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Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S. and Silverstein, M., 1977. A pattern language. 1st ed. New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press.

Alverson, C., 1977. Not sleeping, just dead. 1st ed. Boston: Houghton Miffl in Co.

Berger, J., 1973. Ways of seeing. 1st ed. London: British Broadcasting Corp.

Cook, P., 1990. Peter Cook. 1st ed. Kyoto: Kyoto Shoin.

Griffi ths, J., 2014. 1st ed.

Ioan, A., 2002. Sacred space. 1st ed. Etna, Calif.: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies.

Nielsen, I. and Nielsen, H., 1998. Meals in a social context. 1st ed. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Pallasmaa, J. and MacKeith, P., 2005. Encounters. 1st ed. Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto Oy.

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Skolnik, L., 2000. Sleeping spaces. 1st ed. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers.

Tanizaki, J., 1977. In praise of shadows. 1st ed. New Haven, Conn.: Leete’s Island Books.

3

SLEEP

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Figure, 57., 2014. Série: Autour du lit-clos breton : Folklore des régions - | Cartes Postales Anci-ennes sur CPArama. [online] Cparama.com. Available at: <http://www.cparama.com/forum/autour-des-lits-clots-t6549-40.html> [Accessed 3 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 58., 2014. Série: Autour du lit-clos breton : Folklore des régions - Page 3 | Cartes Postales Anci-ennes sur CPArama. [online] Cparama.com. Available at: <http://www.cparama.com/forum/autour-des-lits-clots-t6549-40.html> [Accessed 3 Apr. 2014].


Figure, 60., Box beds, bed recesses, press beds and bedsteads. 2014. [online] Oldandinteresting.com. Available at: <http://www.oldandinteresting.com/box-beds.aspx> [Accessed 6 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 61., Box beds, bed recesses, press beds and bedsteads. 2014. [online] Oldandinteresting.com. Available at: <http://www.oldandinteresting.com/box-beds.aspx> [Accessed 6 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 62., 2014. [online] Impactlab.net. Available at: <http://www.impactlab.net/wp-content/up-loads/2010/01/capsule.jpg> [Accessed 4 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 63., Anon, 2014. [online] Tinyhousedesign.com. Available at: <http://www.tinyhousedesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/tiny-in-tokyo.jpeg> [Accessed 24 Mar. 2014].

Figure, 64, 2014. [online] I.telegraph.co.uk. Available at: <http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/ar-chive/01700/newborn_1700876c.jpg> [Accessed 13 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 65., 2014. [online] D1vmp8zzttzftq.cloudfront.net. Available at: <http://d1vmp8zzttzftq.cloud-front.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Interior-Of-A-Wooden-Barrack-In-Auschwitz-Concentra-tion-Camp-Poland-1600x1200.jpg> [Accessed 4 Jan. 2014].

Figure 66., Authors Own Sketch

96

Figure, 38., 2014. 100 Years of Student Housing at UW-Madison. [online] Flickr. Available at: <https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/uwmadarchives/sets/72157627235108322/with/5955926568/> [Accessed 11 Mar. 2014].


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Figure, 42., 2014. bub75’s image. [online] Photobucket. Available at: <http://i300.photobucket.com/al-bums/nn40/bub75/USSNCarolinaBattleship6-21-12056.jpg> [Accessed 14 Apr. 2014].

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Figure, 54., 2014. [online] Oldandinteresting.com. Available at: <http://www.oldandinteresting.com/im-ages/fi nistereboxbed.jpg> [Accessed 5 Apr. 2014].



01 - Introduction - P8 - 13

02 - Get the Nurse - P14 - 19

03 - Find Cover - P20 - 23

04 - The Roadhouse - P24 - 27

05 - Sacred Retreat - P28- 31

06 - Up in the Air - P32 - 35

07 - Solitary Confi nement - P36 - 43

08 - Along the Tracks - P44 - 47

09 - Bye Mum + Dad - P48 - 57

10 - Under The Sea - P58 - 61

11 - On the Front Line - P62 - 67

12 - Toy Soldiers - P68 - 73

13 - Confused Furniture - P74 - 87

14 - Peas in a Pod - P88 - 91

15 - Observations - P92 - 93

95

Figure, 19., 2014. [online] Cdn-airliners.net. Available at: <http://cdn-www.airliners.net/aviation-pho-tos/photos/0/0/1/1774100.jpg> [Accessed 4 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 20., 2014. [online] Images.smh.com.au. Available at: <http://images.smh.com.au/2010/04/13/1315526/AirAsia_X_Premium__3_-600x400.jpg> [Accessed 27 Jan. 2014].

Figure, 21., 2014. [online] Thecuttingedgenews.com. Available at: <http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/uploads/cmimg_72301.jpg> [Accessed 29 Jan. 2014].

Figure, 22., 2014. [online] Bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com. Available at: <http://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/stltoday.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/8/9f/89fb2d46-a5b5-11e1-a4d9-001a4bcf6878/4fbe54b451f8c.preview-620.jpg> [Accessed 17 Mar. 2014].

Figure, 23., 2014. [online] Peterberthoud.co.uk. Available at: <http://www.peterberthoud.co.uk/wp-con-tent/uploads/2012/05/Newgate-4.jpg> [Accessed 6 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 24., 2014. [online] Shinesquad.fi les.wordpress.com. Available at: <http://shinesquad.fi les.word-press.com/2012/03/cell.jpg> [Accessed 7 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 25., 2014. [online] 2.bp.blogspot.com. Available at: <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xexh2EQ7HE8/USQLIHG6z8I/AAAAAAAABQ0/iWW5x_AQXAk/s1600/Alcatraz+Jail+Cell.JPG> [Accessed 12 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 26., 2014. [online] Newshour.s3.amazonaws.com. Available at: <http://newshour.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2013/07/17/mandela-cell-jpg_extra_big.jpg> [Accessed 13 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 27., 2014. [online] Thisissierraleone.com. Available at: <http://www.thisissierraleone.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/barack-obama-stands-in-nelson-mandela27s-cell-on-robben-island.jpg> [Accessed 4 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 28., 2014. [online] 1.bp.blogspot.com. Available at: <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zGHXJC5bCwg/Tk0ey7mSkjI/AAAAAAAAABU/IPKFyvIA-6Y/s320/city-nightline.jpg> [Accessed 26 Jan. 2014].

Figure, 29., 2014. [online] Upload.wikimedia.org. Available at: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Thailand_train_2nd_class_sleeper_car_interior.jpg> [Accessed 8 Mar. 2014].

Figure, 30., 2014. [online] Studyinchina.universiablogs.net. Available at: <http://studyinchina.univer-siablogs.net/fi les/Hard-Sleeper.jpg> [Accessed 6 Apr. 2014].

Figure, 31., 2014. [online] Huizenga.nova.edu. Available at: <http://www.huizenga.nova.edu/images/Fu-tureStudents/Ugrad/CampusTour/05_02.jpg> [Accessed 11 Feb. 2014].

Figure, 32., 2014. 100 Years of Student Housing at UW-Madison. [online] Flickr. Available at: <https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/uwmadarchives/sets/72157627235108322/with/5955926568/> [Accessed 11 Mar. 2014].Figure, 33., 2014. 100 Years of Student Housing at UW-Madison. [online] Flickr. Available at: <https://www.fl ickr.com/photos/uwmadarchives/sets/72157627235108322/with/5955926568/> [Accessed 11 Mar. 2014].





94

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66 Images of Communal Sleeping

8

In life there are few certainties, but one of them is your human need for sleep. It’s something every person on the planet requires – regardless of who we are, where we reside, and how we live. Through our lifetime we will all fi nd ourselves spending a considerable amount of time sleeping since it is critical to our physical and emotional well-being.

Unsurprisingly sleep alone does not restore our bodies to their maximum level. Everyhome requires a sanctuary where one can escape from the hus-tle and bustle of everyday life, or a secluded spot to relax and revitalise. Ideally, these spaces should nurture our tired bodies and sustain our weary souls. They must cocoon us in comfort but if they also happen to seduce us with promise of serenity and inner peace, all the better. (Skolnik 2000) The design of any communal institute must also hold these values in high regard, creating moments of solace.

Today, research supports the notion that a bedroom, or any other space that accommodates sleep and its related activities, should be more than just a randomly arrayed place to sleep. It must fulfi l a variety of physical, psycho-logical, and emotional needs. ( Skolnik 2000) The requirements of our bod-ies must be met to live a fruitful and positive life, our happiness and overall mood all relate to the structural composition of furnishings we use and the environment they are housed in. These specifi c parameters must be met in a sleeping space to ensure restful and restorative slumber.

The sleeping space should embrace its occupant, incorporate them into the room and reconcile numerous elements. Off ering functionality, comfort and appealing to the eye, above all else the space must be restful and serene.

01 Introduction

93

Figure [66] Dormitory Design Sketch

92

15 OBSERVATIONS

Hundreds of examples of communal sleeping still exist today. People tend to feel more comfortable when given privacy, degrees of separation and walls behind them while sleeping, but still crave the idea of togetherness and intimacy.

In almost all the images the bed is the key element within the space. It deter-mines where and how people sleep, their proximity to others, and whether they are separated visually, physically or neither.

Beds fundamentally are a piece of furniture to sleep on but they can also defi ne architectural space. The Hostels dormitories should acknowledge peoples need to feel part of the collective whole. The Santiago De Compost-ela pilgrimage encourages people to connect and share at all stages of the journey, this includes the Hostels they stay at. This being said people also require time alone for refl ection and rest along the journey. The dormitories must serve this duel purpose.

9

Figure [1] The daily struggle getting out of bed..

10

Communal sleeping is not a new phenomenon; it is more common in prim-itive societies than the technologically advanced west, although it is not clear that this is a cultural preference, conscious choice, or consequence of less space per person in the living quarters.

How we sleep, with whom we sleep, and where we sleep is moulded both by culture and custom, traditions handed down through generations.

Our distant ancestors lived in small groups that subsisted by hunting and gathering, and it is safe to assume that these bands did not have separate sleeping quarters for parents and children in their temporary shelters. It wasn’t until 200 years ago that a few cultures began to construct dwellings with more than one room, and even today, such sleeping privacy is rare ex-cept in more affl uent societies. The majority of people around the world still live in one-room shelters where all activities take place.

For instance, in Indian villages during the dry season the men pull their beds into the compound at sundown and talk and smoke together, and then drift off to sleep. It is a vital part of the social life of the community. The ex-perience of the campfi re is the closest western equivalent: people’s love of camping suggests that the urge is still a common one.

91

The concentrations camps of the Second World War are an inhumane example of people being forced to communally sleep together. Wooden bunk beds with no mattress where crammed into dark ware-house like spaces. Despite the obvious humane im-provements these sleeping pods provide, there is a sense of overcrowding and lack of privacy from others.

Figure [65] World War II Concentration Camp

90

The environment created conjures up imagers of crammed places people are forced into. After a mother gives birth to her child, often they are placed in a communal cot area amongst other ba-bies. Gathered together, parents stand at windows pointing to which child is there’s.

Figure [64] New Borns

11

A group of indians gather around a fi re in this painting, their horses cut fi gureson the horizon in the distance.

Modern Day Camping - A group of people huddle round the campfi re, glowing tents in the backgrond encircle them.

Figure [2] Painting of Indians in the Desert

Figure [3] Group Camping

12 89

Figure [62]Contemporary Sleeping Pod

Figure [63] Minature Home?

88

Perhaps a contemporary interpretation of the box bed are the many “sleep-ing pods” now found most commonly is parts of Asia. . These pods in the past were mostly patronized by salrymen who had missed the last means of transport, however with the economy suff ering so badly, many people are now homeless. This has lead sleeping pod hotels to allowing people to pay monthly and register the hotels as their offi cial addresses.

Unlike the box beds, these pods are positioned in cell like rows beside each other. Each person is literally 500mm away from the other and without the separating walls of the pods, would basically be sharing a bed.. Something about the layout is very primitive and uncomfortable. People are eff ectively placed in these pods with no place to move. Having been originally designed for short stays it’s now odd they are considered places to live.

14

PE

AS

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13

“In many traditional and primitive cultures, sleep is a communal activity without

the sexual overtones it has in the West today. We believe that it may be a vital

social function, which plays a role as fundamental and as necessary to people as

communal eating. “

A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander

14

02

G

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Hospital wards are generally a place of sickness and recovery. For many people

visiting the hospital is a scary and daunting prospect. The sleeping arrangements

within a hospital ward means that many of these situations cross paths with each

other. Separate “bays” provide a patient with a place for sleeping while ill, often the

only division from other patients is a curtain. While the curtain provides visual

separation, the sounds of the ward still travel around the bays, making for some

uncomfortable acoustic situations.

87

“On one side of the ample fi re-place was the invariable box bedstead. This is “ de rigueur” in a Breton

cottage. On the side of the fi re-place farthest from the door there invariably stands a huge dark oaken

piece of furniture, which would have the exact appearance of a clothes-press, were it not that in the

side next the fi re there is a square aperture, which discloses a pile of mattresses reaching nearly to the

top of the machine. This is the bed of the master and mistress. Very frequently a similar box on the

opposite side, but exhibiting a less monstrous pile of bedding, is the resting-place of the maid, or of any

other member of the family. The aperture, which is left as the sole means of access to the interior of

this retreat, is furnished with sliding doors, generally—as well, indeed, as the whole of the front of the

bed—handsomely carved. So that the occupant may, if he so please, entirely shut himself in.

...This is termed a “ lit clos,” for which I should think “ a close bed “ must be a very appropriate trans-

lation. ... In front of this bedstead is seen, almost as invariably as itself, a large oaken chest, the same

length as the bed, about twenty inches high, and as much broad. This is always the seat of honour, and

serves also as a step to assist mine hostess in mounting to her exalted couch. “

Thomas and Frances Trollope, A Summer in Brittany, 1840

86 15

Image depicts an old hospital ward, no separation between patients. Tall windows allow natural light to fi ll the room. Plants positioned on bed ends used to brighten mood of the room. This arrangement highly communal and lacks all privacy

Figure [4] Old Hospital Ward

16

The plan is rectangular with beds positioned on either side of a central corridor. Windows provide each in-dividual bay with natural light. Curtains provided to allow patients some privacy from others.

Figure [5] A ward in The Royal London Hospital

85

Figure [60] Typical Plan Of 18 century Scottish cottage with Box bed

Figure [61] A recessed Box bed in wall of Cottage

84

The tradition found its way into Britain in the 18th Century, Scottish cot-tages compromising of a single room used “Box Beds” to give the occupants moments of privacy. These Box Beds were very primitive and often used recesses in walls to leave a larger communal area. for social activities. Creat-ing semi-private warms areas; the box bed is a successful example of furni-ture defi ning space while remaining part of the communal whole

17

The Spanish Flu pandemic hit the country hard and many hospitals were left with little space. In these situations every room is converted into a place to rest and sleep. Beds are crammed to-gether for maximum capacity; no separation from other patients creates an uncomfortable room dominated by sickness.

Figure [6] 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic

18

This image shows another converted room during the pan-demic. Thin almost translucent curtains provide a small amount of privacy. In times of need, privacy is deemed not essential.

Figure [7] 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic converted room

83

[13] “ Watch out ladies , coming through !“Figure [59]

82

[12] “ Quiet you two or I’l throw this broom at you !“Figure [58]

19

Beds arranged around a central corridor with entrances at either end. Windows provide natural light and venti-lation to the space. Curtains provide division both physi-cally and visually within the ward. The curtains resemble mosquito nets.

Figure [8] Interior of a ward of Washington D.C.’s Harewood General Hospital in 1864.

20

03

FI

ND

CO

VER

An extreme example of communal sleeping is the spaces used during World War

I + II. During the raids by the Germans on London, many people took shelter un-

derground and in private shelters in gardens. During these times privacy was non-

existent and natural light or ventilation was rare. People would sleep anywhere as

long as they were safe from the blitz above.

81

[11] “ How’s the weather up there Janice?“Figure [57]

80

[10] “ Hold still a minute would ya !“Figure [56]

21

People Sleeping within the tracks of the underground show the desperation of people during the time. Lined head to toe, people are crammed almost on top of each other, this forces people close to each other, which in some cases may be desired to be close to loved ones. However, the lack of space would have made sleeping extremely uncomfortable.

Figure [9] People sheltering from air raids in the Aldwych underground station.

22

In sleeping spaces storage for clothing is essential. The image shows people using the sides of the underground to hang jackets. On the tracks, people belongings such as suitcases defi ne spaces for them to sleep, providing some form of division. No beds means sleeping on the under-ground concrete surface.

Figure [10] Aldwych underground Station,West London.

79

[9] “ I better not wake her up ... “Figure [55]

78

The double decker (double lit clos, lit à l’étage) is an amusing extension of the original lit clos. Each one of these beds had a combination of bench and chest to help climbing in. The postcards depict people precariously trying to enter the top bed, some would balance on the chest, some would ask for a ladder and others a convenient shoulder. Due to its stacked nature privacy between the two “beds” would be an issue. Noise and movement would dis-turb those trying to sleep if others were not as courteous.

The imagery on the following pages visualizes the social implications this type of furniture creates as well as expressing the fascinating form + func-tion of the box bed.

23

Artifi cial lighting is provided by the lights above the track. People sleep in unusual orientations vertically and horizontally to maximize the capac-ity within the given space. The old man pictured seems uncomfortable and unable to sleep in his surroundings.

Figure [11] Aldwych underground Station, West London.

24

04

TH

E R

OA

DH

OU

SE

Contemporary communal sleeping is most evident in today’s hostels around the

world. Frequently visited by travelers, hostels have become a hotspot for people

to stop for a few nights, rest and meet people on their travels. Individual dorms

with multiple beds are generally the way hostels are arranged. Separate areas for

washing are provided in most hostels. Room capacities can vary greatly, anything

between 2-20 people within a room within hostels creates diff erent social dynam-

ics when trying to sleep.

77

76

Where is my bed? I am confronted by a large oak box that somehow

resembles an oversized wardrobe with unnecessary add-on’s, to my

upmost surprise this is actually where my bed hides. I approach the

structure with awkward scepticism and peer inside, it’s a seamless

singular piece of furniture… 25 % bed, 25 % wardrobe, 25% desk and

25 % room, the box sits as an extension of the room it sits in, a room

within room… I climb inside the door, slide back the panelled doors,

lie on my back and enclose myself, suddenly I feel secure against

anything outside this box fortress, protected by this guardian like

piece of furniture.

Figure [54] A conventional Lit-Clos

25

Common occurrence in modern Hostels is the inclu-sion of bunk beds, Maximizing the space in the room, it allows more sleeping spaces with the same fl oor space. Some people fi nd sleeping higher of the ground uncomfortable however. The use of bunk beds allows diff erent arrangements within the room.

Figure [12] Contemporary Hostel, Barcelona

26

This example shows how cramped some Hostel spac-es can be. All space between the bunks beds is used to provide storage. Timber bed frames provide a warmer Aesthetic than the previous metal bed frames. Rails at-tached to the roof provide an area for hanging clothes.

Figure [13] New Peking Guest House in Chungking

75

Figure [53] Lit - Clos posistioned in living room

74

A lit-clos (enclosed bed) is a traditional piece of furniture originating and made famous in Brittany. Unusual in both function and Aesthetic these pieces of furniture contained varying functions as well as the primary func-tion of a bed. Often stand-alone elements, they created contained spaces within a larger communal area.

“... I fastened my door and glanced round for the bed. The whole furniture consisted of a chair, a

clothes-press, and a large oak case, with squares cut out near the top resembling coach windows. Hav-

ing approached this structure, I looked inside, and perceived it to be a singular sort of old-fashioned

couch, very conveniently designed to obviate the necessity for every member of the family having a

room to himself. In fact, it formed a little closet, and the ledge of a window, which it enclosed, served

as a table. I slid back the panelled sides, got in with my light, pulled them together again, and felt secure

against the vigilance of Heathcliff , and every one else.”

Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, 1847

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A new interpretation of the bunk bed, these hostels provide “pod” spaces in which people can sleep. Much like bunk beds they are stacked horizontally, but they are more like pieces of fur-niture integrated with the room. Storage, ladders and blinds are all combined to create a single ele-ment for multiple people to sleep in.

Figure [14] Wink Hostel, Hong Kong

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Monasteries provide a place of spirituality for religious followers to worship there

chosen god. The communal space of prayer is often regarded as the most important

space within these buildings, but the dormitory spaces are just as important is cre-

ating a serene and relaxed experience. These spaces often take the occupant from

the communal areas into a place of solitude.

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A communal meeting takes place in-between the sleeping quarters, highlighting the lack of divi-sion between activities in a barrack.

Figure [52] Another modern barrack this time in Afghanistan

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Heavily packed using bunk beds this barrack would probably be used to maximize capacity with the smallest area. Small green chests sit at the foot of the bed providing space for personals. Clothes are on the posts of the bunk beds, suggesting no cupboards are provided in this barrack. No private space for soldiers to relax by themselves.

Figure [51] Modern Day Army Barrack Stationed in Iraq-

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In this unusual example the dormitory is part of the prayer space, the division between sacred space and bedroom is provided by a curtain. The sleeping spaces are directly against the walls of the space and raised off the ground, this creates a diff erent kind of thresh-old from the fl oor of the sacred space where you would pray.

Figure [15] Zhenru Monastery, Japan

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Figure [16] La Tourette, Le Corbusier, Lyon, France - Corridor Space

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Arranged the same as other barracks in plan. Stor-age provided above the bed frame via shelves. Shelf serves two purposes; top side used for helmets, its underside has a metal pole attached for hanging clothes.

Figure [50] Headquarters Barrack –

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A standard barrack layout – Rectangular in plan with beds either side of a corridor. Storage provided via lockers either side of the bed. Timber fl oors with Steel beds. Artifi cial lights run down central corridor, no private light in given to the soldiers.

Figure [49] Army barracks at Kelvin Grove, Brisbane during WWII

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Possibly the most famous monastery in Architecture, Corbs La Tourette combines all elements of a monastery into a serene spiritual experience. The dorms are separate rooms of a plain corridor around a central courtyard. Each room has a balcony and view to the forest outside. The bed is positioned in the corner facing the window; A small desk is also positioned in

Figure [17] La Tourette, Le Corbusier, Lyon, France - Dormitory

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Lack of leg room, screaming children, sun pouring in at 25,000 feet. With all these

distractions it’s easy to see why people want to sleep on planes. Sitting upright in

a seat is often a diffi cult position to sleep in so many planes today prove beds for

passengers to sleep in. The unusual experience of sleeping in the air leads to an

unusual sleeping layout.

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Inside the large barracks where men slept on a brick deck, two blankets, a straw mat and a thin pad. Men lay side by side while sleeping. Standing in towels half naked was common as little privacy is given in these spaces.

Figure [48] Historic Army Barracks

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Army barracks have long been home to many soldiers while on the front lines of

battle. Housed communally under one roof, they a prime example of the dynamics

of communal sleeping. Whether in Afghanistan today or World War I, the barracks

are an essential component of the war setup and a place for soldiers to recuperate.

Even though in many situations communal sleeping is not ideal, within the army

it grows a sense of family between the soldiers, which is crucial in diffi cult times.

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Some of the fi rst beds on commercial airlines. In this image 2 women are sharing one double bed, the double bed doesn’t maximize space and is the likely reason these are not seen on commercial planes anymore. Another bed sits above them and curtains on the window allow control over light. Another curtain sits at the edge of the bed for clos-ing when privacy is required.

Figure [18] Bunk Beds on a BOAC Stratocruiser, c. 1950s

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Beds are highly compact together. They sit in both the centre and the edges of the plane with small corridor space between them. Beds could be easily be mistak-en for luggage they are so close together. Storage is provided by overhead compartments. No separation is indicated between beds with people sleeping head to toe.

Figure [19] Airbus A310-304 aircraft –

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The four soldiers use the haystack as a device for sleeping around; the hay-stack provides some protection behind their heads, physiologically making them feel safe. Soldiers sleep side by side with no privacy and comfort.

Figure [47] Group of American soldiers catch a nap beside a haystack after a long, grueling march through rugged mountains near Minturno.

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Walls of the trenches provide adequate support for the soldiers to lean on. Pictured here, one solider sleeps while the other keeps look out, a common oc-currence. This buddying system helps the soldiers feel secure while sleeping. Small blankets provide warmth,

Figure [46] The Newfoundland Attack. Front Line, British Position, Beaumont-Hamel –

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This luxury style of plane bed. Each individual per-son is given their own sleeping space. Walls come up and hide the person away from their neighbor, while remaining within a close distance. The walls are used to house utilities such as drink shelves and a TV for an enjoyable journey.

Figure [20] AirAsia-X-Premium

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Prison cells are daunting depressing places by nature. Nobody wants to be placed in

prison but for many it is the reality. Cells are deliberately separated to keep inmates

away from each other, in some prisons however bunk beds are used to maximize

space, often leading to violence. The communal sleeping arrangements within a

prison puts the occupant solely within their room for the majority of the day, The

importance of the room and its furnishings become essential to adjusting the mood

of the inmate it holds.

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Exhausted U.S. Marines sprawl on the beach while wait-ing for landing craft to take them off Guadalcanal follow-ing four months of fi ghting the Japanese. - Soldiers are sporadically spread across the patch of grass surround-ed by trees. Some use bags as pillows while others use friends to lean on to catch some sleep. In these circum-stances, the privacy sometimes required during sleep-ing is the last thing on thee mind.

Figure [45] Exhausted U.S. Marines sprawl on the beach

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(L-R) Gerald A. Garrson, Donald Meyers, Stuart Brent, Bill McGough & Alva Goodwin. – The soldiers here are pictured lying in one single bed, probably the only time in months they were able to lie in a bed. Crammed side by side, some men sleep while others clutch their guns.

Figure [44] American soldiers of the 69th Division taking a well-deserved rest

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An average cell at the famous American prison Guantanamo Bay. The cell is small and compact with only a small vertical opening to the outside. The bed is placed in the corner facing the small window. Breeze block walls surround the inmate in a drab dull enclosure. A sink and mirror are placed central on the facing wall, giving signifi -cance to these elements. A large metal door keeps inmates contained, in this circumstance sound would not travel to other cells.

Figure [21] Guantanamo Bay Prison Cell

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This cell is almost completely bare, giving the inmate as little as possible without breaking human rights. A metal sink and toilet combo sits centrally as you enter the cell. With no window the focal point of this room is looking back into the corridor of the prison hence the bed faces outwards. Tiled fl oors and breeze block walls complete the enclosure.

Figure [22] St. Louis University Prison

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Figure [43] Soldiers Catching 40 winks

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During wartime conditions for soldiers were very poor. No soldiers enjoyed being

in the trenches but for many it was the only place they were stationed. Sleeping

became a diffi cult task, not only from the sounds of bullets and bombs overhead,

but the harsh and cramped conditions of the trenches. The following images look

closely at the arrangements of soldiers during the War.

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A window is placed centrally on the facing wall of the cell. Its placed higher than eye level, al-lowing natural light and ventilation to the cell, but restricting the inmate from the view. A sink and toilet are placed in the corner with letters and noted pinned on the left wall.Figure [23] Newgate Prison Cell

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The famous Alcatraz prison was once home to some of the most dangerous men in America. The cells they were given are some of the smallest in mod-ern times. No windows were provided focusing the inmates gaze inward. The cells barely have enough room to walk around the beds. A small fold out desk is positioned on one side for writing letters and reading. The décor is drab and dull.

Figure [24] Alcatraz Prison Cell

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Conditions today remain much the same as they did in the past. Beds are stack on top of each other, allowing no room for someone to sit upright in bed. No personal storage space exists for the occupants and beds lack any personal feel. There is no separation between people apart from the boundary of the mattress. Noise will travel between all oc-cupants of the beds.

Figure [42] Battleship Sleeping Space

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Figure [41] Submarine Sleeping Quarters

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Figure [25] Alcatraz Prison Cell

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Nelson Mandela stands at the window of the pris-on cell he spent 27 years of his life incarcerated in. The importance of the window cannot be underesti-mated in this image; Mandela was able to gaze daily from this window, renewing his hope and faith. The metal bars on the interior of the window remind him he is still contained despite this view outwards.

Figure [26] Nelson Mandela’s Prison Cell

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Two men sleeping on either side of this submarine compartment. The pipes of the ship run through the space. 8 beds are compacted into this small space creat-ing an uncomfortably close environment for the men. No privacy is provided between the beds.

Figure [40] Berthing on 3rd deck of Submarine -

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Submarines/battleships are highly compact pieces of naval architecture; this means

the created sleeping spaces are often dense and uncompromising. With no views

outside these sleeping decks off er an insight into a communal sleeping arrangement

when their occupants are tightly packed together like cattle.

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Here you can see the bare conditions Mandela stayed in. The bed is on the fl oor and faces away from the window unlike many prison cells previously shown. A small ta-ble is positioned next to the bed for books.

Figure [27] Barrack Obama stands in the window of Mandela’ cell.

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Train journeys for many are just a boring daily commute or a trip to see family.

Perhaps the mundane nature of train travel lends itself perfectly for sleep. The in-

troduction of beds on trains has led to a new style of train were beds become just

as important as the seats. Carriages now have separate compartments dedicated to

sleep. Sleeping on these trains however can prove to be diffi cult with the noise of

travel and also other people.

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The evolution of the dormitory currently looks like the above image. Bunk beds used to maximize fl oor space again. A desk and chest of drawers are placed at the end of the bed; they are made from a wood material and al-most create a single piece of furniture combining with the bed.

Figure [39] Man and woman chat in dorm room in Sellery Hall, 2008 –

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In the foreground of this image people gather to play a board game. In the background the beds of the dormitory can be seen. Ever adapting these beds have a desk on the low level with the bed above, maximizing space and utility.

Figure [38] Residents in Slichter Hall playing Cranium, 2005.

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A contemporary compartment on a sleeper train. The room holds many functions within a small space. A small table is placed in the middle of the compartment; on one side seating is provided. The window of the car-riage captures the moving scenery. Beds are positioned on the walls, almost fl oating. Highly compact it would make for an uncomfortable sleeping environment with no separation between a communal space of the table and the isolation required for sleep.

Figure [28] Contemporary Sleper Train

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This hybrid carriage houses beds, seating and storage in one small space. A narrow corridor runs through the middle of the carriage with beds and seating either side. Seating is on the ground fl oor and the sleeping area is above, creating some level of privacy from the communal activities on the bottom level of the carriage. Cheap metal is used to construct the furniture of the carriage. The beds are at eye level within the carriage, and with no curtain pro-vided people will be at perfect height to see other sleeping, this could prove to be uncomfortable for the person sleeping.

Figure [29] Thailand 2nd class sleeper car interior-

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Man playing guitar by Christmas tree while two others listensing; pictures of Russian buildings on window and Russian text reading Merry Christ-mas, December 1958

Figure [37] Mens Dorm 1958

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Two people sharing a room became popular during this time and are still used today. Beds are positioned either side of the communal central space. A Large horizontal window is shared by both women; Each has their own desk for studying. The room dynamics depended on the two occupant’s relationship. Sharing a door sometimes could cause problems with people coming and going at diff erent times, disturbing the peace individuals sometimes desire.

Figure [36] Two women sitting in dorm room in Chadbourne Hall, 1950s.

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This Carriage has the main circulation corridor on the outside with facing windows. Split into compartments each holds ar-eas for sleeping and seating. Again the bottom area of the com-partment is dedicated to the communal act of conversation with the sleeping areas above. The natural light for the com-partments comes from the corridor, this means no separation between circulation and private space is defi ned.

Figure [30] Hard Sleeper Train, China

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Communal halls at University have been around since the institute began. A mix-

ture of nerves and excitement are involved when you step inside your communal

fl at for your fi rst year living away from home... Will you get on? Will they clean

up after themselves? What if they have smelly feet? And then the shared dorm...

Pioneered by the Americans, today people still share rooms in many American Uni-

versities. The images on the following pages show how The University Dorm at the

University of Wisconsin have developed over the last 110 years.

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The beds resemble that of an army barrack and lack any personal touch. Windows provide natural light into the dorm. Underneath the bed can also be used as a place of storage, pictured here the men use the space to store their shoes.

Figure [35] Truax Housing beds

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single men’s living quarters, bunks and linens furnished, rent £13 month, no smoking 1945 – No one told that guy about the no smoking. This early image begins to show the communal sleeping arrangements of the dorms, bunk beds help maxi-mize the space. A wardrobe is placed at the end of the bunk bed providing storage. Little separation is provided between the communal table and sleeping areas.

Figure [34] Truax Housing

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Figure [31] Manchester University Halls of Residence

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Although the image does not entirely capture the es-sence of communal sleeping in a university dorm, it begins to show the amount of communal time people would spend in there dorms. Other activities such as drinking and partying became common within the rooms.

Figure [32] A group of male students raise a glass in a fraternity house in 1909

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An ad for the Ann Emery hall dormitory notes perks such as running water, a phone and an iron. As well as these simple amenities the room has a bed with large window. A bed side lamp provides artifi cial lighting during the night. A desk is positioned on the right wall for a place to study.

Figure [33] Ann Emery Hall Dormitory 1927

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