Material Culture and Social Customs of Asur Tribe in...

Research Link - An International Journal - 134 Vol - XIV (3) May - 2015 119

Jharkhand came into existence as the 28th State ofIndia on November 15th,2000 with 4 Commissionaries, 24Districts, 33 Subdivisions, 211 Blocks, 326 Police Station,2744 Panchayats and 32615 Villages.

According to the Census of India, 2011 Jharkhand has24 disctircts, 260 sub districts, 228 towns and 32,394 villagesin total area of Jharkhand 79714 sq.kms. with gross populationof 3,29,66,238 recording population growth 22.34% in lastdecade. (Census, 2011)

Jharkhand is an old part of earth having a curioushistory of its own. This has been a place of habitation forhuman being even before the pre historic age which areapparent from the remains discovered by archaeologists. Theplateau of chotanagpur is its special feature specially ofRanchi., Ramgarh and Hazaribagh.

It is a part of Gondwana land having high geologicalimportance possessing a heavy stock of many mineralsexcept petroleum. It covers 40% of the total minerals of Indiawith 32% gain of the total cost. Many industries are flourishedand there is much possibility of industrial development inthe state due to having a large stock of minerals.

The Asur are one of the Primitive Tribal Groups(PTG)of Jharkhand state. They are found in the districts of Gumla,Lohardaga Palamau and Latehar district of Jharkhand. Theyhave been iron- smelters since time immemorial. The modernAsur tribe is divided into three sub-tribal divisions, namely

Bir (Kol) Asur, Birjia Asur and Agaria Asur. The Birjia arerecognised as a separate scheduled tribe which comes underthe Primitive Tribals Groups (PTGs).

Traditions : The Asur have been iron-smelters and slashburn cultivator traditionally. Thus, they have been nomadic.Forest Acts and Regulations have snatched away theirtraditional rights over forests. This has affected their practiceof iron-smelting and shifting cultivation. Now their settlementis found in the form of villages. Each village consists ofnearly 30 families.

Material Culture : The material culture of the Asur isfound imbed in their eraction of house and householdpossession. Their household possession includes utensils,furnitures, war weapons, hunting implements, iron-smeltingimplements, baskets, dress, ornaments etc. The Asur erecttheir house with the help of mud, wooden poles, bamboos,leaves grasses and tiles. The house is rectangular in shape.Each house consists of one or two rooms with a verandah.They have wooden gate.

They have earthen pots, aluminium utensils, ironutensils and some utensils of bronze in their houses for thepurpose of cooking, serving food, strong water and grains.They have different types of baskets for storing and carryingthings. They have axe, knife, bhala, ber, kundal, khanti,khurapi etc. for collection of daily needs, hunting animalsand for protecting themselves from the enemies. They have

Material Culture and Social Customs of Asur Tribe inJharkhand

DR. SAROJ KR. MISHRA

Jharkhand is an old part of earth having a curious history of its own. This has been aplace of habitation for human being even before the pre historic age which are apparent fromthe remains discovered by archaeologists. The plateau of chotanagpur has its special featurespecially of Ranchi., Ramgarh and Hazaribagh. The Asur are one of the Primitive TribalGroups(PTG) of Jharkhand state. They are found in the districts of Gumla, Lohardaga Palamauand Latehar districts of Jharkhand. They have been iron-smelters since time immemorial. Themodern Asur tribe is divided into three sub-tribal divisions, namely Bir (Kol) Asur, Birjia Asurand Agaria Asur. The Birjia are recognised as a separate scheduled tribe which comes underthe Primitive Tribals Groups (PTGs). They prepare mats, baskets, ropes and rope-carpetsfrom the leaves, grasses and chops available in the forest. They also have umbrella andwinnowing tray. They also make wooden containers and pida (sitting frame). They prefer touse traditional herbal medicines except in emergency cases

Assistant Regional Director, IGNOU, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Research Link - 134, Vol - XIV (3), May - 2015, Page No. 119-120

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dhol and flutes as musical instruments. They purchaseearthen pots and metal implements from hat.

The men wear half dhoti and have a gamchha on theirhead or shoulder. They wear ganji and kurta when they haveto go out of the village. They use plastic shoes or slippers atthe time of going at market or in some other villages.

The women wear sari, saya and blouse. Previously theyused to cover their entire body with the same sari withoutsaya and blouse.

The Asur women are found of ornaments. They wearornaments in finger, wrist, neck, ears and feet. The ornamentsare made up of bronze, steel, glass, thread wild seeds andimitation of gold and silver.

They prepare mats, baskets, ropes and rope carpetsfrom the leaves, grasses and chops available in the forest.They also have umbrella and winnowing tray. They also makewooden containers and pida (sitting frame).

Social Customs : According to Risley, the Asur were alsoreferred to as Agoria and Lohra and they used Majhi and Parjaas titles. Risley has identified subtribes like the Agaria, Birjia,Kolh-Asur, Lohra-Asur and Paharia-Asur among the Asurs; hehas listed them with a number of septs such as Aind, Baroa(wild cat), Basriar (bamboo), Beliar (bel fruit), Kachchhua(tortoise), Kai, Hawar (kaitha), Kerketa (bird), Mukruar (spider),Nag (snake), Rote (frog), Siar (jackal), Tirki (bird), and Topo(bird). The Asur have three economic and territorial endogamoussubgroups, namely, Soika, Birjhias and Jait Asur. At present,this segmentation is considerably weak. They have a set ofexogamous totemic clans (gotar), namely Aiyen, Minz, Mendhaketc. Earlier they used Mahato as their surname, but it has nowbeen replaced by the name of the community.

Child marriage has given way to adult marriage. Theychoose their mates through negotiation, mutual consent, byexchange (golat), elopement (daku) and service (ghar jamai).Usually they are monogamous, though cases of polygynyare also found. Marriage with the elder brother's widow(devar-bouji biya) and the late wife's younger sister (salibiya) is permissible. A vermilion mark on the forehead is thesymbol of marriage for women but it is not strictly observed.They pay bride price. The post-marital residence is patrilocal.Divorce is permitted and remarriage (sagai) is allowed.Property is divided among the sons but the eldest son getsa large share (jethang). He also succeeds to the right ofperforming ancestor worship.

Birth and Death : Birth pollution is observed for ninedays and ends with a rite called chhetti. The first cereal-feedingritual (mujhuthi) is held when the baby is five or six monthsold. The dead are buried and pollution Kachhut is observedfor ten days. A community feast is hosted on the last day.

Religion : The Asur propitiate the Singh Bonga, MarangBonga and certain other deities. Some of them have embracedChristianity though they still retain some pre-conversionpractices. Their priest (pahan) is either from their owncommunity or from the Kharwar, Birjia or some othercommunity.

Fairs and Festivals : They observe common festivalsother tribe like Sarhul, Sohrai, Phagua, Karma and Kharwaj.But they have own festival related to his tradition occupationof iron furnace is called "Sarhi Kutasi". They have their ownoral traditions. Both men and women participate in dancesaccompanied by percussion instruments.

Occupation : These iron-smelters were also onceengaged in hunting, gathering and shifting cultivation. Theyhave now switched over to cultivation. These days very fewof the Asur are engaged in ironsmithy. Agriculture hasbecome their principal means of subsistence. They also workas industrial workers and miners. Some of them are officeemployees and petty businessmen. They have their owncommunity council (jati panch) where their socio-economicdisputes are settled.

Social Standing : The Asur accept food from the Rajput,Oraon, Kharwar, Thakur Ghasi and some others. Putativekinship ties like karam dair and sahiya are maintained withthe Kharwar, Munda and other neighbours. They share allpublic places with their neighbours except the burial place.

Social Change : They prefer to use traditional herbalmedicines except in emergency cases. Family planningprogrammes are not too popular. They fetch drinking waterfrom streams and wells. The Asur are aware of employmentgeneration schemes and the old age pension scheme andmany among them have benefitted with these facilities. Theyuse kerosene oil and wood as fuel. The cultivators amongthem use both organic and inorganic manures. The Asuravail the benefits of public distribution system.Conclusion :

Scholars have tried to locate pedigree of 'Asur' residingin Jharkhand. Some have tried to co-relate these 'Asur' withthe 'Asur' depicted in Rigvedas or in Hindu holy scripture'Asur' have migrated and settled in different parts of thecountry after being defeated by the Aryans. The languageand grammar are to some extent similar to that Mundari andSanthali.References :

(1) Das,A.K.(et al.)(1978) : Scheduled Tribes and ScheduledCastes of West Bengal, Cultural Research Institute, Calcutta.(2) Dasgupta,S.B.(1978) : Birjhia:A Section of the Asurs ofChotanagpur, K.P.Bagchi & Co., Calcutta. (3) Datta, P.C. andP.Gupta (1967) : Finger Print Pattern of the Asura Tribe of ChotaNagpur, India Act Genetica et Statistica Medica (Basel).(4) Gautam,M.K.(1958) : The Asurs, Department of Anthropology,University of Lucknow. (5) Gupta,Satya Prakash(1976) : TheAsur:Ethno-Biological Profile, Bihar Tribal Welfare ResearchInstitute, Ranchi. (6) Prasad,N.(1961) : 'Asur' in Land and Peopleof Tribal Bihar, Tribal Research Institute, Ranchi. (7) Menz,Diwakar& Hansda, Delomai(2010): Encyclopedia of Scheduled Tribes ofJharkhand, Kalpaz publication, Delhi. (8) Census of India,2011:Govtof India.




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The textile industry is one of the most importantindustries of the Indian economy and it is the second largestprovider of employment after agriculture. It has witnessedphenomenal growth in recent years and attracted fair amountof foreign direct investment (FDI). The textile and apparelindustry in India is estimated to be about US$ 36 billion. It isthe largest foreign exchange earner, contributing toapproximately 15% of India's exports and 14% of industrialoutput. India's solid performance and growth in textile sectoris fuelled by several key advantages that the country enjoysin terms of abundant availability of raw material and cheaplabour, large domestic market, presence of supportive industriesand supportive policy initiatives by the government.

The textile industry is India is highly fragrnented. It isvertically integrated across the whole value chain andinterconnected with various operations. The organised sectorconsists of spinning mills and composite mills. The unorganisedsector consists of handlooms, power looms and handicrafts.The major sub segments of the textile industry are cotton,blended, silk, wool and manmade. The major products in whichIndian textile industry deals is readymade garments, suitingand shirting, shirts and trousers, fabrics, bed linen andembroidery work. In face of the policy of liberalization,globalization and influences of modernization the textileindustries in India particularly in Maharashtra have to facenumber of challenges , therefore the efforts are being made tomaintain the competitiveness and viabilities of the industries.The Policy of Liberalisation, Modernisation and TextileIndustries :

The liberalisation of economy coupled withglobalisation of the trade has put our textile industiy in aninternational competition. The phasing out of the multi fibre

arrangement (MFA) by 2005 AD will surely put us in free-for-all competition. The players who are in a position to givemaximum attention to productivity, quality and economywill servire in such games. The picture of composite TextileMills is verytmueh gloomy since this industry is trappedbetween the machinations of the power loom sector and thecut-throat competition at the Global level.

How would then, these organised Textile Mills survivein near future? There is no second opinion that they have togo in for modernisation and they have to accept a new rolein up-market as a quality producer of specialty fabrics whichare in demand on both the fronts domestic as well asinternational one. There has been initiative from some of theMills in this direction and time will decide their impact inrelation to the quantity and quality of similar productsavailable Globally not forgetting the cost factor.

The Textile Industry in India is the mother industryand it has given birth over the years to a number of industriessince the profit earned out of the textile activities wasinvested in diversification of the business. Presently, whenthe economy is liberalised and the globalisation of the tradeis bound to stay, this age old industry, deprived ofmodernisation and lack of sufficient operational finance, isfaced with international competition which is rather difficultto withstand. The diversified activities grow and keep pacewith the technological advancement taking place on theglobal level. There are a number of reasons almost known toevery conscious player in this filed as to why textile industryis passing presently through a tough weather. However,one thing is sure that when We talk about textiles, the picturecomes before us is either woven or knitted textiles and theactivities relating to their manufacture and processing and

Diversification of Textiles

DR.SHETH SHABBIR

Burhani College, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

The study has drawn on both primary and secondary data. While the fonnerhas comprised of field visits to various Waving centers, the latter has included archivalresearch, as well as the compiling of data from official and non-official publishedsources. The former consists of data collated from earlier reports and records as wellas data from sample surveys. A schedule was formulated with the intention of gettingsome base level data on products woven, marketing agencies, wages, and so on.Members of weaver organization as well as other individuals located in the field collectedthe information for these schedules.


at the most, garment making activities. There is an untappedof tremendous potential in terms of technical textiles orindustrial textiles is concerned. Depending upon theirapplication, these technical textiles are called as Agrotech,Buildtech, Geotech, Hometech, Indutech, Medtech,Mobiltech, Sportstech, Protech, etc. You name the field andtextile application is sure to be there. When such a situationis prevailing and the textiles are indeed all encompassing.

The consumption of technical textiles and fibres onthe global level is estimated about 10 million tonnes, worthabout US $ 54 billion. This accounts to about 19% of thefibre used world over. In the period of 1985-1995, theconsumption of technical textiles increased by about 54% interms of quantity and 76% in terms of value. By the year2005 A.D. the consumption of technical textiles has increaseby about 5% per annum. In the transport sector, 4.5 lakhstonnes of technical textiles is used and it will grow with arate of 6% per armum especially as the demand for compositesis increasing day by day. Geotextile field is also pregnantwith growth rate of 9%. The growth of technical textiles willvary from fibre to fibre, type of application and also regionsin which they are consumed. But suffice to say that atremendous promising potential is hidden in the field iftechnical textiles.

Spinning is a vital mechanical operation which makesthe yarn, the basic component of the fabric. In order to thusproduce high quality fabric, it goes without saying that yarnquality is of utmost importance. And to be able to achievesuch a degree of quality and quantity in spinning,modernisation becomes highly essential. Thousands of unitsin our country are totally dedicated to spinning of yarn andmajority of our co-operative mills are solely dependent on thespinning performance. At the same time, there are limitationsas far as required financial investments are concerned and anumber of time upgradation instead of replacement of thesespinning machines is resorted to. How far can we march Withthis strategy can only be decided by the time. However, theuse of the most modem machines is the ultimate answer inorder to be able to withstand a global competition in quality,quantity and cost of the yarn. Success of any business largelydepends upon how it is managed. Management of Man,Machine, Money and Marketing is of vital importance. TheTextile scenario is changing due to the rapid change in thecircumstances surrounding this business activity. Its time,when the market is competitive not only at the internationallevel but also at the domestic front, Indian textile industrygives closer look at the parameters which are likely to affect itspresent status and also the future prospects.

On the occasion of the 55th All India Textile Conferenceorganized by Mumbai Unit of Textile Association (India).Theme of the conference "Emerging Trends on TextileHorizon". Many authors have taken painstaking efforts inpreparing such highly informative and useful papers. Ingeneral, the authors' views include:

(i) Put in efforts to increase the yield of cotton perhectare (ii) Modernise various sectors for which schemes

like TUF and CTM should be availed of (iii) Enhance thequality with cost reduction, deliver timely and adoptecofriendly processing (iv) Designer's role is that of a therapist(v) Make labour intensive industry as "human intensive�

being ready to face the new challenge.It is time we became globally competitive. Our product

quality should be improved and our total outlook needs tobe changed. The Indian textile industry very soon willundergo rapid modernisation and restructuring. Therationalisation of labour will be the need of the day. The newtextile policy will any time be declared. The phasing out ofMFA in the year 2005 will push the Indian textile industryinto fierce competition. Newer trade blocks are gettingcrystallised. Indeed it is the dawn of a new era and thevarious trends are emerging out of the obscurity on the textilehorizon The Knitting Industry has a very significant place inmodem times. It started with undergarments, and now is usedfor causal wear, formal wear and even evening wear. Theknitted fabrics is the most comfortable clothing for sportspersons. It is the need of the hour that manufacturing unitsare compelled to upgrade their machineries in the shortesttime, which willmake them' viable to compete within ourcountry and most importantly in the global market-The IndianTextile Industry has faced challenges in the past, for examplea ban on Azo Dye or the ban of Indian Leather goods. Theindustry, however, came out unscathed every time. The Post-WTO situation is, however, totally different. It is the questionof survival for the Indian Textiles Industry. It is absolutelyessential that everyone involved in the decision-making -the Government, the Industry with all its sectors, technocrats,financial Institutions, research institutions, exporters andexperts should put together all effolts for strategic planningand achieve maximum of the situation.Objectives and Methodology :

The study has drawn on both primary and secondarydata. While the fonner has comprised of field visits to variousWaving centers, the latter has included archival research, aswell as the compiling of data from official and non-officialpublished sources. The former consists of data collated fromearlier reports and records as well as data from samplesurveys. A schedule was formulated with the intention ofgetting some base level data on products woven, marketingagencies, wages, and so on. Members of weaver organizationas well as other individuals located in the field collected theinformation for these schedules.References :

(1) Brenning, J.J. (1990) �Textile Producers and Production

in late 17th Century Coromandel�, in S.Subrarnanyam (Ed.)

Merchants, Markets and the State in Early Modern India, Delhi :Oxford University Press. (2) Buchanan (1966) The Developmentof capitalistic Enterprise in India, London : Ilrankess and CompanyLimited. (3) Chakraborty, K et al (1999) An Overviewe of the Cottonand Textile Industries in India, Mimero. (4) Chandrasekhar, C.P.2001 �Handlooms : In Survival Mode�, Paper presented in the

seminar on 'Growth and Prospects of the Handloom Industry',Centre for Economies and Serial Studies, Hyderabad, September23-24.


Introduction :Explaining the bank : The scheduled commercial banks

are those banks which make their presence in the secondschedule of RBI Act 1934. These banks do normal bankingbusiness only. The banking business means acceptingdeposits; giving advances and returning the depositwhenever demanded by means of cheques, drafts, etc orotherwise.

Scheduled Commercial Banks can be further dividedinto four groups :

(1) SBI & Associates Banks 6(2) Nationalized Banks and Other Public Sector Banks 21(3) Private Banks 19(4) Foreign Banks 43

Explaining Company Deposit :Acceptance of fixed deposit from public by non banking

financial companies is a feature of Indian financial system.This fixed deposit is also known as company deposit. Itstarted in the year 1931. Government of India framedCompanies (Acceptance and Deposit) 1975 for regulatingthe public deposit. Government of India did this in accordancewith section 58 a of Indian Company Act.Review of Literature :

(1) Amarjeet, �Mutual Fund v/s Fixed Deposit: Compare

Which is Better�, Tactful Management Research Journal,

March 2014In this paper author compare bank deposit with debt

type of mutual fund. Rate of return on bank fixed deposit arenot adjusted with time value of money. Debt mutual fundgives higher return on investment. Rate of return is fixed inbank fixed deposit but not in debt mutual fund.



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(2) Tata Securities Retail Research �Bank fixed deposit-

Are they the best option?� Dated 22.11.2012

In this article bank deposit is taken as an investmentmeans of most conservative investors. It has flexible tenureof deposit ranging from 7 days to 10 years. Loan againstdeposit option is available with bank fixed deposit.

(3) The Economic Times � Good return bring company

deposits back in range� dated 09.05.2013

This article says in tern of rate on return company fixeddeposit are more attractive than bank fixed deposit.Importance of Study :

(1) Knowledge advancement(2) Getting benefits out of it by individual depositors

Statement of Problems :Investors to the fixed income security are in search of

more options and may compare this new option with themost familiar one.Objective and Area of The Study :

The objective of the study is evaluation betweenscheduled commercial bank fixed deposit (domestic) andcompany deposit.Hypotheses :

(1) Schedule Commercial Bank fixed deposit is moreeasy and popular

(2) Company fixed deposits offer higher interest ondeposit.Research Methodology :

(1) Secondary data is used.(2) Area of study is defined as(a) Interest rates are studied for minimum amount of

deposit acceptable in a single application by concern bank/

A Comparative Study Between Schedule CommercialBanks Fixed Deposits and Company Fixed Deposits

Fixed deposit with schedule commercial bank is a very popular mode ofsaving. Here is company fixed deposit as another means of saving. Both haveadvantages and limitations. A comparative study is conducted from the individualinvestors' point of view between these two sources with objectives of knowledgeadvancement and getting benefits out of it by individual depositors.Key words : Bank FD, Company FD, Interest rate.

ANOOP SHRIVASTAVA* & DR. RAJENDRA KUMAR SHUKLA**

*NET, M.Phil., Faculty, Kruti Institute of Technology & Engineering, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)**Faculty, Durga College, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)


company, not for bulk amount in a single application.(b) Area of study is limited up to public sector banks

and Government companies for interest on deposits matter.(c) Tenure of deposit for comparisons is taken as up to

3 years.(d) The Study is focused on investors' point of view.

Differences Between Scheduled Commercial Bank Depositsand Company Deposits :

Following are comparison between ScheduledCommercial Bank fixed deposit (SCB Deposits) and Companydeposits :

(1) Minimum amount of deposits : SCB Deposits- lowerthan that of Company deposits.

Company deposits : Higher than that of PSB Deposits,though vary between companies to company.

(2) Deposit period : SCB Deposits Between 7 days to10 years.

Company deposits : 6/12/24/36/48/60 months in mostof the cases except permission is granted by authority.

(3) Premature cancellation of deposit : SCB Deposits- It is possible from the zero day of deposit and provision ofpenal rate of interest on premature withdrawal.

Company deposits : Minimum lock of deposit is periodis 3 months and provision of penal rate of interest onpremature withdrawal.

(4) Rate of interest on deposits : SCB Deposits - Lowerthan that of company deposits. Determinant of the rate isRBI policy and slightly vary from bank to bank.

Company deposits : Higher than that of SCB Deposits,upper ceiling is 15% per annum. Rate determinant are marketfactors, mostly bank deposit rate.

(5) Nature of safety of deposit : SCB Deposits - Everydeposit with SC Bank is guaranteed by Deposit Insuranceand Credit Guarantee Corporation up to amount of one lakhrupees.

Company deposits : These are of unsecure nature.(6) Time of availability : SCB Deposits - It is available

on every working day without any exceptions.Company deposits : Company are free to accept

deposits or to close from accepting deposits, as depositaccepting is not there core business. They have alternativesources to get funds besides public. Many companies didnot accept deposits from public since registration. All thisdepend upon discretion of company.

There is also ceiling of such deposit viz.,25% ofthe aggregate of the paid up share capital and freereserve of the company from the general public and 10%from the share holders or any deposits guaranteed by itsdirectors.

(7) Places of Availability : SCB Deposits Banks arespreading every corner of the country.

Company deposits : There is very low availability ofbranches of companies for accepting deposits. Individualscan deposit by sending application by post,

(8) Tax deduction at source : SCB Deposits Provision

of tax deducted at source if interest amount is more than10000 rupees per financial year per account per bank.

Company deposits : Provision of tax deducted at sourceif interest amount is more than 5000 rupees per financial yearper account.

(9) Notice Period on Maturity Payment : SCB Deposits- No notice is required.

Company deposits : Notice is required in form of priorsending of fixed deposit receipt. The fixed deposit receiptneeds to send before 15 days to one month, vary fromcompany to company.

(10) Tax Saving product : SCB Deposits - Tax savingproducts are available, of which specific lock in period ofdeposit is a feature.

Company deposits : There are no such tax savingscheme within deposit type.

(11) Credit Rating : SCB Deposits - Not in fashion.Company Deposits : Many company deposit offering

companies having credit rating.

(12) Overall Deposit Amount in the Country.Here is a details of interest rate on deposit of 3 scheduled

commercial bank (randomly selected from government ownedbanks list ) and 3 companies offering public deposit (randomlyselected from government owned companies offering publicdeposits).Result & Discussion :

(1) Companies fixed deposit is very less popular amongdepositors.

(2) Liquidity is comparative low in company fixeddeposits.

(3) Interest on deposits is higher in company depositsin most of the cases.

Year Bank Deposit

Company Deposit

Company Deposit as % of Bank

Deposit 2003-04 15755.3 43.17 0.274

2004-05 18375.59 39.26 0.214

2005-06 21646.79 24.48 0.113

2006-07 26969.34 20.77 0.077

2007-08 33200.61 20.42 0.062

2008-09 40632.01 19.71 0.049

2009-10 47524.56 28.31 0.060

2010-11 561458.74 40.98 0.007

2011-12 64535.49 57.35 0.089

2012-13 74295.32 70.85 0.095

Table 1 : Comparative Amount of Deposit BetweenScheduled Commercial Bank Deposits and Company

Deposits (Billion Rs.)

Source : Table 63 and table 80 of Reserve Bank of IndiaHand Book of Statistics on India Economy, 2013-14.


Suggestion :(1) Depositor should invest in both as company

deposit offers higher rate of interest and bank fixed depositis almost a liquid investment that can be in cashed in urgency.

(2) All banking companies and non banking companiesare having limited liability. Depositors should check creditrating, goodwill and operating and net profit etc. of thecompanies before investing.Scope for Further Research :

Here is need to study failure in payment of principaland interest in company deposits and schedule commercialbank fixed deposit.References :Books :

(1) Gupta Shashi k, Sharma Dr R.K.; �Financial

Management Theory and Practice� Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiyana,

2011.

Websites :

(1) General Knowledge today(2) Indian Overseas bank(3) Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation

Limited(4) LIC Housing Finance Limited(5) PNB Housing Finance Ltd(6) Reserve bank of India(7) State bank of India(8) Union Bank of India

up to 1

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(A) Schedule Commercial

Banks

State Bank of India 5--8.75 8.75 8.75 3 0.25

Union Bank 4--8.55 8.6 8.5 3 0.25

Indian Overseas Bank 4--8.75 8.75 8.75 3 0.25

(B) Companies

Lic Housing Finance Ltd 8.6 8.7 8.75 12 0.1

Kerala Transport

Development Finance

Corporation Ltd.

10 10 10 1 0.25

Pnb Housing Finance Ltd. 9.25 9.25 9.25 6 0.25

Table 2 : Interest on deposits as on 01.04.2015(in % per annum )


Introduction :According to Rao and Rao, three common points

emerge from various attempts; first, slum refers to an area ora situation and does not constitute an isolated building.Secondly, it can be identified by a combination of physicalattributes and not with reference to any single attribute.Thirdly, there is a considerable range of variation in regardto the manifestation of each one of the physical attributes.The main physical attributes of slum area are substandardhouses, high density and congestion, overcrowding,insanitary condition and clearance of garbage. While theseattributes of physical conditions are universal whenidentifying a slum area. As the same of above it is observedin the study area .Slums are defined as follows by differentscholars, the definitions of literacy are given below as perdifferent institutes. The population commission of UnitedNations considered 'the ability to both read and write a simplemessage with understanding in any language a sufficientbasis for classifying a person as literate.' The Indian censusdefine the term literacy as, 'Literacy is essential for eradicatingpoverty, social reconstruction, improvement in the qualityof life and preparation of manpower for rapid development.'It means literacy is not only the reading and writing abilitybut it is the indicator of socio-economic culture, standard ofliving, etc. it is influences other such attributes of populationas fertility, mortality, mobility and occupations etc. Hence,literacy structure for slum population is definitely differentthan other regular population and it is important to studyhere as a criteria of slum population and cultural analysis.Objectives :

To idientify literacy ratio of slum population in Nashik city.



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To suggest the majors to overcome the literacy ratio ofslum population in Nashik city.Study Area :

Nashik city is located in Northern part of Maharashtrastate. Out of which Nashik city is central place of Nashikdistrict. It is situated on the bank of Godavari River. Thecoordinates of the city is 200 N and 730 E. The area of Nashikcity is extended between 190 54' 56.7503"N to 200 04' 44.4821"N latitudes and 730 41' 01.7337" E to 730 52' 02.0249" Elongitudes, which covers 259.13 sq.km area, which is 2ndlargest in Maharashtra after Mumbai. The city is situated atheight of 565 meters above mean sea level at a distance of185 km from Mumbai (Bombay), 220 kms from Pune, 165 kmsfrom Ahmednagar and 180 kms from Aurangabad.

*Research scholar, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (Maharashtra)**Research Guide, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (Maharashtra)

An Analysis of Literacy Ratio of slum population ofNashik city in Maharashtra

MR. DEORE S.U.* & DR.S.R.CHAUDHARI**

Literacy is another significant factor which used as a development indicator. In generalreading and writing capabilities are considered as criteria of literacy. The slums arecharacterized by various features like its appearance and formation, economic status andabilities, overcrowding population, congestion, worst health and sanitary conditions, aimlessof living attitudes etc. Most definitions have pointed out the characters of slum areas andthey are listed as inadequate housing, insufficient structural and basic amenities, overcrowdingand congestion. The study area Nashik city of Maharashtra state having the same conditionof slum population and literacy ratio. Keywords : Urbanization ,slum, literacy ratio, fertility.

Fig. 1 : Location Map of Nasik City with reference toIndia and Maharashtra


Database and Methodology :The present study is based on primary as well as

secondary data .primary data has been collected during fieldwork with the help of questioners and secondary dataobtained from town planning department of Nashik municipalcorporation Nashik. Secondary data also collected fromdistrict census hand book, district statistical report andinformation available online.Analysis and Discussion :

Industrialization phase in Nashik city was started inlate 1980's and effects of industrialization in result ofincreasing number of slums were firstly observed in 1981'spopulation data. People were gathered for employmentpurpose in Nashik city and set down in the same city. It wasthe general cause of formation and development of the slums.Out of the total population of city (As per 2011 census1486053) there is 214769 are the slum dwellers. As per theanalysis out of total literate (20.47) 23.37 are male populationand 18.41 are the females. It indicates that the literacy ratio ofslum population in Nashik city is very low. All the sixadministrative zones of city i.e.as per Table no.1.indicatesthe total slum population and percentage of literate male andfemale population.

As per the information depicted in Table No. 1 and Fig.No. 2 highest literacy ratio recorded in Nashik Road sectorthat is 29.50. it is followed by Panchavati and Nashik East

Sr. No. Name of Sector

Total Slum

Population

Percentage of Literate

Male Female Total

1 Nashik East 32395 25.85 18.32 22.26 2 Nashik West 18520 25.46 17.42 19.81 3 Panchavati 52193 31.25 26.59 27.21 4 Nashik Road 41554 30.12 27.45 29.50 5 Cidco 31260 14.37 10.48 12.04 6 Satpur 38847 13.14 10.22 12.01

Total 214769 23.37 18.41 20.47

Table No.1 : Nashik City Sector Wise Literacy Ratio ofSlums Year 2011

Source : (1) Primary data collected by Author.(2) Municipal records.

NASHIK CITY SECTORWISE LITERACY RATIO OF SLUM POPULATION -2011

1 2 3 4 5 6

MALE 25.85 25.46 31.25 30.12 14.37 13.14

FEMALE 18.32 17.42 26.59 27.45 10.48 10.22TOTAL 22.26 19.81 27.21 29.5 12.04 12.01

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

MALE

FEMALE

TOTAL

Fig.no.2

sectors and record the total literacy ratio 27.21 and 22.26respectively. Lowest literacy ratio is recorded at Satpur andCidco which is 12.01 and 12.04 respectively. Male and femaleliteracy rate is high at Panchavati and Nashik Road respectively.That is 31.25 and 27.45, whereas the lowest male and femaleliteracy rate is 13.14 and 10.22 respectively recorded at Satpur.All over Nashik city has 23.37 percent male literacy rate and18.41 percent female literacy rate. Following are the somesuggestions for the increase of literacy in the city i.e.1) Thereis need to arrangement of minimum basic facilities.2)Organization of literacy campaign and classes.3) Regular healthcheckup of slum dwellers particularly Childs.4) playgroundsfor children's should be arranged etc.Concluding Remarks :

These observations are indicating that overall literacyrate is very low. Therefore this slum population is living inbackward condition. As per above said discussion due tolow literacy ratio is reflecting in the face of high fertility, rate,and low occupancy in high class occupations. There is urgentneed to pay attention for the increase in literacy ratio of slumpopulation in Nashik city.Acknowledgment :

Author is cordially thankful to the research Guide, Dr. S.R. Chaudhari, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon (MS)for the dedicational guidance and sincere support during thedata collection, analysis and preparation of manuscript.

References :

(1) Mulik A. D., (1989), 'Dynamics of Urbanization: AGeographic Perspective', Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay,P.P. 62, 63.

(2) Bhende A. A. and Kanitakar T., (1988), 'Principles ofPopulation Studies', Himalaya Publishing, Bombay, P. 151.

(3) Sinha B. N., (1970), 'Sirsi: An Urban Study In Applicationof Research Models', Karnatak University, Dharwar, P.62.

(4) Chandana R. C., (1992) 'A Geography of Population',Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, P.P. 83, 181.

(5) K. Siddhartha, and S. Mukherjee, (2002), 'CitiesUrbanization and urban systems', Kisalaya Publications Pvt.Ltd. ,Delhi, P.1.

(6) Kumbhar A. A., (2006), 'Satara: A Study in UrbanGeography'. (An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis).

(7) Rao, R. R. M., (1981), 'Growth of Cities: A CaseStudy of Warangal', Inter India Publications, Delhi.

(8) Sita, K., (1972-73), 'Some Aspects of Urbanizationin South Konkan', Bombay Geographical Magazine, Bombay,Vol.20 and 21, P.P.31-48.

(9) 'A Survey of Research in Geography', (1972-75),Sponsored by ICSSR, Concept Publishing Company, NewDelhi.

(10) Harold M. Mayer and Clyde F. Kohn, (1967),'Readings in Urban Geography', Central Book depo,Allahabad.

(11) Kulkarni K. M., (1981), 'Urban Structure AndInteraction - A Study of Nasik City - Region', Concept Publishing

Company, New Delhi.


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lkekU; ls de ¼250 xzke½ g¨rk gSA tcfd fodflr ns'kä esa ;g

nj 10 izfr'kr ls Òh de gSA ;gk¡ rd fd ÁkjafÒd ckY;koLFkk

esa Òh O;kid :Ik esa dqi¨"k.k ns[kk tkrk gS] t¨ fd DyhfudYk o

lc&DyhfudYk nüä rjg dk g¨rk gSA yxÒx 1&2 Áfr'kr iwoZ

'kkY¨; ckYkd lkekU; ls xaÒhj :Ik esa Á¨Vhu ÅtkZ dqi¨"k.k gS] tSls

fd Dokf'k;¨dj o ejkLel ls xzLr gSA ;s vk¡dM+s gSa t¨ fd

okLrfodrk ls nwj gSaA iwjs ns'k esa t¨ losZ gq, gSa muesa ;s irk

pYkrk gS fd vk/¨ ls Òh T;knk Òkjrh; iwoZ'kkY¨; ckYkd ¼1&5 o"kZ½

lc&DyhfudYk dqi¨"k.k ls xzflr gS v©j muesa ls Òh 65 izfr'kr

ckYkd a dk fodkl ckf/kr gS] t¨ ;g crkrk gS fd muesa ;s dqi¨"k.k

dh fLFkfr dkQh Ykacs le; ls gSA

veros.kh ,e- v©j ckfLdj lh- MCYkw- us ¼2002½ esa es?kkYkf;u



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


iwoZ 'kkY¨; ckYkdä dk Ik¨"k.k Lrj dk v/;;u fd;k] ftlesa

dqi¨"k.k dk xaÒhj Yk{k.k ugÈ ik;k x;kA

,'koFkZ ¼2002½ us vius v/;;u esa ;g ik;k fd 'kkjhfjd o

ekufld fodkl ds fYk, Ik¨"k.k ;qä Ò¨tu vfrvko';d gSA ftu

cPp a d¨ ckY;koLFkk esa larqfYkr Ò¨tu ÁkIr g¨rk gS mudk lEiw.kZ

fodkl g¨rk gS A

esYkfou ¼2005½ ds vuqlkj larqfYkr vkgkj dh ek«kk o gekjs

'kjhj dh ikpu 'kfä dh {kerk ij Ik¨"k.k fuÒZj djrk gS] gekjs

'kjhj d¨ ÁkIr Ik¨"kd rRo ,oa gekjs }kjk fYk, x;s Ò¨tu gekjs

ikpu fØ;k ij vk/kkfjr gSA

Òkjr tSls fodkl'khYk ns'k esa] tgk¡ Ò¨tu ds Ádkj esa {¨«k]

jkT; o leqnk; ds vuqlkj cgqr T;knk fÒérk~ ns[kh tkrh gS] ;g

cgqr egRoiw.kZ g¨ tkrk gS fd Ò¨tu dh ek«kk esa fÒérk ds gh lkFk

Ò¨tu ds Ádkj esa fÒérk dk Òh v/;;u fd;k tk,] D;ksafd ;s

dkjd LokLF; o Ik¨"k.k ds Lrj d¨ ÁÒkfor djrs gSaA

vkt t¨ iwoZ'kkY¨; ckYkd gSa] os Òfo"; esa Òkjr ds ukxfjd

cudj] Òkjrh; tula[;k dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cusaxsA ;s tSfo;

{kerk ds lkFk gh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk o fodkl dk Òh fgLlk g axsA

bl Ádkj ;s 'k¨/k NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds iwoZ'kkY¨; ckYkdä esa Ik¨"k.k

ls lacaf/kr dfe; a dk v/;;u dj] bl fn'kk esa lq/kkj djus dh

,d d¨f'k'k gSA

midj.k o Áfof/k % ;g v/;;u fodkl[k.M i.Mfj;k

NÙkhlx<+ ds 200 iwoZ'kkY¨; ckYkdä ij fd;k x;k ¼95 YkM+ds o

105 YkM+fd;k¡ Fkh½ Áfrn'kZ dk p;u ;knfPNd p;u fd;k x;kA

blds fYk, ,d fo'¨"k Á'ukoYkh rS;kj dh xbZ] ftlds }kjk

p;fur ckYkdä dk lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr] [kku&iku lacaf/kr

efJekeâemeKeC[ heC[efjÙee ÚòeermeieÌ{ kesâ hetJe& MeeuesÙe yeeuekeâeW kesâ hees<eCe

mlej keâe DeOÙeÙeve

ßeerceleer ieeshee Mecee&*, [[email protected]Øee yewvepeea** SJeb [[email protected]Ùee peesieueskeâj**

*MeesOeeLeea, Mee.ot.ye.ceefnuee mJe.mvee.ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, jeÙehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{)

**ØeeOÙeehekeâ, Mee.ot.ye.ceefnuee mJe.mvee.ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, jeÙehegj (ÚòeermeieÌ{)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW efJekeâemeKeb[ heC[efjÙee, ÚòeermeieÌ{ kesâ hetJe& MeeuesÙe yeeuekeâeW kesâ hees<eCe mlej

keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ ØeejbefYekeâ yeeuÙeeJemLee ceW Gòece SJeb heesef°keâ Deenej keâer cenlJehetCe& Yetefcekeâe

nesleer nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ Fme Gceü kesâ yeÛÛes DelÙeefOekeâ YesÅe DeJemLee ceW nesles nQ~ efvecve mlej kesâ hees<ekeâ Deenej mes Jes

MeerIeÇ ner ØeYeeefJele nes peeles nQ, efpememes Gvekeâe Meejerefjkeâ, ceeveefmekeâ, yeewefækeâ, mebJesieelcekeâ, meeceeefpekeâ SJeb

Kesue efJekeâeme yeeefOele neslee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes Ùen efve<keâ<e& efvekeâeuee ieÙee efkeâ ÚòeermeieÌ{ kesâ heC[efjÙee efJekeâeme

KeC[ kesâ yeÛÛeeW keâer TbÛeeF& Je Jepeve keâe Devegheele ICMR Éeje ØemleeefJele ceeve keâer leguevee ceW keâce heeF& ieF&~

Deenej ceW ueer peeves Jeeueer hees<ekeâ lelJeeW keâer cee$ee Yeer ueieYeie heÙee&hle heeF& ieF&~ kegbâpeer Meyo : hetJe&MeeuesÙe

yeeuekeâ, ceeveJeefceefle ceeheve, hees<eCe mlej, meeceeefpekeâ-DeeefLe&keâ efmLeefle, Deenej Øee®he~


vknrsa o miÒ¨x dh fof/k Kkr dh tk ldsA iwjs 200 ckYkd a dk

,UFkz IkësfVd estjesaV ¼anthropometric measurement½ tSls fd

Å¡pkbZ] otu o cSaxYk VsLV fd;k x;k o ÁkIr vkWdM+ a dk vk;q

ds fYk, Å¡pkbZ Áfr'kr dh x.kuk dh xbZA lkjs ckYkdä esa ls

1/10 ckYkd a dk jS.MeYkh p;u fd;k x;k o muds }kjk miÒ¨x

dh tkus okYkh Ò¨tu dh ek«kk dk foLrkj ls v/;;u djus ds fYk,

QwM osesaV esFkM ¼food weighment method½ dk mi;¨x fd;k

x;kA bl fof/k }kjk ÁkIr Ò¨tu dh ek«kk ds vuqlkj xzg.k fd,

x, Ik¨"kd rRoä dh ek«kk dh x.kuk dh xbZ rFkk bl ek«kk dh

ICMR ¼2000½ }kjk ÁLrkfor nSfud ek«kk ¼Recommended di-

etary allowances½ ls rqYkuk dh xbZA

ifj.kke o ifjppkZ % p;fur ckYkdä dh i`"BÒwfe dh

tkudkjh p;fur ckYkdä dk ,d cM+k oxZ ¼90-5 izfr'kr½ ,dYk

ifjokj ls lacaf/kr Fkk] 9-5 izfr'kr ckYkd la;qDr ifjokj ds FÄ

ckYkdä ds ifjokj dh ekfld vk; ds vk/kkj ij] vf/kdka'k cPps

¼38 izfr'kr½ fuEu vk; oxZ ls F¨] tcfd 28 izfr'kr mPp vk;

oxZ ds o 26 izfr'kr e/;;e vk; oxZ ds FÄ 8 izfr'kr vkfFkZd

:i ls det¨j oxZ ds FÄ t¨xY¨dj ,oa lYg¨«kk ¼2010½ ds

vuqlkj lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr mij¨ä ik;k x;kA p;fur

cPpä esa ls 39 izfr'kr cPps 3 o"kZ ds] 22 izfr'kr] 4 o"kZ ds rFkk

39 izfr'kr cPps 5 o"kZ ds FÄ p;fur cPpä esa ls 46 izfr'kr

Pre-KG esa Ik<+rs F¨] 20 izfr'kr lower -KG esa F¨ v©j 34 izfr'kr

upper -KG esa Ik<+rs FÄ bu cPpä esa ls 47-5 izfr'kr YkM+ds F¨]

tcfd 52-5 izfr'kr YkM+fd;k¡ FkhA bu cPp a ds 47 izfr'kr ikYkd a

us [kk| lkefxz;ä dh lwph rS;kj dh] ftuesa ls 32 izfr'kr [¨rä

esa v©j 15 izfr'kr fdpu xkMZu ckfM+;¨ esa mxk, tkrs F¨ ;k rS;kj

g¨rs FÄ

vkgkj Ák:Ik % lkjs cPps j¨t pkoYk dk mi;¨x djrs FÄ

blds vYkkok nwljs vukt tSls fd xsgw¡ o eôk Òh [kk;k tkrk Fkk]

ij vf/kdka'k cPps bu vukt d¨ j¨t ugÈ [kkrs F¨ A YkxÒx 68%

Áfrfnu rqvj nkYk dk miÒ¨x djrs F¨] ftuesa ls 46% bls xk<+h

nkYk ds :Ik esa miÒ¨x djrs FÄ blds vYkkok 24-5% pus dh

nkYk o 10% frojk nkYk dk mi;¨x djrs FÄ 32% lkcqr puk

o 37% l¨;kchu dk mi;¨x dh dÒh dÒh djrs F¨ danewYk oxZ

esa ls 97-5% vkYkw dk miÒ¨x djrs F¨ lfCt;ä dk miÒ¨x cgqr

de ns[kk x;k] t¨ fd le; o e©le esa lfCt;ä dh miYkC/krk

ls ÁÒkfor FkhA YkxÒx 87-5% Yk¨x QYYkh rsYk] l¨;kchu rsYk]

/kku Òwlh dk rsYk] dk mi;¨x [kkus esa djrs FÄ bldh LFkkuh;

miYkC/krk o e©leh miYkc/krk ls ÁÒkfor djrh FkhA

T;knkrj ckYkd 'kkdkgkjh ekalkgkjh F¨ rFkk g¶rs esa de ls

de ,d ckj fofÒé Ádkj ds ekalkgkj dk Á;¨x djrs FÄ 54-5%}kjk Áfrfnu fcfLdV dk miÒ¨x fd;k tkrk Fkk] tcfd vf/kdka'k

dsd] ikiM+] feBkbZ tSls vU; inkFkZ ekg esa ,dk/k ckj [kkrs FÄ

uewus esa ls vf/kdka'k ¼75%½ lkexzh dh miYkC/krk ds

vk/kkj ij Ò¨tu rS;kj djrs FÄ vf/kdka'k cPps ¼64%½ ?kj ds cus

[kkus d¨ ÁkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA l© Áfr'kr cPp a d¨ feBkbZ ilan gSaA

tcfd 87% vkYkw] 70% Qy] 55% nw/k] 20% ek¡l& eNYkh] 30%vaMs o 7% lfCt;k¡ ilan djrs gSaA 93% cPpä d¨ lfCt;ka

ukilan djrs gSaA

Mk;fj;k ds n©jku vf/kdka'k d¨ Xywd¨t v¨V~l ls cuk

gYdk vkgkj dkYkh pk; czsM o rjYk vkgkj fn, x,] tcfd

elkY¨nkj [kkuk] nkYk o nw/k d¨ nsuk can dj fn;k x;kA lnÊ ds

n©jku 25-5% }kjk Qy [kkus ds fYk, fn;k x;k] tcfd 15% ds

}kjk BaMs [kk| inkFk Zsa d¨ can fd;k x;kA vf/kdka'k Yk¨xä us bl

n©jku Òh fu;fer :Ik ls fYk;k tkus okYkk vkgkj fYk;kA 29% d s

rjYk vkgkj fn;k] 11% Yk¨x a us vius vkgkj esa Qyä d¨ 'kkfeYk

fd;k] tcfd vf/kdka'k us fu;fer :Ik ls Yüs okYkk vkgkj gh

fYk;kA ftu [kk| inkFk ± d¨ can fd;k x;k] muesa ls 21% pkoYk]

5% nw/k o 7% BaMs [kk| inkFkZ FÄ fpdu iWkDl ds n©jku 53%

Yk¨xä us fu;fer :Ik ls fYk;k tkus okYkk Ò¨tu gh fYk;k] tcfd

17% Yk¨xä us cPpä dh :fp ds vuqlkj Ò¨tu fn;kA

Ykf{kr cPpä }kjk Ykh tkus okYkh Ò¨tu o Ik¨"kd

rRoä dh ek«kk % 1 ls 3 lkYk ds cPpä esa vukt] Qyksa o danewYk

dk vUrZxzg.k ¼intake½ nSfud ÁLrkfor ek«kk ¼RDA½ ls T;knk

ns[kk x;k] tcfd 4&6 o"kZ ds lewg esa flQZ ekalYk [kk| inkFk¨±

dk miÒ¨x RDA ls vf/kd ik;k x;kA 4&6 lkYk ds cPpä dh

rqYkuk esa ls 3 lkYk ds cPpä esa vukt] nkYä] gjh lfCt;ka] vU;

lfCt; a] olk o rsYk] danewYk] nw/k] 'kôj] Qy a o ekal&eNYkh dk

miÒ¨x Ik;kZIr ek«kk esa ik;k x;kA 4&6 o"kZ ds cPp a esa ;s ifjorZu

laÒor% blh le; 'kkYkk&vkjaÒ güs dk le; güs ds dkj.k ;k

cM+s güs ds dkj.k cPpä dh ilan cnYkus ds dkj.k ns[kk tkrk

gSA t¨ cPps e/;e o mPp vk; oxZ ls F¨] muds v/;;u esa Ò¨tu

dh Ik;kZIrrk vf/kd FkhA

1 ls 3 o 4 ls 6 nüä gh ox ± esa Á¨Vhu] dSfY'k;e] jsVhuWkYk

o ,LdWkfcZd ,flM dh ek«kk RDA ls vf/kd ikbZ xbZA jsVhuWkYk

dh ek«kk Òh vf/kd ikbZ xbZ] D;äfd v/;;u ds n©jku larjs dh

miYkC/krk dkQh FkhA ÅtkZ vk;ju dh ek«kk nü a gh vk;q ox ± esa

de ikbZ x;hA 1 ls 3 o"kZ esa ÅtkZ dh ek«kk 11% o vk;ju dh

ek«kk 27% de ikbZ xbZ] tcfd 4&6 o"kZ lewg esa ÅtkZ dh ek«kk

50% o vk;ju dh ek«kk 51% de ikbZ x;hA olk dh ek«kk 1&3

o"kZ lewg esa de ikbZ x;h] tcfd 4&6 o"kZ lewg esa ;g ek«kk

Ik;kZIr ;k RDA ds cjkcj FkhA nwljs lw{e Ik¨"kd rRoä tSls fd

jkbc¨¶Y¨fou] Fkk;feu dh ek«kk Òh YkxÒx RDA ds ¼ÁLrkfor

ek«kk½ cjkcj ikbZ xbZA flQZ fu;flu dh ek«kk gh RDA ls 50%de ikbZ x;hA

eWkjfcMhVh iSVuZ % bl v/;;u ls ;g tkudkjh feYkh] fd

13% cPps esa 'olu ra«k ls lacaf/kr buQsD'ku FkkA 11% cPps

Mk;fj;k] 5% lnÊ&[kkalh] 2% xYklqvk ¼mumps½] o 6-5% cPps

ehtYl ls xzLr ik, x,A ehtYl d¨ N¨M+dj ckdh lÒh fcekfj; a

esa lkjs cPps iwjh rjg nokb; a ¼drugs½] ij fuÒZj ik, x,A dsoYk

3% gh dÒh&dÒh gcZYk mipkj dk Á;¨x fd;k djrs gSA

Ik¨"k.k ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh o tkx:drk % Pk;fur

cPpä esa ls 29% cPpä dh ekrkvä d¨ vk;ju dh deh ls

lacaf/kr tkudkjh Fkh] tcfd 12% cPpä dh ek¡ d¨ foVkfeu , o

12-5% cPp a dh ekrkv a d¨ Á¨Vhu dh deh ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh

FkhA 25% Á¨Vhu ds lk/ku a d¨ Y¨ Y¨dj tkx:d FkhA tcfd 26%foVkfeu , o 31-5% Yk©g ;qä Ò¨tu ds ckjs esa tkurh FkhA gjh

iÙ¨nkj lfCt;k¡] nkY¨] ek¡lYk [kk| inkFkZ o vaMs d¨ lÒh Ádkj


ds Ik¨"kd rRoä dk mPp lk/ku ekuk tkrk gSA {¨«k esa lcls

vf/kd 42% ,uhfe;k ns[kk x;k] tcfd ejkLel dsoYk 0-5%

ns[kk x;kA mipkj ds le; vf/kdka'k Yk¨x 81% d¨ Ò¨tu o nok

nü a ls mipkfjr fd;k x;kA pqus x, {¨«k esa dsoYk vkbZlhMh,l

Á¨xzke gh pYkk;k tk jgk FkkA 21-5% uewus nwljs vkbZlhMh,l

fgrxzkgh FÄ

Pk;fur ckYkdä dk ekuofefr ekiu % Height &

Weight ¼Å¡pkbZ o otu½ fdlh cPps esa güs okY¨ fodkl dh nj

ls mlds Ik¨"k.k Lrj d¨ vklkuh ls ekik tk ldrk gSA rkfYkdk

Øekad 1] ICMR ¼1998½ ds vkn'kZ otu o Å¡pkbZ dh rqYkuk esa

p;fur uewu a ds ek/; out m¡pkbZ dh Li"V tkudkjh nsrk gSA 3

lkYk o 5 lkYk ds cPp a esa YkM+fd; a dh m¡pkbZ YkM+d a ls Fk¨M+h T;knk

ns[kh tkrh gS] tcfd 4 o"kZ esa YkM+d a dh m¡pkbZ] YkM+fd; a dh rqYkuk

esa T;knk g¨rh gSA ¼YkM+d a dh 99-17 ls-eh- o YkM+fd; a dh 96-48

lsaeh-½ rkfYkdk Ø- 1 ls ;g Òh Kkr g¨rk gS fd lkjs Ykf{kr lewg a

esa YkM+d a dh Å¡pkbZ] YkM+fd; a ls T;knk FkhA flQZ 5 o"kZ vk;q lewg

esa YkM+fd; a dh Å¡pkbZ T;knk FkhA p;fur lewg a ds fYk, vYkx&vYkx

vk;q ox ± ds fYk, otu dh x.kuk] rkfYkdk Ø- 2 esa nh xbZ gSA

orZeku v/;;u ls ;g irk pYkrk gS fd vf/kdka'k cPps ¼98-

8% o 90-9%½ 3 o"kZ o 4 o"kZ dh vk;q ds FÄ bl vk;q oxZ ds

vf/kdka'k cPp a ¼94-8% o 90-9%½ dk otu lkekU; Fkk] tcfd 5

o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds cPp a esa dsoYk 60-2% cPp a dk gh otu lkekU;

Fkk] 28% cPp a esa xzsM 1 dqi¨"k.k ik;k x;k] tcfd 11-5 cPps xzsM

2 dqi¨"k.k ls xzLr FÄ 3 o"kZ ds cPp a esa ls 1-2% cPp a esa dqi¨"k.k

ls vf/kd ikbZ xbZ] tcfd 4 o"kZ vk;qq ds cPp a esa ;g nj 3% o 4-

5% ikbZ xbZA fdlh Òh Ykf{kr vk;q oxZ esa xzsM 3 o xzsM 4 dqi¨"k.k

ugÈ ns[kk x;kA dqYk 13-5 cPp a xzsM 1 o 6% cPps xzsM 2 dqi¨"k.k

ls xzLr ik, x,A dqYk 20% ¼YkxÒx½ cPps dqi¨f"kr FÄ

cSaxYk VsLV %

;g VsLV lÒh 200 cPp a ij fd;k x;kA bl ijh{k.k esa cPp a

ds ck¡, gkFk esa ,d 4 lsaeh] O;kl dk vrU; ¼unstretchable½ pwM+h

MkYk dj dqi¨"k.k ds Lrj dk ekudhdj.k fd;k x;kA bl v/;;u

esa ;g ik;k x;k fd 99-5% cPps lkekU; F¨] vFkkZr~ ;g pwM+h muds

dYkkbZ rd gh tkrh Fkh] tcfd 0-5% cPp a esa xzsM 1 dqi¨"k.k ns[kk

x;k D; a ogh pwM+h bu cPp a dh dqguh rd tkrh FkhA

lkjka'k o fu"d"kZ % bl v/;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkYkk

x;k fd fodkl[k.M i.Mfj;k NÙkhlx<+ ds cPpä dh m¡pkbZ o

otu ICMR }kjk ÁLrkfor eku dh rqYkuk esa de ikbZ xbZ] ijarq

muds otu o Å¡pkbZ dk vuqikr ,d&nqljs ds vuqdwYk Lrj esa

ik;k x;kA vkgkj esa Ykh tkus okYkh Ik¨"kd rRo a dh ek«kk Òh YkxÒx

Ik;kZIr ikbZ xbZA dsoYk dqN Ik¨"kd rRo a tSls fd dSYk¨jh] olk o

vk;ju dh ek«kk esa varj ik;k x;kA bl Ádkj ge bl v/;;u

ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkYk ldrs gSa fd ;|fi gesa v/;;u ds n©jku

dqi¨"k.k ds dqN Ádkj tSls Á¨Vhu ÅtkZ dqi¨"k.k ¼PEM½] ,uhfe;k

ns[kus d¨ feY¨] ijarq d¨bZ Òh xaÒhj voLFkk dk dqi¨"k.k ugÈ ik;k

x;kA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS] bl fodkl[k.M i.Mfj;k esa

fo'¨"kdj iwoZ'kkY¨; ckYkdä ds lanÒZ esa dqi¨"k.k dk fo'¨"k ÁÒko

ugÈ ik;k x;kA

lanÒZ %

(1) Gopalan, C Women and Nutrition in India, IndianJaurnal of Nutrition and Dieteics, 1999. (2) ICMR, Nutritivevalue of Indian Foods, 2000, 94. (3) ICMR, Nutrient re-quirement and recommended dietary allowances for In-dian.1998, 1800-1821. (4) Joglekar- Salhotra (2010) socio-Economic status Scale JSSESS. (5) Mujeebur- Rahman andVisweswara Rao. Variation in dietary pattern and nutrientsintake by low economic status .The Ind.J.of Nutr.Diete.2000,37,172. (6) Ramalinggam.V. Child's right to nu-trition medical and health perspectives.Ind.J.ofNutr.Diete.1999,36,4,123. (7) World Health Report, Healthacross the life span: World Health Organization, Geneva,1998. (8) WHO, Preventing and Controlling Iron deficiencyanaemia through primary health care, WHO.Geneva.1989,22-29.

ICMR xzsM 3

o"k Z Áfr�kr

4

o"kZ Áfr�kr

5

o"kZ Áfr�kr

dqYk

;¨x Áfr� kr

LkkekU; ls

80% vf/kd 74 94-8 40 90-9 47 60-2 161 80-5

Js.kh 1

70&80% 3 3-8 2 4-5 22 28-2 27 13-5

Js.kh 2

60&70% 1 1-2 2 4-5 9 11-5 12 6-0

Js.kh 3

50&60% Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Js.kh 4

60% ls de Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

dqYk 78 100 44 100 78 100 200 100

rkfydk Øekad 1 % LaknfÒZr eku ICMR ¼1995½ dh rqYkuk

esa m¡pkbZ o otu dk ek/;

vk;q

¼o�k¨±

e sa½

fYkax L ak[;k Å¡pkbZ ¼l saeh-½ esa otu ¼fd-xzk-½ esa

YkM+ds ¼l a[;k&95½ YkM+fd;k¡

¼la[;k&105½ YkM+ds ¼la[;k&95½

YkM+fd;k¡

¼la[;k&105½

L aknfÒZr

Ekku

¼1998½

Ekk/; SE LaknfÒZr

Ekku

¼1998½

Ekk/; SE LaknfÒZr

Ekku

¼1998½

Ekk/; SE L aknfÒZr

Ekku

¼1998½

Ekk/; SE

3 YkM+ds

YkM+fd;k¡

38

40 98-36 88-7 0-66 96-21 89-00 0-591 14-78 13-00 0-1628 13-79 12-8 1-50

4 YkM+ds

YkM+fd;k¡

24

20 104-7 99-17 1-03 104-19 96-98 1-004 16-12 14-98 0-339 15-85 14-17 0-29

5 YkM+ds

YkM+fd;k¡

33

45 113-51 101-4 0-81 112-24 102-2 0-203 19-33 15-1 0-26 18-67 15-5 0-20

rkfydk Øekad 2 % vk;q ds vuqlkj otu


vfgY;k dk ifjp; egf"kZ xkSre dh iRuh ds :i esa

fofHkUu xzaFkksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA Jhen~ Hkkxor~~ ¼8@13@5½ rFkk

fo".kqiqjk.k ¼3@1@32½ ds vuqlkj egf"kZ xkSre czâek dh ekulh

l``f"V ls mRiUu rFkk oSoLor~~ eUoUrj ds lIr_f"k;ksa esa ls ,d

_f"k ekus tkrs gSa%

Þd';ks·f=oZfl"V'p fo'okfe=ks·Fk xkSre%A

tenfXuHkZj}kt bfr lIr"kZ;% Le` `rk%ßAA

iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj egf"kZ xkSre dk pfj= vykSfdd gSA buds

leku R;kx] oSjkX;] ri rFkk /kekZpj.k okyk O;fDr vU;= dgh

aHkh n``f"Vxkspj ugha gksrk gSA vusd LFkkuksa ij buds vkJe dk

mYys[k feyrk gSA

egkHkkjr esa ;g mYys[k gS fd egf"kZ xkSre us Þikfj;k=ß

ioZr ij lkB gtkj o"kksZa rd riL;k dh Fkh vkSj budh riL;k

ls izlUu gksdj /keZjkt Lo;a buds vkJe esa i/kkjs FksA

izkphure /kekZpk;ksZa esa egf"kZ xkSre dk uke cM+s gh vknj

ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA egf"kZ xkSre U;k;] n'kZu vkfn vusd

fo"k;ksa ds vkpk;Z dgs tkrs gSaA bUgsa izkphu U;k;'kkL= dk laLFkkid

Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

vkpk;Z ;kKoYD; us /keZ'kkL= iz.ksrkvksa esa egf"kZ xkSre dks

mYysf[kr fd;k gSA ¼;kKoYD; Le`fr&1@5½ egf"kZ xkSre ds uke



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


ls ,d /keZlw= rFkk ,d Le``fr izkIr gksrh gSA xkSre /keZlw= ds

vUrxZr vkpkj] vkB izdkj ds fookgksa dk o.kZu] x``gLFk /keZ dk

o.kZu] vkin~~/keZ] vkRexq.kksa dk uke ,oa ifjx.ku] _rqdky rFkk

ifr&iRuh ds ijLij /keZ] deZ&foikd rFkk 'kkfUrdeZ]

pUnzk;.kkfnozr vkfn dk fo/kku fn;k x;k gSA

egf"kZ xkSre }kjk fyf[kr Le``fr dk uke Þo``)xkSre Le``frß

gSA blesa eq[; :i ls /kekZpj.k dh efgek] nku] czkã.kksa ds y{k.k]

iapegk;K] rhFkZ&efgek vkfn dk foLr``r o.kZu gSaA

egf"kZ xkSre us ?kksj riL;k djds osnekrk xk;=h dh

'kfDr;ksa dks fl) dj fy;k FkkA nsoh Hkkxor~ ds ckjgosa LdU/k ds

ukSosa v/;k; esa ;g o.kZu feyrk gS fd egf"kZ xkSre us ekrk xk;=h

ds vuqxzg ls vla[; czkã.k ifjokjksa dh j{kk dh FkhA

dFkkuqlkj ,d le; nsojkt bUnz us izkf.k;ksa dks deZ dk

Hkksx djkus ds mn~ns'; ls ianzg o"kksZa rd ty cjlkuk can dj

fn;kA bl vuko``f"V ds dkj.k lagkjdkjh ?kksj nqfHkZ{k iM+ x;kA

ekuo leqnk; {kq/kk dh Tokyk esa ,d nwljs dks [kkus ds fy, nkSM+

iM+rs FksA ,slh foijhr ifjfLFkfr esa lHkh czkã.k riL;k esa yhu

xkSre _f"k ds vkJe igq¡psA egf"kZ us czkã.k leqnk; dks foiqy

la[;k esa vk;k ns[k dq'ky& {kseksijkUr muds vkus dk dkj.k

iwNkA rc lEiw.kZ czkã.kksa us viuk&viuk nq%[k muds lkeus

Ghe-ØeeÛeeÙee&, pes.kesâ.yeer.S[d. keâe@uespe, meeueyeveer, hetJeea efmebnYetce (PeejKeC[)

[[email protected] efceße

YeejleerÙe vÙeeÙemet$e kesâ ØeCeslee cenef<e& ieewlece

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e YeejleerÙe vÙeeÙemet$e kesâ ØeCeslee cenef<e& ieewlece kesâ peerJeve, DeeÛeej-efJeÛeej SJeb

Ùeesieoeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ hegjeCeeW kesâ Devegmeej cenef<e& ieewlece keâe Ûeefj$e Deueewefkeâkeâ nw~ Fvekesâ meceeve lÙeeie,

JewjeiÙe, lehe leLee Oecee&ÛejCe Jeeuee JÙeefòeâ DevÙe$e keâneR Yeer Âef°ieesÛej veneR neslee nw~ Deveskeâ mLeeveeW hej Fvekesâ

Deeßece keâe GuuesKe efceuelee nw~ ØeeÛeervelece Oecee&ÛeeÙeeX ceW cenef<e& ieewlece keâe veece yeÌ[s ner Deeoj kesâ meeLe

efueÙee peelee nw~ cenef<e& ieewlece vÙeeÙe, oMe&ve Deeefo Deveskeâ efJe<eÙeeW kesâ DeeÛeeÙe& keâns peeles nQ~ FvnW ØeeÛeerve

vÙeeÙeMee�e keâe mebmLeehekeâ Yeer ceevee peelee nw~ cenef<e& ieewlece Éeje efueefKele mce=efle keâe veece Je=æieewlece mce=efle

nw~ FmeceW cegKÙe ®he mes Oecee&ÛejCe keâer ceefnuee, oeve, yeÇeÿeCeeW kesâ ue#eCe, hebÛeceneÙe%e, leerLe&-ceefnuee Deeefo

keâe efJemle=le JeCe&ve nw~ cenef<e& ieewlece ves Ieesj lehemÙee keâjkesâ Jesoceelee ieeÙe$eer keâer MeefòeâÙeeW keâes efmeæ keâj efueÙee

Lee~ osJeer YeeieJele kesâ yeejnJeW mkebâOe kesâ veewJeW DeOÙeeÙe ceW Ùen JeCe&ve efceuelee nw efkeâ cenef<e& ieewlece ves ceelee

ieeÙe$eer kesâ Deveg«en mes DemebKÙe yeÇeÿeCe heefjJeejeW keâer j#ee keâer Leer~ Ùener $e+ef<e keâeueevlej ceW cenef<e& ieewlece kesâ

veece mes Øeefmeæ ngS, efpevnW YeejleerÙe vÙeeÙe met$e kesâ ØeCeslee kesâ ®he ceW peevee peelee nw~


fuosfnr fd;kA eqfu us lHkh vkxarqdksa dks vk'oklu nsrs gq, vius

vkJe esa Bgjus dh O;oLFkk dhA

egf"kZ xkSre Hkxorh xk;=h dh izkFkZuk djus yxsA egf"kZ dh

Lrqfr ls izlUu gksdj Hkxorh txnEck muds lkeus izdV gqbZ vkSj

mUgksaus eqfu dks ,d Þiw.kZik=ß nsrs gq, dgk equs! rqEgsa ftl&ftl

oLrq dh bPNk gksxh&esjk fn;k gqvk ;g Þiw.kZik=ß iwjk dj nsxkA

Þiw.kZik=ß ds izHkko ls egf"kZ xkSre us vius ;gk¡ vk;s gq,

yxHkx 88000 czkã.kksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA

vusd izdkj ds egku ;K fof/kor~~ lEiUu gksus yxsA lHkh nsox.k

egf"kZ xkSre ds d``R;ksa ls izlUu gks mBsA egku~~ ;'kLoh bUnz Hkh

izlUu gks mBs vkSj viuh lHkk esa dgk& vgks ! ;g xkSreeqfu ge

yksxksa ds fy, bl le; Lo;a dYio{k gh cu x, gSaA rHkh ls buds

}kjk gekjs lHkh euksjFk iw.kZ gks jgs gSa vU;Fkk bl nq"dky esa gekjs

fy, gfo dkSu iznku djrk gS \

Þvgks v;a Do gfooZ"kk ok lqnqyZHkk ;= rq thouk'kkß

¼nsoh Hkkxor~~&12@9@36½

bl izdkj eqfuoj egf"kZ xkSre ckjg o"kksZa rd lHkh eqfu;ksa

ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh O;oLFkk djrs jgsA egf"kZ us xk;=h dh

vkjk/kuk ds fy, ,d Js"B LFkku dk fuekZ.k djok;kA lHkh izeq[k

eqfux.k ogk¡ tkdj Hkxorh txnEck dh mikluk djrs FksA

,d le; egf"kZ ukjn ogk¡ i/kkjsA Js"B eqfu;ksa lfgr egf"kZ

xkSre us mudk fof/kor~~ Lokxr~~ fd;kA ukjn~~ us egf"kZ xkSre dh

vusd izdkj ls iz'kalk dhA dqN nsj jgdj os iqu% LoxZyksd

izLFkku dj x,A

blh egku~~ riLoh xkSre dh ifrozrk iRuh dk uke ÞvfgY;kß

FkkA iq:jok oa'k ds Þegk'koß uke jktk ,oa bUnz ds njckj dh

iz/kku urZdh Þesudkß ls Þfnoksnklß uke iq= ,oa ÞvfgY;kß uked

iq=h dk tUe gqvk FkkA ÞvfgY;kß dk fookg ÞljnoUrß uked

_f"k ds lkFk gqvkA ;gh _f"k dkykUrj esa egf"kZ xkSre ds uke

ls izfl) gq, ftUgsa Hkkjrh; U;k; lw= ds iz.ksrk ds :i esa tkuk

tkrk gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ Jhen~~ Hkkxor~~ % 8@13@5-

¼2½ fo".kq iqjk.k % 3@1@32-

¼3½ ;kKoYD; Le`fr % 1@5-

¼4½ nsoh Hkkxor~~ % 12@9@36-

¼5½ v/;kRe jkek;.k % 1@1@12-


orZeku fo'o dk ifjn`'; cM+h gh rhozxfr ls cny jgk

gSA bl fodkl esa foKku vkSj rduhdh Kku dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

gSA ,sls esa efgykvksa ds rduhdh Kku dk fodkl Hkh jk"Vª ds

fodkl ls rks tqM+rk gS] D;ksafd efgyk,a Hkh ekuoh; lalk/ku ds

:i esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA foKku vkSj rduhdh

Kku mUgsa lekt esa vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr cukus esa lgk;d gSA¼1½

vkt ckfydkvksa dks foKku o rduhdh Kku ds fo"k; ds vk/kkj

ij gh f'k{kk xzg.k djus ds fy, 'kkldh; o v'kkldh; nksuksa

laLFkkvksa dks izsfjr djuk pkfg,A xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt tks ckfydk,a

fdUgha dkj.ko'k fo|ky; esa izos'k ugha ys ikrh] rc gekjs foKku

vkSj rduhd ds lalk/ku tSls vkj-lh-Vh-] usV] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu

ds ek/;e ls ubZ rduhdh Kku dh tkudkjh iznku dh tk jgh

gSA¼2½ rduhdh Kku ds dkj.k gh efgyk,a ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa dk

fuoZgu djrs gq, baVjusV ds }kjk fofHkUu oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dh

tkudkjh izkIr dj vius Kku esa vk/kqfud rduhdh Kku dks izkIr

dj jgh gS] tks fd muds y{; dks jpukRed fn'kk nsus esa lgk;d

gSA¼3½

19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ esa gqbZ oSKkfud izxfr us efgykvksa

dks viuh {kerkvksa dks iquLFkkZfir djus dk lqugjk volj iznku

djk;k vkSj og vkt cjkcjh ls oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh Kku dks

vftZr dj ik jgh gSA¼4½ lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds vUrxZr ge



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


dEI;wVj o baVjusV ds ek/;e ls fo'o ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh

tkudkjh ?kj cSBs gh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds

ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu midj.kksa rFkk fofHkUu mixzgksa ds ek/;e ls

fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds rduhdh Kku dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

okLro esa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lEiUurk rFkk izxfr iq#"k rFkk

efgykvksa dh lekurk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA rduhdh Kku ls

izf'kf{kr efgyk,a Hkh jk"Vª dh lEiUurk esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrh gSA

lkFk gh efgykvksa dks Hkh viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lq/kkjus esa Hkh enn

feyrh gSA lu~ 1987 ls efgykvksa dks rduhdh Kku rFkk izf'k{k.k

ds ek/;e ls 'kklu }kjk Hkh l'kDr cukus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØe

izkjaHk fd, x,] ftlls mudh fLFkfr le`) gqbZ vkSj LokoyEcu

o vkRe lEeku dk fodkl gks ldkA lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds

vUrxZr mUgksaus fofHkUu rduhdh Kku ?kj cSBs gh izkIr gks tkrk

gS vkSj os dqVhj vkSj y?kq m|ksx ds lEcU/k esa u;h rduhdh Kku

dks izkIr dj ysrh gS] tks mUgsa muds lhfer lalk/kuksa esa Hkh le)

cukus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

^^,d oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh Kku ls izf'kf{kr efgyk vPNh

rduhdh Kku dh tkudjh vius fj'rsnkj] tutkfr xkao vkSj

vius leqnk; dks iznku dj ldrh gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; rVLFk jk"Vªksa

ds 2008 ds rsgjku lEesyu esa Hkh rduhdh Kku ds ek/;e ls

efgykvksa dks l'kDr cukdj mUgsa jk"Vª ds fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk

meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Fefleneme efJeYeeie), pe.ne.MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yewletue (ceOÙeØeosMe)

[[email protected] ogyes

ceefnuee meMeefòeâkeâjCe ceW efJe%eeve SJeb ØeewÅeesefiekeâer keâe Ùeesieoeve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ceefnuee meMeefòeâkeâjCe ceW efJe%eeve SJeb ØeewÅeesefiekeâer kesâ Ùeesieoeve keâe DeOÙeÙeve

efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Jele&ceeve efJeÕe kesâ efJekeâeme keâe heefjÂMÙe yeÌ[er ner leer�e ieefle mes yeoue jne nw~ Fme efJekeâeme ceW

efJe%eeve SJeb DeewÅeesieerkeâjCe keâer cenlJehetCe& Yetefcekeâe nw~ Ssmes ceW ceefnueeDeeW kesâ lekeâveerkeâer %eeve keâe efJekeâeme Yeer

je°^ kesâ efJekeâeme mes lees pegÌ[lee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ ceefnueeSB Yeer ceeveJeerÙe mebmeeOeve kesâ cenlJehetCe& mebmeeOeve kesâ ®he ceW

Deheveer Yetefcekeâe efveYee jner nw~ efJe%eeve Deewj lekeâveerkeâer %eeve GvnW meceepe ceW DeeefLe&keâ ®he mes meMeòeâ yeveeves ceW

meneÙekeâ nw~ Deepe yeeefuekeâeDeeW keâes efJe%eeve Je lekeâveerkeâer %eeve efJe<eÙe kesâ DeeOeej hej ner efMe#ee «enCe keâjves kesâ

efueS MeemekeâerÙe Je DeMeemekeâerÙe oesveeW ner mebmLeeDeeW keâes Øesefjle keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Debleje&°^erÙe le�mLe je°^eW kesâ

2008 kesâ lesnjeve meccesueve ceW Yeer lekeâveerkeâer %eeve kesâ ceeOÙece mes ceefnueeDeeW keâes meMeòeâ yeveekeâj GvnW je°^

kesâ efJekeâeme keâer cegKÙe Oeeje mes peesÌ[ves keâer yeele keâner ieF& Leer~ Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Jew%eeefvekeâ Je lekeâveerkeâer efMe#ee

kesâ keâejCe ner Deepe ceefnueeSB FbpeerefveÙeefjbie keâer efJeefYeVe efJeOeeDeeW keâe %eeve, vÙetefkeäueÙej meeFbme, efÛeefkeâlmee,

ieefCele Je Devleefj#e kesâ %eeve keâes Deefpe&le keâj jner nw, pees efkeâ Gvekesâ meMeefòeâkeâjCe kesâ DeeOeej keâer he=�Yetefce

efveefce&le keâj jne nw~ Ùeefo keâne peeS efkeâ Jele&ceeve ceW efJe%eeve Deewj lekeâveerkeâer %eeve ceefnueeDeeW kesâ meMeefòeâkeâjCe

kesâ DeeOeej keâe kesâvõ efyevog yevee ngDee nw, lees DeefleMÙeesefòeâ veneR nesieer, keäÙeeWefkeâ keâuhevee ÛeeJeuee Je megveerlee

efJeefueÙecme pewmeer ceefnueeSB je°^ keâer henÛeeve yeve jner nQ~


ls tksM+us dh ckr dgh x;hA¼5½ orZeku le; esa rduhdh f'k{kk

ds dkj.k gh vkt efgyk,a bathfu;fjax dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dk

Kku] U;wfDy;j lkbal fpfdRlk] xf.kr o varfj{k ds Kku dks

vftZr dj jgh gS] tks fd muds l'kDrhdj.k ds vk/kkj dh

i"BHkwfe fufeZr dj jgk gSA ;fn ;g dgk tk;s fd orZeku foKku

vkSj izkS|ksfxdh Kku efgykvksa ds l'kDrhdj.k ds vk/kkj dk dsUnz

fcUnq cuk gqvk gS] rks vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA dYiuk pkoyk o

lquhrk fofy;El tSlh efgyk,a jk"Vª dh igpku cuk jgh gSA

orZeku le; esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh] dEI;wVj ij vk/kkfjr gSA ,d

vksj tgka foKku us lekt ds fodkl dks ubZ fn'kk nh gS] ogha

nwljh vksj efgykvksa us fodkl vkSj mRFkku esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZ gSA orZeku le; esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa tks

ifjorZu ge ns[k jgs gSa] muesa foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh muds

fodkl dk ekxZn'kZu dj jgh gSA efgyk,¡] ikfjokfjd thou vkSj

lkekftd nkf;Roksa esa Hkh foKku ds u;s Kku ds izHkko dks udkj

ugha ldrh gSA orZeku lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ,oa rduhdh fodkl

ds ek/;e ls efgyk l'kDrhdj.k uhfr dks O;ogkfjd cukus dk

iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA

jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh efgyk,a vkt rduhdh Kku izkIr dj

lg;ksx iznku dj jgh gSA tgka efgykvksa dks vc rd dsoy ?kj

ds dke djus okyh ekufldrk dk gh fodkl gks jgk Fkk] ogha vc

lekt lq/kkjdksa ds iz;klksa dk gh ifj.kke gS fd f'kf{kr gksdj vius

vf/kdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa ds izfr Hkh tkx:d gks jgh gSA os efgyk

l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kk dh vksj vxzlj gSA vkt efgyk,a dsoy

vius jk"Vª dh ugha] cfYd fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa miyC/k lapkj ds ek/;e pkgs

baVjusV gks ;k Vsyhfotu o eksckby mUgsa ?kj cSBs fo'o ds fofHkUu

xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh iznku dj nsrs gSaA pkgs og f'k{kk] O;kikj

;k fpfdRlk o vkfFkZd {ks= esa gksus okys fur uohu vUos"k.kksa dh

tkudkjh rRdky izkIr dj ysrh gSA

efgyk,¡ fo'o esa lapkj Økafr ds QyLo:i vc vius

vkidks l'kDr cukus esa dkQh iz;Ru'khy gSA lapkj Økafr ds

QyLo:i vc bysDVªkfud lapkj dks Hkh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ,d

izeq[k ?kVd ekuk tkus yxk gSA bls lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA orZeku esa ;g ,d m|ksx ds rkSj ij mHkjrk

gqvk {ks= gSA orZeku le; esa ns'k esa jkT;ksa ds }kjk lapkfyr lHkh

'kkldh; o v'kkldh; laLFkkvksa ds }kjk efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dh

fn'kk esa dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh us vkt iwjh

/kjrh dks ,d dj fn;k gSA blus fo'o ds fofHkUu rduhdh Kku

dks tksM+dj ,d oSf'od uohu rduhdh Kku dks tUe fn;k gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa ^bl Kku dh ubZ 'kk[kk dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dgrs

gSaA** dke djus okyh efgyk nqfu;k esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks

lh/ks ns[k vkSj lqu ldrh gS] tks fd lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dh gh

nsu gSA vkt f'k{kk e-Education] O;kikj e Trade] iz'kklu e

Administration] LokLF; e Health] ljdkj e Government]

m|ksx] vuqla/kku o fodkl] laxBu] izpkj vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa dh

dk;kiyV gks x;h gSA ogha ;s {ks= efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kk

esa egRoiw.kZ dne gSA ;s {ks= u, jkstxkjksa dk Hkh l`tu djrs gSa]

lkFk gh lwpuk] lEiUurk] efgyk l'kDrhdj.k c<+k gSA orZeku

le; esa rks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ^lsok vFkZra=** dk vk/kkj gSA

baVjusV ds ek/;e ls FIR ntZ djk;h tk ldrh gS o jsYos

esa o foekuksa esa ;k=k djus ds fy, ?kj cSBs fVdV o vkj{k.k djok

fy;k tk ldrk gSA os U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dks Hkh ?kj cSBs

vkWuykbZu ns[k ysrh gSA vkWuykbZu ijh{kk ds vkosnu i= Hkjdj

vkWuykbZu ijh{kk ns ldrh gS] vk;dj foHkkx ds le; lhek esa

fjVuZ Hkj ldrh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dks

fiNys dbZ o"kkZsa ls cM+s gh rhoz xfr ls fodflr fd;k gS vkSj mls

c<+kok nsus ds fy, vusd ifj;kstuk,a o dk;Z Hkh fd, tk jgs gSaA

Hkkjr esa LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa efgykvksa dks tc

lekurk izkIr gqbZ rks mUgksaus Hkh fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa inkiZ.k fd;kA

vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr esa of) ds dkj.k gh efgyk l'kDrhdj.k

ds ek;us dgs tk ldrs gSaA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds }kjk nh tk jgh

tkudkfj;ksa ds dkj.k gh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gS vkSj

efgyk,¡ 'kfDr] /ku vkSj Kku dk izrhd cu x;h gSaA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ eq[kthZ] jfoUnzukFk % Hkkjrh; lekt o laLÑfrA

¼2½ foosd] vkj-,u- % Hkkjr esa fopkj ØkafrA

¼3½ Jhfuokl] ,e-,u % vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZuA

¼4½ c?ksy] MkW-Mh-,l- % ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa

laLÑfrA

¼5½ egktu MkW-/keZohj ,oa egktu MkW-deys'k % Hkkjrh;

lekt ds ifjizs{;A

¼6½ xxZ MkW-,p-,l-] xxZ MkW- vatyh % i;kZoj.k v/;;uA


izLrkouk %

ekSle ds vk/kkj ij fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k dh jksVh] diM+k vkSj

edku fuHkZj djrs gSaA bl ifj;kstuk esa geus xzke L;kgheqM+h ds

ekSle vkSj tyok;q dk izHkko mudh df"k iSnkokj ij fdl izdkj

iM+rk gS] bldk v/;;u fd;k gSA ns[kk x;k gS fd ;fn fdlkuksa

dks ekSle dk dqN iwokZuqeku gks tk, rks os mlds vk/kkj ij

Qlykssa ds izdkj]le;]cht rFkk feV~Vh ds izdkj esa laxr ifjorZu

dj csgrj Qly ys ldrs gSaA ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds nks rjhds

gSa& ijEijkxr rFkk oSKkfudA L;kgheqM+h xzke ds fdlkuksa dsk

losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij geus rhu oxksZa esa ck¡VkA ekSle ds iwokZuqeku

ds fy, ijEijkxr rjhds viukus okys]oSKkfud rjhds viukus

okys vkSj nksuksa rjhds la;qDr :i ls viukus okysA bu fdlkuksa

ds }kjk viuk, tkus okys ijEijkxr rjhds dkSu&dkSu ls gSa

bldh foLrr tkudkjh ,d= dh xbZA lkFk gh budh iSnkokj dh

rqyuk oSKkfud rjhds viukus okys fdlkuksa vkSj nksuksa rjhds

viukus okys fdlkuksa ls dh xbZA bl rqyukRed v/;;u }kjk ge

bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡puk pkgrs gSa fd fdlkuksa ds fy, ekSle ds

iwokZuqeku dk dkSu&lk rjhdk loksZRre gS rkfd ml fof/k dks

fdlkuksa dks lq>kdj mudh iSnkokj c<+kus esa enn dj ldsaA

dk;Zfof/k %

;g ifj;kstuk iw.kZ djus ds fy, lewg izeq[k us ekxZn'kZd

f'k{kd ,oa lewg ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lkFk feydj xzke L;kgheqM+h



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


ds fdlkuksa] ljiap] ik"kZn ,oa ofj"V ukxfjdksa ls laidZ fd;k o

mudh ekSle ds vkdyu ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d= dhA lewg us

vius v/;;u dks rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;kA igys oxZ esa ,sls

yksxksa dks j[kk tks ekSle ds iwoZuqeku ds fy, dsoy ijEijkxr

iqjkuh fof/k;ksa ij gh Hkjkslk j[krs gSaA nwljs oxZ esa mu yksxksa dks

j[kk tks ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds fy, vk/kqfud oSKkfud rduhdksa

ij fuHkZj gSa rFkk rhljs oxZ esa os yksx j[ks x, tks iqjkus ijEijkxr

rjhdksa ds lkFk&lkFk oSKkfud rjhdksa dks Hkh viuk jgs gSaA rhuksa

oxZ ds yksxksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA mudh d`f"k iSnkokj dh

rqyuk dh xbZ rFkk o"kZ Hkj d`f"k ls gksus okyh vk; dk v/;;u

fd;k x;kA ,d foLr`r iz'ukoyh ds vk/kkj ij fdlkuksa ls

tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZA

vk¡dM+ksa dk laxzg.k %

lHkh v/;;uksa ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dk laxzg.k fd;kA lcls igys

xzke L;kgheqM+h ds fdlkuksa dh izfr'kr ek=k Kkr dh xbZ fd

fdrus izfr'kr fdlku ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds fy, ijEijkxr

rjhdksa ij fuHkZj gSa] fdrus izfr'kr oSKkfud rjhdksa ij T;knk

Hkjkslk djrs gSa rFkk fdrus izzfr'kr fdlku d`f"k dk;Z ds fy,

ijEijkxr vkSj oSKkfud nksuksa rjhdksa dk la;kstu djrs gSA blds

ckn rhuksa oxksZa ds fdlkuksa dh okf"kZd d`f"k iSnkokj ds vk¡dM+s

,df=r fd, x,A vkSlr ,d gsDV;j [ksr esa okf"kZd iSnkokj ¼,d

Qly ;k nks Qly½ Kkr dh xbZA blds lkFk gh rhuksa oxksZa ds

«eece mÙeenercegÌ[er kesâ efkeâmeeveeW SJeb veeieefjkeâeW Éeje ceewmece keâer YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer kesâ

efueS DeheveeS peeves Jeeues hejbhejeiele SJeb Jew%eeefvekeâ lejerkeâeW keâer leguevee

[[email protected] efmeodoerkeâer* SJeb [[email protected]âjnevee Deueer**

*MeemekeâerÙe keâuee, JeeefCepÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, meeiej (ceOÙeØeosMe)

**MeemekeâerÙe GÛÛelej ceeOÙeefcekeâ efJeÅeeueÙe, mÙeenercegÌ[er, keâesjyee (ÚòeermeieÌ{)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW «eece mÙeenercegÌ[er kesâ efkeâmeeveeW SJeb veeieefjkeâeW Éeje ceewmece keâer YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer kesâ efueS

DeheveeS peeves Jeeues hejbhejeiele SJeb Jew%eeefvekeâ lejerkeâeW keâer leguevee keâer ieF& nw~ DeOÙeÙeve SJeb meJex#eCe kesâ he§eeled

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ceewmece kesâ hetJee&vegceeve kesâ efueS hejbhejeiele lejerkeâeW hej efveYe&j nQ, peyeefkeâ ueieYeie 10 ØeefleMele efkeâmeeve Jew%eeefvekeâ

lejerkeâeW hej pÙeeoe Yejesmee keâjles nQ Deewj ueieYeie 30 ØeefleMele efkeâmeeve hejbhejeiele Deewj Jew%eeefvekeâ, oesveeW lejerkeâeW

kesâ mebÙeespeve keâes Deheveeles nQ~ mÙeenercegÌ[er kesâ efkeâmeeveeW keâer hewoeJeejeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâjves mes mhe° ngDee efkeâ ceewmece

Jew%eeefvekeâeW kesâ Éeje Øeehle peevekeâejer kesâ meeLe heejbheefjkeâ hetJee&ueeskeâve efJeefOeÙeeW keâes efceueeves keâe ØeÙeesie npeejeW

heefjJeejeW keâes yeoueles ceewmece kesâ Devegmeej Kego keâes {eueves ceW ceoo keâjlee nw~ heejbheefjkeâ %eeve kesâ meeLe Jew%eeefvekeâ

YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer kesâ mebÙeespeve mes efkeâmeeveeW keâes yesnlej efveCe&Ùe uesves ceW ceoo nesleer nw efkeâ GvnW efkeâme mLeeve hej keäÙee

heâmeue ueieeveer nw, keâye heâmeueW yeesvee nw Deewj keâye GvnW keâe�vee nw~ Fve yesnlej efveCe&ÙeeW ves efkeâmeeveeW keâes DeÛÚer

heâmeue uesves ceW ceoo keâer nw Deewj Gvekesâ heeme Deepe mJeÙeb kesâ efueS Deewj yesÛeves kesâ efueS heÙee&hle heâmeue nw~


fdlkuksa dh df"k ls gksus okyh okf"kZd vk; ds vk¡dM+s ,df=r fd,

x,A fofHkUu oxksZa ds fdlkuksa dh okf"kZd vk; dk fiNys ikap o"kksZa

ds vk¡dM+s ,d= fd,A

vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k %

lHkh v/;;uksa ,oa losZ{k.k ds i'pkr~ vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

djus ij Kkr gqvk fd xzke L;kgheqM+h ds yxHkx 50&60%

fdlku ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds fy, ijEijkxr rjhdksa ij fuHkZj

gSa] tcfd yxHkx 10% fdlku oSKkfud rjhdkssa ij T;knk Hkjkslk

djrs gSaA yxHkx 30% fdlku ijEijkxr vkSj oSKkfud nksuksa

rjhdksa ds la;kstu dks viukrs gSaA

rhuksa oxksZa ds fdlkuksa dh okf"kZd df"k iSnkokj ds vk¡sdM+ksa dk

fo'ys"k.k djus ij irk pyrk gS fd rhljs oxZ ds fdlkuksa us

ekSle oSKkfudksa ds }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds lkFk ikjEifjd iwokZyksdu

fof/k;ksa dk la;kstu dj d`f"k dk;Z fd;kA vr% mudh iSnkokj

ckdh nkssauksa oxksZa ds fdlkuksa ds }kjk izkIr iSnkokj ls vPNh gqbZA

blh izdkj df"k ls izkIr okf"kZd vk; ds vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

djus ij Kkr gqvk fd pwafd rhljs oxZ ds fdlkuksa dh iSnkokj

vPNh gqbZ vr% okf"kZd vk; Hkh lokZf/kd gSA

ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ds ijEijkxr rjhds fuEufyf[kr gSa %

¼1½ xzg&u{k=ksa ds vk/kkj ij %

gekjk ns'k ,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gS vkSj vf/kdrj [ksrh o"kkZ

vk/kkfjr gSA blfy, o"kkZ dk iwokZuqeku fdlkukssa ds fy, vR;ar

vko';d gSA blds fy, xzke L;kgheqM+h ds fdlkuksa }kjk iapkx

dk fu;fer v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa o"kkZ ,oa vU; _rqvksa

ds ckjs es xzg&u{k=ksa ds vk/kkj ij iwokZuqeku fd;k tkrk gS tSls%&

¼v½ ;fn vknzkZ dk izos'k o`f'pd yXu esa gks jgk gks]lk;u

lw;Z dk ddZ jkf'k esa izos'k gks vkSj es?ks'k lw;Z gsk rks mRre o"kkZ

dk ;ksx gksrk gSA

¼c½ ;fn iq"; u{k= esa rky&ryS;k u Hkj ik,¡ rks o"kZ Hkj

o"kkZ dh deh gksrh gS vkSj rkykcksa ds Hkjus dk ;ksx vxys o"kZ gh

cu ikrk gSA

¼l½ iwokZ u{k= esa ;fn gok pys rks lw[kk iM+us dh laHkkouk

gksrh gS vkSj Lokfr u{k= esa ;fn ekSle vpkud xeZ gks rks o"kkZ

vo'; gksrh gSA

¼2½ vkdk'k rFkk cknyksa dk voyksdu %

xzke L;kgheq+M+h ds fdlkuksa us crk;k fd vkdk'k esa cknyksa

dk izdkj] muds pyus dh fn'kk ls vkus okys ekSle dh tkudkjh

feyrh gSA cknyksa ds voyksdu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij

/;ku fn;k tkrk gS %

¼v½ ;fn ckny bruk uhps mM+ jgs gksa fd tehu ij mudh

Nk;k iM+s rks mlds ckn ckfj'k gksxh A

¼c½ ;fn vksl dh cw¡nsa tYnh lw[k tk,¡ rks ekSle lkQ jgsxk

vkSj ;fn ?kkl ij cuh jgsa rks 24 ?kaVs ds vUnj ckfj'k gksxh A

¼l½ [kjxks'k dh iw¡N ds vkdkj ds ckny crkrs gSa fd 36

?kaVs ds vUnj ckfj'k gksxhA

¼3½ lwfDr vkSj yksdksfDr ds vk/kkj ij %

gekjs izkphu xzUFkksa vkSj fo}kuksa us ekSle ds iwokZuqeku ls

lacaf/kr lwfDRk;ksa o dfork,¡ dghsa gSa] tks vkt ds lanHkZ esa Hkh lVhd

gSaA dqN eq[; lwfDr;k¡ bl izdkj gSa %

¼v½ var% >kj pyS iqjokbZ A rc tkukS o"kkZ _rq vkbZAA

¼c½ dfo ?kk?k dh lwfDr&fnu esa cn~nj]jkr fucn~nj

cgS iqjokbZ]>Ccj&>CcjAA

?kk?k dgS dNq gksuh gksbZA

dq¡vk ds ikuh ls /kksch /kksbZA¼vFkkZr~ lw[kk iM+us okyk gSA½

¼l½ lkou iqjokbZ pyS] HkknkSa esa ifNvko

dar cNjok csap ds] yfjdk ysb ft;k;A

¼4½ i'kq&if{k;ksa ds O;ogkj ls %

bZ'oj us i'kq&if{k;ksa dks ekSle ds iwokZuqeku dh vuks[kh

le> nh gSA xzke L;kgheqM+h ds ukxfjdksa ds vuqlkj i'kq&if{k;ksa

ds O;ogkj esa fuEu ifjorZuksa ds vk/kkj ij ekSle dk vkadyu

fd;k tkrk gS &

¼v½ ;fn i{kh vkdk'k esa Å¡ps mM+ jgsa gS rks vFkZ gS fd

ekSle lkQ jgsxkA vkSj ;fn i{kh uhps mM+ jgs gSa] rks bldk ;g

vFkZ yxkrs gSa fd vk¡/kh vkus dh laHkkouk gSaA

¼c½ o"kkZ esa ;fn fpfM+;k ikuh esa ia[k QM+QM+kdj ugk, rks

ekuks lw[kk iM+us okyk gS vkSj ;fn /kwy esa ugk, rks o"kkZ dk

vuqeku gksrk gSA

¼l½ ;fn dqRrs ?kkl [kkrs fn[kkbZ nsa] fcYyh xqjkZus vkSj

Nhadus yxsA cSy gok esa dqN lw¡?ks rks ckfj'k dh laHkkouk gSA

¼5½ /keZ&xzUFkksa ds vk/kkj ij %

izkphu /keZ xzUFkksa esa Hkh ekSle ds vk¡dyu ls lacaf/kr

egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA xzke L;kgheqM+h esa fLFkr eafnj ds

iqtkjh ,oa vU; x.kwekU; ukxfjdksa }kjk bu /keZxzUFkksa esa nh xbZ

tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij ekSle dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS jke

pfjr ekul esa o"kkZ dh lekfIr ds iwokZuqeku dsk ,d pkSikbZ }kjk

O;Dr fd;k gS&o"kkZ foxr 'kjn _rq vkbZ]tgk¡&ogk¡ latu ijs

fn[kkbZA

¼6½ pUnzek dk voyksdu %

lkQ vkdk'k esa pUnzek ds pkjksa vksj ;fn cM+h xksykdkj

vkdfr fn[kkbZ ns rks 'kh?kz gh o"kkZ dk vuqeku gksrk gSA ;fn pUnzek

yky ;k ihyk gks rks vk¡/kh vkus dh laHkkouk gS vkSj ;fn og

pedhyk gks rks ckfj'k laHko gSA

¼7½ dhM+s&edkSM+ksa ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u %

NksVs&NksVs dhM+s edkSM+s Hkh ekSle ds vuqlkj vius fØ;kdyki

esa cnyko dj ysrs gSaA budk lw{erk ls v/;;u djus ij geas

ekSle ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh feyrh gS &

¼v½ ;fn phafV;k¡ O;Lr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] >hxqaj lkekU; ls

rst xkus yxrs gSa rks bldk eryc gS fd tYn gh o"kkZ gksus okyh

gSA

¼c½ esa<+d ftruk tksj ls cksyrs gSa] mruh rst ckfj'k gksrh

gSA

¼l½ 'kke dks esa<d dk VjkZuk vxys fnu lkQ ekSle dk

ladsr nsrk gSA

¼9½ fu"d"kZ %

L;kgheqM+h ds fdlkuksa dh iSnkokjksa dk v/;;u djus ij ;g

ik;k x;k fd ekSle oSKkfudksa ds }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds lkFk


ikjEifjd iwokZyksdu fof/k;ksa dks feykus dk iz;ksx gtkjksa ifjokjksa

dks cnyrs ekSle ds vuqlkj [kqn dsk <+kyus esa enn djrk gSA

ikjEifjd Kku esa lkFk oSKkfud Hkfo";ok.kh ds la;kstu ls

fdlkuksa dks csgrj fu.kZ; ysssssssssus esa enn feyrh gS fd mUgsa fdl

LFkku ij D;k Qly yxkuh gS] dc Qlysa cksuk gS vkSj dc mUgsa

dkVuk gSA

bu csgrj fu.kZ;ksa us fdlkuksa dks vPNh Qly ysus esa enn

dh gS vkSj muds ikl vkt Lo;a ds fy, vkSj cspus ds fy, i;kZIr

Qly gSA dsoy ijEijkxr rjhdksa ij Hkjkslk djus okys fdlkuksa

dk ,d xyr fu.kZ; mUgsa xjhch vkSj Hkq[kejh ds nyny esa <dsy

ldrk gSA ekSle foHkkx }kjk dh xbZ Hkfo";ok.kh ij vk¡¡¡[ks eawndj

Hkjkslk djuk Hkh fdlkuksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gSA oSKkfud

rFkk ijEijkxr rjhdksa nksuksa esa la;kstu ls dh xbZ [ksrh dh

iSnkokj vR;f/kd ikbZ xbZA tcfd nksuksa eas ls fdlh ,d fof/k dks

viukus okys fdlkuksa dh iSnkokj vis{kkd`r de gh jghA nksukssa

fof/k;ksa ds la;kstu viukus okys fdlkuksa dh df"k ls izkIr vk; Hkh

vf/kd gqbZ ftlls os xzke L;kgheqM+h ds lEiUu fdlkuksa esa fxus

tkrs gSaA

leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds iz;kl %

bl v/;;u ds i'pkr~ lHkh izdkj ds fdlkuksa dh ,d cSBd

vkeaf=r dh xbZ ftlesa fdlkuksa dks izsfjr fd;k x;k fd os vkil

esa fopkj foe'kZ djsa vkSj vkilh rkyesy ls viuh tkudkfj;ksa dk

vknku&iznku bl izdkj nksuksa fof/k;ksa ds la;kstu ls L;kgheqM+h ds

lHkh fdlku viuh iSnkokj dks c<+k ldsaxs vkSj viuh vk; esa of)

dj L;kgheqM+h dks ,d lEiUu xzke cuk ldsaxsA bl ifj;kstuk ds

visf{kr ifj.kke vxyh Qly vkus ij n`f"Vxr gksaxsA

ekSle ds

iwokZu qeku dh

fof/k

izfr o"kZ vk; ¼ :0 esa½

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1- ijEijkxr fof/k 2- oSKkfud fof/k

3- ijkEijkxr ++ oSKkfud fof/k

35000@&

40]000@&

70]000@&

37]000@&

40]000@&

70]000@&

40]000@&

40]000@&

80]000@&

40000@&

45]000@&

70]000@&

45000@&

50]000@&

10]000@&

vk; dh lkj.kh

Hkfo"; dh dk;Z;kstuk %

¼1½ Hkfo"; ds fy, L;kgheqM+h dh xzke iapk;r us ;g fu.Zk;

fy;k gS fd le;≤ ij Qlyksa dh cqvkbZ vkSj dVkbZ ds iwoZ

,slh cSBdksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk jgsxk ftlesa lHkh izdkj ds

fdlku ,d&nwljs ls vius ikjEifjd rFkk vk/kqfud Kku dk

vknku&iznku djrs jgsaxsA

¼2½ xk¡o esa ,d lykgdkj lfefr ;k dsUnz cuk;k tk, tks

nksuksa izdkj dh tkudkfj;ksa dk ,df=dj.k rFkk izlkj.k djs vkSj

ns'k ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa ls ekSle fo'ks"kKksa ls tkudkjh izkIr dj

L;kgheqM+h ds fdlkuksa dks miyC/k djk ldsA

¼3½ jsfM;ks ls] Vh-oh- ls izkIr tkudkfj;ksa dks LFkkuh; Hkk"kk

esa fdlkuksa dks miyC/k djk;k tk,A


yksdiky ds xBu dh ekax bl ns'k esa yEcs le; ls pyh

vk jgh gSA bl ekax dks ysdj bl ns'k ds ukxfjd laxBuksa esa yEcs

le; rd yM+kbZ Hkh yM+h] fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks vatke fn;k] izn'kZu

fd;k] fxj¶rkfj;k¡ nhA blds ckn gh rRdkyhu ljdkj us bu

vkUnksyuksa ds ncko esa yksdiky ds xBu dks eatwjh nhA bl ekax

dks ysdj vkUnksyu dj jgs lekt lsoh vUuk gtkjs vkSj muds

lkfFk;ksa ds ncko esa yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr vf/kfu;e] 2013 laln

us jkT; lHkk esa 17 fnlEcj 2013 vkSj yksdlHkk 18 fnlEcj 2013

dks ikfjr fd;k FkkA blds ihNs ewy ea'kk ;gh Fkh fd blds tfj;s

dsUnz esa yksd;qDr vkSj jkT;ksa esa yksdiky dk xBu gksxkA

yksd&iky esa ,d v/;{k gksxk vkSj vf/kdre 8 lnL;

gksaxs] ftleas 50 Qhlnh lnL; U;kf;d {ks= ls gksaxs rFkk 50

izfr'kr lnL; vuq0 tk0] tutkfr] vU; fiNM+s oxZ] vYila[;d

vkSj efgykvksa esa ls gksaxsA iz/kkuea=h Hkh yksd iky ds nk;js esa

gksaxsA yksdiky ds nk;js esa gj Js.kh ds yksd lsod vk;saxsA

yksdiky }kjk lanfHkZr ekeyksa esa lh0 ch0 vkbZ0 lfgr fdlh Hkh

ik¡p ,tsUlh dks funsZ'k nsus dk vf/kdkj yksdiky dks gksxkA

yksdiky }kjk lanfHkZr ekeyksa dh tk¡p dj jgs lh0 ch0 vkbZ0

vf/kdkfj;ksa ds rcknys yksdiky ds eatwjh ls gh gksaxsA

yksdiky ds p;u gsrq ,d p;u lfefr gksxh] ftlesa

iz/kkuea=h] yksd lHkk v/;{k] yksd lHkk ds usrk] izfri{k Hkkjr ds

iz/kku U;k;k/kh'k ;k iz/kku U;k;k/kh'k }kjk euksuhr lqizhe dksVZ dk

dksbZ lsokjr U;k;k/kh'kA



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mi;qZDr rF;ksa ds vkyksd esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd yksdiky

vius LFkkf;Ro dks ysdj ftl yEcs le; dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj

leLr tuekul bldh LFkkf;Ro ds fy, rjg&rjg ds la?k"kZ

vkSj vu'ku dk izn'kZu fd;k vkSj vc fu;qfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ dj

jgk gSA fu;qDr izfØ;k esa nsjh dk eq[; otg oÙkZeku vke pquko

ds ckn feys tuer ds fLFkfr dks ysdj gS] fdlh Hkh ny dks

izfri{k dk nkf;Ro ugh feyk gSA lÙkk i{k dks bldh fu;qfDr esa

nsjh dk ,d cgkuk fey x;k gSA

fdUrq yksdiky dh fu;qfDr ds mijkUr blds le{k cgqr

lh pqukSfr;k [kM+h gSaA turk ds yksdiky xBu ;k Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr

yksdra= cukus dk ftl tukns'k dk ifjp; oÙkZeku pqukoh

ifj.kke ds rgr fn;k gS] ls Li"V izrhr gks jgk gS fd ,d vPNs

LoPN yksdra= dh liuk gksA Hk; eq[k vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqqDr gksA

lalnh; pquko ls lÙkk i{k dk eq[; eqn~nk Hkz"Vkpkj feVkuk Fkk

vkSj oÙkZeku esa fnYyh ljdkj dh Hkh eq[; eqn~nk Hkz"Vkpkj tSls

dHkh u feVus okyk fo"k; FkkA fdUrq Hkz"Vkpkj ,d O;kid 'kCn

gS] blds dbZ :i gks ldrs gS] tSls jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj] lkekftd

Hkz"Vkpkj] /kkfeZd Hkz"Vkpkj] iz'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkj bR;kfnA Hkz"Vkpkj

oÙkZeku le; esa viuh tM+ dks bruk foLrkfjr dj pqdh gS fd

bldks m[kkM+ Qsduk dkQh dfBu gh ugha eqf'dy dk;Z gSA

pqukoh izfØ;k ds rgr Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ oksV Mkyuk vyx

ckr gS vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj ij Lo;a dks fu;a=.k djuk vyx dh ckr

gSA

YeejleerÙe ueeskeâheeue efveÙegefòeâ kesâ Ghejevle Deeves Jeeueer ØecegKe ÛegveewefleÙeeB

[e@.ÛevõosJe kegâceej

hetJe& MeesOe Úe$e, Jeerj kegâ.efmebn efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, Deeje (efyenej)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, YeejleerÙe ueeskeâheeue efveÙegefòeâ kesâ Ghejeble Deeves Jeeueer ØecegKe ÛegveewefleÙeeW mes mecyebefOele

nw~ ueeskeâheeue keâer efveÙegefòeâ kesâ Ghejeble Fmekesâ mece#e yengle meer ÛegveewefleÙeeB KeÌ[er nQ~ pevelee kesâ ueeskeâheeue ie"ve

Ùee Yeü°eÛeej cegòeâ ueeskeâleb$e yeveeves keâe efpeme peveeosMe keâe heefjÛeÙe Jele&ceeve ÛegveeJeer heefjCeece kesâ lenle efoÙee

nw, mes mhe° nes jne nw efkeâ Skeâ DeÛÚs mJeÛÚ ueeskeâleb$e keâe mehevee nes~ YeÙe, YetKe Deewj Yeü°eÛeej mes cegòeâ nes~

mebmeoerÙe ÛegveeJe mes meòee he#e keâe cegKÙe cegöe Yeü°eÛeej efce�evee Lee Deewj Jele&ceeve ceW efouueer mejkeâej keâe Yeer

cegKÙe cegöe Yeü°eÛeej pewmes keâYeer ve efce�ves Jeeuee efJe<eÙe Lee, efkeâvleg Yeü°eÛeej Skeâ JÙeehekeâ Meyo nw, Fmekesâ keâF&

®he nes mekeâles nQ, pewmes jepeveereflekeâ Yeü°eÛeej, meeceeefpekeâ Yeü°eÛeej, Oeeefce&keâ Yeü°eÛeej, ØeMeemeefvekeâ Yeü°eÛeej

Deeefo~ Yeü°eÛeej Jele&ceeve meceÙe ceW Deheveer peÌ[ keâes Flevee efJemleeefjle keâj Ûegkeâer nw efkeâ Fmekeâes GKeeÌ[ heWâkeâvee

keâeheâer keâef"ve ner veneR, cegefMkeâue keâeÙe& nw~ ÛegveeJeer Øeef�eâÙee kesâ lenle Yeü°eÛeej kesâ efKeueeheâ Jees� [euevee Deueie

yeele nw Deewj Yeü°eÛeej hej mJeÙeb keâes efveÙeb$eCe keâjvee Deueie yeele nw~


vHkh lcls cM+h pqukSrh rks yksdiky fu;qfDr dks ysdj gh

gSA yksdiky ds in ij fu;qDr O;fDr] dksbZ Hkxoku ugha gks

ldrk] ftlds gkFk turk vkSj ljdkj ij mBkus ek= ls Hkz"Vkpkj

foyqIr gks tk,xkA og Hkh ,d ekuo gh gksxk vkSj ekou dh lksp

lnk ,d gh ugha gksrhA ;fn lHkh ekuo dks ekuoh; xq.k] lnkpkjh

xq.k vk tk, rks og fQj yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr dh vko';drk

gh D;ksaA tgk¡ rd iz/kkuea=h dks dh blds nk;js esa ykus dk iz'u

gSA D;k iz/kkuea=h Lo;a yksdiky ;k yksdk;qDr dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z ugha

dj ldrk] ftldks Lo;a turk us viuk iw.kZ leFkZu fn;k gSA

tSlk fd oÙkZeku fd fnYyh fo/kku lHkk ds pqukoh ifj.kke

ls ,slk d;kl yxk;k tk jgk gS fd fnYyh dh turk Hkktik;h

u gksdj vc vke vkneh ikVhZ dh gks x;h gS] fdUrq ;s ckrsa

pfjrkFkZ ugha gks ik jgh gSA fnYyh dh tu vkUnksyu vkSj pqukoh

ifj.kke ls ,slk Hkh izfrr gks jgk gS fd fnYyh dh turk oÙkZeku

ds gkykrksa dks cM+s lksp le>dj dke ysuk pkg jgh gSA tgk¡ ,d

rjQ dsUnz esa lEiw.kZ leFkZu Hkktik dks rFkk jkT; esa viuk iw.kZ

leFkZu jkT; dks blfy, nsuk pkgrh gS fd fnYyh tSls jkT; dk

fodkl esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ jktuhfrd vM+pus u iSnk gks

ldsA lHkh ljdkj vius fglkc ls dk;Z djsa vkSj jkT; dh lHkh

leL;kvksa ds izfr lEiw.kZ tokcnsg gks ldsaA bldk thrk tkxrk

mnkgj.k ;w0 ,l0 ,0 vkSj baXyS.M ls fy;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡

NksVs&NksVs Hkz"Vkpkj dks nwj fd;k x;k jktuSfrd bPNk'kfDr vkSj

turk ds leFkZu ls ,slk lEHko gks ldkA

gekjs ns'k dh turk oSls gh bPNk 'kfDr fn[kk,¡ vkSj turk

muds bl iz;kl esa leFkZu nsa] rks ;gk¡ Hkh jk"Vª dks Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ij ge vjLrq ds fopkj dks Hkwyk;k ugha

ldrk] mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd laLFkk,¡ pkj

fl)kUrksa ds esy ls curh gS] ftl ij ekuoh; vkSj okrkoj.k dk

izHkko iM+rk gS] euq"; dk fnekx =qfV jfgr laLFkk dk fuekZ.k dj

ldrk gSA tgk¡ iz'kklu fof/k O;oLFkk] lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj

vkfFkZd 'kfDr feydj ,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ izHkkr [kcj] lkseokj 26 tuojh 2015] i- 5-

¼2½ vkfcn] i0 136-

MeesOe-he$e Yespeves mebyebOeer efveÙece

(1) MeesOe-he$e 1500-1700 MeyoeW mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~

(2) efnvoer SJeb ceje"er ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes ke=âefleosJe 10

(Kruti Dev 010) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW YespeW~

(3) Deb«espeer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e �eF&cme vÙet jesceve (Times New Ro-

man), SefjÙeue heâeW� (Arial) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� Ùee

�ceeF�eâesmeeheä� Je[&� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(4) MeesOehe$e keâer efJeefOe - (1) Meer<e&keâ (2) Syem�^skeä� (3) keâer-Je[&dme

(4) ØemleeJevee/ØeJesMe (5) GösMÙe (6) MeesOe heefjkeâuhevee (7) MeesOe

ØeefJeefOe SJeb #es$e (8) meebefKÙekeâerÙe lekeâveerkeâ (9) efJeJesÛeve Ùee efJeMues<eCe

(10) megPeeJe (11) efve<keâ<e& SJeb (12) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer~

(5) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer Fme Øekeâej oW -

For Books :(1) Name of Writer, "Name of Book", Publication, Place ofPublication, Year of Publication, Page Number/numbers.For Journals :(2) Name of Writer, "Title of Article", Name of Journal,Volume ....., Issue ....., Page Numbers.Web references :http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/interpret/exhibits/hill/hill.html

(6) iegpejeleer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e njske=â<Cee (Harekrishna),

�sjeheâeW� Je®Ce (Terafont Varun), �sjeheâeW� DeekeâeMe (Terafont

Aaksah) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(7) MeesOehe$e keâer meeheä�keâe@heer efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ kesâ F&-cesue DeeF&[er

[email protected] hej Yespeves kesâ yeeo ne@[&keâe@heer, MeesOehe$e kesâ

ceewefuekeâ nesves kesâ Iees<eCee he$e kesâ meeLe nmlee#ej keâj �efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ� kesâ

keâeÙee&ueÙe keâes Øesef<ele keâjW~

�efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ� keâer meomÙelee keâe Megukeâ Yegieleeve je°erÙeke=âle yeQkeâeW Éeje meerOes

�ebmeheâj Ùee pecee efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeQkeâ keâe efJeJejCe efvecveevegmeej nw-

yeQkeâ : m�s� yeQkeâ Dee@heâ FefC[Ùee

yeÇebÛe : Deesu[ heueeefmeÙee, Fvoewj,

keâes[ - SBIN00003432Keeles keâe veece : efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ,

Keelee vebyej - 63025612815Yegieleeve keâer cetue jmeero, MeesOe-he$e SJeb meer[er kesâ meeLe keâeÙee&ueÙeerve

heles hej Yespevee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~


ok;q] ty] Hkwfe] ouLifr] isM+&ikS/ks] Ik�kq] ekuo lc

feydj Ik;kZoj.k cukrs gSaA Áfr esa bu lcdh ek=k vkSj budh

jpuk dqN bl Ádkj ls O;ofLFkr gS fd iFoh ij ,d larqyue;

thou pyrk jgsA foxr djksM+ksa o"kksaZ ls tc ls i`Foh ij euq";]

Ik'kq&i{kh vkSj vU; tho vkSj thok.kq miHksDrk cudj vk;s rc ls

Ádfr dk ;g pØfujUrj vkSj vck/k xfr ls ptk vk jgk gS] ftls

ftruh vko';drk gS] og mls feyrk jgrk gS vkSj Ád`fr vkxs

ds fy, vius esa vkSj mRiUu djds vkSj lajf{kr dj ysrh gSA

fiNys yxHkx 100 o"kksZa esa tc ls euq"; us Ádfr ij fot;

ÁkIr djus ds fy, vusd oSKkfud miyfC/k;k¡ vftZr dha] lq[k&

lqfo/kk ds lk/ku tqVk,] c<+rh vkcknh dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ

gsrq vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dk lgkjk fy;k] rHkh ls Ádfr dk lkekU;

:Ik fo[kf.Mr gksus yxkA ou dVus yxs] mitkÅ Hkwfe ij vkokl

cuus yxs] cM+s&cM+s taxy lkQ dj ck¡/kksa dh ;kstuk cuh vkSj u

tkus fdrus ,sls Á;ksx 'kq: gks x,] tks ekuo Ád`fr ds vuqdwy

ugha FksA vr% lkekU; thou esa ifjorZu vkus yxkA igys rks

Ákdfrd lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk esa deh vk;h vkSj fQj 'kus%&'kus%

ok;q] ty] Hkwfe vkfn lHkh] tks thou ds fy, vko';d gSa] Ánwf"kr

gksus yxs] tks fpUrk dk dkj.k cu x;sA

Ik;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa lksp dk ÁkjEHk %

vusd Ik;kZoj.kfonksa dk ;g er gS fd ;|fi Ik;kZoj.k ds ckjs

esa fdlh Ádkj dh lksp rc ls 'kq: gqbZ gksxh] tc ls ekuo us

vius isV Hkjus gsrq [kk| inkFkkssaZ dks mxkus dh 'kq:vkr dhA bl

gsrq mlus df"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ÁkIr djus ds fy, Áfr fo#) dk;Z dj

taxy dkV Mkys vkSj flapkbZ gsrq LoPN ufn;ksa ds ty Áokgksa dks

eksM+dj viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj mudk Á;ksx fd;kA ikuh dh o"kZi;ZUr

miyC/krk dks vk'oLr djus gsrq mUgksaus ty Hkwfe dh fupyh



Sin

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lrgksa esa ,df=r dj mldk Hk.Mkj fd;kA ÁkjEHk esa rks blls [kwc

iSnkokj gqbZ] ij vf/kd vUu mitkus ds ykyp us Hkwfe dks catj

cuk fn;k vkSj ;g xfr vkxs c<+rh xbZ ftlus dkykUrj esa

jsfxLrku dk :Ik ys fy;kA ij ;g ckr rc dh gS tc euq"; dh

vkcknh Áfr }kjk fn, tkus okys vusd lalk/kuksa dh rqyuk esa

vR;Ur U;wu Fkh] ysfdu fu%lUnsg fujUrj c<+rh vkcknh us iqjkuh

fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu yk fn;k vkSj fiNyh yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh esa

Ik;kZoj.k ds Áfr lkspus dh fLFkfr cu x;hA

Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ %

Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ D;k gSa \ & og lHkh dk;Z] dkj.k vFkok

fLFkfr;k¡ ftuls ÁfrnRr Ik;kZoj.k {kfrxzLr] u"V] for vFkok foyksfir

gksrk gks] i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds vUrxZr vkrh gSaA buls euq"; ds

thou dks [krjk] vkfFkZd gkfu] thou dh xq.koRrk dk g~kl vkSj

vusd ladV mRiUu gks ldrs gSa] ftudk lkekU;r;k funku lEHko

ugha gSA ;fn funku vkSj dkj.kksa dh tkudkjh Hkh gks tk, rks mipkj

vFkok lek/kku vkSj Hkh dfBu gS] ;|fi c<+rh foKku vkSj VsDukykWth

rFkk Ik;kZoj.kh; foKku vkSj vfHk;;fU=dh us bl fn'kk esa dkQh

Áxfr dh gS vkSj fofHkUu Ik;kZoj.kh; ladVksa ls cpus vFkok de djus

ds mik; Hkh lq>k, gSaA

Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks ge fuEu nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr

djuk pkgsaxs& ¼1½ Ákd`frd Ik;kZoj.kh; ladV vkSj ¼2½ ekuodr

Ik;kZoj.kh; ck/kk,¡A

¼1½ Ákd`frd Ik;kZoj.kh; ladV %

Ákdfrd Ik;kZoj.kh; ladVksa ds fy, ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ fl)kUrr%

dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkrh gSa] ysfdu vc Ik;kZoj.k fo'ks"kK dqN

ladVksa ds fy, euq"; dks mRrjnk;h ekurs gSa] tSls vf/kd ouksa dk

dVko djus ls ck<+ vkSj lw[kk dh ?kVukvksa esa of) vFkok HkwxHkhZ;

ceeveJe Deewj heÙee&JejCe

DevegjeOee efleJeejer

MeesOeÚe$ee, Yeespe cegòeâ efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, Yeesheeue (ceOÙeØeosMe)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW heÙee&JejCe megj#ee keâes ueskeâj ceeveJe kesâ oeefÙelJeeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

heÙee&JejCe keâes nj efmLeefle ceW efJeveeMe mes yeÛeevee nw leLee Øeefle kesâ efJeefJeOe ef�eâÙeekeâueeheeW keâes DeyeeOe ieefle mes

Ûeueles jnves nsleg ØeÙelveMeerue jnvee nw~ JemlegDeeW keâe megoheÙeesie Yeer megj#ee ceW meefcceefuele efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~

Øeot<eCe keâer jeskeâLeece - JeeÙeg, peue, Yetefce, Jeenve leLee OJeefve Øeot<eCe Deeefo mes peveceeveme DelÙeble iemle SJeb

$emle nQ~ Jes GheeÙe keâjves nQ, efpevemes YeefJe<Ùe ceW nj #es$e kesâ Øeot<eCe keâes jeskeâe pee mekesâ~ DeJeefMe° kesâ efvemleejCe

keâer mecemÙee keâe nue Yeer Keespevee DelÙeble DeeJeMÙekeâ nes ieÙee nw, keäÙeeWefkeâ DeØelÙe#e ®he mes Ùen Yeer Øeot<eCe ner

hewâuee jns nQ Deewj efJeÕe ceW ceeveJe keâer efÛeblee kesâ keâejCe yeve jns nQ~ Øeot<eCe keâes jeskeâves nsleg je°^erÙe leLee jepÙe

mlej hej yeveeS ieS keâevetveeW keâe meKleer mes heeueve keâjJeevee ÛeeefnS~


ty ds vf/kd nksgu ls jsfxLrku {ks=ksa esa o`f) vkSj HkwdEi dh

la[;k esa c<+ksRrjh vkfnA tyok;q ifjorZu esa Hkh vc euq"; ds

fØ;kdykiksa dks tksM+k tkus yxk gS] ftlls ikyk] dqgjk vkSj

vksyko`f"V tSls Hk;adj ?kVukvksa dks enn feyrh gSA

bu ladVksa dks nSfod Ádksi ds :Ik esa ekudj Hkh ;g tkuuk

vR;Ur vko';d gksrk gS fd fdlh veqd nq?kZVuk dh xEHkhjrk

D;k gS \ mlds ekiu gsrq vyx&vyx ?kVukvksa ds fy, vc

vyx&vyx ekiuh cuk, x;s gSa] ysfdu eksVs :Ik esa nks ckrksa ls

budk ewY;kadu gksrk gS( ÁFke&bldk ÁHkko {ks= fdruk gS \ vkSj

f}rh;&blds fdruh tku&eky dh gkfu gqbZ gS \

¼2½ ekuod`r Ik;kZoj.kh; ck/kk,¡ %

bl foHkktu esa ge mu fcUnqvksa dk mYys[k djsaxs] tks

Li"Vr% fdlh u fdlh Ádkj ls euq"; ds fØ;kdykiksa ds dkj.k

mRiUu gq, gSa vkSj Ik;kZoj.k dks for djus ds mRrjn;h gSaA pw¡fd

i`Foh ij euq"; dh vkcknh dh xfr esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha vk

jgk gS ¼;fn fodkl'khy ns'k bl vksj Á;Ru'khy Hkh gS rks

vfodflr rFkk v)Z fodkl'khy ns'kksa us vius mRrjnkf;Ro dk

iw.kZr% fuokZg u dj bl Á;kl dks mruk lQy ugha gksus fn;k

gS] ftruh vis{kk Fkh½] vr% leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dk vfUre y{;

vFkZghu cu x;k gSA

dsoy Hkkstu dh iwfrZ dh ckr gh ysa rks ge ns[ksaxs fd ÁR;sd

12&13 o"kZ esa 1 vjc vkcknh dh vkSlr o`f) gsrq d`f"k mRiknu

vkf[kj fdruk gks \ ;fn mRiknu Hkh gks rks ÁR;sd ns'k ds ÁR;sd

O;fDr rd mls dSls igq¡pk;k tk, \ bl dsoy ,d oLrq dh

miyC/krk ls vusd ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk gh xM+cM+k xbZ gS vkSj

og ns'k Áfro"kZ fu/kZu vkSj vf/kd fu/kZu rFkk cM+s le`) ns'kksa ds

dtZnkj gks x, gSaA le`) ns'kksa us bl volj dk ykHk mBkdj

[kk| inkFkksaZ ds cnys muds cgqewY; lalk/ku] tSls&o{k ¼ydM+h½]

dbZ Ádkj ds [kfut vkfn ysdj mUgsa lekIr Ák;% gh&lk dj

fn;k gSA vr% c<+rh vkcknh us vUrr% Ik;kZoj.k dks gh ugha cfYd

lewps Ád`frrU= dks gh >d>ksj fn;k gSA

c<+rh vkcknh ds lkFk nwljk egRoiw.kZ igyw ;g gS fd geus

Lo;a viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh gh vksj viuk /;ku dsfUnzr

fd;k gks] ,slh ckr ugha gSA geus gj oLrq dk nq#i;ksx fd;k vkSj

vko';drk ls vf/kd ÁkIr djus dh ykylk dhA blls dkykUrj

esa oLrqvksa dh miyC/krk esa rks deh vk;h gh] cfYd lkFk esa vusd

yksxksa ds fy, vuqiyC/krk dk dkj.k Hkh cu x;hA ty fo'o esa

vlhfer gS vkSj vklkuh ls miyC/k Hkh gS] ij vius xyr O;kikj

ls ge mls Bhd ls mi;ksx esa ugha yk ikrs rFkk tks dqN Hkh

miyC/k Fkk] mls Ánwf"kr gksus ls Hkh ugha cpk ldsA vr% vkt iwjs

fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa esa ihus ;ksX; ikuh dk ?kksj ladV gks x;k gSA

oSls vkt gekjs ikl og rduhd Hkh miyC/k gS] ftlls leqnz ds

[kjs ikuh dks Hkh ihus ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu og bruh

eg¡xh gSA blh dkj.k vHkh ml rjQ lkspuk Hkh Bhd ls 'kq: ugha

fd;k gSA

Ik;kZoj.k gsrq vko';d orZeku n`f"Vdks.k %

vc orZeku esa Ik;kZoj.k dks le>us rFkk mldh lHkh Ck/kkvksa

dks nwj dj mls larqfyr ,oa tu mi;ksxh cukus gsrq euq"; dks vius

nf"Vdks.k dks *y{; dsfUnzr* rFkk *ifj.kke dsfUnzr* djuk gksxk vkSj

miyfC/k *Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.koRrk* j[kuk gksxkA blh ls euq"; dks

*thou dh xq.koRrk* ÁkIr gksus dh lEHkkouk gks ldrh gSA

gesa fuEu fn'kkvksa esa vius fØ;kkyki djus gksaxs %

¼1½ Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k&Áfr esa vFkok i`Foh ij ekuod`r

Ik;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr tks Hkh ekuo ds nks"kiw.kZ R;ksa ds ckn jg xbZ

gS] mls laj{k.k Ánku fd;k tk,A vifjorZuh; lalk/kuksa dks de

ls de NsM+k tk, rFkk ifjorZuh; lalk/kuksa dk vko';rkuqlkj gh

mi;ksx gksA euq"; dks /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] lkaLd`frd ijEijkvksa

vkSj Ákphu ÁFkkvksa@fjoktksa ds ek/;e ls lgh dk;Z djus gsrq

Ásfjr fd;k tkuk cgqr vko';d gSA mUgsa ;g crkuk Hkh cgqr

lehphu gS fd Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls rqEgkjk rFkk rqEgkjs Hkfo"; dh

ih<+h dk thou vR;Ur fudV ls tqM+k gSA

¼2½ Ik;kZoj.k lqj{kk&lajf{kr dh xbZ fLFkfr dh lqj{kk rFkk

bldh vko';d ns[kHkky bl in ds vUrZxr vkrk gSA Ik;kZoj.k

dks gj fLFkfr esa fouk'k ls cpkuk gS rFkk Áfr ds fofo/k fØ;kdykiksa

dks vck/k xfr ls pyrs jgus gsrq Á;Ru'khy jguk gSA oLrqvksa dk

lnqi;ksx Hkh lqj{kk esa lfEEkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼3½ Ánw"k.k dh jksd Fkke&ok;q] ty] Hkwfe] okgu rFkk /ofu

Ánw"k.k vkfn ls tuekul vR;Ur xzLr rFkk =Lr gSA os mik;

djus gSa] ftuls Hkfo"; esa gj {ks= ds Ánw"k.k dks jksdk tk ldsA

vof'k"V ds fuLrkj.k dh leL;k dk gy Hkh [kkstuk vR;Ur

vko';d gks x;k gS] D;ksafd vÁR;{k :Ik ls ;g Hkh Ánw"k.k gh QSyk

jgs gSa vkSj fo'o esa ekuo dh fpUrk ds dkj.k cu jgs gSaA Ánw"k.k

dks jksdus gsrq jk"Vªh; rFkk jkT; Lrj ij cuk, x, dkuwuksa dh

l[rh ls vuqikyu djuh vkSj djkuh pkfg,A

lqUnj Hkfo"; gsrq gekjk mRrjnkf;Ro %

Ik;kZoj.k ds ifjÁs{; esa ,d fogaxe voyksdu geus fd;k

gSA bl lanHkZ esa gesa ;g ns[kuk gS fd fo'o dh vusd Ik;kZoj.kh;

leL;kvksa esa ls gesa vius ns'k esa fdu&fdu lEkL;kvksa ls tw>uk

gS \ muds nwj djus ds D;k mik; ;k rjhds gks ldrs gSa \ gekjh

{kerk,¡] lk/ku&lqfo/kk,¡ D;k vkSj fdruh gSa \ ge mUgsa lwphc)

dj ldrs gSaA Áfrd lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj mfpr mi;ksx]

ok;q] ty] Hkwfe vkSj muds Ánw"k.k ds dkj.k vkSj fuokj.k] /ofu

Ánw"k.k] c<+rh tula[;k] 'kgjhdj.k] vkS|ksxhdj.k] xzhu gkml

ÁHkko] vkstksu irZ dk {k;] ue Hkwfe vkSj catj Hkwfe dh leL;k,¡]

Lopkfyr okguksa ls Ánw"k.k] Ik;kZoj.kh; dkuwu] ÅtkZ o mlds

oSdfYid lzksr] jk"Vªh; Ik;kZoj.k uhfr vkSj Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk vkfn

og fopkj fcUnq gks ldrs gSa] ftu ij gesa 'kkfUr ls lkspuk gS rFkk

mu ij tu&lk/kkj.k dh ftEesnkjh fuf'pr djuh gSA gekjk

lqUnj Hkfo"; gekjs vius mRrjnjf;Ro dks fuHkkus esa fufgr gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ 'kqDy nhukukFk] Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u leL;k,¡ ,oa funku]

f{kfrt Ádk'ku okjk.klh 2007] i0 10] 12- ¼2½ MkW- ;kno vkyksd]

, tuZy vkWQ lks'ky Qksdl] 2012] i0 202] 205- ¼3½ 'kekZ ;ksxs'k

dqekj] Ik;kZoj.k ekuo lalk/ku vkSj fodkl ik¡oUVj ifCYk'klZ]

t;iqj] 2014] i0 2- ¼4½ tyok;q ifjorZu , tuZy vkWQ ,f'k;k

QkWj MseksØslh ,aM MsoyiesaV] 2010] i0 109-


izLrkouk %

i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk i;kZoj.k ds gh ek/;e ls Ik;kZoj.k ds

;Fkksfpr laj{k.k gsrq nh tkrh gSA Ik;kZoj.k] tM+ ,oa psru nksuksa

dks dqN ltx dj ldus esa leFkZ gSA tks izk.kh vkSj tUrqx.k vius

dks Ik;kZoj.k ls vuqdwfyr ugha dj ik,] os Hkw&e.My ls xk;c gks

x,A Ik;kZoj.k Lo;a esa ,d f'k{kd ds leku gSA og ifj.kkeksa ds

ek/;e ls ekuo dks Li"Vr% vkHkkl nsrk gS fd Ik;kZoj.k ds

lUrqyu dks u"V djus esa Lo;a mlh ¼ekuo dk½ dh gh vUrrksxRok

{kfr gksrh gSA¼1½

Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk esa ge okrkoj.k ds ckjs esa gh ckyd dks

f'k{kk nsrs gSaA ge fuR; ubZ&ubZ ckrsa cgq/kk lh[kk djrs gSaA gekjh

ekufld lUrqf"V gsrq ,slk vko';d gh gSA O;fDr ,d fof'k"V

Ik;kZoj.k esa tUe ysrk gS vkSj 'kS'ko ls o`)koLFkk rd og mlh

Ik;kZoj.k esa iydj fofo/k ckrsa lh[krk gSA lkekftd rFkk izkdfrd

Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k ¼Interaction½ ds QyLo:Ik mlds

O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA vius thou dks lq[kh o le) cukus

ds fy, O;fDr dks fofo/k lkekftd bZdkb;ksa tSls & cSad] dpgjh]

Mkd[kkuk] iqfyl] vLirky] LVs'ku] Ldwy] dkyst] fo'ofo|ky;

rFkk uxj ikfydk vkfn ds lEidZ esa vkuk gh iM+sxk buds ckjs

esa izkd`frd esa ;fn og tkudkjh ugha j[krk rks mldk thou

nwHkj gks tk;sxkA blh izdkj izkdfrd Ik;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa Hkh mls

fofo/k ckrksa dh tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg,A gekjh [kk| lkexzh dgk¡

ls feyrh gaS \ tkS] xsgw¡] puk] vkyw] xksHkh] vke vaxwj vkfn oLrq,a¡

fdl izdkj dh tehu esa iSnk gksrh gSa] bldh mls dqN lkekU;

tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg,A izkd`frd okrkoj.k gekjs LokLF; gsrq

fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS] bls Hkh lcdks tkuuk pkfg,A bu lc

ckrksa dh fodkl dh voLFkk ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks tkudkjh nsuk

Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk ,d vko';d vax gSA



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k vusd LFkyksa ij gesa [kk| lkexzh

rFkk ihus dk ikuh iznwf"kr feyrk gSA feysa vkSj dkj[kkus vius

/kqvk¡ rFkk vU; lM+h&xyh oLrqvksa ls gekjs ok;qe.My dks iznwf"kr

fd, gq, gSaA vc gesa mu mik;ksa dh [kkst djuh gS] ftuls ge

vius izkdfrd vkSj lkekftd Ik;kZoj.k dks lajf{kr j[k ldsaA bl

izdkj ds Ik;kZoj.k esa lq/kkj ykus ds mik;ksa dh tkudkjh nsuk

Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk ,d izeq[k vax gSA

Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk vFkZ % i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk esa ge

i;kZoj.k dh fdlh bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls gh ckyd dks f'k{kk nsus dk

iz;Ru djrs gsaA tc dksbZ ckyd fdlh cUnj dks ns[kdj mlds

izfr dksbZ ftKklk izdV djrk gS] rks mlds ¼cUnj ds½ ds ckjs esa

lkjh ckrsa ckyd dks le>kuk i;kZoj.k dh ,d bdkbZ ds lgkjs

gh f'k{kk nsus dk gekjk iz;kkl ek= gSA

i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk y{; gksrk gS] HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd

i;kZoj.k dh iw.kZ:Ik esa ckyd dks mldh tkudkjh rFkk tkx:drk

dk fodkl djukA i;kZoj.k v/;;u esa ckyd Lo;a vius izkdfrd

,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k dks [kkstus rFkk tkuus dk iz;kl djrk

gS rFkk Lo;a rS;kj djrk gS] ftlls i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvksa dks

lek/kku djs vius thou dk fodkl dj ldsA i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,d

izfØ;k gS] ftlesa Nk=ksa dks ,sls vf/kxe vuqHko iznku fd, tkrs

gSa] ftlls i;kZoj.k dk Kku] le{k] dkS'ky rFkk tkx:drk izkIr

djds visf{kr vfHko`fRr;ksa dks fodflr dj ldsA izkd`frd rFkk

ekuo dr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldsA vr% i;kZoj.k

f'k{kk fujUrj pyus okyh izfØ;k gS tks vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd

nksuksa izdkj ls pyrh jgrh gSA blesa vUr% vuq'kklu vk;ke dk

iz;ksx vf/kd fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd bldk {ks= vf/kd O;kid gSA

i;kZoj.k dh ifjHkk"kk % ^i;kZoj.k f'k{kk* ,d u;k {ks=

rFkk u;k izR;; gS] bldh ifjHkk"kk,¡ dqN fo}kuksa us bl izdkj ls

heÙee&JejCe efMe#ee - DeLe&, DeeJeMÙekeâlee, #es$e Deewj cenlJe

MeesOeÚe$ee, meebF&veeLe efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, jebÛeer (PeejKeC[)

jsvet Megkeäuee

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, heÙee&JejCe efMe#ee kesâ DeLe&, DeeJeMÙekeâlee, #es$e Deewj Gmekesâ cenlJe hej DeeOeeefjle nw~

heÙee&JejCe keâes Øeotef<ele keâjves kesâ keâejCe ceeveJe peerJeve keâes efkeâme Øekeâej keâer #eefle hengBÛe jner nw~ heÙee&JejCe efMe#ee kesâ

Éeje nce efJeÅeeefLe&ÙeeW keâes ÙeLeemebereJe heÙee&JejCe kesâ Devegketâue yeveeves keâer Ûes°e keâjles nQ, efpememes Jen Deheveer

mJeeYeeefJekeâ ØeJe=efòeÙeeW kesâ Devegmeej keâeÙe& keâjves nsleg ÙeLeesefÛele DeJemej Øeehle keâj mekesâ~ efMe#ee JÙeefòeâ keâes Deheves

heÙee&JejCe kesâ Devegmeej keâeÙe& keâjves nsleg ÙeLeesefÛele DeJemej Øeehle keâj mekesâ~ efMe#ee kesâ Éeje ner JÙeefòeâ Deheves keâes

heÙee&JejCe kesâ Devegketâue yevee mekeâlee nw~ DeLee&led heÙee&JejCe hej DeeJeMÙekeâ efveÙeb$eCe kewâmes Øeehle efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw?

Fmeer GösMÙe keâer hetefle& kesâ efueS osMe ceW mejkeâejer leLee iewj-mejkeâejer mebmLeeSB nQ, pees heÙee&JejCe Ûeslevee keâes pee«ele keâj

jner nQ~ pe®jle ceeveJe keâes peeieves keâer nw, leYeer nce heÙee&JejCe keâes yeÛee mekeWâies Deewj YeefJe<Ùe keâes megvenje keâj mekeWâies~


ifjHkkf"kr dh gS] og gS & i;kZoj.k esa og lc dqN lfEefyr fd;k

tkrk gS] tks euq"; dh thou Ik;ZUr dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkk thou 'kSyh

dks izHkkfor djrk gSA euq"; ds pkjksa vksj ds lHkh i{kksa dks Ik;kZoj.k

esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

feJ egksn; ¼1993½ ds vuqlkj] î;kZoj.k f'k{kk ,d izfØ;k

gS] ftlds }kjk euq"; dks i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx:drk] Kku]

dkS'ky] vfHkofRr;ksa rFkk ewY;ksa dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls

i;kZoj.k dk lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA**

vkj0,0'kekZ ¼1996½ ds vuqlkj] î;kZoj.k f'k{kk esa i;kZoj.k

ds HkkSfrd lkaLdfrd i{kksa dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gS vkSj thou ds

okLrfod ifjfLFkfr ds fy, mldh lkFkZdrk vuqHko iznku fd;k

tkrk gSA leL;kvksa ,oa dfBukb;ksa dh igpku dh tkrh gSA

i;kZoj.k ds vlUrqyu esa lq/kkj djds visf{kr i;kZoj.k dk fodkl

fd;k tkrk gSA**¼2½

^ôkLro esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ls rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS] tks

fo'o leqnk; dks i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa lpsr djrk

gSA mldh leL;kvksa dks le>dj mudk lek/kku [kkst lds rFkk

Hkkoh leL;kvksa dks Hkh jksd ldsA** vr% ge dg ldrs gSa] fd

i;kZoj.k f'k{kk izkf.k;ksa dks orZeku leL;kvksa ls cpk, j[kus rFkk

Hkfo"; esa lqjf{kr jgus dh tkx:drk dk izf'k{k.k nsrk gSA

i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds {ks= % i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds fuEu rhu

{ks= gSa % ¼1½ laKkukRed {ks= ¼2½ HkkokRed {ks= rFkk

¼3½ fØ;kRed {ks=A

¼1½ i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk laKkukRed {ks= % i;kZoj.kh;

f'k{kk dk laKkukRed {ks= fuEuor~ gS % ¼1½ lEcfU/kr fudV ds

Ik;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh nsukA ¼2½ nwj ds Ik;kZoj.k ds Lo:Ik ds ckjs

esa crkukA ¼3½ tSfod rFkk vtSfod Ik;kZoj.k dks le>ukA

¼4½ ekuo thou ds iks"k.k rRo fofHkUu Lrjksa ij dSls ,d&nwljs

ij fuHkZj gS] bls le>ukA

¼2½ i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk HkkokRed {ks= % i;kZoj.kh;

f'k{kk dk HkkokRed {ks= fuEuor~ gS % ¼1½ fudV vkSj nwj ds

i;kZoj.kh; tho&tUrqvksa dks le>us esa :fp mRiUu djukA

¼2½ lekt dh leL;kvksa dks le>us dh :fp iSnk djukA

¼3½ fofo/k tkfr;ksa] iztkfr;ksa /keksZa rFkk laLdfr;ksa ds izfr lgu'khyrk

iSnk djukA ¼4½ izkd`frd lEink dh iz'kalk djuk fl[kkukA

¼3½ i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dk fØ;kRed {ks= % i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk

dk fØ;kRed {ks= fuEuor~ gS % ¼1½ ok;q] ty rFkk /ofu ds iznw"k.k

lEcU/kh dk;ZØeksa esa lfØ; Hkkx ysukA ¼2½ vius vfr fudV ds

i;kZoj.k dh lQkbZ esa Hkkx ysukA ¼3½ 'kgjh vkSj nsgkrh {ks=ksa ds

fu;kstu esa Hkkx ysukA ¼4½ [kk| oLrqvksa esa feykoV dks jksdus

lEcU/kh dk;ZØeksa esa gkFk c¡VkukA

i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk dh vko';drk % î;kZoj.k f'k{kk*

,d u;k izR;; gS] ijUrq bldh tM+s vf/kd izkphu gSA _Xosn lHkh

osnksa esa izkphu gS] blesa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dh vko';drk dk mYys[k

feyrk gSA _Xosn dh _pkvksa esa dkeuk dh xbZ gS fd îFoh ekrk

dh /kwy rFkk fir&rqY; vkdk'k dk izdk'k eaxye; gks] lw;Z vius

iw.kZ rst ds lkFk vius va'k ls tqM+k jgsA** vLrq izR;sd iz.kkyh izHkq

dh fojkV lRrk ds le{k vius dks mUeqDr dj ns rks og lRrk mlesa

lekfgr gks tk;sxhA lEiw.kZ fo'o vf[ky czãk.M izHkqe; gksxkA

vkuUn vkSj 'kkfUr dk vH;qn; gksxkA fdUrq orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

lEiw.kZ czãk.M esa vkuUn vkSj 'kkfUr dk LFkku Øe'k% 'kksd vkSj

v'kkfUr us ys fy;k gSA ftldk eq[; dkj.k gS iFoh ekrk dks /kwy

vkSj firk leku vkdk'k ds izdk'k dk veaxydkjh gks tkuk iznwf"kr

gks tkukA iFoh ekrk dks /kwy vkSj firk vkdk'k ds izdk'k dks cuk,

j[kus ds fy, furkUr vko';d gS fd ekuo dk tkx:d gksukA

tkx:drk f'k{kk ls gh mRiUu gksrk gS vke yksxksa dh vis{kkdr

f'kf{kr ekuo vius okrkoj.k ds izfr vR;f/kd lpsr gksxkA

i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk egRo % ¼1½ lkSj e.My esa i`Foh gh

,d ,slk xzg gS] ftl ij thou lEHko gSA bls u"V gksus ls cpkuk

gS rFkk ml ij clus okys izk.kh ek= dks lq[kn thou miyC/k

djkuk gSA ¼2½ tula[;k esa ftl xfr ls o`f) izfro"kZ gks jgh gS]

mlls lkjk izd`fr pØ xM+cM+k x;k gSA izd`fr dks iqu% larqfyr

djus rFkk Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks fojklr esa lqUnj vkSj O;ofLFkr Hkfo";

NksM+us gsrq tula[;k o`f) dks fu;afU=r djuk gSA ¼3½ izkd`frd

lalk/kuksa dk fo'kky Hk.Mkj Hkh vUrr% lhfer gh gSA mudk mfpr

vkSj cqf)erk iw.kZ mi;ksx gks] ;g yksxksa dks fl[kkuk gS vkSj i`Foh

ij fuokl djus okys izR;sd euq"; ds efLr"d esa cSBkuk gSA

fu"d"kZ %

mfYyf[kr gS] fd i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djus ds dkj.k ekuo

thou dks fdl izdkj dh {kfr igq¡p ldrh gSA i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk

ds }kjk ge fo|kFkhZ dks ;FkklEHko i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy cukus dh

ps"Vk djrs gSa] ftlls og viuh LokHkkfod izo`fRr;ksa ds vuqlkj

dk;Z djus gsrq ;Fkksfpr volj izkIr dj ldsA f'k{kk O;fDr dks

i;kZoj.k ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus gsrq ;Fkksfpr volj iznku djrh

gSA vFkkZr~ i;kZoj.k ij vko';d fu;U=.k dSls izkIr fd;k tk

ldrk gS\ blh mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ns'k esa ljdkjh rFkk xSj

ljdkjh vusd laLFkk,¡a gSa] tks i;kZoj.k lpsruk dks tkxr dj jgh

gSaA lu~ ¼1982½ esa i;kZoj.k&foHkkx dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vyx ls

i;kZoj.k ea=ky; [kksyk x;k gSA vgenkckn esa î;kZoj.k f'k{kk

dsUnz* LFkkfir fd;k x;kA orZeku le; esa yxHkx nks lkS ls

vf/kd xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk* ns jgh gSA

;wussLdks dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; i;kZoj.k lEesyu ¼1977½ esa i;kZoj.k

f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; dks izfriknu fd;k x;k] ftlesa lHkh Lrjksa rFkk

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k

Hkh fd;k x;kA

dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1966½ rFkk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½

esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa ds fy, laLrqfr dh Fkh fd Nk=ksa dks

HkkSfrd rFkk tSfod i;kZoj.k ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh nh tkuh

pkfg, rFkk fo|ky; ds v/;;u fo"k;ksa ds lkFk i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks

lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ %

(1) Chaubay, Saryu Prasad, Sociological Foundations of Edu-cation. Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra,. 7th Editiion, 2003, P. 307.(2) Sharma R.A., Environmental Education, R.Lal Book Dippo,Meerut Edition 2011, P.21.

Material Culture and Social Customs of Asur Tribe in...

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