Material LIFE: The Embodied Energy of Building Materials
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Material LIFE:The Embodied Energy of Building Materials
Gabrielle Rossit, ARIDO, LEED AP ID+C
Marion Lawson, LEED AP BD+C
September 21, 2012
IIDEX/NeoCon Toronto 2012
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1. Explain how to define a building material’s embodied energy content.
2. Describe the findings of an examination of the current research and existing datasets and tools related to embodied energy from among product manufacturers, peer design firms and academic or non‐profit institutions.
3. Describe customized tools that are available to project teams for using embodied energy as a selection criterion in material specifications.
4. Using two current design projects as examples, explain how material embodied energy research has been applied.
Learning Objectives for Today’s Session
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SECTION 1
Why Embodied Energy?
SECTION 2
Defining Embodied Energy
SECTION 3
Our Research Process & Findings
SECTION 4
Mbod-E Calculator
SECTION 5
Material LIFE
SECTION 6
Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
SECTION 7
Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
SECTION 8
Conclusions
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
Cannon Design Chicago Office
Cannon Design
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
- Energy is embodied in everything we use and depend on; it includes:• Extraction of raw materials• Transportation of materials• Manufacture/processing of materials, food, clothing, etc.• Usage and disposal/recycling
- Greenhouse gas emissions of manufacturing processes
- Often ignored because not as “visible” or easy to track as operational energy
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
U.S. energy consumption by sector
Source: Architecture 2030 and Richard Stein 1977
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
At beginning of building life, embodied energy = 100% of building’s energy
Source: Architecture 2030, 2030 Inc.
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
At end of life-cycle (year 50), operational energy = 75% and embodied energy = 25%
Source: Architecture 2030, 2030 Inc.
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
Embodied Energy = Operational Energy around year 15-20
Source: Architecture 2030, 2030 Inc.
2027
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
Embodied energy
Operational energy
As operational energy is reduced, the impact of embodied energy increases.
YR 0 YR 15-20 YR 25-30 YR 50
Reduced operational energy
Embodied energy of capital improvements
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1. Why Embodied Energy?
Architecture industry’s interest in embodied energy:
- Understand how building materials are manufactured
- Specify sustainable products
- Consider entire life-cycle of products
- Encourage manufacturers to find more efficient processes
- Commitment to reduce carbon footprint of buildings
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2. Defining Embodied Energy
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2. Defining Embodied Energy
- Embodied energy = the sum of energy inputs to make a product
- For full cradle-to-grave cycle, energy inputs from:
• Extraction of raw materials
• Transportation to factory
• Manufacture of product / components
• Assembly of product / system
• Transportation to site / point of sale
• Installation / construction
• Maintenance
• Replacement
• Disposal / re-purposing / recycling
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2. Defining Embodied Energy
- Embodied energy for building materials is often measured cradle-to-gate (extraction, transportation, manufacture, packaging)
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2. Defining Embodied Energy
Energy to manufacture product Product orBuilding
Impact
WASTE ENERGY SITE ENERGY
Fossil Fuel
Non-fossil Fuel
EmbodiedCarbon Embodied
Energy
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2. Defining Embodied Energy
Typical office building:
- 50% of embodied energy from envelope and structure
- Average = 4.82 GJ/m2 or 447.8 MJ/ft2
- 1 MJ = 0.948 kBtu
Breakdown of initial embodied energy for typical office building
Source: Cole and Kernan, 1996
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3. Research Process & Findings
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Multi-disciplinary research team
Goals:
• Calculate and evaluate embodied energy of building materials
• Develop embodied energy calculator specific to building industry
• Develop design tools to help with material selection
• Adopt a comprehensive and sustainable approach to material selection
3. Research Process & Findings
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Literature review:
- Subject gained interest 20-30 years ago
- Majority of research comes from U.K.and Australia
- Most comprehensive research from Hammond and Jones at University of Bath
- Data pulled from Life Cycle Assessments
- No rating / certification system currently exists for embodied energy
3. Research Process & Findings
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USGBC LEED rating system indirectly addresses embodied energy:
• Regional materials
• Recycled content
• Material / building reuse
3. Research Process & Findings
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Study of existing calculators/databases:
- University of Bath Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)
- Athena Institute Eco Calculator
- GRANTA CES Selector software – Eco Audit Tool
- GaBi software
- BEES software
3. Research Process & Findings
University of Bath ICEembodied energy database for materials
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Interviews/discussions with industry peers
Kieran Timberlake• Embodied energy research• Used on several projects
Architecture 2030• 2030 Challenge for Products
USG• Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Herman Miller• Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
Thornton Tomasetti• Signed on to 2030 Commitment• Embodied energy research for
structural systems
3. Research Process & Findings
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Comparable research
Portola Valley Town Center, Portola Valley, CA
Siegel & Strain Architects
3. Research Process & Findings
The David & Lucile Packard Foundation, Los Altos, CA
EHDD Architecture
Cellophane House, MOMA New York, NY
Kieran Timberlake
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3. Research Process & Findings
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
- Governed by ISO standards
- Cradle-to grave analysis of products/materials
- Include embodied energy as well as other environmental factors
- Drive product comparison within industry
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3. Research Process & Findings
Research initial findings:
- Subject of embodied energy and carbon is gaining attention in the industry
- Focus seems to be more on embodied carbon rather than energy (Architecture 2030)
- Some industry leaders have committed to conducting EPDs for all products
- More manufacturers and product reps need to understand embodied energy
- To our knowledge, no one has developed an industry-specific calculator
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3. Research Process & Findings
Research result:
We need a calculator to track embodied energy in buildings.
We need an embodied energy tool to provide design guidance.
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
- Goal of calculator: calculate embodied energy of building materials, assemblies, and entire projects
- Resources used:
• ICE database
• Product-specific LCAs from manufacturers
• Product-specific EPDs from manufacturers
• Information acquired from manufacturers (when available)
- Current format: Excel calculator
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
Organized according to ASTM UNIFORMAT II categories:
- A10 & A20 – Foundations & Basement Construction
- B10 – Superstructure
- B20 – Exterior Closure
- B30 – Roofing
- C10 – Interior Construction• C1010 – Partitions• C1020 – Doors• C1030 – Fittings
- C20 – Staircases
- C30 – Interior Finishes• C3010 – Wall• C3020 – Floor• C3030 – Ceiling
- E20 – Furnishings• E2010 – Fixed• E2020 - Movable
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
- Categories not currently included:
• D10 – Conveying
• D20 – Plumbing
• D30 – HVAC
• D40 – Fire Protection
• D50 – Electrical
• E10 – Equipment
- Not included due to difficulty of assembly calculations
- Best way to get values: directly from manufacturers
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
Inputs for calculator = material quantities
- Finishes: typically in ft2
- Partitions: ft2 of wall (calculator accounts for thickness)
- Furnishings: # of units
- Lumber & steel studs: linear feet
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
BIM warehouses and Mbod-E
- Completed warehouses: partitions, doors
- Future work: window warehouse, finish tags, etc.
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4. Mbod-E Calculator
BIM schedules and Mbod-E
- Embodied energy built into wall property = efficient system
- Automated calculation
- Unit values and total values appear in schedules
- Creating project baselines for firm
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5. Material LIFE
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5. Material LIFE
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5. Material LIFE
Design tool rather than calculator
Quick material comparisons
Used for material selection
Same UNIFORMAT II categories as Mbod-E calculator
Detailed comparisons for specific materials (i.e. carpet types)
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Summary page
- For each UNIFORMAT group
- Shows range of each material
- Highlights mean of material
- Materials grouped by type
- Example: wall finishes
• Tackable
• Directly applied to wall
• Applied to wall with adhesive or cement
• Mechanically attached to wall or frame
5. Material LIFE
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5. Material LIFE
Values page
- Detailed range for specific product within material group
- Examples:
• Different thickness
• Primary vs. recycled
• Solid vs. veneer panels
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5. Material LIFE
Material page
- Graphs specific characteristics
- Examples:
• Material type (i.e. metals: aluminum, steel)
• Primary vs. recycled
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5. Material LIFE
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5. Material LIFE
Carpet detail page
- Different carpet types (Nylon 6 vs. Nylon 6,6)
- Modular vs. Broadloom
- Backing options
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6. Case Study: Cannon DesignChicago Office
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Cannon Design Chicago Office, Chicago, IL
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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Cannon Design Chicago Office, Chicago, IL
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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Project:
- Relocation of Cannon Design office in Chicago
- 60,205 sf floor in office tower
Sustainability goals:
- LEED-CI Platinum
- Reuse materials and furniture whenever possible
- Reduce embodied energy of project overall
- Pilot project of embodied energy tools
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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Collaboration with research team:
- Provided feedback on calculator
- Addressed ease of use
- Advice led to creation of Material LIFE
- Provided preliminary material selection lists for embodied energy comparisons:
• Carpet
• Write-on wall finishes
• Furniture
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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MANUFACTURER CARPET TYPE PRODUCT YARN TYPE DYE METHOD BACKING PILE
WEIGHTEMBODIED
ENERGY
Bentley Prince Street Broadloom Satellite City Tile Nylon 6,6 100% solution dye High PerformancePC 24 oz/yd2 16.639 MJ/ft2
FLOR Modular Shear Indulgence 100% British Wool undyed GlasBac Tile 43 oz/yd2 unknown
InterfaceFLOR Modular Raw Nylon 6 100% solution dye GlasBacRE Tile 24 oz/yd2 9.199 MJ/ft2
InterfaceFLOR Modular Distressed Nylon 6 unknown (assume solution) GlasBac Tile 16 oz/yd2 11.636 MJ/ft2
Mannington Modular Spatial Progressions Nylon 6,6 100% solution dye Infinity RE Modular 24 oz/yd2 unknown
Shaw Contract Group Modular Ambient Tile Nylon 6 72% solution, 28% piece ecoworx tile 24 oz/yd2 28.196 MJ/ft2
MANUFACTURER EMBODIED ENERGY
Bentley Prince Street 16.639 MJ/ft2
FLOR unknown
InterfaceFLOR 9.199 MJ/ft2
InterfaceFLOR 11.636 MJ/ft2
Mannington unknown
Shaw Contract Group 28.196 MJ/ft2
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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Furniture selection:
- RFP language sent to furniture manufacturers
- Proposals passed to research team for evaluation
As part of Cannon Design’s office relocation, we are conducting research on the embodied energy of the products we are using in the design of the space. This information will inform design decisions we will make on this project. For each product, please provide the following information:
• Product Name • Locations of manufacture and final assembly• Life Cycle Assessment report for the product, which
includes cradle-to-gate embodied energy assessment• Complete list of all component materials and their
respective weights
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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LCA data for work stations from Herman Miller
Raw Material Extraction/Production
Transport
Part Production at outside suppliers
Transport
Assembly At Herman Miller
Distribution to Customer
Use
Transport
RecyclingDisposal
Disassembly
System Boundaries
Inputs from Environment
Emissions to Environment
Raw Material Extraction and
Processing
Production
Distribution
Lifecycle Stage
Use
End of Life
Part Production at Herman Miller
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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LCA data for work stations from Herman Miller
LCI Results Unit Total Raw Material Production
Product Production
Distribution and Retail
End of Life
Water Emissions
Phosphates kg 2.6x10-4 2.6x10-4 4.0x10-6 1.1x10-7 5.2x10-7
Nitrates kg 2.1x10-3 0.0x100 2.1x10-3 4.0x10-7 7.8x10-6
Dioxin kg 1.4x10-15 1.4x10-15 2.9x10-19 3.3x10-22 3.5x10-22
Heavy Metals kg 3.4x10-2 2.2x10-2 1.1x10-2 1.3x10-5 2.1x10-4
Air EmissionsNitrogen Oxides (NOx) kg 5.1x10-1 2.4x10-1 2.7x10-1 4.9x10-4 4.1x10-3
Sulfur Oxides (SOx) kg 7.3x10-1 3.8x10-1 3.5x10-1 3.5x10-4 1.9x10-3
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) kg 2.8x102 1.5x102 1.3x102 7.6x10-1 1.3x100
Methane (CH4) kg 4.9x10-1 3.1x10-1 1.8x10-1 9.0x10-4 1.6x10-3
Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas, N2O) kg 6.0x10-3 4.3x10-3 1.6x10-3 3.3x10-6 8.4x10-6
NMVOCs kg
8.9x10-2
6.8x10-2 2.0x10-2 3.2x10-4 1.1x10-3
Energy DemandPrimary Energy
MJ4.0x103
2.1x103 2.0x103 1.1x101 1.9x101
Fossil Fuel EnergyMJ 3.5x103 1.8x103 1.7x103 1.1x101 1.9x101
Nuclear EnergyMJ
5.3x102
3.0x102 2.3x102 5.8x10-2 3.8x10-1
Renewable Energy MJ 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100
WasteWaste to Landfill kg 5.1x101 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100 5.1x101
Waste to Incinerator kg 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100
Waste to Recycling kg 1.7x101 0.0x100 6.9x100 0.0x100 9.6x100
Hazardous Wastekg
1.8x10-1
1.8x10-1 0.0x100 0.0x100 0.0x100
OtherConsumptive Water Use
kg1.8x103
1.3x103 5.9x102 2.7x10-1 1.4x101
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
85.6 MJ/ft2
(921.4 MJ/m2)
81.1 kBtu/ft2
(255.8 kWh/m2)
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Move-in day YR 1 YR 2 YR 3 YR 4
Embodied energy and operation energy:
- Embodied energy = 85.6 MJ/ft2 = 81.1 kBtu/ft2 (255.8 kWh/m2)
- Operational energy = 548,580 kWh/year = 31.1 kBtu/ft2/yr (98.1 kWh/m2/yr)
- Note: embodied does not include MEP
Embodied = OperationalYR 2.6
6. Case Study: Cannon Design Chicago Office
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
- Similar approach to ChicagoOffice project
- Reused almost all furniture
- Received embodied energydata from Teknion
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7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
42.3 MJ/ft2
(455.3 MJ/m2)
40.1 kBtu/ft2
(126.5 kWh/m2)
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Chicago Office
41.5 MJ/ft2 (446.7 MJ/m2)
Washington D.C. Office
34.4 MJ/ft2 (370.3 MJ/m2)
7. Case Study: Cannon Design Washington D.C. Office
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8. Conclusions
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8. Conclusions
Building life-cycle does matter
Consider the balance between embodied energy and operational energy
The building industry is learning and you can help engage all sectors
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8. Conclusions
How can designers contribute?
- Ask manufacturers & product reps for LCAs and EPDs
- Talk about embodied energy so product reps know that the industry cares about it
- Sign on to the Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products
How can manufacturers contribute?
- Increase product transparency around embodied energy — very soon it will matterto your bottom line
- Drive waste from the manufacturing process and innovate new technologies
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EXPLORATION
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Thank You
FOR A COPY OF MATERIAL LIFE ON CANNON DESIGN WEBSITE: http://media.cannondesign.com/uploads/files/MaterialLife-9-6.pdf
FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:
Gabrielle Rossit416.915.0121 (Toronto)[email protected]
Marion Lawson312.960.8382 (Chicago)[email protected]