Materi Sistem Pencernaan

NURUL ATHIRAH ARBI111 4040 168

ICP A 2011

English Subject Matter : Microteaching

The Function of The Function of Nutritious FoodsNutritious Foods

There are many kinds of food that you eat

everyday. Food contains different vitamins.

The function of those vitamins are also

different.

To stay alive and to be able to do many

activities, the organisms needs foods.

The foods that enter into the body will be oxidized to

produce energy. The foods also has some other

function, those are:

For the growing and the formation of the body

To replace broken body cells

To maintain body metabolism

To defend the body against many kinds of diseases

To keep the body homeostasis

The Function of Nutritious Foods

The foods that you eat must be nutritious.

What is meant by nutritious is that the food

contains some base goods, those are,

carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins,

minerals and water.

The Requirements of Nutritious Food

The food containing all of the starting material

in a balanced number is called balanced food.

Beside nutritious, food has to be easy to digest

and hygienic. The hygienic foods are the

foods that do not have any disease and

dangerous substance for the body in it.

The Requirements of Nutritious Food

Types of NutrientsTypes of Nutrients

Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals, & water

Macronutrients- proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc…

GI (gastrointestinal) tract = alimentary canal

Digestive System Digestive System OrganizationOrganization

• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract– Tube within a tube– Direct link/path between organs– Structures

• Mouth• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Large Intestine• Anus

In the MouthIn the Mouth

Digestion actually begins in the mouth.

The teeth break the food into smaller pieces, and the tongue moves the pieces around so that saliva can be mixed with them.

This begins the digestion.

Then swallow, and the journey begins!

MouthMouthTeeth mechanically

break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva (contains amylase, which helps break down starch).

Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it.

EsophagusEsophagus

Approximately 10” longFunctions include:1.Secrete mucus2.Moves food from the

throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis

If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn.

StomachStomach

J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.

Mixes food with digestive juices that contain enzymes to break down proteins and lipids.

Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.Food found in the stomach is

called chyme.

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Small IntestineSmall Intestine

Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long

Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area.

The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption.

Small IntestineSmall Intestine

Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.

Absorbs:◦ 80% ingested water◦ Vitamins◦ Minerals◦ Carbohydrates◦ Proteins◦ Lipids

• Secretes digestive enzymes

Large IntestineLarge IntestineAbout 5 feet longAccepts what small

intestines don’t absorbRectum (short term storage

which holds feces before it is expelled).

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

Functions◦ Bacterial digestion

Ferment carbohydrates

Protein breakdown

– Absorbs more water– Concentrate wastes

Rectum Rectum

Last section of colon (large intestines)◦ eliminate feces

undigested materials extracellular waste mainly cellulose from plants

roughage or fiber masses of bacteria

AnusAnus

Solid waste is then

stored in the rectum

until it is excreted via

the anus.

Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs

Not part of the path of food, but play a critical role.

Include: Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

LiverLiver

Directly affects digestion by producing bile◦ Bile helps digest fat• filters out toxins and waste

including drugs and alcohol

Gall BladderGall Bladder

Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine.

Fatty diets can cause gallstones

PancreasPancreas

Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins

Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

Actions of Digestive (GI) TractActions of Digestive (GI) Tract

Ingestion◦ Occurs when material

enters via the mouth

Mechanical Processing◦ Crushing / Shearing –

makes material easier to move through the tract

Digestion◦ Chemical breakdown

of food into small organic compounds for absorption

Absorption◦ Movement of organic

substrates, electrolytes, vitamins & water across digestive epithelium

Digestive Homeostasis Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDisorders

ULCERS – erosion of the surface of the alimentary canal generally associated with some kind of irritant


CONSTIPATIONCONSTIPATION – a condition in which the large intestine is emptied with difficulty.

Too much water is reabsorbed

and the solid waste hardens


DIARRHEA – a gastrointestinal disturbance characterized by decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of the large intestine.

This results in increased, multiple, watery feces.

This condition may result in severe dehydration, especially in infants


APPENDICITIS – an inflammation of the appendix due to infection

Common treatment is removal of the appendix via surgery

Digestive Homeostasis Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDisordersGALLSTONES – an accumulation of hardened

cholesterol and/or calcium deposits in the gallbladder

Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed


ANOREXIA NERVOSA - a psychological condition where an individual thinks they appear overweight and refuses to eat.

Weighs 85% or less than what is developmentally expected for age and height

Young girls do not begin to menstruate at the appropriate age.


HEART BURN – ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.

Digestive Homeostasis Ulcerative Digestive Homeostasis Ulcerative ColitisColitis

Inflammation & ulceration of the colon, beginning in rectum or sigmoid and extending proximally

Only mucosa is involvedUniform involvement of the area, no segments

or patches of healthy tissueEtiology, diagnostic test, treatment: like

Crohn’s Disease

Digestive Homeostasis Digestive Homeostasis HepatitisHepatitis

Acute viral etiology is most common◦ Hepatitis A: infectious hepatitis◦ Hepatitis B: via human secretions or feces◦ Hepatitis C: less common, often becomes chronic,

quiescent for decades ◦ Hepatitis D: delta hepatitis◦ Hepatitis E: rare in US, feces-contaminated water◦ Hepatitis G: blood-borne illness

Digestive Homeostasis Infantile Digestive Homeostasis Infantile ColicColic

Paroxysmal abdominal pain or cramping First 3 months of life Etiology:

◦ Excessive fermentation & gas production, overeating, air swallowing, rapid feeding, inadequate burping

S/S: crying, drawing up legs Diagnostics: Rule of Three’s (1st 3 months of life, crying 3

hrs/day, 3 days/week, at least 3 weeks.) Treatment: calming child, feeding techniques, etc.

Digestive Tract – Beef CattleDigestive Tract – Beef Cattle

Esophagus

Rumen

Omasum

Reticulum

Abomasum

Pancreas

Liver

Gall bladder

Cecum

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Organs of the Digestive SystemOrgans of the Digestive System– Ruminants –– Ruminants –

Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, and large intestine have functions similar to monogastrics.

Stomach►Structure and function of the stomach is the

major difference between monogastrics and ruminants.

►Multi-compartmented stomach – rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach

Rumen:►Large, anaerobic fermentation

vat.

Rumen Capacity

Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity

Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons 55-60 gallons

Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons 5-10 gallons


Rumen (continued):

►Houses microorganisms.Protozoa – 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid.

Bacteria/fungi – 100 million per gram of rumen fluid.

►Functions of microorganisms.Digest roughages to make Amino Acids.

►Amino Acids absorbed in rumen.

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach

Rumen (continued):

►Lined with millions of papillae (short projections on wall of rumen) needed for absorption.“Shag carpet”

appearance

Parts of the Ruminant Parts of the Ruminant StomachStomach

Taken from “Digestive Physiology of Herbivores”http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/

Rumen (continued):

► Rumen saturated with gases and in constant motion.

► Contractions occur at a rate of 1-3 per minute.Serve to mix contents,

aid in mixing of gases, and move fluid and fermented feedstuffs into the omasum.


Rumination:►Ruminants are well known for “cud chewing”.

►Rumination involves:Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into

the mouth.Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and

reswallowed. May be up to 6-7 times per BolusBolus is rechewed and reswallowed.

►Rumination may occupy about 1/3 of a ruminant’s day

Parts of the Ruminant Parts of the Ruminant StomachStomach

►Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates enormous quantities of gas.30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle.5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats.

►Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation gases:Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be

life threatening.Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.


Reticulum:

►Contains microorganisms (like the rumen).

►Provides additional area for fermentation.

►As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense material is pushed into the reticulum (from which it along with microbe-laden liquid is ejected into the omasum).


Reticulum (continued):

►Lining has a honeycomb structure.Catches and holds

hardware consumed by animal.

Hardware can be removed with rumen magnate.

Ruminant Stomach

esophagus

abomasum

omasum

reticulum

rumen

Together the Rumen and the Reticulum make up over 85 percent of the Rumen Stomach


Omasum:

►A heavy, hard organ with a lining that has many folds (leaves).

► Function: Contains papillae responsible for grinding roughage.

► Description: Round, muscular part of stomach with many layers of tissue that squeezes feed and removes some liquid.


Abomasum:►The true, glandular stomach.

Secretes acids and functions very similarly to monogastric stomach.

►Unique feature is that it secretes lysozyme.Enzyme that efficiently breaks

down bacterial cell walls.

Needed to break down the large quantities of bacteria that pass from the rumen.

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