentPUR-Adhesives for Engineered Wood Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Christian Lehringer, Joseph Gabriel

Part IV: Timber and Concrete/Cement/PolymerComposites

Development of a High-Performance Hybrid System Madeof Composites and Timber (High-Tech Timber Beam�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Markus Jahreis, Martin Kästner, Wolfram Hädicke, Karl Rautenstrauch

Experimental Study of the Composite Timber-Concrete SBBConnection under Monotonic and Reversed-Cyclic Loadings . . . . . . . . . . 433Manuel Manthey, Quang Huy Nguyen, Hugues Somja, Jérôme Duchêne,Mohammed Hjiaj

The Predictive Model for Stiffness of Inclined Screws as ShearConnection in Timber-Concrete Composite Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443F. Moshiri, R. Shrestha, K. Crews

Shear Performance of Wood-Concrete Composite with DifferentAnchorage Length of Steel Rebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Sang-Joon Lee, Jérôme Humbert, Kwang-Mo Kim, Joo-Saeng Park,Moon-Jae Park

Development of Prefabricated Timber-Concrete Composite Floors . . . . . 463Petr Kuklík, Pavel Nechanický, Anna Kuklíková

Wood-Based Construction for Multi-story Buildings: Applicationof Cement Bonded Wood Composites as Structural Element . . . . . . . . . . 471Alireza Fadai, Michael Fuchs, Wolfgang Winter

Rehabilitation, Upgrading and Repair of Historic Timber Structureswith Polymer Concrete and FRP-Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Markus Jahreis, Karl Rautenstrauch

Contents XIII

Fatigue Performance of Single Span Wood-Concrete-CompositeBridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Leander Bathon, Oliver Bletz-Mühldorfer

Hybrid Wall-Slabs for Multi-storey Buildings: Made of Timberwith a Directly Applied Mineral Cover Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Christian Dorn, Alexander Stief, Markus Jahreis, Karl Rautenstrauch

An Innovative Prefabricated Timber-Concrete Composite System . . . . . . 507Roberto Crocetti, Tiziano Sartori, Roberto Tomasi, José L.F. Cabo

Part V: Cyclic, Seismic Behaviour

A Component Model for Cyclic Behaviour of Wooden Structures . . . . . . 519Giovanni Rinaldin, Massimo Fragiacomo

Overview of a Project to Quantify Seismic Performance Factorsfor Cross Laminated Timber Structures in the United States . . . . . . . . . . 531M. Omar Amini, John W. van de Lindt, Shiling Pei, Douglas Rammer,Phil Line, Marjan Popovski

Force Modification Factors for CLT Structures for NBCC . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Marjan Popovski, Shiling Pei, John W. van de Lindt, E. Karacabeyli

Experimental Testing of a Portal Frame Connection Using Glued-InSteel Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555James Walker and Robert Xiao

Part VI: Hardwood, Modified Wood and Bamboo

Bending Strength and Stiffness of Glulam Beams Made of ThermallyModified Beech Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Robert Widmann, Wilfried Beikircher, José L.F. Cabo, René Steiger

Structural Veneer Based Composite Products from HardwoodThinning – Part I: Background and Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Ian D. Underhill, Benoit P. Gilbert, Henri Bailleres, Robbie L. McGavin,Dale Patterson

Glue Laminated Bamboo (GluBam) for Structural Applications . . . . . . . 589Y. Xiao, B. Shan, R.Z. Yang, Z. Li, J. Chen

Glulam Composed of Glued Laminated Veneer Lumber Madeof Beech Wood: Superior Performance in Compression Loading . . . . . . . 603Gerhard Dill-Langer, Simon Aicher

XIV Contents

Structural Performance of Accoya� Wood under Service Class 3Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Julian Marcroft, Ferry Bongers, Fernando Perez Perez, John Alexander,Ian Harrison

Structural Veneer Based Composite Products from HardwoodThinning – Part II: Testing of Hollow Utility Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Benoit P. Gilbert, Ian D. Underhill, Henri Bailleres, Robbie L. McGavin

Glulam from European White Oak: Finger Joint Influenceon Bending Size Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Simon Aicher, Gordian Stapf

Non-homogeneous Thermal Properties of Bamboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657Puxi Huang, Wen-Shao Chang, Andy Shea, Martin P. Ansell,Mike Lawrence

Part VII: Cross-Laminated Timber

Tapered Beams Made of Cross Laminated Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667Marcus Flaig, Hans Joachim Blaß

Influence of the Connection Modelling on the Seismic Behaviourof Crosslam Timber Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677I. Sustersic, B. Dujic, Massimo Fragiacomo

Behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels under Cyclic Loads . . . . . 689Igor Gavric, Massimo Fragiacomo, Marjan Popovski, Ario Ceccotti

CLT Plates under Concentrated Loading – ExperimentalIdentification of Crack Modes and Corresponding FailureMechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Georg Hochreiner, Josef Füssl, Josef Eberhardsteiner, Simon Aicher

Seismic Strengthening of Existing Concrete and Masonry Buildingswith Crosslam Timber Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713I. Sustersic, B. Dujic

In-Plane Stiffness of Traditional Timber Floors Strengthenedwith CLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725Jorge M. Branco, Milos Kekeliak, Paulo B. Lourenço

Propose Alternative Design Criteria for Dowel Type Joint With CLT . . . 739Shoichi Nakashima, Akihisa Kitamori, Takuro Mori, Kohei Komatsu

Contents XV

Part VIII: Properties and Testing of Wood

Length Effects on Tensile Strength in Timber Members Withand Without Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751R. Brandner, G. Schickhofer

New Perspectives in Machine Strength Grading: Or How to Identifya Top Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761Julia K. Denzler, Andreas Weidenhiller

Aspects of the Difference between the Local and Global Modulusof Elasticity of Structural (hardwood) Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773G.J.P. Ravenshorst, P.A. de Vries, Jan-Willem van de Kuilen

Part IX: Glulam

A Study of Australian Glulam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787H.R. Milner, Con Y. Adam

Improving Strength of Glulam Laminations of Norway SpruceSide Boards by Removal of Weak Sections Using OptimizedFinger Jointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801Jan Oscarsson, Anders Olsson, Bertil Enquist

Double Span Continuous Glulam Slabs Strengthened with GFRP . . . . . . 813Jorge M. Branco, Marco P. Jorge, José Sena-Cruz

Simplified Design of Glued Laminated Timber Girdersfor the Torsional Moment Caused by Stability Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823R. Hofmann, Ulrike Kuhlmann

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835