MATERIALS

H O U S E

H O M E

M A T E R I A L S

In this assignment you will work in groups and research new/alternative building materials and put the information together in a presentation. This means that we will have a large archive of knowledge that you can use later in your own individual projects. - Each group has to find 10-15 possible building materials and show how these are meant to be used. - Each group also has to make a field study of a contemporary housing project and suggest how the use of an alternative construction/material could produce additional architectural qualities. Relate this investigation to your own interests and think especially on the following questions: What relation has it to the field of architecture? If used as the basis for architectural conceptualization what kind of architecture does it/could it produce? What aesthetics are produced?

12 September - 16 September 2011

Design Process Studio: Materials

Design Process Studio: Autumn 2011 KTH-A

www.unrealstockholm.orgAss. Professor Tor Lindstrand

+46 (0) 70 751 57 [email protected]

Students:

Magnus Adalmundsson Sara Bergström Lorenz Boigner Elton Chan Yik Tung Maja Claesson Dan Engberg Maria Fredriksson Jonas Frick Josefin GustafssonAnna Ingebrigtsen Lillill Jakobsson Stephanie Maloney Kristin Nedlich Emelie Lindgren Nielson Ingrid Nordstrand Sofia Nyman Camilla Silander Elsa Smeds Therese Svalling Gustav Svärdhagen Laurence Sutherland Gregor Hanna Syrén Fredrik Vidigs Linus Yng

Large industries use cheap and sturdy materials, both in the building process (on the construction site) and for the final product (the factory buildings). These industrial build-ings are constructed in efficient ways with regards to time, space and cost. The tech-niques and materials used can be adapted for use in housing, with many advantages. The mass production of materials results scrap waste that cn be reused or recycled, leaving less waste for the environment.

Mass produced

Cheap

Reusable

Strong and durable

Able to reach large spans

Quick and easy to put together / take apart

Easily maintained

Not usually considered to be aesthetically pleasing.

Insulation is not considered as high a priority in industrial buildings (in comparison to housing), however this can be added.

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING MATERIALS

Metal stripIn reference to the Chilian Architecture Biennale, scaffolding is used as the primary structure and refurbished aluminum strips to create a woven facade. The strips used are made from alluminium, a recycleable material, but given the large amount of energy required for the recycling process, it´s better for the environment to discard it. Reusing this material is saving the required energy needed for recycling, which re-sults in making this a commercial product.

Scaffolding is a flexible system that is used on construction sites.

The structure is easily extendable if the program were to change / expand.

It is easy to assemble / disassemble if needed.

The steel tubes are load-bearing and light at the same time.

Scaffolding systems are mass-produced and therefore cheap.

Scaffolding


Many containers are shipped into Sweden with imported goods, but a lot less are sent out for exports. This means that we have a good opportunity to reuse these un-used containers. Besides transportation, containers are normally used for storage and temporary offices, at building sites for example. It is rare to see them used as housing or for more permanent uses.

The most common containers are 20 ft X 40 ft. (6m. x 12 m.), with a height of 2.6m. They are built to be stacked together, and it is also possible to cut into the walls to join several together. The containers are not insulated but it is possible to easily add isulation on the inside of every unit.

Grating

Grating is another product used in many industrial buildings. It is a strong and cheap material. It can carry heavy loads, while at the same time being light weight and allowing light to pass through it easily.Jean Nouvell uses this material, along with many other industrail materials, often in his social housing project, Nemausus 1 in Nimes, france.


Containers

Advantages:

Cheap

Enviornmentally friendly due to reuse (they are already available)

Easily stackable

Strong and durable

Easily adapted to many uses

Easily maintained

Steel sheet elements with a perforated steel facade

The elements are bendable

Today this method of construction is mainly used in industrial and storage buildings. Paroc is a sandwich element that can be used for outer walls, inner walls and ceiling. A fast and simple assembly, where the elements are attached to a wooden or steel frame makes it a low cost prefabricated element. The elements are available in different sizes and with different levels of detailing.

Perforated Steel Sheeting

Sheet steel elements(Paroc)A Facade System

Prefabricated elements

Quickly assembled / disassembled

Bendable

Easily adapted

Other elements are easily attached (windows, doors etc.)

Fire Resistant

Clean aesthetic qualitiy in various finishes

Advantages:

Surface: steel sheet metalCore: Mineral wool

Advantages:

Relatively easy to handle

Little maintenance required

Can be designed individually

Cheap to manifacture

Creates a semi-transparent

surface

Uses:

Sunprotection

Fencing

Stairs

Fibre Cement Cladding

Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers In appearance fibre cement siding most often consists of overlapping horizontal boards, imitating wooden siding, clapboard and imitation shingles.

Ca 250kr/kvm

The external cladding products require very little maintenance once installed and painted

The thicker/denser fibre cement products have excellent impact resistance.

Quite versitile: can act as a facade as well as roofing

Advantages:

The thinner, less dense products need to be protected from impact

Disadvantages:

Straw Bale Construction:

How it works:

In load bearing straw bale structures, the bales themselves may actually provide the structural support for the building by carrying the vertical loads.

Alternatively, bale buildings can have a structural frame of other materials, usually lum- ber or timber-frame, with bales simply serving as insulation and infill, which is most often required in northern regions and/or in wet climates because of the potential snow–loading. In-fill structures rely on the framing to carry the vertical loads.

Lateral loads, or shear strength, is carried by the wall assembly as a whole. The bales, the structural wire mesh, and the plaster all play a part in the handling of lateral loads.

Roughly three times as efficient as conventional framing. Over the life of a typ- cal thirty year mortgage, this superior insulation can reduce energy costs by up to 75%, saving money and vital natural resources.

Superior sound absorption compared with conventional houses.

Readily available- less transportation costs- less fossil fuels.

Cheap and renewable (approximately $5 / square foot).

Exceptionally fire resistant.

Advantages:

Susceptible to rot if straw gets wet during construction.

Space taken up by straw itself.

Disadvantages:

Method:

Straw bale construction typically consists of stacking rows of bales (often in running-bond) on a raised footing or foundation, with a moisture barrier or capillary break between the bales and their supporting platform. Bale walls can be tied together with pins of bamboo, rebar, or wood (internal to the bales or on their faces), or with surface wire meshes, and then stuccoed or plastered, either with a cement-based mix, lime-based formulation, or earth/clay render.

Papercrete

Method:

Papercrete can be poured into moulds to form blocks and stacked to form a wall. These blocks are joined with papercrete slurry. It can also be poured as in-situ con-crete into moulds.

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Papercrete must be entirely covered in a waterproof sealant due to its tendency

to absorb water.Still requires a percentage of cement to guarantee structural support.

Readily available: The paper to be used can come from a variety of sources; newspaper, junk mail, magazines, books, etc. obtained from the local dump or from waste bins are all useful.

Very versatile: Papercrete can be mortared, drilled, hammered, nailed, used as plaster and as an infill between poles or studs. The pulped paper fibres alone can also be used as insulation.

Cheap (paper can be obtained freely). Only cost involved is the sand, cement and labour (Straw to Cement to Sand Ratio: 6:2:2).

Papercrete is a recently developed construction material, which consists of mixing re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement, clay and/or other soil.

FIBREOUS CONCRETES

FIBREOUS CONCRETES

Fibre Optic Concrete

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Structurally secure concrete walls suitable for load-bearing.

Translucent although solid.

Extremely expensive ($1,069 for a three x three foot LitraCon block).

Same enviornment factors as standard concrete.

Another method of strengthening concrete with fibreous material is to embed opti-cal fibre cables into the concrete. The fibres help reinforce the wall, while also giving a translucent effect to the concrete. Daylight and shadow images can pass directly through a thick solid-concrete wall.This method of mixing concrete and glass fibre optical strands creates a solid yet translucent block suitable for floors, pavements and load-bearing walls.

It is an excellent replacement for wooden chip board because it is up to two times stronger.

Hemp as building material: Industrial hemp referrers to the raw material fibers obtained from the cannabis plant. These fibers are known to be one of the strongest natural fibers in the world and have been utilized for for thousands of years, one of these purposes, the building industry.Industrial hemp although obtained from the cannabis plant is not to be confused with its more notorious and close relative, harvested for other purposes than its fibers. When it comes to buildings, hemp can be put to many different uses.

- Fibreboard- Insulation- Carpet- Ropes

- Cement blocks- Concrete- Stucco- Canvas

- Fiberglass substitute- Mortar- Bio-composite, non-load bearing insulation

Advantages:

When mixed with lime stone composite: 1. Fire resistant2. Pest resistant

Easily grown and requires often much less care than many of its biological “competitors”

Dramatically reduce the carbon footprint of the building industry

Grows without the use of pesticides and requires less watering (since its root system is deeper than most agricultural plants)

Robust and fast growing

Produces more fiber per acre than any other plant

No. 1 biomass producer on earth (10 tons per acre in approximately four months)

It is claimed that hemcrete is carbon negative as it locks up more CO2 in the growth process than in the production and building process.

Hemp can be processed to possess certain aesthetic qualities

Environmental friendly and up to 100% recyclable

Reliance on expensive imported fiber because of misguided laws which restrict the growing of non-psychoactive strains of the plant in many countries.

Lack of modern processing machinery

Extremely versatile, some uses include:

Disadvantages:

Rammed Earth

MethodCompressing earth materials together to form a construction is one of the oldest and most durable methods of building known to man. Using readily available building ma-terial (the ground you stand on) is an inventive and obvious way to go about.Being this ancient building method it of course includes many different techniques, both in regards to materials, their properties as well as building methods. But the principal is the same; you build with the most suitable material locally available. Ob-viously this is one of the most sustainable ways to build and you simplify and reduce side effects generated around transportation and the manufacturing process.How it works.One and probably the oldest ways of building from earth is to build a mold, fill in a layer of moist dirt (clay and small grain earth substances preferred, sometimes also mixed with concrete). The material is compressed (rammed together) and then the next layer is added, the mold is then moved around to build the next section of wall. A drying process takes over and voila, you have a house that could last a thousand years.

AdvantagesProbably the biggest advantage and the most important one is that this is one of the most sustainable ways to build.Locally available materials are used and most of the material process on site.Materials are recyclable, after demolition you can use the materials again… or just leave them were you found them… as dirt. Unique aesthetic properties.

DisadvantagesLabor intensive and more time consuming than many other building methods.Perfect for warmer more stable climates, building in more diverse climate (northern hemisphere i.e. Scandinavia) requires additional insulation and complicates build-ing process. High levels of construction quality control are required. Adding cement stabilization can compromise environmental credentials

There are different reasons why earth building has not caught on in modern western society but lack of public knowledge is probably the most common reason. Other might be that it is a specialized process not readily available, misconceptions and the fact that earth building are nearly impossible be standardized and adapted to building codes as the material used varies greatly. Also building in northern regions of the world (i.e. Scandinavia) produces technical difficulties.

Gabion

MethodBaskets fabricated of thick galvanized wire filled with stone and stacked on one another. Lifespan is around 50 yearsThe Gabion origins from a medivel version made out of wicker work open at top and bottom, these were then filled with eart and stone on site to create a tempo-rary protection.

UseToday Gabions are used mainly for retaining walls, temporay flood walls, military use,

AdvantagesThe content of the gabions are pretty flexible and depending of the density of the metal fabric they can be filled with different sizes of material. They drain water.They conform to ground movement

FutureThe Gabions could be varied moore in size and shape to work as building blocks.They could be filled up with recycled material, from tourn down buildings or filled with material directly from the site.

Hesco Bastion

The Hesco Bastion is a modern version of the Gabion used mainly by the military.HESCO Concertainer units consist of a steel mesh framework lined with non-woven geotextile material and filled with locally available material such as rocks, rubble, sand, gravel, or soil. Each set of Concertainer units comes with joining pins for connecting individual units. When filled, the cellular structure results in a sturdy wall. The standard unit size is three feet square and comes in a set of five to create a wall 15 feet long, and in turn, these can be linked to create a wall of unlimited length.

Same method

Sand Bags

Sandbags may be used during emergencies for example, when rivers threaten to flood, or a levee or dike is damaged.

They may also be used in non-emergency situations (or after an emergency) as a foundation for new levees, or other water-control structures.

“Stone coffin”

A “stone coffin” (stenkista) is traditionally a wooden structure filled with stone. It is then lowered into the water to create a foundations for a bridge or building.

Tyres filled with earth as foundation

Strapt Plastic bags filled with clothes.

PHZ 2, Dratz Dratz architects

Concept, PHZ 2, Dratz Dratz architects

Same concept...

The idea of having an empty building element to fill with available material has infinite possibilitys.

The desired use for it determine the modelling of it. Depending on the purpose it could be:

Loadbearing

Insulating: - Sound - Temperature

Recycled material could be used in a large extent, for both the elements and the infill.

Building Blocks Out of Recycled Material

Material compressed together to create a building block.

Possibilities of the material used can be endless.

If necessary, the material can then be coated or covered to protect against outside climate, possibly with a recycled material such as adobe.

Bitublock

BituBlock is a high-performance product that is about six times stronger than tradi-tional concrete block.

It’s made by mixing waste products like recycled glass, metal slag, sewage sludge and incinerator ash with a sticky binder called bitumen, also used in road paving.

The mixture is compacted in a mold and heat-cured, which oxidizes and hardens the bitumen.

New residential areas for housing around Sweden are more or less constructed in the same way. Single-family villas, pair houses and row houses are often built by companies with conventional techniques and design such as Småa, Anebyhus, Arkitekthus and Nordiska kvalitetshus to mention some. We visited a constuctionsite in Älta for a new residential area by Småa. Next to it was one part built only some years ago and it was interesting to see the result of a fin-ished area so close to the building site. The site is in a suburb to Stockholm with a lot of forest but the plot was flat and with-out trees. Little was left from the natural ground after excavation. It was clear that a lot of the building elements are prefabricated before it is transported to the flat site. All the houses had their foundations done and two houses had all of their walls al-ready. The foundations, are concrete on the ground, the structures are prefabricated wood frames with some iron beams and the roofs are sheet metal.

Södra Hedvigslund, Älta, NackaTrädgårdsstaden

Adjust the building after the siteAdjust the site after the building

Assemble prefabricated elements Build from scratch on site

Standard material despite site Local material on site

Permanent fixed structure Flexible structure

Fixed apperence Flexible and variated apperence

Foam glassInfo: Foam glass is a lightweight construction material with exceptional thermal and acousticc insulation properties. it is also solvent free, fire-proof and weatherproof. The insulation is manufactured primarily from recycled glass (> 66 %) and natural raw materials that occur almost without limit in nature.

Use: Used as exterior and interior insulation where the demands on energy efficiency are high.

References: Grazer Kunsthaus (Peter Cook/Colin Fournier), Turning Torso, Malmö (Santiago Calatrava)

Cost: Foamglas is significantly more expensive than the other insulation materials

Links: http://www.foamglas.se/hem/

Polycarbonate panelsInfo: Polycarbonate panels are manufactured out of a hard plastic polymer substance known as Bisphenol A (BPA). Polycarbonate makes an excellent substitute for glass or acrylic, and there are a multitude of uses for panels made of polycarbonates. Polycarbonate plastic is mold-able, durable, lightweight, flame resistant, shatterproof, energy efficient. recyclable, and extremely weather resistant.

Use: Often used as a structural material for agricultural outbuildings and greenhouses, lightweight room divider, roof for walkways, patios and terraces and also more and more used in facades of industries, sports halls, etc.

References: LABAN-Center, London (Herzog & de Meuron), Terminal 1A at Airport Vienna, Austria, etc.

Cost: More expensive than glass

Links: http://www.rodeca.de/EN/index.htm

Recycled glassInfo: 100% recycled glass has the combined characteristics of glass and natural stone and is a new sustainable material. It offers either natural stone’s opacity, levels of translucency or even transparency. No harmful resins are used in its manufacture so it is both environmentally sound and fully sustainable due to its composition from recycled glass.

Use: Recycled glass can be used in many architectural contexts, such as facades, or interior details in kitchens, bars, reception desks, bath-rooms and also in furniture, such as glass tables.

References: Museum Folkwang, Essen (David Chipperfield Architects), Esslingen Stadthalle and Hotel, Stuttgart, Germany (archimedialab), Lenne’- Dreieck Berlin (office/residential building) (Petzinka, Pink & Partner), etc.

Cost: Probably more expensive than “standard” glass

Links: http://www.greenhouseeffect.co.uk/recycled-glass.php

SPU InsuIationInfo: SPU (polyurethane-based insulation) boards are ideal for low-energy and passive energy construction, as they offer better thermal insulation performance than any other insulation material. Compared to a traditional wool-insulated solution, the same thermal insulation rating can be achieved using half the thickness, and with no need for separate vapour or air barrier layers.

Use: For insulation of both interior and exterior walls, and also roof-ing. The qualites of the SPU insulation makes low-energy and passive energy buildings not having to be thicker than those of a normal house, and translates into significant savings in both material and labour costs.

References: Industrial and agricultural buildings where the demands for heat insultion is high, retail buildings and more and more low-energy housing constructions. Also used in saunas (developed in Finland).

Cost: More expensive than other traditional insulation materials, but reduces costs for heating and cooling in the long run.

Links: http://www.spu.fi/en

Mud, Clay and HayInfo: Mud, clay and hay are one of the oldest building material in the world. Its an ecological way to build a house and if you do it right it can hold for hundreds of years.

Use: It can be used for walls, floors and foundation. It works good as isolation and as surface/ fasade material. It is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level.

References: Neubau Lehmhaus Rauch, Austria, by Boltshauser Architekten. Ka-pelle der Versöhnung, Berlin,Germany by Rudolf Reitermann and Peter Sassenroth. Musgum clay house, in Cameroon.

Cost: Cheap

Links: http://www.greendiary.com/entry/musgum-clay-houses-promote-earliest-nat-ural-building-materials/http://www.dailytonic.com/neubau-lehmhaus-rauch-in-schlins-austria-by-boltshaus-er-architekten-ch/http://www.ehow.com/how_6472795_build-house-out-clay-mud.htmlhttp://www.byggahus.se/artiklar/byggde-hus-av-halm-och-lera

Neubau Lehmhaus Rauch, Austria, by Boltshauser Architekten

Kapelle der Versöhnung, Berlin,Germany by Rudolf Reitermann and Peter Sassenroth Musgum clay house, in Cameroon

ThatchInfo: Thatch is one of the oldest building materials known. Grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. In Europa thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.

Use: Its a common roofing material. (Its available to a lot of people in the world).

References: Living on the Edge, Netherlands by Arjen Reas,Carabanchel Social Housing, Spain by Foreign Office Architects

Cost: Cheap

Links: http://www.arjenreas.nl/?p=494http://www.archdaily.com/1580/caranbachel-housing-foreign-office-architects/ Living on the Edge, Netherlands by Arjen Reas

Bamboo Carabanchel Social Housing, Spain by Foreign Office Architects

Fibre cement

Info: A frequently used composite material that can be provided as flat or corrugated sheets in different sizes, colours, structures and textures. The main ingredients are ce-ment, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), cellulose fibres, recycled paper and filler. Fibre cement is a fireproof, frost resistant and sustainable material.

Use: Exterior/interior cladding, roofing, insulation

References: Kvarteret Barnmorskan, Vertical House/Lorcan Oherlihy Architecs, Beach-house/Inarchitecten

Cost: Middle

Links: cembrit.se, ivarssonsverige.se

Plywood

Info: Plywood is made by gluing together an number of thin layers of veneer, or chipped wood, (usuallly pine or fir). The surface can be made up by a number of different kinds of wood; beech, birch, oak and more. It comes in various sizes and thicknesses and can be made to order.

Environmental effects: The production of the veneer or chips is mostly based on renewable resources, but the glue is based on fossil recources.

Use: It can be used as an interior element, such as wallcladding, furnitures, etc. It can also be used as a facade material if treated with oil and paint. It can also be used as a material for buil-ding concrete moulds. When treated with heat or steam it can be moulded in to varius curved shapes.

References: Tham & Videgård Hansson Arkitekter/House in Stocksund, Rucksak HouseTham & Videgård Hansson Arkitekter/Tree Hotel, Polish Pavilion Shanghai Expo 2010

Cost: approximately 10- 30 € /m2

Links: tvark.se, spacedid.wordpress.com/2010/01/27/rucksack-house, weburbanistcom/2011/01/17/faux-finishes-awesome-plywood-mdf-architecture/

SIP, Structural Insulated PanelInfo: Different materials are joined to wall, floor and ceiling boards. This construction method is known as the sandwich technique. By combining different materials with differ-ent properties, self-supporting components are created, with no additional support needed. This means that our house is tight and does not leak heat. Thanks to the self-supporting construction, it is possible to place the house on plints. Costly and time-consuming ex-cavation work can be avoided. A sandwich panel consists of a thick core of insulating material and the two glued coatings which has better strength properties. The mechani-cal properties of the sandwichpanel is comparable to an I-beam. The nuclear material that we normally use is EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) and XPS (Extruded Polystyrene). EPS and XPS are very suitable as insulation by low thermal conductivity, low water absorption, resistant to moisture and it is not influenced biologically. As the outer coating, we normally use hot-galvanized and painted sheet steel or fiber cement boards, both of which are mois-ture resistant and dense material with excellent weatherability.

Use: Load bearing wall

References: Villa Insjön, Nacka

Links: http://www.videhus.se/index.php?id=teknik http://www.annapang.se/projects/villa-nacka-insjoen/

Acrylic glassInfo: Acrylic glass, or PMMA - polymethylmethacrylate, has an ignition point of 460 ̊C and forms carbon dioxide and water during combustion. It has less than half the density of glass and the production requires about two liters of oil to make one kilogram PMMA. The material is UV-stable and age resistant, making it suitable for outdoor applications, but it is sensitive to scratches. Important to consider is the extreme length extension of this mate-rial; in a design temperature range of 100 ̊C it is estimated to 7 millimeters of expansion per meter. This means that when you can not allow continuous motion you are limited to rela-tively small sheeting formats. The sheets were attached with an acrylic foam tape with due dimensions in width, thick-ness and correct choice of foam. Tape thickness must be a third of the calculated thermal expansion; thus a tape of 2 millimeter thickness was selected. The tape was applied to a surface-treated steel batten since a galvanized surface is unstable over time.

References: Villa outside of Gothenburg, Unit arkitekter

Cost: Cheap, as long as the oil isn´t too expensive. Acrylic glass is supposed to be recycla-ble.

Links: http://unitark.se/plasthus/

TwinstoneInfo: Twinstone always comprises one insulating and one bearing part. Twinstone light is particularly suitable for the efficient construction of detached and semi-detached houses. Twinstone light comprises one cellular concrete insulation board and the proven Klimanorm stone. • optimum heat insulation • no additional thermal insulation: ideal for low-energy and passive houses • excellent living climate and natural moisture compensation • low weight and extra-light handling• excellent sound insulation and maximum fire protection • easy, fast handling as usual – in one step• completely windproof thanks to triple tongue-and-groove system • homogenous rendering base, inside and outside* U value = 0.125 W/m2K corresponds to an average lambda = 0.064 W/mK

Use: Walls

Links: http://www.greisel.de/Twinstone-light.64595.0.html?&L=2

1) Insulation: lightweight concrete3) Loadbearing: limestone4) Vertical tongue and groove system5) horizontal tongue and groove system7) Running Through e-channel

FiberglassInfo: Fiberglass, also called glass-reinforced plastic, GRP, is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. It is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material. A fiberglass component is typically of a thin “shell” construc-tion, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the mold used for manufacturing the shell.Glass-fibre reinforced polymer can be designed with the identical coefficient of thermal expansion as that of glass. Thus, it is possible to bond both materials with stiff adhesive. Through obtaining an integrated structural system, the window frames or facade profiles can be reduced to a minimum.

Use: Common uses of fiber glass include boats, automobiles, baths, hot tubs, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding and external door skins.Glass reinforced plastics are also used in the house building market for the production of roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, heads with keystones and sills. The use of fiberglass for these applications provides for a much faster installation and due to the reduced weight manual handling issues are reduced.

Church of the Holy CrossJyllinge, Denmark 2008 KHR arkitekter50 cm wide boards of GRP with trancluscent isolation.

Radhus i Aspudden

CO2 Structure (created by TIS & Partners) is a new alternative for concrete and brick. It is made out of silica (oxide of silicon) a sort of sand and when CO2 is blown into silica, it instantly con-verts the silica into a material as hard as brick.

To achieve su�cient strength, so the structural material can be stretched and bent without incor-porating steel rods, it needs to be combined with an organic material, such as epoxy or urethane.�e material is twice as strong as normal concrete and can support large structures without nearly as many steel reinforcements. CO2 Structure also is ready within a day while regular concrete can take around 28 days to fully harden. However, CO2 Structure only has lifespan of approximately 50 years.

As the �rst model example using CO2 Structure, TIS&Partners plans to install a double dome at the UIA World Congress, at Tokyo International Forum on September 25, 2011.

Co2-Structure- a new building material

�e picture shows the process of adding CO2

Sample of the brick

Buildings account for thirty-eight percent of the CO2 emissions in the U.S.U.K.-based Lhoist Group, Tradical® Hemcrete® has developed a new building material that is not just carbon neutral, but is actually carbon negative.

�e material is a bio-composite, thermal walling material made from hemp, lime and water.

Hemcrete - a new walling material

Timbercrete-recycled timber Timbercrete blocks, bricks, panel and pavers are made of sand, ce-ment and its main ingredient is recycled timber waste. �e bricks and blocks are produced in a mould at normal tempratures and they have an insulation value over 4 times better than normal bricks. It has high �re resistance rating and it is impervious to rot and ter-mites. Timbercrete bricks and blocks can be made in any size, shape or texture. It is made of relatively cheap raw materials and has low energy consumption during production and transport. And it is easy to use because it can be nailed and screwed into, like timber.

Material-sample Facade made of Hemcrete, Private house

Material-sample Private house

PTFE - te�on architectural membrane materials �e composite is made of �berglass and polytetra�uoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE products are available in a range of strengths and light transmission levels, providing the user with a choice of membranes to cover virtually any size structure from a full-sized stadium to a relatively small skylight. All membranes conform to rigid �re and building codes for permanent buildings.

PTFE detail

Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium

TIMaxTIMax enables a translucent glass facade to have thermal insulation. It is made of very thin yarned glass �bers united with a light-stable binder. �e air caught between the glass �bres acts as a very e�ective insulator. �e light that comes through the material, although without some of its original intensity, preserves its color and creates a homogeneous illumination. Besides providing thermal insulation in winter, TIMax also controls solar radiation in summer and reduces heat gain.

TIMax facade, Art-school, Waiblingen TIMax interior, Art-school, Waiblingen

TIMax interior, Art-school, WaiblingenTIMax system sample

TIMax detail

E�e- ethylene tetra�uoroethyleneETFE stands for Ethylene Tetra�uoroethylene, a transparent polymer that is used instead of glass and plastic in some modern buildings.

Compared to glass, ETFE: Transmits more light Insulates better Costs 24% to 70% less to install Is only 1/100 the weight of glass ETFE is strong enough to bear 400 times its own weight ETFE can be stretched to three times its length without loss of elasticity ETFE can be repaired by welding patches over tears ETFE has a nonstick surface that resists dirt ETFE is expected to last as long as 50 years ETFE does have disadvantages, however. ETFE transmits more sound than glass, and can be too noisy for some places ETFE is usually applied in several layers that must be in�ated and require steady air pressure

Working with ETFE is too complex for small residential projects

Allianz -Arena, Munchen, Germany National Aquatics Center at Beijing’s Olympic Green

Detail of facade, E�e-cushions Media-TIC building, Cloud9 architects

Cross-laminated timber provides an innovative massive building system, it is commonly applied for external and internal walls, ceilings and roofs.CLT o�ers a short assembly time at the building site because of the prefabricated boards. �ere is no break in the insulation layer and no need for a moisture barrier in walls. �e board properties provide a lot of advantages: air tightness, �re resistance, thermal insulation and acoustic insulation and of cource sustainability.

- Big board dimensions: 2,95 m x 16 m with a thickness of up to 40 cm - Prefabricated boards with cut-out doors and windows ready for assembling - Multi-layer board with crosswise arrangement of lamellas - Dry building system with a minimum of swelling and shrinkage of the boards- Best performance in static and physical properties

Cross-laminated timber

Waingels Collage, Reading, UK.

Enso Nature centre, Haltia, Finland.

Termite pavillion at Pestival 2009.

�ere are many examples of reuse of industrial pre fabricatel steel frames and modules.�e reuse or change of original construction or use provides a cheap alternative to client tailored steel structures.

�ere are many companies that provides cheap and easy to-build-up steeel components, as the example of the student housing project that Luleå University recently presented.�e thought is to reuse bathroom modules from the company Part in Kalix, Sweden to get the costs down.

Another company we have come across is the italian company New House that do pre fabricaded steel structures and aluminium covered modules for fast building. �is company has spezialised in container- and cabin building, modules are prodused in industries and at a very low cost.

Fakab is a swedish full-service company situated in Linköping who are specialized in industrial buildings and o�ers pre fabricated modules as well as client adapted solusions at a low cost and who could also put the structure up for you.

Steel frame modul -industrial module reused

New House pre fabricated steel frame, Italy.

New House pre fabricated cabin, Italy.New House industrial production, Italy.

Construction site, Kv. Glasstaven, Linköping by Fakab.

Student housing project, Luleå University, Luleå, Sweden.

Construction site, Kv. Glasstaven, Linköping by Fakab.

Only half as much steel - but the reinforcement will be just as strong nonetheless. Here is the secret that can save time and money on construction.

Newly started company Cellfab in Kalix develops an entirely new type of reinforcement for con-crete, asphalt or other materials.�e technique is called cell reinforcement and consists of rows of linked rings that are built to-gether into the desired shape.

- �e circle is the strongest geometric shape. With our method one can more than halve the amount of steel and still get the same strength, says co-founder and innovator Johan Persson.

Less steel provide an environmental bene�t, reducing both cost and weight. Another advantage is that the link structure increases reinforcement strength. It allows one to use high-strength steel, providing greater cargo capacity, but which tend to be too brittle for reinforcements.

Labor costs decrease because you do not have to cut and bend the rebar, and the process of building molds simpli�ed since cell reinforcement helps to raise the pressure of the concrete before it hardened. �e idea is that cell reinforcement will be delivered in �nished sections that build up the customer to tailor the reinforcement of the structure will be strengthened.

Cellfab -material cell reinforcement

Expanded metal�e manufacturing process produces a 3-dimensional expanded metal mesh. It is good for environments that require high security at night and a robust exterior. Where the metal mesh really comes into its own in terms of functionality is on multi-story car parks. It provides a secure surface while allowing the building to breathe without mechanical ventilation. Metal mesh is available in an almost limitless range of sizes, material types and surface �nishes. Its expanding characteristics mean that the energy used to produce each square meter of cladding is kept to a minimum.

�e New Museum of Contemporary Art, designed by SANAA

�e New Museum of Contemporary Art, designed by SANAAExcel building by Grimshaw Excel building by Grimshaw

Young Vic theatre by Haworth Tompkins

Experiments - Paper,fabric,tactility

Paper tube-structures, Shigeru Ban

�e PapierHaus, temporary pavillion, Essen, Germany

Cardboard Shelter by architecture student Tine Hovsepian�e straw theatre, Tallin,EstlandFabric Facade Studio Apartment, Holland

Vision 80 D

Västkuststugan

1½-planshus:(inredd vind)

HanbjälklagRamverkstakstol

500 LösullsisoleringFuktspärr

28x70 Glespanel13 Gipsplank

MellanbjälklagTrägolv

(ej våtutrymen)22 Spånskiva

Golvbjälkar45 Mineralullsisolering

Armerad väv28x70 Glespanel

13 Gipsplank

Yttervägg22x145 Sveapanel

28x70 SpikläktVindskydd

20 isolering på regel220 Regelstomme

240 MineralullsisoleringFuktspärr

45 Regelstomme45 Mineralullsisolering

13 Gips

YttertakBetongtakpannor

25x38 Tegelläkt25x38 StröläktUnderlagspapp

17 RåspontRamverkstakstol

Luftspalt290 Lösullsisolering

Fuktspärr28x70 Glespanel

13 Gipsplank

BottenbjälklagTrägolv (ej i våtutrymme)

Betongplatta och underliggande isolering ingår ej

2,5m

2,4m

--- Cross laminated timber is multilayered, completely and solidly made of wood. Due to the gluing of longitudinal and transverse layers, the “working” of the wood is reduced to a negligible degree.

--- It is a solid pre-fabricated element that insulates heat and cansimultaneously carry loads. It is fireproof and has a sound absorbing effect.

--- About 99.4% timber and 0.6% glue, it is a monolithic building material. Thus, a piece of timber.

--- Used for external walls or roofing you combine the elements with layers of insulation. Used as internal walls the cross laminated timber is enough in itself.

CROSS -L AMINATED TIMBER

Svartlamoen housing by BKark

PRODUCTIONRammed earth walls are typically formed in a similar way to poured concrete. Earth of a certain consistency is fi l led and compacted into a formwork in layers and built up successively. Not all soils are suitable and high quality control and detail standards are necessary. Insulation is required either internally or externally. There are also concerns about durability. External insulation may provide protection. USESIn these examples rammed earth walls per form the same function as traditional masonry walls. They can be load bearing to support roof structures. Rammed earth walls may require additional protection from rain - such as a projecting roof.

COSTS Rammed earth may be a very cheap to produce depending on the availability of suitable soil however a large factor in the cost will be the availability of labour. Construction is relatively slow and could therefore be manually intensive and expensive. Rammed earth may therefore suit self-builders or community building projects such as housing cooperatives where cheap or free labour may be available.

ENVIRONMENTALNatural materialLow embodied energy

R AMMED EARTH

--- What elements make up a home - and what does it take to make us feel at home? At this year’s Copenhagen Design Week IKEA teamed up with Erik Juul Architects to create a remarkable shipping container home that provides all of the basic necessities and questions how many things the average household really needs.

--- ‘HomeLessHome’ is a small home composed of rough frames that was built entirely from standard parts and materials like scaffolding pipes, bright red shipping containers, and waterproof plastic mesh, creating a super-basic house.

SC AFFOLDING AND

CONTAINERS

--- ModCell are prefabricated panels of straw bale and hemp construction.

--- ModCell insulation value is up to three times better than current building regulations demand.

--- Panels can be used either as load-bearing panels, up-to three modules (9m) high, or free-standing, as non load-bearing cladding panels, where a structural frame is to be used.

--- The panels are 410 mm to 480 mm thick. The panels are structural up to 3 stories high.

--- www.modcell.com

STR AW BALE

CASE STUDY

STROHAUS in ESCHENZ, SWIZERLAND FELIX JERUSALEM

PRODUCTIONStraw is compressed to form panels. The outer layers (40mm) are compressed to higher density (600kg/m2) and perform the load bearing function. The inner layer is less dense (300kg/m2) and performs the insulative function (170-200mm). The materials are bound together using non-formaldehyde glues.

USES Panels are created which can be combined to form wall, roof and floor elements. They need to be protected from moisture. In this case the consruction was elevated from the moist ground and clad in a cheap coloured corrugated plastic material.

COSTS Supplier information and costs aren’t easily available.

ENVIRONMENTAL• natural material• non-formaldehyde glues • quicker to grow than timber• recylable

COMPRESSED STR AW (SIPs)

--- UPM ProFi consists of paper and plastic left over from the production of self-adhesive label materials.

--- The pieces that Shigeru Ban developed together with UPM ProFi and Artek for the pavill ion includes angles, floor ‘boards’, corrugated roof/ wall panels and a unit which could be repeated to generate the pavilion.

--- UPM ProFi contains no harmful chemicals so after it ’s l ife cycle it can be disposed of as normal household waste.

--- When incinerated, UPM ProFi reacts similarly to untreated wood and creates no toxic fumes.

--- During EXPO in Milan 2009 Shigeru Ban also introduced a fully modular furniture range based on the use of an L-shaped unit of UPM ProFi material. The L-unit can be assembled in various positions to form a chair, a table, or a bench.

UPM ProFi

Self-adhesive label materials

--- Regular pallets, worldwide standardized size

--- Can be used as wall-, ceiling and facade elements

--- Can load up to 2 tons

--- Inbetween the slats of the pallet can be inserted insulation, pipes or loadbearing structure elements depending on need

--- Cheap, costs around 50 SEK / pallet

PALLE TS

Manifesto House by Infiniski

Paletten Haus by Andreas Claus Schnetzer and Gregor Pils

Palettenpavillion by Matthias Loebermann

PRODUCTIONGabions are cages that are fil led with stone. The stone can vary in size and geology depending on the availability. Gabions may be pre-fil l led or fil led in-situ.

USESGabions are commonly used in civil engineering and earthwork projects in foundations and retaining walls. They may have high load bearing strengh (similar to a more conventionally constructed pile or wall) . Gabions have been used more recently with aesthetic impact in Domus Winery (Hertzog & De Meuron) and the maze at Kielder Forest.

In a domestic situation gabions may replace concrete in site works, foundation works, forming basements or piles, or to define external or semi-external spaces. Perhaps a gabion wall could enclose an unheated ‘indoor ’ space?

COSTS Gabions are relatively cheap to construct in comparison with concrete walls/foundations or other masonry wall types. They require relatively unskilled labour to fil l. Cages may require skilled labour to manufacture.

DOMUS WINERY, SPAIN - HERTZOG & DE MEURON (ABOVE) MINOTAUR MAZE, KEILDER FOREST (BELOW)

GABIONS

9 STOCK ORCHARD STREET, LONDON - SWARCH

--- Based on the traditional technique where quartz is embeded in white plaster as a exterior clad, in this projekt transparent recykled glass bottles were crushed and added to the white cement sur face.

--- The building is located in Buenos- Aries and made by Chalú house by Adamo-Faiden

GL ASS BOT TLES AND

PL ASTERCrushed glassbottles

--- Used traditionally in Japan as a way of treating the exterior wood instead of paint etc.

CHARRED WOOD

PRODUCTIONRigid plastic sheeting is produced from a variety of materials and can be formed into different sectional shapes.

Common production materials include: • Polycarbonate • Glassfibre reinforced polyester • PVC plast • Acrylic plastic • Polyethylene terephthalat (PET )

PET greenest of these solutions.

In these examples plastic sheeting is used in conjunction with straw bale and compressed straw constructions. The plastic sheeting gives weather and fire protection to the underlying material.

USES• Low thermal performance so

unsuitable as replacement for conventional glazing.

• Suitable for outdoor use or in conjunction with other materials to improve thermal performance.

• waterproof

COST low cost waterproof and transparent/translucent material

ENVIRONMENT PET is recyclable

RIGID PL ASTIC SHEE TING

9 STOCK ORCHARD STREET, LONDON, SWARCH

STROH HAUS, SWITZERLAND, FELIX JERUSALEM

POLYCARBONATE SHEETS IN VARIOUS THICKNESSES

9 Stock Orchard Street is the London home and office of Sarah Wigglesworth and Jeremey Till. They constructed an experimental and sustainable building using a pallatte of alternative materials and structural solutions.

This case study draws attention to the use of the following:

• straw bale construction • ‘cloth’ facades • structural gabion piers • ‘sand bag’ facade

9 STOCK ORCHARD

STREE T

9 STOCK ORCHARD

STREE T

9 STOCK ORCHARD

STREE T

The office part of the building is raised on gabions. The undercroft provides space for chickens and for the garden to extend.

Springs are mounted onto a concrete pad which is cast on top of the gabion piers. This reduces the vibrations caused by the passing Kingscross trains.

The gabions are constructed from recycled concrete blocks.

The wire which the gabion cages are constructed from did not meet safety in fire - they would melt and the gabions would collapse. Therefore a ‘sacraficial’ column was cast in the centre of the gabion.

VILL A AT TIT YDFÅGELBRO

• lack of storage space

• wastedinternalvolume

• awkward geometry and detailing

• constructional dishonesty (see section)



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STRUCTRAL (LOADBEARING)

PROPERTIES

MATERIALS

COMPRESSION STACKING + FILLING CONTAINER

FILLING

STACKING + GLUEING MODULE

GLUE

STACKING

SUSPENSION TENSILE STRUCTURE BRAIDING

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE

ROOM DIVIDING

SHADING

TRANSPARENCY

INSULATION

WATERPROOF VERTICAL HORISONTAL

AIRTIGHT

SOUND RESISTANT

RECYCLABLE

RENEWABLE

COST

LATE

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OIL BARRELSOil containers, empty barrels is, as tires, just there, and even though the material is reusable, we have tried to look at ways in which they can be used for constructioning without there having to be too much processing.

To cut them in different angles and welding them to eachother could make them into columns and beams. To give them extra

CORIANCorian as exterior rainscreen cladding:- Malleable. Ability to make di�erent forms and texture.- Weather and UV resistant. Chemically inert.- Durable, easy to clean and repair.- High �re-rating

CARBON FIBERCarbon Fiber as an alternative of steel structureal components:- CF is 5x stronger and only weighs 2/3- CF is more e�cient and durable. It won’t rust, warp or dent.- CF has a higher temperature tolerance and corrosion resistance.- CF has a lower thermal expansion.

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FIBERGLASSFiberglass Structural Panels:- Strong, lightweight- Easy to install and maintain- Corrosion resistant- Low electricity and thermal conductivity

PaperFibers from wood, mainly used for printing, writing, packing and hygiene. Low cost, great quantities, easy recyclable.

Ideas for implementationA. Structural component by casting

C(B). Structual component by stacking/insulating

Structural paper pulp

Stacking + insulating

SYNTETHIC FIBRE / KEVLAR

PINE CONESLow cost, great quantities, easy recyclable, superbe aest-ethics.

Ideas for implementationA. Isolation

VENTILATION PIPESThe pipes can be structural both as columns (with reinforcement) or as beams, if prevented from colaps vertcally (the pipe serve as a vault). If cut alongsside you get predeformed steelplates.

Around 50 mm - 150 mm in diameter. Made of galvanazed steel or alu-minium.

LINOLEUM-

-

CHICKEN NETChicken Net is a net made of thin galvanized steel treads that are braid-ed to a net. It is light and can take suspension.Chicke net can be the skeleton in light weight structures since it is pliable and rather strong along its surface. It can serve both as a container for for example insulation materials or it can serve as sunshading if made in mul-tiple layers. If braided it becomes twice as strong.

FIELD STUDY - HOUSING PROJECT IN HENRIKSDALSHAMNEN

Design Process Studio: Autumn 2011 KTH-A

www.unrealstockholm.orgAss. Professor Tor Lindstrand

+46 (0) 70 751 57 [email protected]

MATERIALS

Documents

Transcript of MATERIALS