Material & Methods: An Overview

Material & Methods: Material & Methods: An OverviewAn Overview

Ahmed MandilAhmed Mandil

Prof of Epidemiology Prof of Epidemiology

KSU College of MedicineKSU College of Medicine

April 22, 2023 Material & Methods

HeadlinesHeadlines

Sections of an M&M sectionSections of an M&M section Design, setting, samplingDesign, setting, sampling Data collection toolsData collection tools Pilot studyPilot study Ethical considerationsEthical considerations Citing referencesCiting references


Questions to be answeredQuestions to be answered

How will the study be How will the study be designed designed ??

How will the study be How will the study be carried carried out ?out ?

How are collected data going How are collected data going to be to be analyzed ?analyzed ?


Needed InformationNeeded Information How the study will be designedHow the study will be designed (briefly include: (briefly include:

type of study design, suitability of choice for type of study design, suitability of choice for objectives of the study, study sequence)objectives of the study, study sequence)

How the study will be carried outHow the study will be carried out (briefly include (briefly include information on: sample selection, inclusion / information on: sample selection, inclusion / exclusion criteria, instruments to be utilized, exclusion criteria, instruments to be utilized, variables considered, referenced techniques, variables considered, referenced techniques, personnel / research team, pilot / actual data personnel / research team, pilot / actual data collection experience, ethical considerations) collection experience, ethical considerations)

How are collected data going to be analyzedHow are collected data going to be analyzed (software, biostatistical techniques and methods)(software, biostatistical techniques and methods)

Design & SettingDesign & Setting

Study design Study design ::– Quantitative [observational, experimental]Quantitative [observational, experimental]– QualitativeQualitative– MixedMixed

Study settingStudy setting: : where will the study be where will the study be carried out:carried out:– For primary dataFor primary data– For secondary datFor secondary dat


SamplingSampling

Sample Sample size size estimation: estimation: using using standard equationstandard equation

Sampling Sampling techniquetechnique– sshould be random, unless hould be random, unless

otherwise justifiedotherwise justified– inclusion / exclusion criteria of inclusion / exclusion criteria of

selectionselection


Data Collection ToolsData Collection Tools

Data collection Data collection ToolsTools::– QuestionnaireQuestionnaire : brief description of : brief description of

sections / variables mentioned, with sections / variables mentioned, with copy attachedcopy attached

– BiochemicalBiochemical measurements: with measurements: with references of techniques / kitsreferences of techniques / kits

– Physical Physical measurements: with measurements: with description of method / reference, as description of method / reference, as applicableapplicable


Pilot StudyPilot Study

Pilot study Pilot study : : needed for all studies, to test:needed for all studies, to test: Logistics of data collectionLogistics of data collection Transportation (if applicable)Transportation (if applicable) Questionnaire: Questionnaire:

– Suitability / claritySuitability / clarity– Questions may need rephrasing, removing, Questions may need rephrasing, removing,

addingadding Estimation of timing for data collectionEstimation of timing for data collection Re-planning, accordingly Re-planning, accordingly


Data Analysis Data Analysis

Data analysis Data analysis planplan : : – Referenced Referenced softwaresoftware– Brief description of Brief description of techniquestechniques

» Univariate analysis (sample demography)Univariate analysis (sample demography)» Bivariate analysis (cross tabulations)Bivariate analysis (cross tabulations)» Multivariate analysis (for identifying key Multivariate analysis (for identifying key

determinants for outcomes)determinants for outcomes)


Ethical ConsiderationsEthical Considerations IRB bilingual CIRB bilingual Consent Form onsent Form to be attached and to be attached and

include the following:include the following:– Purposes of the study, benefits, potential harmsPurposes of the study, benefits, potential harms– Right of the participant to withdraw at any time Right of the participant to withdraw at any time

without any obligationwithout any obligation– Confidentiality of collection information Confidentiality of collection information – Participant’s anonymity assured (by assigning Participant’s anonymity assured (by assigning

each participant with a code number for the each participant with a code number for the purpose of analysis only)purpose of analysis only)

– Information on PI: name / affiliation / numberInformation on PI: name / affiliation / number No incentives or rewardsNo incentives or rewards should be given to should be given to

participants. Transportation / snacks may be participants. Transportation / snacks may be provided to establish a bond with participants, with provided to establish a bond with participants, with no obligation to participate no obligation to participate


REFERENCESREFERENCES



References (I)References (I)

Knowledge of previous work is critical to the Knowledge of previous work is critical to the success and soundness of the study, credibility success and soundness of the study, credibility of the scientific paperof the scientific paper

References should be restricted to those with References should be restricted to those with direct bearing on the work describeddirect bearing on the work described

““Instructions to authors”Instructions to authors” of the respective of the respective journal should be reviewed for style to be used journal should be reviewed for style to be used in citing references, e.g. Vancouver style, in citing references, e.g. Vancouver style, Harvard style, etcHarvard style, etc

References (II)References (II)

Sources for references include:Sources for references include: Printed indices:Printed indices: Index Medicus (author, Index Medicus (author,

subject), Excerpta Medica, Science Citation subject), Excerpta Medica, Science Citation Index, Biological Extracts, etc (now obsolete)Index, Biological Extracts, etc (now obsolete)

Electronic databasesElectronic databases: : – International:International: PubMed, Ovid, Medline (Index PubMed, Ovid, Medline (Index

Medicus), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica), Biosis Medicus), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica), Biosis (biology), IPA (drug development), Toxline (biology), IPA (drug development), Toxline (toxicology), etc(toxicology), etc

– Regional:Regional: IMEMR (of WHO/EMRO), Center for IMEMR (of WHO/EMRO), Center for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) in Dubai Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) in Dubai

– National:National: SAUDIMEDLIT, etc SAUDIMEDLIT, etc



Examples of Citing ReferencesExamples of Citing References(Vancouver Style) I(Vancouver Style) I

1.1. UNAIDS/WHO. HIV/AIDS epidemic update: December, 2008. UNAIDS/WHO. HIV/AIDS epidemic update: December, 2008. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008. [official document][official document]

2.2. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (for Personal Statistical Package for Social Sciences (for Personal Computers) [SPSS-PC]. Version 11. SPSS Co. (444 N. Computers) [SPSS-PC]. Version 11. SPSS Co. (444 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.), 2007. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.), 2007. [statistical [statistical software]software]

3.3. Al-Zahrani A. A national study of obesity in Saudi Arabia. MD Al-Zahrani A. A national study of obesity in Saudi Arabia. MD thesis. Riyadh: King Saud University, 2005 thesis. Riyadh: King Saud University, 2005 [doctoral thesis][doctoral thesis]

4.4. Mandil AMA, Aboul-Azm S, Bahnassy AA, Bashawri L. KAP Mandil AMA, Aboul-Azm S, Bahnassy AA, Bashawri L. KAP study concerning HIV/AIDS among nursing students, Eastern study concerning HIV/AIDS among nursing students, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Bull HIPH 2000; 30(2): 391 - 404. Province, Saudi Arabia. Bull HIPH 2000; 30(2): 391 - 404. [published article in a scientific journal][published article in a scientific journal]


Examples of Citing ReferencesExamples of Citing References(Vancouver Style) II(Vancouver Style) II

1.1. Last JM. Last JM. A dictionary of epidemiologyA dictionary of epidemiology. 5. 5thth edition. New edition. New York, Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2008. York, Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2008. [book][book]

2.2. Krauss JFK. Occupational health. In: Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Krauss JFK. Occupational health. In: Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Kjellstrom T. 2Kjellstrom T. 2ndnd edition. edition. Basic epidemiologyBasic epidemiology. Geneva: . Geneva: WHO, 2006. WHO, 2006. [book chapter][book chapter]

3.3. Non-communicable diseases report. Non-communicable diseases report. http://www.who.int/ncd (accessed on 26 July, 2008) (accessed on 26 July, 2008) [Internet source][Internet source]

4.4. Tobacco control policies. Tobacco control policies. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco (accessed on 1 September, 2007) (accessed on 1 September, 2007) [Internet source][Internet source]


HeadlinesHeadlines

Sections of an M&M sectionSections of an M&M section Design, setting, samplingDesign, setting, sampling Data collection toolsData collection tools Pilot studyPilot study Ethical considerationsEthical considerations Citing referencesCiting references

Further ReadingFurther Reading

Hall GM. Hall GM. How to write a paperHow to write a paper. 2. 2ndnd edition. Delhi: edition. Delhi: Byword publishers, 2000.Byword publishers, 2000.

Day RA. Day RA. How to write and publish a scientific How to write and publish a scientific paperpaper. 3. 3rdrd edition. Phoenix, New York: Oryx Press, edition. Phoenix, New York: Oryx Press, 1988.1988.

Smith GD. Smith GD. Writing and publishing in the Writing and publishing in the epidemiological field: the IEA’s journal as an epidemiological field: the IEA’s journal as an exampleexample. University of Bristol, Sept 2013 . University of Bristol, Sept 2013

International journalsInternational journals: International Journal of : International Journal of Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, The Lancet, Social Sciences & Medicine The Lancet, Social Sciences & Medicine

RegionalRegional: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal NationalNational: Saudi Medical Journal, Saudi Journal of : Saudi Medical Journal, Saudi Journal of

Gastroenterology, Annals of Saudi MedicineGastroenterology, Annals of Saudi MedicineApril 22, 2023 Material & Methods

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Material & Methods: An Overview

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