Master's Report

tree of life rejuvenation centerA Sustainable Development Focusing on Quality of Life

Jessica B. Hawn University of ArizonaMay 2010 School of Landscape Architecture and Planning

TREE OF LIFE REJUVENATION CENTER:A Sustainable Development Focusing on Quality of Life

By Jessica B. Hawn

A Master’s Report Submitted to the Faculty of the

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, AND PLANNING

In Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of

MASTERS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONASPRING 2010

tree of life rejuvenation center master plan

acknowledgements

I would like to thank my master’s report committee chair, Margaret Livingston, for her consistent guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the process of completing this project and over the past three years.

I would also like to thank my additional committee members Ron Stoltz and Lauri Johnson for their valuable input, as well as Adaya from the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center who served as the liaison between myself and the organization.

table of contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

CHAPTER 3 PRECEDENT STUDIES 31

CHAPTER 4 SITE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS 47

CHAPTER 5 DESIGN APPLICATION 63

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 85

CHAPTER 7 APPENDIX 91

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES 97

introduction

introduction

1

ABSTRACT

With the majority of the world’s scientists confirming that human influence is having a negative effect on the planet by means of global warming, sustainable development is becoming more important than ever. It is imperative that sustainable developments also include aspects that maintain or improve the quality of life of residents and community members. The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center is an example of a site aiming towards developing sustainably with a focus on quality of life. The center is located outside of Patagonia, Arizona and is known worldwide for its foundation in alternative health and healing practices. Those who are interested in principles such as permaculture, “live” (raw) foods, veganism, detoxification, simplification, alternative energy sources, and spiritual enlightenment visit the Tree of Life to explore sustainable living practices and alternative healing methods. The 166-acre site is an example for those wishing to incorporate these practices into their daily lives. This master’s report will focus on design guidelines and a conceptual master plan for the site which will create a cohesive identity for the center, and will allow it to serve as a model for a sustainable development focusing on quality of life aspects. The results are intended to be applicable to other sites throughout the world, particularly sites located in arid

environments.


FIGURE 1.1 - The Patagonia Mountains are located to the south of the site. The peak shown is referred to as “Red Mountain” by locals.

FIGURE 1.2 - Staff at the Tree of Life are beginning to incorporate permaculture design techniques at the center.

2

INTRODUCTION

Problem Statement

Each year communities are ranked by various organizations and advertised in the media as the “Best Places to Live”, the “Best Places to Work”, the “Healthiest Cities”, and the “Best Cities for Jobs.” Although the accuracy of these lists is debatable, each has values in common. These lists examine and rate various aspects of quality of life, which include facets such as wealth, employment, the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation, leisure time, and social belonging (Dictionary of Human Geography, 2009).

Places with an appealing quality of life are attractive to live and work in because they tend to meet many of our needs and desires. Over the years, much effort has been put towards quantifying a country, city, or

communities’ quality of life. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) index and Human Development Index (HDI) are two such ranking systems. However, these have recently received criticism due to the lack of emphasis placed on sustainability. From this, the New Economics Foundation (NEF) created the “Happy Planet Index” in 2006, which aims to quantify a country’s quality of life in relation to sustainability. Why is sustainability an important portion of the quality of life measurement?

Sustainability, by definition, is directly related to quality of life; it indicates if the economic, social, and environmental systems that make up a community are providing a healthy, productive, and meaningful life for all residents, both present and future.

With the majority of the world’s scientists confirming that human influence is having a negative effect on the planet by means of global warming, sustainable

1.1 1.2

introductionFIGURE 1.3 - The design of the existing temple on the grounds was inspired by Buddhist principles and sacred geometry. Solar panels are incorporated throughout the site.

3

development is becoming more important than ever (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). And because society will continue to seek areas to live and work where residents can attain a high quality of life, it is imperative that sustainable measures are given as much weight as other indexed features.

It is also important to recognize that today’s development patterns seem to focus on economic successes over sociocultural and environmental factors, and that the Happy Planet Index (HPI) only measures economic viability as one aspect of a satisfying lifestyle.

In order to change that mind-set, we must begin to examine how a sustainable development focusing on increasing a community’s quality of life can be modeled.

Project Description

Dr. Gabriel Cousens purchased 166-acres near the mountains of Patagonia with the vision of creating a community where people could learn about the environment, spiritual practices, and simplified living while revitalizing their health. From this idea, the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center was created and soon became a world-renowned retreat offering explorations in fasting, detoxification, spiritual awakening, health education, and emotional and physical rejuvenation. Site elements were developed over time according to need and funding, resulting in a disjointed aesthetic and needing a cohesive identity.

The beliefs of the client focus around a few central tenets. The health of the human body is of the utmost importance, with the primary focus of the center’s educational aspects placed on living (raw) foods. Organic gardens and greenhouses are located throughout the site which provide much of the food used in the café, while local produce accounts for the rest. While on site, all staff and guests adhere to a 100 percent raw, organic, vegan diet to aid with cleansing and detoxification therapies. Therefore, permaculture techniques with the creation of a “food forest” are of great interest to the client and would allow the site to function more self-sustainably.

The health of the environment is an additional focus on the site, with ecological rehabilitation seen as a necessary intervention technique. Habitat is also an important part of the site’s ecological health, as the success of wildlife and vegetation depend upon the condition of the environment, which in turn directly affects the health of a society who is dependent on those resources.

1.3


4

Another focus at the Tree of Life is based on the health of the mind. It is Cousen’s intention to create change not only on the property, but also to inspire positive change on a grander scale. This can be done through example as well as through the education of those visiting the site. Sensitivity to the environment through the use of water harvesting, solar and wind energy, permaculture, re-vegetation, and erosion mitigation can be taught and conveyed to guests at the Tree of Life, allowing the site to serve as a model to others.

An additional tenet that is important to those associated with the center is the role of the spirit within the user experience on the site. Although the Tree of Life does not identify with a specific religious belief system, variations of many spiritual beliefs are celebrated in order to enrich guest’s experiences. Traditions of Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Native American tribes are seen in various design elements and daily activities. It is said that those who hold religious or spiritual beliefs tend to be healthier, happier, and live longer (Pargament, 2009), which allows

the incorporation of spirituality at the Tree of Life to aid in the health of the person as a whole.

The outcome of the project will be a site that demonstrates sustainability practices from which guests visiting the center can learn while exploring alternative healing therapies. Through a qualitative research approach, the Tree of Life will be provided with a master plan and design guidelines to ensure the creation of an identity that encompasses health, education, wellness, and spirituality on an innovative and sustainable site, all while focusing on factors that appeal to one’s quality of life.

Research Goal and Objectives

The goal of the research is to create a master plan and design guidelines that will allow the site to serve as a model for the amalgamation of sustainable development and quality of life for residents.

Objectives include:

Identify successful sustainability techniques through •the use of literature reviews and precedent studies.

Generate design ideas for sustainable communities, •ecotourist retreats, and spiritual centers through literature reviews and case studies.

Establish an overall concept for the site and create •

FIGURE 1.4 - The Tree of Life site is abundant with wildlife, such as this javelina (Peccary angulatus) seen near the cafe.

1.4

introduction

to serve the purpose of the greater context. Because the end result of the project is a master plan with accompanying development guidelines, a formulated process was developed in order to create informed design decisions.

Literature Review

A literature review was conducted which served to examine the existing research done on applicable topics. The research question contains many individual components that were focal points of the literature review. These points included permaculture, alternative health, spiritual site design, habitat and ecological health, healing garden design, and sustainable design techniques in arid environments.

Precedent Studies

In order to learn from others’ successes and failures, various sites that are related to the design principles

5

cohesion among disjointed elements.

Incorporate the client’s beliefs of mind, body, and •spirit into the overall design concept.

Create a design for an environmentally appropriate •destination that can serve as a model to other sustainable sites in arid regions.

Produce a model for sustainable development that •incorporates aspects that appeal to one’s quality of life.

Use native vegetation to enhance the surrounding •habitat, create wildlife corridors, and reduce maintenance needs.

Research Methods and Process

This project began with the development of a research goal that was applied to the Tree of Life site in order

FIGURES 1.5 AND 1.6 - A variety of vegetation can be found on the site, from the naturally-occurring native varieties to those planted and introduced.

1.5 1.6


6

of the site were examined. The analysis of completed projects allowed new ideas to be developed while addressing various assumed challenges. A comprehensive case study was completed for the Milagro Co-housing development located in Tucson, while additional sites around the world served as examples for specific design details.

Site Inventory and Analysis

After a thorough review of existing literature and comparable sites was completed, the focus shifted to the site-specific aspects of the Tree of Life itself. An inventory of existing elements, opportunities, constraints, and functional aspects was observed and recorded. Specific aspects that would affect the final design were analyzed in terms of providing informed design decisions. Information was gathered through numerous site visits, observations, conversations with the clients and staff members, environmental records, data from the Santa Cruz County Planning Department, historical documents, and aerial photographs.

Design Application

Using the implications gleaned from the literature review, precedent studies, and site analysis, design interventions were proposed.

Concept alternatives were then developed and evaluated based on the overall goals and objectives of the project. The successful components of the concepts were then

synthesized, resulting in a final concept that consisted of appropriate and tested design interventions for the application site.

1.7

FIGURE 1.7 - The Tree of Life site is at the base of Red Mountain and contains many spiritual elements such as the large labyrinth seen in this image.

introduction

7

RESEARCH GOAL

SITE SELECTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

PRECEDENT STUDIES

INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS APPLICATION

CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES

EVALUATION

FIGURE 1.8 - A diagram of the research process shows the steps completed. The process is intended to be flexible and adaptable, consistently relating the project to the overall idea.

1.8

literature review

literature review

11

FIGURE 2.1 - The map shows countries shaded by their position in the Happy Planet Index (2006). The highest-ranked countries are bright green; the lowest are brown.

The HPI is calculated by examining well-being per unit of environmental impact. However, a few statistical adjustments were made to ensure that no single component dominates the overall indicator.

INTRODUCTION

This literature review is organized into sections related to the quality of life of sustainable developments.

Each section discusses a quality of life indicator based on the New Economics Foundation’s Happy Planet Index (HPI). The NEF uses these five categories of indicators as means that lead to happy, fulfilling lives:

Planetary resources and consumption•Healthcare•Community, Values, and Relationships•Recreation and Leisure time•Technology and Education•

These indicators serve as an overall index of how to attain sustainable design while improving one’s quality of life. The lessons gleaned from this process give rise to implications for the design application on the Tree of Life site. Therefore, aspects that are specific to the Tree of Life are examined within each of the quality of life indicators. For example, within the “Healthcare” category, alternative health and healing is examined, as it relates more directly to the study site.

QUALITY OF LIFE INDICATORS

Quality of life is something that is important to understand, as it allows us to gain insight into where people want to live and why. The more we understand

this, the better we are able to respond to consumer’s desires, which can be reflected in an urban form that focuses on quality of life amenities, while also ensuring longevity.

In 2006, the New Economics Foundation (NEF) developed the Happy Planet Index (HPI) which “reveals the ecological efficiency with which human well-being is delivered” (2009). The HPI does not attempt to quantify happiness, but rather represents the efficiency with which countries convert the earth’s finite resources into well-being experienced by their citizens. The indicators taken into account when calculating the HPI are ecological footprint, life-satisfaction, and life expectancy (see above for the HPI calculation formula).

By quantifying and examining what aspects create a high quality of life, we can begin to examine them in terms of development practices. As seen in the map above, the results of the HCI are much different than those of the Gross Domestic Product measure. For example, in

2.1


12

FIGURE 2.2 - The diagram portrays human society as a system with inputs, means and ends.

FIGURE 2.3 - Sustainable development incorporates the environmental, economic, and social needs for a society in both the present and future.

2009, the United States was ranked 114 out of 143, while less economically prosperous countries such as Vietnam and Mexico were ranked at 5 and 23 respectively. This indicates that overall life satisfaction is not dependent on aspects of wealth and economic success, but rather on intangible qualities such as relationships with others and leisure time. In fact, the 2009 NEF report states that “there is gathering evidence that an obsession with growth may have led us to ignore other aspects of life critical to our well-being” (NEF Report, p.15). The report states that once our basic material needs are comfortably met, economic viability tends to make little difference to our well-being.

The diagram above shows the assumptions made by NEF when calculating the HPI. It is important to note that economy is only one of the aspects leading to a long, happy, fulfilling life. A few of the indictors that directly relate to the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center site will be discussed in the literature review with the purpose of creating informed design decisions based on quality of life and sustainable development.

PLANETARY RESOURCES AND CONSUMPTION

Defining and Rating “Sustainability”

As the “go green” movement gains popularity and recognition in western society, the term “sustainability” has become overused and cliché. When classifying something as sustainable, many different interpretations can be made. In this report, sustainability will be defined as, the blending of environmental, social, and economic needs for present and future generations.

Complete sustainability is a difficult (if not impossible) measure to achieve, and although most elements require a balance and will never reach complete sustainably, it is a noble goal to reach toward when designing spaces. One way to measure the level of sustainability in buildings is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. The U.S. Green Building

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

PRESENT

FUTURE

SUSTAINA

BLE DEVELOPMENT

2.22.3

literature review

13

Council (USGBC) developed this technique to measure the energy efficiency of built structures. According to the USGBC, LEED for Homes is “a rating system that promotes the design and construction of high-performance green homes... green homes use less energy, water and natural resources, create less waste, and are more durable and comfortable for occupants” (2009). LEED certification is an independent, third-party verification process that verifies if a development’s location and design meet accepted high levels of environmentally responsible, sustainable development. LEED for Neighborhood Development integrates principles of smart growth development, urbanism, and green building into a national standards system for neighborhood design. LEED for Neighborhood Development is a collaboration among USGBC, Congress for the New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council.

Additional developments aimed at making the country more sustainable are emerging everyday. ICLEI- Local Governments for Sustainability USA is developing a rating system called the STAR Community Index which will intend to do for communities what LEED has done in the building industry. ICLEI, the U.S. Green Building Council and the Center for American Progress have teamed up to develop the STAR rating system which is slated for release in 2010. See the appendix for more information regarding the STAR rating system.

In relation to exterior design specifics, the American Society of Landscape Architects has formed a partnership with the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center and the

United States Botanic Garden to create the Sustainable Sites Initiative. The U.S. Green Building Council anticipates corroborating the Sustainable Sites Initiative with the LEED Rating System in the future. Although the program is still undergoing testing and studies, some of the guidelines that have been developed may be applicable in terms of landscape architecture and design. The rating system looks at specific aspects of each project, and ranks them in accordance with the degree of sustainability each one is meeting. The items addressed by the rating system are: site selection, pre-design assessment and planning, water, soil and vegetation, materials selection, human health and well-being, construction, operations and maintenance, and monitoring and innovation. According to the Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks Publication released in 2009, “sustainable sites should strive to protect or regenerate through sustainable land development and management practices”. See the above graphic for the benefits that the Sustainable Sites Initiative addresses.

Global climate regulation•Local climate regulation•Air and water cleansing•Water supply and regulation•Erosion and sediment control•Pollination•Habitat functions•Waste Decomposition and treatment•Human health and well-being benefits•Food and renewable non-food products•

SUSTAINABLE SITES INITIATIVE PERCEIVED BENEFITS

2.4

FIGURE 2.4 - List of the perceived benefits of the sustainable sites inititative.


14

FIGURE 2.5 - Rainwater harvesting can be as simple as creating small basins which naturally collect water from the surrounding topography.

Sustainable Techniques

A few key strategies are discussed in the following sections.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting can be an inexpensive addition to a project that can reap tremendous benefits. According to Brad Lancaster, author and expert on rainwater harvesting in arid environments, there are specific principles to be addressed when designing a successful rainwater harvesting environment. Lancaster asserts that the following principles should be followed with each project (Lancaster, 2006):

Start each project by observing where the water naturally •flows and identify what the successful aspects of the landscape are to begin with.

Start at the high point of the watershed and work down.•

Collect water at high points for more immediate infiltration •and gravity-fed distribution. Start at the top where there is less volume and velocity of water.

Start small and simple. •

Work at the human scale, beginning with small strategies.•

Slow, spread, and infiltrate the flow of water. Rather than •having water run-off the land’s surface, causing erosion, design to slowly capture it, thus infiltrating the soil.

Always plan an overflow route, and manage that overflow •

as a resource.

Maximize living and organic groundcover. Create a “living •sponge” so the harvested water is used to create more resources, while the soil’s ability to infiltrate and hold water steadily improves.

Maximize beneficial relationships and efficiency by •“stacking functions.” Construct the strategies to do more than hold water. Berms can double as high-and-dry raised paths. Plantings can be placed to cool buildings in summer. Vegetation can be selected to provide food.

Continually reassess the system: the “feedback loop.” •Observe how the interventions affect the site, beginning again with the first principle.

Natural Building Techniques

Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction (Wikipedia, 2009). Natural

2.5

literature review

15

FIGURES 2.6 AND 2.7 - Artists rendering the exterior complex of Arcosanti 5000 and an interior view of the space.

building is a similar practice, though generally focusing the use of materials to those available locally.

Some of the goals of green building are to create efficiency in energy, water, and materials used, to enhance the indoor environmental quality, to reduce waste, and to create operation and maintenance sustainability, and using siting and structure design efficiency.

Many different communities and residential housing experiments have focused on green building techniques. One such technique is that of “arcology” defined as a form of development combining architecture and ecology. These developments are generally focused on areas with high population density, and attempt to minimize individual human environmental impact by being self-contained and efficient.

Arcosanti is an example of this type of green building. It is a self-contained community still under construction

and guided by the architect Paolo Soleri. It is located north of Phoenix and currently exists as thirteen major structures, which serve to eventually result in the vision of the master plan which will create a massive complex called Arcosanti 5000. Sustainable features of this development include the use of local materials to blend in with the landscape, proper consideration given to the orientation of the sun, using the sun for heating, cooling, and lighting, and intense development to maximize accessibility of all while increasing social interaction (Arcosanti.com).

Another form of green building at a much smaller scale is the earthship technique. Earthships are homes made of natural and recycled materials, utilizing passive solar energy. These structures are designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture and are generally “off-the-grid” to minimize their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels. Typical materials used in Earthship homes are earth-filled tires, recycled cans joined with concrete into a honeycomb structure, stucco, and adobe. Solar

2.6 2.7


16

FIGURES 2.8 AND 2.9 - Earthships use a natural ventilation with windows and skylights used at intake elements.

and wind energy are utilized, grey and black water are used for non-potable sources of water, and a gravity-fed water organization module system is used for drinking water. Earthships use natural ventilation (see diagram) to maintain a comfortable temperature.

Overall, green building aims to conserve planetary resources by utilizing reclaimed, recycled, or local materials. Natural building techniques can increase the sustainability of a development by reducing the carbon footprint.

Solar and Wind Energy

Coal, oil, and natural gas have been the predominant sources of energy since the advent of the technological age. These energy sources produce negative impacts on the environment and health of humans. Solar power systems allow the inclusion of modern amenities by using the sun’s rays and photovoltaic technologies to generate energy. In an arid, desert climate, the sun is

one of the most valuable sources of renewable energy. Fortunately, investment into these technologies is increasing, with new solar powered products being offered, such as pool heaters, water heaters, lighting, shingles, portable systems, ventilators, lanterns, and fountains.

One of the most valuable aspects of solar energy is that its energy source is inexhaustible. In areas where the sun shines abundantly (such as the desert), the supply can be almost limitless. Unfortunately, this is not the case for all climates, and even in arid conditions the sun can be unreliable during seasons of weather variability. There are both passive and active types of solar energy. Passive solar energy uses sunlight for energy without the use of active mechanical systems.

Wind energy is another source of renewable power that has its roots in sustainability. With this type of energy, the mass of air moving across the earth’s surface can be used to turn propellers on turbines, harnessing

2.8 2.9

literature review

17

FIGURE 2.10 - Solar panels are used to generate electricity without the use of nonrenewable resources.

FIGURE 2.11 - Wind turbines can be built horizontally or vertically, depending on the need for the site.

the power of the wind into energy that can be used by humans. Turbines can be designed with vertical or horizontal propellers (see image above). Turbines can vary in size, with large turbines able to produce more energy. Generally, the turbines are made with steel, and are capable of producing a large amount of energy, depending on the size of the turbine and speed of the wind.

Permaculture

According to the Permaculture Institute, permaculture can be defined as “an ecological design system for sustainability in all aspects of human endeavor” (2009). In other words, permaculture stands for “permanent agriculture” or “permanent culture”, which can be interpreted as a system of growing food and organizing human life on a site in a sustainable manner.

The practice was first developed during the mid-seventies energy crisis by two Australian scientists, David

Holmgren and Bill Mollison. Permaculture seeks to be fossil-fuel free unlike organic agriculture which still relies on farm machinery to operate. Thus, permaculture principles are based on working with nature to design food growing systems which mimic natural ecosystems. The creation of closed systems minimize human input and attempt to eliminate off-site waste.

Therefore, diversity within the natural ecosystem is used to create beneficial relationships between plants, people, animals, and the land. In permaculture developments, an emphasis is placed on allowing various plant and animal species to work together as much as possible, to form a sustainable environment from which people can provide for themselves and benefit the earth at the same time (Mollison, 1998).

According to Mollison, the principles of the practice are (p.5, 1998):

Every element is placed in relationship to another so •that they assist each other. Each element performs many functions.

2.10 2.11


18

FIGURE 2.12 - Image of a constructed wetlands system.

Each important function is supported by many elements. •

Efficient energy planning for house and settlement (zones •and sectors).

Emphasis on the use of biological resources over fossil fuel •resources.

Energy recycling on site (both fuel and human energy).•

Using and accelerating natural plant succession to •establish favorable sites and soils.

Polyculture and diversity of beneficial species for a •productive, interactive system.

Use of edges and natural patterns for best effect. •

An important aspect in reducing waste in permaculture designs is the use of a constructed wetlands system. This is an alternative to traditional wastewater treatment techniques that creates less of a negative impact on the land.

The key components of a constructed wetlands system are soil and drainage materials (such as pipes and gravel), water, plants above and below the water, and micro-organisms (Energy Probe Research Foundation, 2009). See the above image for details on constructed wetlands systems.

Habitat and Ecological Health

“Ecology is the understanding of consequences” (Frank Hebert in The Ecology of Dune, 1965)

Measures of ecological health typically depend on indicators of biodiversity such as stability and productivity. Biodiversity is a key term when examining ecological health and is an abbreviated way of saying “biological diversity.” Species are dependent upon on another to varying degrees, some of which is still not understood entirely by humans. Therefore, the fragility of an ecosystem could be entirely dependent on the balance of a multitude of species, non of which are

Health and Spiritual Well-being•Tools and Technology•Land and Nature Stewardship•Culture and Education•Waste Minimisation•Land Tenure and Community•Finance and Economics•Built Environment•

ELEMENTS ADDRESSED IN PERMACULTURE DESIGN

2.12

literature review

19

FIGURE 2.13 - The black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) is a keystone species which makes them a vital part of their ecosystem. They provide food and shelter for as many as 170 different animals.

insignificant. A few key indicators of an ecosystem with poor health or showing signs of being damaged are (Center for Ecological Health Research, 2009):

The buildup of waste material and the proliferation •of simpler life forms (bacteria, insects) that thrive on it - but no consequent population growth in those species that normally prey on them.

The loss of keystone species (a species that other •species depend upon for survival), often a top predator, causing smaller carnivores to proliferate, very often overstressing herbivore populations.

A higher rate of species mortality due to disease rather •than predation, climate, or food scarcity.

The migration of whole species into or out of a region, •contrary to established or historical patterns.

The proliferation of a bioinvader or even a •monoculture where previously a more biodiverse species range existed.

Interventions on ecosystems can serve to increase biodiversity if it is shown that the ecosystem is declining. Restoring native habitat, the re-vegetation of riparian areas and wetlands, installing native plant materials, controlling and removing invasive species, and ensuring connectivity to surrounding landscape are all important mitigation strategies (Wild Farm Alliance, 2006).

HEALTHCARE

According to the HPI, healthcare is an important facet leading to a happy, healthy, and meaningful life in today’s society. Toxicity due to pollution, factory farming and agriculture, and a dependence on fossil fuels has resulted in the need for sustainable living practices that can improve our health while benefiting the environment.

Alternative medicine, which is based on the assumption that disease is a result of physical, emotional, spiritual, social, and environmental imbalances, is quickly gaining popularity and validation as an effective form of healing (UCLA Public Health Magazine, 2003). Today’s society is faced with countless physical ailments, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, all of which have been increasing in incidence regardless of the advancements in western medicine (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009).

Although the value of western medicine cannot be debated, those who have explored forms of alternative

2.13


20

FIGURE 2.14 - A portion of the National Health Interview Survey’s Complementary and alternative medicine list.

healing have found much success using methods such as acupuncture, chiropractic, lifestyle and dietary changes, and detoxification therapies.

The following discussions focus on alternative healing techniques and healthcare, which relate to the site-specific elements utilized at the Tree of Life.

Alternative Healthcare Trends

Alternative healthcare is based on the assumption that human diseases are a result of physical, emotional, spiritual, social, and environmental imbalances. To contrast, in Traditional Western Medicine (TWM), health practitioners generally treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery (National Cancer Institute, 2009). As our urban form continues to reflect suburban sprawl, physical inactivity is expected to increase, resulting in the further development of chronic diseases (Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use, Transportation Research Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2005).

In the wake of a national healthcare crisis, when cancer, stroke, diabetes, asthma, heart disease, and obesity are reaching epidemic proportions (Geller, 2003), alternative healthcare is gaining validity among those looking for methods different to those used in western medicine. In 2008, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine released new findings on Americans’ use of complementary and alternative

medicine (CAM). The study showed that in 2008, 38.3 percent of adults were using some form of CAM (NCCAM, 2009). In September of 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a press statement calling for the need for further funding in holistic healthcare. The WHO estimates that 65-80 percent of the world’s population uses alternative healthcare methods, and most importantly, the organization estimates that better use of existing preventive measures could reduce the global burden of disease by as much as 70 percent (WHO, 2009).

Globally, there is an obvious desire for alternative healthcare centers. See the table above for a comprehensive list of what methods are classified as forms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine according to the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

General Principles of Alternative Healthcare

2.14

literature review

21

Alternative medicine aims to not only treat a disease and its symptoms with medications and pharmaceuticals, but instead attempts to look at the entire person as a whole, taking into account the physical as well as emotional, mental, and environmental factors. Many times, alternative medical treatments are based on cultural or historical aspects, relating to many different belief systems. For example, Ayurveda is a form of alternative medicine native to India and based on the premise that the three energies of the human body (vata, pita, kapha) need to be balanced in order for the body to be healthy. Ayurveda is thought to have roots in Buddhist beliefs, which are largely focused on balance within the human body and on the earth (Wikipedia, 2009).

Another form of alternative healing is qigong, which is a Chinese meditative practice using gentle movements and controlled breathing to attempt to circulate “qi” (energy) throughout the human body. This practice is thought to have originated by Taoist monks, and thus is a popular form of alternative healing in Chinese cultures

(Wikipedia, 2009). Like all alternative medicine techniques, Qigong and Ayurveda evaluate the body, mind, and spirit when assessing the health and treatment options for individuals.

Alternative Healthcare Facility Design

Because the nature of alternative health therapies greatly differ than those of Traditional Western Medicine, the facilities needed to house them are different. Techniques that deal with the “mind” portion of CAM may only need a small office space for patients to converse with practitioners, while other methods such as yoga or Tai Chi may need larger spaces.

The traditional hospital model is transforming as well. Because healthcare is headed in a new direction, from institutional to non-institutional, fragmentation to integration, and specialization to wholeness, new design principles are emerging (Miller and Swensson, 1995). Flexibility of spaces allows for multi-use within spaces and can respond to changing technology.

Additionally, the design of healthcare facilities is more patient-centered than it was in the past. Today’s hospital design focuses more on the patient experience. All hospital patients (and visitors) share four basic design-related needs: physical comfort, social contact, symbolic meaning, and way-finding. Physical comfort relates to room temperature, lighting, furniture, sounds and smells. Social contact includes personal privacy. Symbolic meaning encompasses non-verbal messages

2.15

FIGURE 2.15 - Qigong is an activity that can be done indoors or out, and could be accomodated in a space allowing flexibility.


22

FIGURE 2.16 - The Hippocrates Health Institute in Florida focuses on Alternative healing methods, including the introduction of wheatgrass into patients’ diets. The center grows their own wheatgrass on site to be more self-sustaining.

embodied in design. For example, a cramped waiting room indicates to the patient that they are unimportant. Way-finding is important to those under stress or confusion and are exemplified. These design principles are specific to centers practicing TWM and may change if the primary practices involved with the facility are those of alternative healthcare methods. Another difference between the design of western medical facilities and those offering holistic healthcare may be the increased need for outdoor space.

Healing Garden Design Principles

Healing or therapeutic gardens are popular elements in traditional hospital settings. The idea behind the incorporation of a healing or therapeutic garden into a medical environment is to allow patients, visitors, and staff an opportunity to retreat to a space that contrasts with that of a sterile hospital. According to Roger Ulrich, a professor and the director of the Center for Health Systems and Design at Texas A & M University, viewing

natural scenes or elements fosters stress recovery by evoking positive feelings, reducing negative emotions, effectively holding interest, and blocking or reducing stressful thoughts (1981). Generally, the goal of a healing garden is to enrich the user’s experience through sensory elements.

Important design principles used in healing gardens include (Gross et al., 1998 and Lao and Yang, 2009):

not overcrowding the patients•spaces for retreat and social interaction•good ventilation•creating an unthreatening atmosphere •offering a sense of control and access to privacy•space for physical movement and exercise•access to nature•

According to the University of Minnesota’s Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series (2006), certain design principles should be adhered to when designing healing landscapes. Some specific design guidelines are:

Using simplicity to keep the space easy to understand for those •under stress.

Including a variety of aesthetic interests, such as form, texture, •and color to provide sensory stimulation.

Creating a sense of balance to provide a feeling of stability.•

Providing focal points and landmarks to help with wayfinding •and orientation.

Using smooth transitions to flow from public to private areas.•

2.16

literature review

23

FIGURE 2.17 - A labyrinth at the Methodists Womens Hospital in Nebraska shows interpretations of a healing landscape.

Providing enough space on paths for handicapped individuals •(five-foot minimum width for one-way traffic and seven-foot minimum for two-way).

Creating a texture variety at the edge of the path to assist those •with vision impairment.

Limiting grade changes to not exceed five percent.•

Providing water features when possible, as the sounds have a •calming effect.

Providing an assortment of group as well as solitary spaces. •

COMMUNITY, VALUES, AND RELATIONSHIPS

The Happy Planet Index specifies community, values, family, and friends as important aspects leading to a happy, healthy, and meaningful life. In 2005, 84 percent of the world’s population identified with being either religious or spiritual, which can be related to both community and value in terms of quality of life

(Adherents, 2005).Spiritual Site Design

When designing sites to be used for spiritual or religious purposes, the beliefs and culture specific to that particular religion must be respected and upheld. Personal beliefs must be put aside with the intention placed on designing a site for those who will be using it in accordance with their deeply held beliefs. All religions and belief systems tend to vary greatly with what spatially-organizing features are used. Sacred geometry and sacred gardens have been widely used throughout history and the principles can be applied to the non-denominational Tree of Life site.

Sacred Geometry

Sacred geometry, which is geometry used in the design of sacred architecture and sacred art, is based on the belief that geometry and mathematical ratios, harmonics, and proportions are also found in music, light, and cosmology (Wikipedia, 2009). This practice is foundational when building sacred structures such as churches, altars, or temples. The principles that underlie sacred geometry are fundamentally linked with the nature of the universe (Pennick, 1980). The practice has been applied to pagan temples, tabernacles of Jehovah, martyris of Christian saints, and Islamic mosques.

A few basic forms comprise the structures in the universe. Each form carries an abstract symbolism which has remained unchanged throughout human history

2.17


24

FIGURE 2.18 - A honeycomb, found in nature, exhibits hexagons, which is a shape often found in religious structures.

FIGURE 2.19 - The Dome of the Rock, the Mosque of Omar located in Jerusalem exhibits design principles of sacred geometry.

(Pennick, p. 16-20, 1980).

The circle is a form frequently visible in nature (sun and moon), and occurring in the forms of plants and animals and in natural geological structures. Early buildings were mostly circular (tipis and yurts).

Early temples were often built using four squares as a base. The square represents the emblematic stability of the world. When a square is divided by diagonals, it creates eight triangles radiating from the centre (such as seen in the pyramids). This feature represents the “eightfold division of space” of which much of the Buddhist religion is based on.

The Hexagon can be seen in nature through a honeycomb. The figure is composed of interpenetrating equilateral triangles, and is thought to symbolize the fusion of opposing principles: male and female, hot and cold, water and fire, earth and air.

Additional geometries used in design are the vesica piscis, triangle, platonic solids, and the golden section.

The value of sacred geometry is widespread, seen even in prehistory, and thought to be a cultural universal of

the human condition. It is a unanimous view of pattern recognition, with the belief that the basic patterns of existence are perceived as sacred.

Sacred and Cultural Gardens

A sacred garden is a religiously influenced landscape, often found on temple or church grounds. Many sacred gardens are found in Israel, where the relationship between people and their physical environment is a cultural universal (Helphand, 2002).

Designed environments in this region are reflective of the natural environmental conditions and culture of the people who live there. Stone is the primary material used in the creation of built places. Water is also an important aspect to landscape architecture in the region, despite the extreme water deficit that is common in the summer. In general, water in designs is used sparingly, and many times the inspiration for such use is taken from scripture quotes. Agricultural plants are appreciated for

2.18 2.19

literature review

25

their aesthetic and symbolic values as well as for their productive worth. Many times oases are created and provide water, vegetation, food, color, sound, shade, comfort, intimacy, and interaction (Helphand, 2002). Due to the nature of the landscape, simple stone terraces are found in many parks and gardens, acting as retaining walls or seating elements. Lookouts and observation points are additional features typical in Middle Eastern sacred landscapes. Overall, Israeli gardens “speak eloquently in stone, are frugal with water, use indigenous and naturalized vegetation, are intimate in scale, and are used intensively” (Helphand, 2002, p. 86).

Many Japanese gardens are based on the idea of shakkei, or “borrowed scenery.” A designed Japanese landscape is built around the existing and created views available. Framing of views can be done through vegetation or built elements. In Japanese, the character for emptiness is the same for the meaning “sky.” Therefore in Japanese landscapes, emptiness is given just as much importance as physical elements. Gardens in Japan are spaces for

retreat and retrieval in the busy and populated culture. There is much religious symbolism in Japanese gardens, with rocks and trees generally serving as representative elements. Colors can also hold meaning, for example, the use of fine white gravel represents the innocence of the human heart (Itoh, 1973). The culture of the high-class royal families in traditional Japanese culture also holds significance in landscape design. Stepping-stones, lanterns, and ritual water basins are typical features of a traditional Japanese garden.

RECREATION AND LEISURE

Although recreation and leisure time are generally seen as amenities and not basic requirements for human survival, the HPI includes these as an integral part of one’s quality of life.

There are numerous benefits to participating in recreational activities. Physical fitness is imperative to one’s overall health, and recreational activities are an important component to healthy lifestyles. Many municipalities focus funding efforts into departments such as Parks and Recreation in order to increase the area’s resident’s access to those amenities. Thus, the preservation of open space and creation of trails systems are important keys to providing a high quality of life for community members. Recreation, relaxation, and leisure allow individuals to escape from the everyday stresses of life, creating a sense of balance. A study conducted in China examined the correlation between leisure and

2.20

FIGURE 2.20 - A feng shui garden utilizes natural elements and symbolism to create a space for reflection.


26

FIGURES 2.21 AND 2.22 - Indoor and outdoor opportunities for recreation are a vital part of maintaining one’s quality of life.

quality of life in Macao, a city with the highest population density in the world. Findings suggest that “access to leisure is a vital element in harmonizing community life” (Ngai, 2005). In order to create ample amounts of opportunities, recreational facilities and opportunities should be located indoors and out, with equal access given to all.

TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Access to technology is an important part of many people’s everyday lives. Technology increases our efficiency and communication abilities, thus indirectly relating back to other factor of lifestyle, including time for leisure activities and forming a sense of community.

Furthermore, education is known to increase quality of life, by providing means to gain income, knowledge, and to improve one’s economic situation.

2.21 2.22

literature review

27


Utilizing guidelines created for LEED for Homes, LEED for •Neighborhood Development, ICLEI Star Community Standards, and the Sustainable Sites InitiativeCreate diversity with food, plants, and animals.•Use natural patterns when dealing with ecosystem edges.•Minimize the use of energy in both humans and fossil fuels.•Use slope and gravity to move water.•Minimize waste and pollution.•Recycle on-site compostable waste.•Utilize on-site water as a source for irrigation to cycle nutrients •throughout the site.Design at human scale and make intensive use of space to •allow space for natural systems to maintain environmental balance.Design elements and choose species that have more than one •function.Use hardy and fast-growing plants to create a good •environment and provide protection. Place every element in relationship to others to benefit one •another.Replicate a natural ecosystem with designed elements.•Place things with similar functions near each other to allow for •more efficient use of space Utilize rainwater harvesting principles.•Use constructed wetlands systems to negate the need for •sewer or septic systems.Utilize local building materials in built structures.•Use the sun for heating, cooling, and lighting.•Use regionally-appropriate, recycled and reclaimed materials.•Use natural ventilation to maintain a comfortable temperature.•

DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

HEALTHCARE

Create spaces for the practice of alternative medicine, including •the area of emotional, mental, and environmental imbalances. Incorporate cultural identities and beliefs with medical •practices. Include small spaces for emotional/mental therapies. •Include large, outdoor, flexible spaces for alternative practices •such as yoga or tai chi. Include physical comfort, social contact, symbolic meaning, •and way finding elements into healthcare facility designs. Incorporate design principles of healing gardens when creating •therapeutic landscapes. Create a balance of spaces that encourage interaction, and •those that inspire reflection.

Utilize solar power systems and energy generated by wind •turbines.Use protection methods to preserve habitat and keystone •species. Install native plant materials.•Control and remove invasive species.•Ensure connectivity to surrounding landscapes.•Revegetate riparian areas and wetlands.•


28


Create areas for physical fitness, both indoors and outdoors. •Preserve open space and create trails to encourage use of •natural recreational amenities.Provide ample opportunities for leisure activities and relaxation •space to encourage lifestyle balance.


Provide access to technology to increase efficiency and •communication.


Utilize the abstract symbolism of sacred geometry.•Use materials such as stone and water to connect to the culture •of the region. Create observation points to connect to the sacred aspects of •the landscape. Use borrowed scenery to showcase the region and culture.•Create spaces for community events and gathering to •encourage interaction.Allow space for personal reflection and meditation.•

literature review

29

precedent studies

precedent studies

33

intentional community generally hold a common interest of sustainable living, spirituality, and alternative health found at the Tree of Life.

Location and Context

The Milagro Cohousing Community is located in northwest Tucson, Arizona, north of Goret Road and in an area generally characterized by large homes on large lots in a natural desert environment. See the appendix for more information about what constitutes a cohousing community.

The land was purchased in 1996 by individuals sharing the vision of creating a sustainable cohousing community. Cohousing is a type of residential development that is “intentional and collaborative” and utilizes common facilities, encouraging a connected quality of life among residents (Terrain.org, 2005).

Because of the rural-type of setting where Milagro is

INTRODUCTION

Reviewing past projects allows decisions to be made based on former successes and failures. This section examines Milagro Cohousing, which is used as a full case study, gleaning design implications from the entire development. Observation sites are those which have a few aspects pertaining to sustainable development and quality of life for the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center. The observation sites generally relate to specific aspects of design on the study site.

The literature review is the research foundation for making observations about the case study and observation sites, allowing the variables discovered through the research to be critiqued. Each of these precedent studies serves to advance the knowledge of the elements related to design decisions necessary for the final design.

CASE STUDY

Milagro Cohousing

Milagro Cohousing is an example of a community utilizing shared resources, and also as an “intentional community.” These types of communities can be a type of village, residential development, commune, co-op, ashram, cohousing, or other type of project where people strive together with a common vision (Fellowship for Intentional Community, 2009). Members of an

I-10

CATALINAMOUNTAINS

TUCSONTUCSONMOUNTAINS

MILAGRO

FIGURE 3.1 - The Milagro Cohousing development is located in northwest Tucson, at the base of the Tucson Mountains.

3.1


34

Sonoran Desert, the developers of Milagro chose to utilize a clustered development technique, allowing much of the land to remain a natural preserve and thus maintaining the character of the neighborhood. Thirty-five of the 43-acres were set-aside during planning to remain as open space that is publicly accessible. This was done in order to make the development an asset to the surrounding neighborhoods.

The development is built up against a small ridge, utilizing the natural topography of the land to protect the structures from the elements. The site is surrounded primarily with privately-owned land, zoned as “SR” which Pima County classifies as a “Rural - Suburban Ranch Zone.” This zoning regulation is intended to be used for single-family residential or agricultural land, with a minimum lot size of 3.31 acres (Pima County Zoning Standards, 2008). To contrast, the 43-acres that Milagro is located on is zoned, RX-1 which allows for a higher density (City of Tucson Development Standards, 2009). See Figure 2.3 for the county and city zoning land use

located, the founding members overcame many hurdles in the creation of the development. The members wanted to live in a community that was compact in form, leaving much of the land as an open preserve. In order to realize their vision fully, Milagro members approached the Tucson City Council with a proposal to change the zoning to allow for higher density development. The neighborhood generally opposed the rezoning, as the surrounding neighbors thought a higher-density development would be undesirable, as apartments could be potentially be built if Milagro was never built (Terrain.org, 2005).

Site Analysis

Milagro Cohousing is a small development built on 43-acres on the outskirts of Tucson, Arizona. It is located in an area of town where the standard of development is in line with a rural, desert environment, most of the surrounding area consists of homes on large lots and an abundance of open space. Set in the picturesque

FIGURE 3.2 - The development is built up against a small ridge, utilizing the natural topography to protect the structures from natural elements.

FIGURE 3.3 - The county and city zoning land use designations of the site and surrounding area show mostly low-density development.

3.2 3.3

precedent studies

35

designations of the site and surrounding area. Due to the rural quality of life of the area, the site is rich with amenities. Because of the development’s surrounding natural environment and close proximity to the Santa Cruz River, wildlife is abundant on the land. Views of the Tucson Mountains and the downtown area are can be seen from many points on the site. Additionally, the Camino de Oeste Wash runs through the development, creating prime habitat areas for wildlife.

Project Background and History

The initial members of Milagro Cohousing founded a nonprofit organization (“The Community for Ecological Living”) before applying for development permits. The Tucson firm CommunityByDesign was hired to prepare the land use plan and aid in the rezoning process.

Because of the innovative nature of the development, negotiations with the City and neighbors were complicated and took more time than Milagro members had planned on. When the plan was finally approved, Milagro members had agreed on numerous regulations, including restricting building colors to those of a natural palette, and allowing the open space to be a public resource so neighbors could also enjoy the land.

Once the development was approved, financing options were explored and finally in place by 2001. The first members moved into the development in April of 2002 and by August of 2003 all of the units were occupied.

FIGURE 3.4 - Milagro residents take pride in their use of sustainable techniques, such as with this decorative water cistern.

3.4


36

Milagro appears to primarily be the result of a vision of the initial stakeholders. According to their website, in 1994 four couples began to meet regularly to “develop the vision of a group of families living by environmental and community principles” (Milagrocohousing.org). Once the vision was put into motion, CommunityByDesign assisted in the land use and rezoning process. This firm is a collaborative team of community and urban planners, landscape architects, ecologists, permaculturalists, and GIS analysts. Wayne Moody, who is a local architect and community planner was also involved in the site planning process. David Confer, a private consultant of sustainably-focused education and development projects was added to the project for the water management portion, and Brad Lancaster who is the Southwest region’s premier source on rainwater harvesting designed the permaculture plans. Morton & Mackey of Texas were the primary architects that designed the built structures.

Although many professionals were hired throughout the design and development process, Milagro community members were the overall project visionaries. Additionally, the community members themselves all have areas of expertise, such as teaching, art, architecture, fitness, and design.

Program Elements

Parking and Access

Vehicular parking is limited to the periphery of the site,

The result is a sustainable development of community members living collaboratively in order to create an appealing quality of life. The founders of Milagro created a vision statement of “People living in community with a focus on ecological principles,” while its values are, “We value integrity, generosity, respect for other people, community, the individual, and the environment” (Milagrocohousing.org). The Milagro community is made up of individuals and families seeking alternative housing developments and a neighborhood lifestyle that improves their quality of life, while attempting to be sustainable.

Development and Design Process

The development of Milagro was a collaborative effort, requiring the expertise of people from many different fields. Over the years, individuals were added to the project. According to a Milagro community member all decisions were ultimately made by the owners of the 28 properties (Lohman, 2010).

FIGURE 3.5 - Shared vegetable gardens provide food sources and increase the resident’s interactions with one another.

3.5

precedent studies

37

forcing residents to walk throughout the community, further creating social bonds and a vested interest in their surroundings. Sidewalks connect the 28 homes with serpentine, flowing lines, creating a natural ambience throughout the development. The private road leading into the community is made of decomposed granite, which is binded with non-toxic wax and polymer. The gravel parking lot is permeable and shaded by vegetation. Social interaction is further encouraged through the clustered development pattern. An electric powered car is community-owned and can be used to transport heavy items.

Landscape

The site’s landscape was designed using principles of permaculture design, which an emphasis on native plants. Vegetation was chosen for the ability to attract wildlife and to maintain the native desert character. Much of the landscape is irrigated with grey water and rainwater harvesting methods.

Building Techniques

The houses are built of regionally appropriate 16” thick adobe block, with green metal sloping roofs that funnel rainwater into cisterns, utilizing this resource for irrigation and other functional uses. The homes are aligned east-west to utilize solar gain with large south facing windows. They feature passive solar water heating and incorporate corrugated metal cisterns at many of the homes. The slanted north-facing window overhangs allow the sun in

FIGURE 3.6 - A planter with edible vegetation can be seen the foreground, while a water cistern is tucked behind a palo verde in the back.

3.6


38

The community utilizes a form of intensive composting (Bokashi) which reduces waste and creates healthy fertilizer to add to the grounds.

Photovoltaic panels are incorporated into many of the residences as well as the common buildings. The common house is in the center of the community, overlooking a solar-heated pool that is used in the summer with a small plaza used for community gatherings. The elements located in the common house are a large gourmet kitchen, dining room, library, children’s play room, and spaces intended for public or private needs. The common meal is hosted in the dining room twice a week. Community events are a weekly meal, and celebrations of the Soltice and Equinox. There is also a walking trail and labyrinth located in the natural preserve area of the development. Of the 43-acres, only 8 are used for the residential buildings, leaving the rest as preserved open space.

the winter to warm the homes while shading them in the hot summer months.

Rainwater Harvesting and Constructed Wetlands

Brad Lancaster designed the landscape and created an effective rainwater harvesting system to be used for irrigation. The development utilizes a black water and grey water recycling system. All stormwater is maintained on-site and directed into a water recycling system comprised of a constructed wetlands and an underground irrigation system. The used water passes through a septic system into a wetlands system with vegetation that fillers toxins from the wastewater. The water is then pumped into an underground drip system, which irrigates vegetable gardens, fruit trees, and other landscaping. Gutters and strategically placed downspouts funnel the rainwater into planted basins.

Additional Elements

FIGURE 3.7 - The constructed wetlands system collects the site’s water run-off, filters and cleans it, and then pumps the water back onto the site to be used for landscape irrigation.

3.7

precedent studies

39

OBSERVATION SITES

Findhorn Ecovillage, Scotland

The Findhorn Ecovillage is located in the Findhorn Bay of Moray, Scotland. It consists of 360 members, with a capacity of 500 and began in the early 1980s. The

Project Reviews and Significance

The site planning won the award distinction of “Best Project for 2001” by the Arizona Planning Association. Communitybydesign was the recipient of the award.

In general, the project has been widely received as a good example of a sustainable, compact community design, utilizing many techniques to lessen the development’s footprint.

This project is a successful example of a small-scale residential development that succeeding in meeting many goals of sustainability. Open space was preserved, and wildlife habitat has remained intact, or has been enhanced from the additional landscaping. Water harvesting and solar energy reduce the need for outside energy sources, and the compact nature of the development has created a high quality of life for residents.

FIGURE 3.8 - The Milagro Cohousing development is compact in form, leaving much of the property as an open preserve.

3.8

MILAGRO CO-HOUSING:LESSONS LEARNED

Utilize common facilities, encouraging a connected quality •of life for residents.Relate to the surrounding development density.•Utilize the natural topography of the land.•Use a natural color palette when designing built structures.•Incorporate experts from many fields to collaborate when •discovering the best practices to use on-site.Keep parking to the periphery to encourage walkability.•Use serpentine lines to create a natural ambience.•Incorporate rainwater harvesting methods on-site.•Use regionally-appropriate building materials.•Align buildings east-west to utilize solar gain.•Incorporate large south-facing windows.•Utilize a constructed wetlands system to re-use on-site water •through irrigation.Funnel water from gutters and downspouts into planted •basins.Incorporate composting methods on-site to reduce waste •and create fertilizers.Use photovoltaic panels for heating of buildings and water.•Create a clustered development pattern to preserve open •space.


40

community's electricity needs. The organic garden covers 25-acres and provides much of the community's food, creating an excess that is shared among the community. A nearby farm provides dairy, meat, and eggs.

Additional sustainable tenets of the site include the use of passive solar features, focusing on building orientation and window layout. Solar panels are used for water heating. Buildings are intensely insulated, using cellulose made from recycled paper. Buildings materials are regional when available. Water conservation methods such as low-pressure showers, low-flush toilets and self-closing taps are implemented on the site. Harvested rainwater is used for garden irrigation. Shared laundry, kitchen, and lounge facilities are utilized to create more intensive use in shared spaces. Because of the designer’s efforts, Findhorn Village was named as a 1998 UN Habitat Best Practice Designee.

designer is a collaborative group of architects, engineers, biologists, activists, and scientists. The vision of the village is to create “a spiritual community, ecovillage and an international centre for holistic education, helping to unfold a new human consciousness and create a positive and sustainable future” (The Findhorn Foundation, 2009).

Findhorn Ecovillage is a low-carbon settlement and educational center which serves approximately 14,000 visitors a year. It is the premier example of sustainable development in the UK, with an ecological footprint half the national average. It is comprised of 61 sustainably-built structures, utilizing many experimental forms of building such as the “whisky house” that is built out of old discarded whisky barrels (see Figure 2.9). The site utilizes a biological sewage treatment system that has been patented, and has numerous solar water-heating systems. The independent community also features its own bank and community currency.

The four on-site wind turbines supply all of the

FIGURE 3.9 - “Barrel houses” made from recycled whisky barrels on the Findhorn Ecovillage site.

3.9

FINDHORN ECOVILLAGE: LESSONS LEARNED

Use local materials to experiment with sustainable building •techniques.Utilize wind turbines to supply electricity.•Utilize on-site and nearby resources for food consumption.•Implement low-flow and low-pressure toilets and showers.•Use laundry water as a source for landscape irrigation.•Share commonly used facilities among members.•

precedent studies

41

is a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. The residents within cohousing communities typically communicate with one another to reach a consensus of how the community should exist and operate. The physical design of Tierra Nueva encourages social interaction, leaving room for individual spaces. Private homes contain all the features of conventional homes, but residents also have access to extensive common facilities such as open space, courtyards, a playground and a central house.

Lost Valley Educational Center, Oregon

The Lost Valley Educational Center in Oregon is a site that was originally developed without sustainable techniques in mind and is now being retrofitted with the intention of “greening” the site. Some of the improvements that have been made include incorporating energy and water efficiency techniques, composting, and land restoration. The Lost Valley Educational Center offers certificate

Tierra Nueva Cohousing, California

The Tierra Nueva Cohousing development is located along the Central coast of California and just a few miles south of Pismo Beach. The site is a five-acre avocado orchard, with a pesticide-free farm adjacently located. The project was completed in February of 1999, and consists of 27 passive solar single and multi-story duplexes and single-family homes, a common house, avocado trees, and gardens. The population of the community is approximately 75 individuals. Homes in Tierra Nueva Cohousing are passively solar and clustered around a common house.

According to the community founders, they “exist because each of us desires a greater sense of community, as well as strong interaction with and support from our neighbors, fostering tight social bonds we feel are lacking in many neighborhoods” (Tierra Nueva Cohousing, 2009). Tierra Nueva is good example of the recent rise in the development of cohousing. Cohousing

TIERRA NUEVA CO-HOUSING:LESSONS LEARNED

3.10

FIGURE 3.10 - Lost Valley Educational Center provides a strong feeling of community among members, utilizing shared resources and spaces.

Create a variety of lodging types to appeal to a larger •market base.Cluster lodging around a centrally-used feature, such as a •common house.Utilize physical design principles that encourage interaction, •which balancing with a variety of personal spaces for privacy.


42

vehicular accessibility.

Laundry and bathroom facilities utilize hot water through the use of passive solar heating. Most buildings on site also use natural light and ventilation.

Re-use and recycling of on-site materials is heavily utilized at Lost Valley. A “free box room” provides a second-hand store for residents to trade, exchange, and recycle their personal goods between one another.

Hippocrates Health Institute, Florida

The Hippocrates Health Institute is located in West Palm Beach, Florida and is a retreat for natural and complementary health care. Although the 40-acre site is geared towards resort-style accommodations, there are a few site design features which could be applied to any alternative health care center.

To aid in healing therapies offered on site, the center

programs in permaculture, allowing participants the opportunity to learn about the challenges of incorporating sustainable design on their own properties.

Sharing resources is an important aspect of the day-to-day lives of residents staying at Lost Valley. Kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry facilities are community resources, and the center buys large quantities of cleaning products and food to reduce off-site waste.

The center welcomes guests with a handmade cob kiosk structure, emphasizing community effort and organic materials as the central welcoming focal point.

Computers used in the educational center are mostly refurbished, adding to the sustainability of the site. The floor of the classrooms is made with locally harvested wood and utilized human power for the building of this resource. Additionally, the entire site is designed to utilize pedestrian walkability, provided through the use of paths and very few parking lots for vehicles which limits

LOST VALLEY EDUCATIONAL CENTER:LESSONS LEARNED

3.11

FIGURE 3.11 - The ozonated pools and hot tubs offer a resort-like atmosphere for guests at Hippocrates Health Institute.

Allow permaculture educational opportunities for guests •and visitors to learn about the sustainable aspects of the site.Share resources and spaces to reduce unnecessary surplus •of materials and activities.Create a central welcoming point that relates to the tenets •of the organization.Encourage walkability by limiting vehicular access on-site.•

precedent studies

43

defined by the National Geographic Society as “tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place - its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents” (2010).

The Yachana Lodge supports Geotourism principles by focusing on maintaining the integrity of the geographical character by instilling a strong cultural pride. They encourage market diversity by appealing to the entire demographic spectrum to maximize long and short term economic resiliency. They encourage community involvement by inspiring partnerships between local and small businesses. The organization also emphasizes economic and social benefits to involve communities and individuals, especially hoping to relieve local aspects of poverty.

An additional geotourist principle utilized by the Yachana Lodge is the “protection and enhancement of destination appeal,” which means encouraging local land owners to sustain natural habitats, heritage sites, aesthetic appeal,

institutes a cold plunge and ozonated recreational pool for guests. An indoor gym increases the physical recreation opportunities for guests and encourages exercise. A variety of secluded relaxation areas utilize hammocks, swings, and gazebos to allow for areas of peace and reflection.

The center also has a store on site that offers a wide variety of healthy living products and educational materials. A greenhouse grows plants such as sunflower greens, pea greens, buckwheat lettuce, and uses hydroponic growing methods for mung, lentils, fenugreek, quiona, millet, alfalfa, clover, broccoli, adzuki, and radish. Wheatgrass is also a large part of the therapies offered at Hippocrates, and is also grown on site.

Yachana Lodge, Ecuador

The Yachana Lodge in the Amazon rainforest is an ecotourist destination that recently won the National Geographic Geotourism Challenge. “Geotourism” is

FIGURE 3.12 - The utilization of regional employees at Yachana Lodge creates a strong local economy while enhancing visitor’s experience.

HIPPOCRATES HEALTH INSTITUTE:LESSONS LEARNED

Utilize recreational pools and hot tubs to aid in medical •therapies.Use hammocks, swings, and gazebos in relaxation areas.•Focus greenhouse plantings on those that can be used in •the types of foods served on-site.Incorporate wheatgrass into the on-site plantings.•

3.12


44

and local culture (Yachana Lodge, 2009). Degradation is prevented by keeping volumes of tourists within maximum acceptable limits. Additionally, land use and over development is contained to retain a diversity of natural and scenic environments.

The use of local residents for employment is encouraged to create a local economy that benefits from the center. Students from Yachana High School and encouraged to display the natural and cultural heritage of their region, so that tourists gain a richer experience and residents develop pride in their region.

Cedar Springs Renewal Center, Washington

The Cedar Springs Renewal Center is located on 50-acres in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains. The vision statement of the organization is, “Where Body, Mind and Spirit are deeply nourished through Inquiry, Nature, Movement and Wholefood” (Cedar Springs Renewal Center, 2010).

YACHANA LODGE:LESSONS LEARNED

CEDAR SPRINGS RENEWAL CENTER:LESSONS LEARNED

Create opportunities for horticultural therapies through the •use of small-scale vegetable, flower, and herb gardens on the site.Provide areas for solitude and reflection, such as walking •paths and open spaces capturing views.Incorporate physical activity opportunities such as walking, •dancing, qi gong, yoga, and rebounding.

FIGURE 3.12 - Cedar Springs Renewal Center provides opportunities for guests to participate in gardening activities, increasing their bonds with the landscape.

3.12

Maintaining the integrity of the geographical character by •instilling a strong cultural pride. Encourage community involvement by inspiring •partnerships between local and small businesses. Keeping volumes of tourists within maximum acceptable •limits. Contain land use and over development.•Encourage the use of regionally-located employees.•

precedent studies

45

The site layout includes walking trails, meadows that inspire solitude and reflection. All guests adhere to an organic, raw, vegetarian, and gluten-free diet which is prepared by the on-site chef. The organization incorporates activities designed to increase physical health, such as walking, dancing, qi gong, yoga, and “rebounding” which uses trampolines.

The organization grows all of the food consumed on-site and sells the surplus at local farmer markets. They also incorporate horticultural therapy, which is the relationship between mental well being and the natural landscape. The residential staff and visitors tend the gardens of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and herbs gardens. According to the center, the garden is a metaphor for self-exploration and natural healing.

site inventory and analysis


49

INTRODUCTION

The analysis of the project first began with a site visit, when observations were made and recorded. Various site conditions can be analyzed in terms of opportunities and constraints, and necessary interventions can be determined. Information was gathered through numerous site visits, observations, conversations with the client and staff members, data from the Santa Cruz

County Planning Department, historical documents, and aerial photographs.

Location and Context

The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center is located about two miles east of Patagonia, Arizona. This quaint community is known for its attraction to artists and has a surprisingly large variety of galleries, boutiques, and year-round

FIGURE 4.1 - The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center property shown in context to the surrounding Patagonia community.

4.1


50

events for a town with less than 900 residents.

Patagonia is a progressive town, with farmer’s markets, coffee shops, a theater, yoga studios, and other amenities generally not found in rural areas.

The Tree of Life is integrated within the Patagonia community, as many employees live in town and many guests utilize the town’s services. Residents of the community are invited to use the services at the Tree of Life, as the café is open to the public and day-passes are available. Tourism is a large industry to the “Mountain Empire” (which includes the surrounding communities of Sonoita, Patagonia, and Elgin), and the area is nationally known for bird watching opportunities and wildlife preserves. The site is located twenty miles from Mexico and border patrol is active in the area.

Site Overview

The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center is 166-acres in size and is divided by Harshaw Road. The area to the north is known as the “Oasis” and the larger area to the south of the road is called the “Mesa.” It is located at an elevation of 4,200 feet and generally has a mild climate, receiving 18.31 inches of precipitation per year. The average summer high is 930 F and the average winter high is 600 F. Summers are hot and winters and relatively cool. The wettest months are July and August due to the summer monsoon activity.

FIGURE 4.2 - The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center property is shown overlaid in green. The main horizontal road to the north is Harshaw Road and divides the “Oasis” and the “Mesa.”

4.2


51

History

According to locals, the area surrounding the Tree of Life was originally covered with thick oaks and lush vegetation. Over the years, and as development and agriculture in the area progressed, the landscape changed. Agriculture is now a large part of the region’s economy and the land use reflects this. Many of the town’s residents are Hispanic, due to the close proximity to Mexico.

Land Use

The Tree of Life site is surrounded primarily by private land with large amounts of acreage and low density developments. Near the Oasis check-in area, there are smaller parcels surrounding the Tree of Life property. This area is more residential and less scenic than that off the Mesa. The residential neighbors are private residences, an RV park, and a small auto mechanic shop.

FIGURE 4.3 - The Oasis serves as the administration center and is where medical treatment offices are located. To the east is the employee housing and agricultural center.

4.3


52

FIGURE 4.4 - The Mesa is the area below Red Mountain, consisting of a variety of spiritual and community elements.

Existing Site Elements

The 166-acre site consists of two main areas, the Oasis, and the Mesa. The Oasis is the check-in point for guests and serves as the organization’s administrative headquarters. A waiting area and health supplement shop are located at the Oasis, as well as the Dharma Center which is where the weekly Shabbat meditation and various workshops take place. The Oasis also includes guest housing, a chemical-free pool and hot-tub, and

a variety of small buildings which are where medical therapies such as massage, colonics, and facials take place. Further east on Harshaw Road is the area for employee housing and agriculture production. In this area, the Unity Room is also found and is where yoga and workshops take place.

Heading south from the Oasis, a road or a walking path lead guests up to the Mesa. Here, the kitchen, café with outdoor seating, guest housing, spiritual elements such

4.4


53

FIGURE 4.5 - The topography of the site, showing the direction of water run-off with blue arrows.

as inipi, labyrinth, and temple, as well as hot tubs, sun decks, gardens, and greenhouses are located. A “circle garden” is also in development at the Mesa which incorporates principles of feng shui and astrological symbolism. Existing buildings on the site have a natural aesthetic, primarily using browns and earthen colors.

Circulation and Access

There are a variety of circulation paths throughout

the site, both for vehicles and pedestrians. Guests are encouraged to walk from place to place as much as possible, however, wayfinding is difficult and in many areas it appears that preference is given to vehicles. Walking paths vary with materials used, with the more developed trails using a small-grade gravel base and lined with larger stones. Others are less developed and consist of dirt with no indication of the trail edge.

4.5


54

Future Development Plans

The Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center hired an environmental development firm to complete a schematic development plan in 1998. This plan shows the relocation of several buildings and elements. Much of the relocation and siting of elements is based on Dr. Cousen’s request, and are very specific according to his spiritual beliefs of the land.

Organization Functions and Events

Daily activities on the site include yoga classes, sprouting and vegetable gardening workshops, spiritual ceremonies, and classes relating to the various health and wellness programs offered to visitors. Gatherings take place around meal times, with a special emphasis placed on weekend brunches. Guest circulation on the site tends to be dependent on meal times, with people congregating at the cafe area for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

Views

Pristine views abound from nearly all points on the Mesa. Red Mountain holds spiritual significance and care should be taken to preserve views of the range. A few large homes surrounding the site on private property can rarely be seen. See the end of this chapter for a photo inventory of surrounding views.

Vegetation

Native vegetation covers the site, with mesquites, desert broom, and native grasses present. The Tree of Life staff has also incorporated a few non-native species around the cafe and casita areas. Also, in specific areas where irrigation is possible there are species that are more botanical in nature, including both native and non-natives. The primary biotic community on the site is the semi-arid grasslands, which is characterized by mesquites, native grasses, and bare soil.

Wildlife and Habitat

A plethora of wildlife species can be found on the Tree of Life site. Javelina make regular appearances near the cafe and are known to destroy planted areas that are not fenced in. Avian species are also abundant on the site. A large basin collects water run-off and creates prime habitat for these and other species.

4.6

FIGURE 4.6 - The existing sun decks overlooking Red Mountain to the south of the site.


55

Topography and Hydrography

From the base of Red Mountain at the southern-most point of the site to the north of Harshaw Road, the site’s elevation changes by about 200 feet.

Precipitation run-off from the mountains travels down the site, creating erosion and drainage issues. Because of this, the area is prime for water harvesting opportunities. There is also a large basin on-site, which the clients would like to utilize for waterfowl habitat and water retention. The Tree of Life has created a constructed wetlands system which is currently not functioning, as most of the site’s water is not directed towards it. This can be remedied by the creation of swales and berms, directing the water towards the wetlands.

4.7

4.8

FIGURE 4.7 - An interior view of one of the greenhouses on site shows edible vegetation being grown.

FIGURE 4.8 - Existing pathways offer pedestrian-friendly options on the site, however these developed trails are few in number compared to the natural dirt trails.


56

FIGURE 4.9 - The tipi sits in an area dedicated to the traditions of the Lakota Sioux tribe.

FIGURE 4.10 - The existing temple holds spiritual ceremonies and utilizes solar energy for lighting. This temple will be turned into Dr. Cousen’s study space in the future.

FIGURE 4.11 - A view of the inside of the guest lodging shows simple yet comfortable accommodations.

4.9 4.11

4.10


57

FIGURE 4.12 - The outdoor seating of the cafe overlooks Red Mountain and the expansive landscape on the Mesa.

FIGURE 4.13 - The mikvah, or traditional Jewish baptismal garden, is planted with a variety of native and non-native species.

FIGURE 4.14 - Views of Red Mountain can be seen throughout the Mesa.

4.12 4.13

4.14


58

4.15

4.16 4.17

FIGURE 4.15 - An area on the Mesa is currently undergoing development with photovoltaic panels being placed.

FIGURE 4.16 - An area for inipi (sweat lodge) is located in the Native American area on the Mesa.

FIGURE 4.17 - The agricultural center currently has a variety of greenhouses and solar domes for growing vegetables.


59

4.18 4.19

4.20

FIGURE 4.18 - The existing guest lodging on the Mesa is known as “The Casitas” and features double and single occupancy rooms with simple accommodations.

FIGURE 4.19 - The constructed wetlands system currently does not function properly, as there is not enough water run-off directed towards this area.

FIGURE 4.18 - The existing entrance to the Mesa off of Harshaw Road has limited signage.


60

SITE ANALYSIS:DESIGN IMPLICATIONS

Incorporate elements that can be utilized by the •progressive residents and visitors to the Patagonia area.Create a grander sense of identity to attract visitors to •utilize the café and day-passes.Appeal to the bird-watching and tourism industry to •generate a larger clientele.Create microclimate areas of human comfort through the •use of shade and sun.Be sensitive to historically significant areas.•Design the Oasis area with respect to the neighboring •residential scale.Keep the majority of new development in areas that have •already been disturbed.Attempt to utilize the existing elements before proposing •the development of new ones.Use a variety of natural colors to relate to the existing •aesthetic.Create a hierarchy of trails to assist in wayfinding.•Define trail edges to limit human impact to natural areas.•Expand on the existing spiritual elements, while forming •cohesion among them through universal principles.Build off of the proposed development plans that •relocate elements according to the client’s requests.Organize the site elements to go with the natural guest •flow relating to meal times.Preserve views of Red Mountain on the Mesa.•Incorporate the use of native species to create a healthy •ecosystem.Incorporate a greenway for wildlife to pass through the •site.Utilize the existing topography when incorporating new •elements.Create water harvesting features that direct water run-off •towards the constructed wetlands system.

4.21

FIGURE 4.21 - The image displays the world’s largest Chartre labyrinth found on the Mesa. It is used for spiritual ceremonies and individual reflection.


61

design application

design application

65

INTRODUCTION

Using the design implications gleaned from the literature review, site interventions can be proposed. Lessons learned from the precedent studies created ideas to utilize the constraints and opportunities identified by the site analysis.

Through this research, concept alternatives were developed and tested based on the success of fulfilling the various project goals and objectives. These concept alternatives can then be synthesized, creating a design master plan that successfully accomplishes the research goal.

GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of the research is to create a master plan and design guidelines that will allow the site to serve as a model for the coordination sustainable development and


66

PROGRAMMING

The program for the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center was developed through the issues identified during the literature review, precedent study explorations, and site analysis. Through this process, program elements were identified for the design application site.

Circulation

Vehicular access to major points of interest, with the •availability of ADA accessible parking.Expansive pedestrian paths to provide site •functionality, using natural and permeable surfaces.Site walkability, by siting elements within a •comfortable walking distance from one another.Connections to hiking trails in the surrounding •National Forest land.Signage for wayfinding.•

Sustainable Techniques

Water harvesting features that use grey and black •water as well as berms and swales to direct more flow towards the constructed wetlands system.Areas for solar panels and wind turbines.•Built structures using locally available and regionally •appropriate materials. A wide variety of “food forest” elements, i.e. •greenhouses, solar domes, and vegetable gardens.

quality of life for residents. Objectives include:

Identify successful sustainability techniques through •the use of literature reviews and precedent studies.

Generate design ideas for sustainable communities, •ecotourist retreats, and spiritual centers through literature reviews and case studies.

Establish an overall concept for the site and create •cohesion among disjointed elements.

Incorporate the client’s beliefs of mind, body, and •spirit into the overall design concept.

Create a design for an environmentally appropriate •destination that can serve as a model to other sustainable sites in arid regions.

Produce a model for sustainable development that •incorporates aspects that appeal to one’s quality of life.

Use native vegetation to enhance the surrounding •habitat, create wildlife corridors, and reduce maintenance needs.

design application

67

Site Identity

Entrance signage that relates to the central tenets of •the center.Use of natural materials to relate to the surrounding •environment.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

Various concepts were explored and tested by determining which of the research goals and objectives were met with the siting of the program elements. Evaluating the concept alternatives allows one to visualize what the overall identity of the site will be. These concepts were then synthesized in order to result in the most successful site intervention strategy.

Wildlife Habitat

Greenways for wildlife to pass through the site •without human interference.Swales and berms to divert more water into the •existing basin to create a lush riparian habitat.

Community Needs

Areas for privacy, peace, and relaxation.•Opportunities for recreation and group gathering.•Educational signage, literature review, and technology •availability for the discussion of various site elements.Spiritual aspects relating to the beliefs of the center.•Guest and staff lodging.•Offices for medical practitioners.•Amphitheater space for lectures and performances.•Group dining area.•

5.1

FIGURE 5.1 - Guests and staff congregate at meal times, which determine much of the circulatory flow on the site.


68

AConcept A displays three rings of clustered development

focused at the Mesa. A smaller cluster is located near the Oasis. According to the program needs, these development cluster would be medium density,

building off of land that has already been disturbed, and enhancing the areas surrounding those disturbances.

BConcept B displays high-intensity development focused

at Oasis and becomes less intense moving outward towards the Mesa. This concept would create an area of

high intensity development at the welcoming area of the Oasis and leave the Mesa less disturbed.

RIGHT - Concept diagrams depict areas of intervention on the site. The heavy white horizontal line at the top of each symbolizes Harshaw Road.

design application

69

CConcept C depicts a single clustered development focused at the Mesa, with small pockets of design

elements located throughout the site. This concept would keep the development footprint to a minimum,

but would also allow the expansive landscape to be utilized with various low-impact elements that could be

connected with walking paths.

DESIGN OBJECTIVES


HEALTHCARE




MEETS MOST OR ALL OBJECTIVES

MEETS SOME OBJECTIVES

MEETS FEW TO NONE OF OBJECTIVES

CBA

Using the design objectives as a means of evaluating the design concepts, options A and C were synthesized into a final concept.

This concept focuses development near the Mesa, creating areas of small low-impact elements scattered on the rest of the site.


70

CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN DESIGN

The conceptual master plan contains elements intending to unify the overall vision of the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center, creating a cohesive identity.

The central beliefs of mind, body, and spirit can be seen in layers of the design concept. The mind is enhanced through educational elements relating to permaculture principles. Swales and berms are used to direct water flow from the mountains through the site, eventually draining into the constructed wetlands system which irrigates a terraced garden. Small vegetable gardens and greenhouses are located throughout the site, encouraging guests to participate in the active process of growing the food consumed at the center. A community center provides a library and educational center to teach users how to implement permaculture designs into their own lives.

The health of the human body is emphasized with a wide variety of trails and paths for guests to walk throughout the site. A jogging loop provides two miles of scenic views, with various stopping points that encourage strength building activities. A flexible grass field is irrigated with collected rainwater and can be used for tai chi, qigong, or other exercises requiring a large space. A yoga pavilion captures views of Red Mountain and is covered to provide year-round comfort. A solar-heated lap pool allows guests to partake in water recreation, furthering their exercise opportunities during their stay.

The guests’ minds will be enlightened with the wide variety of meditation and relaxation areas available on the site. A meditation grove of pecans provides edible fruit as well as a relaxing area for reflection. A botanical garden creates intimate nooks that allow guests to connect with nature and reflect on their experiences while at the center. An astrological garden provides an area for meditation, and adds to the spiritual elements existing one the site.

Planetary resources are conserved through the use of local building materials and food forest elements scattered throughout the entirety of the site. Healthcare offices remain at the Oasis and are expanded upon, adding a zen garden for patients to wait or staff to relax in between appointments.

A strong community feel is instilled among those at the site through opportunities to interact at the community center, containing a library, juice bar and internet cafe, indoor recreation center, meeting rooms, and dining area. Recreation and leisure opportunities abound throughout the site, with the trails and seating areas providing aspects of private or personal spaces. Technology is utilized with the alternative sources of energy created with solar panels and wind turbines, and educational aspects are seen with signage and opportunities for learning about alternative health and healing, permaculture design, and the mind-body connection with nature.

conceptual master plan

71

COMMUNITY CENTER

AMPHITHEATER

ASTROLOGICAL GARDEN

ADMINISTRATION CENTER

ACTIVITY FIELD

TEMPLE (RELOCATED)

LABYRINTH (EXISTING)

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

WILDLIFE HABITAT AND BASIN

TO NATIONAL FOREST

TO ARROYO TRAIL

AGRICULTURAL CENTER

VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

GUEST AND STAFF LODGING

GREENHOUSES•FIELDS•OFFICES•KITCHEN•

OFFICES•DAY SPA•MEDICAL CLINIC•ZEN GARDEN•VEGETABLE GARDEN•

PARKING LOTS

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

TERRACED GARDENS

SUN DECKS

DINING HALL•RECREATION CENTER•JUICE BAR•LIBRARY/FILM CENTER•EDUCATION CENTER•MEETING ROOMS•INTERNET CAFE•READING ROOM•COURTYARD SEATING•SOLAR LAP POOL•

GUEST CASITAS (EXISTING)

TWO-MILE JOGGING LOOP

MIKVAH AND DARSHAN (EXISTING)

SOLAR AND WIND ENERGYYOGA PAVILLION

WATER HARVESTING SWALES

BOTANICAL GARDENNATURE TRAIL•SEATING NOOKS•WATER HARVESTING •DEMONSTRATION

1” = 500’ - 0”

GREENWAYS AND HABITAT

GARDENS AND GREENHOUSES

design application

73

A two-mile athletic trail provides space for recreation among the wide landscape. A major pedestrian loop (shown in red in Figure 5.1) provides the primary access loop and access to most site features surrounding the compact development site. Natural trails connect to the National Forest land, and provide additional, more strenuous recreation for guests and Tree of Life community members. An interpretive nature trail leads users through the water harvesting demonstration located near the lodging and community center.

CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN LAYERS

Circulation

Vehicular circulation on the site is kept to a minimum, allowing access to the Oasis and up to the Mesa. An optional pedestrian trail also leads users up to the Mesa, where the majority of the site elements are located.

FIGURE 5.2 - The circulation diagram depicts vehicular and pedestrian access on the site.

5.2

TWO-MILE ATHLETIC TRAIL

NATURAL PEDESTRIAN TRAIL

VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

CONNECTION TO HIKING TRAILS

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

INTERPRETIVE NATURE TRAIL

ONE

MIL

E

HARSHAW ROAD

PERIPHERY PARKING LOTS


lectures, classes, performances, or films.

Guest and staff lodging are clustered together to encourage interaction and to utilize shared resources. A community courtyard allows space for group activities. The community center serves as the new cafe, library, juice bar, and central gathering space.

74

Community

Various elements encouraging a sense of community are seen throughout the site. Large production kitchens are located at the agricultural center, providing space for classes and educational workshops.

Large production kitchens are located at the agricultural center, providing spaces for classes and educational workshops. An amphitheater seats up to 200 people for

FIGURE 5.3 - The community diagram shows elements which encourage a sense of belonging among guests and visitors, allowing spaces for gathering, education, and celebration.

5.3

AMPHITHEATER

KITCHENS

GUEST AND STAFF LODGING

COMMUNITY CENTER

COMMUNITY COURTYARD

ADMINISTRATION OFFICES AND HEALTH CENTER

DINING HALL•INDOOR GYM•JUICE BAR•LIBRARY/FILM CENTER•EDUCATION CENTER•MEETING SPACE•INTERNET CAFE•READING ROOM•SOLAR LAP POOL•

GUEST LODGING (EXISTING)

OFFICES•DAY SPA•MEDICAL CLINIC•ZEN GARDEN•VEGETABLE • PLOTS

design application

A botanical garden is located along the central interpretive nature trail for visitors and guests to enjoy. Wildlife habitat is preserved, with corridors maintaining connectivity with the surrounding region.

5.4

Vegetation

Since the majority of food consumed at the Tree of Life are fruits and vegetables, edible gardens are located throughout the site, with the main center of agricultural activity located on the north end. A variety of smaller vegetable gardens and greenhouses are also located near the guest and staff quarters, as to encourage community members to participate in growing their own food.

75

FIGURE 5.4 - Vegetation on the site is enhanced through focused planting areas that provide greenways for wildlife. The food forest elements include greenhouses and vegetable gardens, while a botanical garden showcases native desert vegetation that is irrigated by water run-off through the site.

WILDLIFE HABITAT

VEGETABLE GARDENS

TERRACED GARDEN

GREENHOUSES AND DOMES

DESERT BOTANICAL GARDENASTROLOGICAL GARDEN

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

GREENHOUSES AND DOMES

SMALL VEGETABLE PLOTS

NATURE TRAIL•SEATING NOOKS•WATER HARVESTING DEMO•

GREENWAY CONNECTIVITY


76

on the quieter portions of the site, with reflective nodes created off the trails. The community center also includes an indoor gym for times of inclement weather. A yoga pavilion captures views of the surrounding landscape and is in an ideal location for sunrise or sunset yoga classes.

The temple is moved to an area away from disruptive elements and the current temple is then converted into a darshan or meditation space.

Health, Leisure, and Spirituality

This layer of the master plan is one which encompasses the aspects important to the client’s overall belief system. The health center remains located at the oasis with additional office space added for future expansion.

A zen garden is located is this area for waiting or staff relaxation, also incorporating the Buddhist belies on-site. Saunas, hot tubs, and sun decks are strategically placed

5.5

FIGURE 5.5 - Aspects which are important to the client are seen in this diagram. Health, leisure, and spiritual opportunities abound on the site.

LABYRINTH

INDOOR GYM AND LAP POOLYOGA PAVILLION

SAUNAS AND HOTTUBS

HEALTH CLINICS

TEMPLEMIKVAH AND DARSHAN

SUN DECKS

ZEN GARDEN

SPA POOL

NATIVE AMERICAN ELEMENTS

DEVI CIRCLE

ASTROLOGICAL GARDEN

design application

77

FIGURE 5.6 - Water run-off is directed by use of swales and berms towards the central desert botanical garden, which includes an interpretive nature trail for visitors and guests to enjoy.

5.6


78

FIGURE 5.7 - A two mile jogging loop on the Mesa provides majestic views while guests exercise on the site. Areas for strength building are provides with simple natural elements, such as boulders or wood exercise elements.

5.7

design application

79

5.7

FIGURE 5.8 - A yoga pavilion captures pristine views of Red Mountain and creates an ideal setting for sunrise or sunset classes.

5.8


80

FIGURE 5.9 - The constructed wetlands system collects grey and black water from the site and uses natural filtration to clean the water before it reaches the terraced gardens.

5.9

design application

81

FIGURE 5.10 - The amphitheather displays views of Red Mountain in the backdrop and is natural in appearance to relate to the surrounding landscape.

5.10


82

FIGURE 5.11 - Introducing planting areas of native species into focus areas such as entrances and main trails will allow the site to appear more maintained. Attempting to keep ciruclation paths relative to human scale will also create a more pleasant experience for guests.

5.11

design application

83

conclusions

conclusionstree of life rejuvenation center master plan

FINDINGS

This report examined the componets addressed within designing sustainably in relation to quality of life. This included an investigation into the indexable categories of what affects one’s ability to maintain a high quality of life, as well as sustainable features specific to an arid environment. Using the Tree of Life Rejuvenation Center as a study site, these principles were implemented into a spatial conceptual master plan.

The master plan design is an example of a sustainable development focusing on quality of life features. Although this plan was intended to be conceptual rather than detailed in nature, more research would need to be conducted to implement the built elements on the site. Engineering studies would be necessary for any re-grading, and hydrologic and environmental research would need to be conducted to test the effectiveness of the constructed wetlands system.

87


88

NEXT STEPS

This report focuses specifically on sustainable development and quality of life in relation to a rural site rich with natural amenties and generally untouched by development.

In order to relate the findings to more urban environments, additional research is necessary. Specifically, it would be beneficial to examine how one could create a sustainable development in a location already impacted by suburban sprawl types of development patterns. There are many urban examples of development which are either A) sustainable, or B) focus on quality of life, but few that address both goals simultaneously.

In order for this research to impact problems relating to suburban sprawl, environmental degradation, loss of sense of place, and climate change patterns, further research is necessary.

However, the design does serve the need of creating a cohesive identity and overall functional design ideas for the organization.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Because of the large size of the site, it is suggested that at the forefront of the implementation process, a phasing schedule be constructed. This will allow the construction costs to be phased according to which elements have priority or by spacially focusing on specific areas of the site.

Additionally, logos, signage, and other elements that create a site idenity should be developed. This is imperative to forming a cohesive vision and identity for the site that reflects the tenets of the organization.

conclusions

89

appendix

appendix

93

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Co-Housing:

The Co-housing Association of the United States provides a wealth of information regarding co-housing and sustainable design. They offer the following points about the practice on their web site (cohousing.org):

While these characteristics aren’t always true of every co-housing community, together they serve to distinguish co-housing from other types of collaborative housing:

Participatory process. Future residents participate •in the design of the community so that it meets their needs. Some co-housing communities are initiated or driven by a developer. In those cases, if the developer brings the future resident group into the process late in the planning, the residents will have less input into the design. A


94

Resident management. Residents manage their •own co-housing communities, and also perform much of the work required to maintain the property. They participate in the preparation of common meals, and meet regularly to solve problems and develop policies for the community.

Non-hierarchical structure and decision-making. •Leadership roles naturally exist in co-housing communities, however no one person (or persons) has authority over others. Most groups start with one or two “burning souls.” As people join the group, each person takes on one or more roles consistent with his or her skills, abilities or interests. Most co-housing groups make all of their decisions by consensus, and, although many groups have a policy for voting if the group cannot reach consensus after a number of attempts, it is rarely or never necessary to resort to voting.

well-designed, pedestrian-oriented community without significant resident participation in the planning may be “co-housing-inspired,” but it is not a co-housing community.

Neighborhood design. The physical layout •and orientation of the buildings (the site plan) encourage a sense of community. For example, the private residences are clustered on the site, leaving more shared open space. The dwellings typically face each other across a pedestrian street or courtyard, with cars parked on the periphery. Often, the front doorway of every home affords a view of the common house. What far outweighs any specifics, however, is the intention to create a strong sense of community, with design as one of the facilitators.

Common facilities. Common facilities are •designed for daily use, are an integral part of the community, and are always supplemental to the private residences. The common house typically includes a common kitchen, dining area, sitting area, children’s playroom and laundry, and also may contain a workshop, library, exercise room, crafts room and/or one or two guest rooms. Except on very tight urban sites, co-housing communities often have playground equipment, lawns and gardens as well. Since the buildings are clustered, larger sites may retain several or many acres of undeveloped shared open space.

appendix

95

No shared community economy. The community •is not a source of income for its members. Occasionally, a co-housing community will pay one of its residents to do a specific (usually time-limited) task, but more typically the work will be considered that member’s contribution to the shared responsibilities.

Sustainable Sites Initiative

The Sustainable Sites Initiative released a Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks publication in 2009 that can serve as a guide when developing sustainable landscapes. The entire report can be found at (www.sustainablesites.org/report/).

references

references

99

REFERENCES

Alshuwaikhat, Habib M, and Danjuma I. Nkwenti. “Developing Sustainable Cities in Arid Regions.” Cities 19 (2002). Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (Accessed September 16, 2009).

“Ayurveda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda (accessed November 8, 2009).

“Cedar Springs Renewal Center.” Cedar Springs Weight Loss Retreat Healing Renewal Center Body Cleansing. http://www.cedarsprings.org/onsite/index.php (accessed February 17, 2010).

“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” http://www.cdc.gov/ (Accessed November 11, 2009).

“The Center for Ecological Health Research, University of California, Davis.” http://rachel.des.ucdavis.edu/cehr/ (Accessed December 4, 2009).

“Center for Sustainable Destinations, Geotourism, Places, Tips, Articles -- National Geographic.” National Geographic. http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/sustainable/ (Accessed March 4, 2010).

Climate Change 2007 - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Climate Change 2007). 1 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

“City of Tucson Development Standards, 2008.” City of Tucson. www.tucsonaz.gov/dsd (Accessed January 12, 2010).

“Cohousing in Tucson, Arizona : UnSprawl Case Study : Terrain.org.” Terrain.org: A Journal of the Built & Natural Environments : Issue No. 25 : Virtually There. http://www.terrain.org/unsprawl/16/ (Accessed February 3, 2010).

Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use, Transportation Research Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. “Does the built environment influence physical activity? Examining the evidence.” Transportation Research Board Special Report 282. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

“Constructed Wetlands for low-cost wastewater treatment and nature conservation.” http://www.constructedwetlands.org/cw/index.cfm (Accessed March 2, 2010).

“Definition of Western medicine - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms.” National Cancer Institute - Comprehensive Cancer Information. http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/?CdrID=454743 (accessed April 23, 2010).

“Findhorn Foundation: Spiritual Community, Ecovillage and Education Centre.” Findhorn Foundation. http://www.findhorn.org (Accessed February 11, 2010).


100

Francis, Mark. “A Case Study Method For Landscape Architecture.” Landscape Journal (2001).

Frank, Lawrence D. and Peter O. Engelke. “The Built Environment and Human Activity Patterns: Exploring the Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health.” Journal of Planning Literature 16 (2001).

Geller, Alyson L.. “Smart Growth: A Prescription for Livable Cities.” American Journal of Public Health 3: (2003).

Gross, Raz, Yehuda Sasson, Moshe Zarhy, and Joseph Zohar. “Healing Environment in Psychiatric Hospital Design.” General Hospital Psychiatry 20 (1998): 108-114.

Helphand, Kenneth. Dreaming Gardens: Landscape Architecture and the Making of Modern Israel. Santa Fe: The Center for American Places, Inc., 2002.

“Hippocrates Health Institute.” Hippocrates Health Institute. http://www.hippocratesinst.org (Accessed March 7, 2010).

Horiguchi, S. Tradition of Japanese Garden. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (publisher) East West Center Press, 1963.

“Intentional Communities - ecovillages, communes, cohousing, coops.” Intentional Communities - ecovillages, communes, cohousing, coops. http://www.ic.org (Accessed March 3, 2010).

Itoh, Teiji. Space and Illusion in the Japanese Garden. New York: Weahterhill/Tankosha, 1973.

Lancaster, Brad, and Joe Marshall. Rainwater harvesting for drylands: guiding principles to welcome rain into your life and landscape. Vol. 1. Tucson, Ariz: Rainsource Press, 2006.

Lau, Stephen S. Y. and Feng Yang. “Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus: Design Natural Space to Create Healthy and Sustainable Campuses.” Journal of the Landscape Research Group 34 (2009): 55-81.

Lohman, J’Fleur. Interview by Jessica Hawn. Site visit. Milagro Co-housing development, 10 February, 2010.

“Lost Valley Educational.” Lost Valley Educational Center and Community. http://www.lostvalley.org/ (Accessed February 4, 2010).

Luo, Y.. “Programming and conceptual design of a visitors center for a proposed environmental educational center for the city of Logan and Cache County, Utah”. M.L.A. diss., Utah State University, 2007. In Dissertations & Theses: Full Text [database on-line]; available from http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu (publication number AAT 1454853; accessed September 15, 2009).

“Milagro Cohousing.” http://www.milagrocohousing.org (Accessed January 11, 2010).

references

101

Miller, Richard L. and Earl S. Swensson. “New Directions in Hospital and Healthcare Facility Design.” 1995. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.

Mollison, B. C. Permaculture: a designer’s manual. Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari Publications, 1988.

Munshower, Frank F. “Practical Handbook of Disturbed Land Revegetation.” Lewis Publishers, 1994.

“The New Economics Foundation.” The New Economics Foundation. Available at http://www.neweconomics.org/ (Accessed January 11, 2010).

Pargament, Kenneth. “Positive Psychology and Spiritual Research.” International Positive Psychology Association Newsletter. Bowling Green State University: Ohio, 2009.

Pennick, Nigel. “Sacred Geometry: Symblism and Purpose in Religious Structures.” Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Turnstone Press Limited, 1980.

“Permaculture: Earthfirst.” EarthFirst. http://www.earthfirst.co.za (Accessed December 12, 2009).

Preiser, Wolfgang F. E., Jacqueline Vischer, and Edward T. White. Design intervention: toward a more humane architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

“Quality of Life”. Dictionary of Human Geography (5th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

“Quality of life - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life (Accessed February 17, 2010).

“Qigong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qigong (accessed November 24, 2009).

“Rainwater Observer.” http://www.rainwatercollecting.com (Accessed January 17, 2010).

Rauma, Peter. 2003. “What Makes a Healing Garden?” Nursing Homes: Long Term Care Management 52, no. 10: 50-55. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 16, 2009).

Ruga W. “A healing environment, by design”. Modern Healthcare 30 (2000).

“Sacred geometry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry (Accessed March 3, 2010).

“SULIS - Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series: U of MN..” SULIS - Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series: U of MN. http://www.sustland.umn.edu/design/healinggardens.html (Accessed February 27, 2010).

“ Tierra Nueva Cohousing.” Tierra Nueva Cohousing. http://tncoho.com (Accessed January 23, 2010).


102

IMAGE CREDITS

University of Nebraska Lincoln: elkhorn.unl.edu/.../build/graphics/g1474-2.jpg

Texas Parks and Wildlife: http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/learning/texas_nature_trackers/black_tailed_prairie_dog/

Trail Running: http://cache.prolitegear.com/prolitegear/images/large/trail_running_1_lg.jpg and

Gym Class: http://culturetransition.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/gym-class.jpg

Qui Gong: www.feeltheqi.com

Methodists Womens Hospital, 2010http://www.methodistforwomen.org/images/image/HPIM1477.JPG

Japanese Zen Garden:www.gaialandscapedesignbackgrounds.ne

Hippocrates Health Institute:http://www.hippocratesinst.org/About-Us/Facilities.aspx

Lost Valley http://www.suburbanpermaculture.org/CSCC/circle.jpg

The Rainwater Observer:http://www.rainwatercollecting.com/blog/

UCLA School of Public Health Magazine. “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” November 2003. University of California, Los Angeles (2003).

Ulrich, Roger S. (1981). Natural Versus Urban Scenes: Some Psychophysiological Effects. Environment and Behavior, 13 (5), 523-553.

“The Use of CAM in the United States [NCCAM News and Events].” National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM] - nccam.nih.gov Home Page. http://nccam.nih.gov/news/camstats/2007/camsurvey_fs1.htm (Accessed November 11, 2009).

“USGBC: U.S. Green Building Council.” USGBC: U.S. Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org/ (Accessed January 21, 2010).

“World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics.” World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics. http://www.adherents.com (Accessed December 4, 2009).

“WHO Western Pacific Region - Press releases - WHO calls for stepped-up action on holistic medical care.” WHO Western Pacific Region - Home. http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr20082609.htm (Accessed November 11, 2009).

“Yachana Lodge.” Yachana Lodge. http://www.yachana.com (accessed March 2, 2010).

references

103

Arcosanti: www.arcosanti.com

Earthships: www.Earthship.net

---------

All aerial photography courtesy of Google Maps unless otherwise stated.

All images property of the author unless otherwise stated.

Master's Report

Documents

Transcript of Master's Report