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Sustainability (Keberlanjutan)

Sub Topik

1. Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan)

2. Waste Minimization (Minimasi Limbah)

3. Resource conservation and recovery 3. Resource conservation and recovery (Konservasi dan pemanfaatan kembali sumber daya alam)

4. Water Sustainability (Keberlanjutan sumber daya air)

Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan)

• Definisi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan adalah• Definisi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan adalahpembangunan yang memenuhi kebutuhan masakini tanpa mengurangi kemampuan generasimendatang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan merekasendiri (World Commission on Environment and sendiri (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: Our Common Future)

• Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan mencobamemperbaiki masalah keadilan antar generasi, dimana generasi sekarang tetap dapat menikmatikekayaan bumi secara adil, tanpa harusmengorbankan kepentingan generasi mendatang.

History of Sustainability

• 1962: Rachel Carson publishes “Silent Spring”

• 1970:

– First Earth Day celebration – April 22nd

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– First Earth Day celebration – April 22nd

– Nixon establishes EPA

• Fueled by industrialization and overpopulationimpacts

• 1972: First UN conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden

History of Sustainability

• 1983 – UN establishes World Commissionon Environment and Development– Purpose: examine world’s critical environment and

development problems and formulate solutions

• 1987: Brundtland Commission Report– 3 components of Sustainable Development:

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– 3 components of Sustainable Development:Environmental protection, Economic growth,and Social equity

– Defined Sustainable Development as…

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

History of Sustainability

• 1992: Rio Earth Summit– Over 178 governments adopted…

• Agenda 21: a global blueprint and plan of action for sustainable development in the 21st century

• The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development– 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of

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– 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue human development and well-being

• The Forest Principles– A guide for the management, conservation, and sustainable

development of all types of forests

• 2002: Third UN conference on Environment and Development, Johannesburg, South Africa

SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

Konsep Pembangunan• Balanced Development• Basic need• Pemerataan• Kualitas hidup

5 Juni 1972 : • Konferensi khusus PBB,sepakat menyelamatkanbumi melului kerjasamaantar bangsa

• Pembentukan UNEP (United Nations Environ-ment Programme)

Perkembangan 1972-1982 :• Meningkatkan kesejahte-

1972,Stockholm

1992, Rio de Janeiro

2002, Johannesburg

Komisi WCED (World Commision on Environ-ment and Development),1 Oktober 1984 :• Ketua : Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norwegia)

• Wakil Ketua : MansourKhalid (Sudan)

Agenda Global Perubahan:• Target pembangunan

Konferensi UNCED (United Nation Conferen-ce on Environment andDevelopment) :• Prinsip-prinsip dasarpembangunan berke-lanjutan

• Agenda 21Deklarasi Milenium PBB tahun 2000

1972

• Meningkatkan kesejahte-raan penduduk

• Meningkatnya hujanasam

• Lautan semakin kotor• Udara semakin tercemar• Hewan & tumbuhanbanyak yg punah

• Mengusulkan komisi• penyelamatan lingku-ngan ke GoverningCouncil UNEP

1982 1992 2002

• Target pembangunanBerkelanjutan 2000

• Kerjasama global antarnegara

• Penanganan masalahlingkungan secara lebihefektif

• Agenda jangka panjangpenanganan masalahlingkungan

SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (2)

2002, Johannesburg

Deklarasi Johannesburg :• Dari asal muasal ke masa depan : komitmenpada pembangunan berkelanjutan, masyarakatglobal manusiawi, pilar-pilar pembangunan, tanggung jawab terhadap anak cucu

• Dari Stockholm ke Rio de Janeiro ke Johannesberg :melindungi lingkungan, pembangunan ekonomi, dansosial, serta memperkuat komitmen PB, merumus-

2002

sosial, serta memperkuat komitmen PB, merumus-kan visi pembangunan umat manusia, kemajuandilakukan dengan kesepakatan global

• Tantangan global : kemiskinan, gap negara majudan berkembang, lingkungan global terus mengalamikerusakan

• Komitmen terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan• Multilateralisme adalah masa depan• Mari mewujudkannya

SSosialosial EEkonomikonomi

EEkonomikonomi

LingkunganLingkungan

SSosialosial

ECOECO--

SYSTEMSYSTEM

HEALTH’HEALTH’

Menuju Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

LingkunganLingkunganTRADITIONALDECISION MAKING

ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING

HEALTH’HEALTH’

KOMPONEN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

INDIKATOR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN

LINGKUNGANKEBERLANJUTAN LINGKUNGAN DGN MENERAPKAN KONSERVASI ATAU DIVERSIFIKASI PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM, DAN

KESELAMATAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL

Terjaganya keberlanjutan fungsi-fungsi ekologis• Terjaganya keberlanjutan fungsi-fungsi ekologis• Tidak melebihi ambang batas baku mutu lingkungan

yang berlaku, nasional dan lokal (tidak menimbulkanpencemaran udara, air, tanah)

• Terjaganya keanekaragaman hayati (genetik, spesies, • Terjaganya keanekaragaman hayati (genetik, spesies, dan ekosistem) dan tidak terjadi pencemarangenetika

• Dipatuhinya peraturan tata guna lahan atau tataruang

• Tidak menyebabkan timbulnya gangguan kesehatan• Dipatuhinya peraturan keselamatan kerja• Adanya prosedur yang terdokumentasi yang

menjelaskan usaha-usaha yang memadai untukmencegah kecelakaan dan mengatasi bila terjadikecelakaan

INDIKATOR EKONOMI

KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL

INDIKATOR SOSIAL

PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT

Tidak menurunkan• Tidak menurunkanpendapatan masyarakatlokal

• Adanya kesepakatan daripihak-pihak yang terkaituntuk menyelesaikanmasalah-masalah PHK

Adanya proses konsultasi• Adanya proses konsultasike masyarakat lokal

• Adanya tanggapan dantindak lanjut terhadapkomentar, keluhanmasyarakat lokaluntuk menyelesaikan

masalah-masalah PHK sesuai dengan peraturanperundangan yang berlaku

• Adanya upaya-upaya untukmengatasi kemungkinandampak penurunanpendapatan bagisekolompok masyarakat

• Tidak menurunkan kualitaspelayanan umum untukmasyarakat lokal

masyarakat lokal• Tidak menyebabkan

konflik di tengahmasyarakat lokal

Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

1. Berkelanjutan ekologis, yakni akan menjamin berkelanjutan eksistensi1. Berkelanjutan ekologis, yakni akan menjamin berkelanjutan eksistensibumi. Hal-hal yang perlu diupayakan antara lain, a. memelihara (mempertahankan) integrasi tatanan lingkungan, dan

keanekaragaman hayati;b. memelihara integrasi tatanan lingkungan agar sistem penunjang kehidupan

bumi ini tetap terjamin; c. memelihara keanekaragaman hayati, meliputi aspek keanekaragaman

genetika, keanekaragaman species dan keanekaragaman tatanan lingkungan.

2. Berkelanjutan ekonomi; dalam perpektif ini pembangunan memiliki duahal utama, yakni, berkelanjutan ekonomi makro dan ekonomi sektoral. Berkelanjutan ekonomi makro, menjamin ekonomi secara berkelanjutandan mendorong efesiensi ekonomi melalui reformasi struktural dannasional. Berkelanjutan ekonomi sektoral untuk mencapainya; a. sumber daya alam dimana nilai ekonominya dapat dihitung harus

diperlakukan sebagai kapital yang “tangible” dalam rangka akunting ekonomi; b. koreksi terhadap harga barang dan jasa perlu diintroduksikan. Secara prinsip

harga sumber daya alam harus merefleksikan biaya ekstraksi/pengiriman, ditambah biaya lingkungan dan biaya pemanfaatan.

Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (2)

3. Berkelanjutan sosial budaya politik, meliputi:3. Berkelanjutan sosial budaya politik, meliputi:

a. stabilitas penduduk, b. pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar manusia, c. Mempertahankan keanekaragaman budaya dand. mendorong partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pengambiland. mendorong partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pengambilan

keputusan.e. respek pada human rights, kebebasan individu dan sosial untuk

berpartisipasi di bidang ekonomi, sosial dan politik, danf. demokrasi, yakni memastikan proses demokrasi secara transparan dan

bertanggung jawab.

Kesepakatan Nasional dan Rencana TindakPembangunan Berkelanjutan

(Indonesian Summit on Sustainable Development, Yogyakarta, 21 Januari 2004)

1. Penegasan komitmen bagi pelaksanaan dan pencapaian

pembangunan berkelanjutan sesuai dengan peraturan

perundangan dan sejalan dengan komitmen global;

2. Perlunya keseimbangan yang proporsional dari tiga pilar

lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.

2. Perlunya keseimbangan yang proporsional dari tiga pilar

pembangunan berkelanjutan (ekonomi, sosial, dan

lingkungan) serta saling ketergantungan dan saling

memperkuat;

3. Penanggulangan kemiskinan, perubahan pola produksi dan

konsumsi, serta pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan

lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.

4. Peningkatan kemandirian nasional.

5. Penegasan bahwa keragaman sumber daya alam dan budaya sebagai

modal pembangunan dan perekat bangsa.

6. Perlunya melanjutkan proses reformasi sebagai prakondisi dalam

mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

7. Penyelenggaraan tata kepemerintahan yang baik, pengelolaan sumber

daya alam, pola produksi dan konsumsi yang berkelanjutan, dan

pengembangan kelembagaan merupakan dimensi utama keberhasilan

pembangunan berkelanjutan. pembangunan berkelanjutan.

8. Perwujudan dalam pencapaian rencana pelaksanaan pembangunaan

berkelanjutan bagi seluruh masyarakat, khususnya kelompok perempuan,

anak-anak, dan kaum rentan.

9. Perwujudan sumber daya manusia terdidik untuk dapat memahami dan

melaksanakan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

10. Pengintegrasian prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan ke dalam strategi

dan program pembangunan nasional.

WASTE MINIMIZATION

Sustainable View

SUSTAINABLE

Typical World View

Journey to Sustainability

ECONOMY

Society

Environment

SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT

SustainableSociety

SustainableEconomy

Journey to

Sustainability

Journey to Sustainability:Development of a Circular Economy

Linear Economy*

Natural Resources &Resource Industries

•Air•Water•Land & Minerals•Energy

IndustrialProcesses, Distribution & Product Use

Waste & Pollution

•Energy•Biological

From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008

Circular, Zero Waste, Economy*

Natural Resources &Resource Industries

•Air•Water

IndustrialProcesses, Distribution & Product Use

Waste & Pollution

Journey to Sustainability: Development of a Circular Economy

•Water•Land & Minerals•Energy•Biological

Environmental Industry

From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008

Zero Waste Movement*

Zero Waste is emerging as a:

– paradigm shift,

– a new, comprehensive socio-technical system, that

– addresses our resource use from product design to – addresses our resource use from product design to disposal

– “Cradle to Cradle” -

* From www.EcoCycle.org

Zero Waste Movement

There are four central concepts to the Zero Waste system:

1. Changing the Rules to support resource recovery;

2. Producer Responsibility to hold industry liable for creating less toxic and more efficient products;

3. Purchasing for Zero Waste to use our buying power as our voice

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3. Purchasing for Zero Waste to use our buying power as our voice for Zero Waste; and

4. Resource Recovery Infrastructure to build the processing and recovery systems to move us toward Zero Waste.

Provide Incentives Before Ban or Mandate

Eliminate Waste by Designing Out of Products and Processes

Expand City Outreach & Technical Assistance and Lead by Example

Jobs from Design & Discards

Zero Waste System (Replace with Oakland version)

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Foster Sustainable and Green Businesses

Retailers Take Back Difficult to Recycle Materials

Resource Recovery Park

Producer Responsibility

Discards

© Copyright Eco-Cycle, 2004 with text modifications by permission.www.ecocycle.org/zerowaste/zwsystem

Empowered Consumer

Urban Ore®

To end the Age of Waste

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Implications for Waste ManagementManagement

Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:

ENERGYENERGY HEATHEAT

CONSUMERCONSUMERNONNON--RENEWABLERENEWABLEand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE

HIGHHIGHTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT

CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONALURBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM

MATERIALSMATERIALS WASTE &WASTE &TOXINSTOXINS

OneOne--way flow of materials and energyway flow of materials and energy

CONSUMERCONSUMERSOCIETYSOCIETYand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT

Current waste management practices are unsustainable

due to:

• waste of energy and materials

• environmental degradation

– poor disposal practices

– toxic, hazardous, infectious waste– toxic, hazardous, infectious waste

=> health and safety implications

• poor institutional integration

• lack of accountability for waste producers

Sustainable Integrated Waste Management

Sustainable -

• consistent with principles of sustainability

Integrated -

• functionallyNational Policy

• functionally

• across spatial and

temporal scales

• across jurisdictions

Local Policy

National Policy

NATIONAL

PROVINCIAL

REGIONALMUNICIPALLOCAL

Sustainable integrated waste management practices must:

• reduce material and energy wastage

• protect environmental quality– minimize impacts of disposal – minimize impacts of disposal

– eliminate or treat toxic, hazardous, and infectious wastes

• improve institutional integration

• increase accountability

Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

RENEWABLERENEWABLELOWLOW

THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT

ENERGYENERGYLowLow--qualityqualityHeat EnergyHeat Energy

CONSERVERCONSERVERSOCIETYSOCIETY

••Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials ••Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage

RENEWABLERENEWABLE

Waste MinimizationWaste MinimizationToxics controlToxics control

THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT

MATERIALSMATERIALS LowLow--volumevolumeNontoxic Nontoxic Waste Waste MaterialsMaterials

Sustainable integrated waste management

• is proactive, not reactive

• aims to minimize waste throughout the life cycle of a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposalof a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposal

• requires cooperation amongst individuals, jurisdictions, disciplines, and sectors

• is based upon emerging principles of sustainability

SustainableSustainableIntegratedIntegrated

WasteWaste

Source Source ReductionReduction

SourceSourceSeparationSeparation

CompostingComposting

RecyclingRecycling

WasteWasteAudits Audits

ReuseReuse

WasteWasteManagementManagement

Waste toWaste toEnergy?Energy?

TransferTransferStationsStations

LandfillLandfill

WasteWasteExchangesExchanges

Incineration?Incineration?

Waste Management Hierarchy

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERYAND RECOVERY

Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance

Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance

Resource Recovery

Social Structure

Infrastructure

Production - Consumption Model

Resource Extraction, Harvesting

Process, Modify

Resources

Convey, Transport

Consume Discard

Resource Recovery

Harvestin

g

Ecological Resources (Renewable)

Discarded Materials, Wastes

Extr

acti

on

Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)Not

Economically Retrievable

Not Economically Retrievable

Damaged

Carrying Capacity

Conditions for Sustainability

• Renewable resources (ecological)– Use < Regeneration

Non-renewable Non-renewable resources (minerals, fuels) Use < Development of

renewable substitutes

Pollution emissions Emissions < Carrying

capacity of environment

The Debate Over Sustainability

Ecological Resources (Renewable)

Impending resource shortages

Reaching carrying capacity

No real resource shortages

Resource Constrained Resource Abundance

Little ecological damage

Substantial ecological damage

Carrying capacity

Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)No real

resource shortages

Technological advances will continue to

“save the day”

Impending Resource Shortages

Technology not capable of making additional needed

resources economically

available

capacity not in

jeopardy

WATER SUSTAINABILITY

Principles Regarding Sustainability in Water

Resources

“The sustainable development of water resources is a multi-dimensional way of thinking about the interdependencies among natural, social, and economic systems in the use of water. In this view, economic systems in the use of water. In this view, our efforts to achieve economic vitality should occur in the context of the enhancement and preservation of ecological integrity, social well-being, and security.”

Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)

Sustainability of Water Resources

Involves:- policies, plans, and activities that improve equalityof access to water

- recognizes that there are limits and boundaries of wateruse beyond which ecosystem behavior might change in unanticipated ways

- requires consideration of interactions occurring acrossdifferent geographic scales: global, national, regional,and local

- challenges us to look to the future and to assess and understand the implications of decisions made today onthe lives and livelihoods of future generations and the ecosystems upon which they depend.

Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)

Develop Sustainable Water ResourcesGOAL

CRITERIAAdequate water supply

Relationship among goal, criteria, indicators and measures within capital.

INDICATORS

MEASURES

Residential water supply

Ecosystem watersupply

Agricultural & utilitywater supply

HydroperiodNatural

variabilityWater

demandsReservoir

stageWater

demandsReservoir

stage

Natural Capital Economic Capital Social Capital

Adequate Water Supply for Agriculture

GOAL

CRITERIA

Develop Sustainable Water Resources

Adequate Water Supply for Electric

Production

Proportion Groundwater/Surface Water

Supply

INDICATORS

Present Flow Rate/10 yr Average

FlowMean Reservoir

Depth

Water Quality

Groundwater Withdrawal

Depth

Irrigation Water Cost

Snow Pack

Condition

Annual Precipitation

RateWater Recycling