Master Thesis Seminar
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Transcript of Master Thesis Seminar
Potentiality of four willow varieties for Phytoremediation
in a Pot Experiment
Master Thesis Seminar II MDP Wood Material Science
Supervisor:Prof. Ari Pappinen
Contents..
• Introduction• Objectives• Materials & Methods• Results & Discussion• Conclusion
02.05.2023Potentiality of willow clones in Phytoremediation / Mohsin 2
Introduction
• Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a global disaster that is related to human activities such as mining, energy and fuel production, power transmission, intensive agriculture, sludge dumping, and melting operations.
• The main reason of pollution sources are emission, effluents and solid discharge from industries, excessive use of insecticides, pesticides and the use of municipal wastes in agriculture (McGrath et al. 2001)
• Numerous efforts have been undertaken recently to find methods of removing heavy metals from soil, such as phytoremediation. Some methods, such as soil washing, have an adverse effect on biological activity, soil structure and fertility, and some require significant engineering costs.
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Contaminated Sites In Finland
• In Finland, SAMASE (National project on the research and remediation of contaminated soils). According to this project 10,000 contaminated sites were detected in Finland (Puolanne 1994).
• Number of contaminated sites in Finland has been updated and the current figure is 21,000 (Finish Environment Institute).
• In the last 20 years 4000 sites have been remediated and the estimated cost that is being recorded for the reclamation of these sites is about 50-70 M euro (Pajukallio).
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Phytoremediation: The Key to Clean Soil
• The generic term ‘phytoremediation’ consists of the Greek word phyto means (Plant) and connected to the Latin root remediation (to remove) (Cunningham et al. 1996).
• Phytoremediation technology is recent methodology for to compete with polluted soils in 1983 Chaney proposed the idea of this technology. Phytoremediation is an emerging auspicious tool that is the part of realistic research in which environmental pollutants are eliminated or rendering them harmless by the use of green plants.
02.05.2023Phytoremediation/ Mohsin 5
Forms of Phyto...
Phytoextraction• Transformation of
metals from soil to plant biomass
Rhizofiltration• Plant roots absorb
and precipitate toxic metal from polluted effluents
Phytostabilization• Plants eliminate the
bioavailability of toxic metals in soils
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PhytoremediationTechnology
• Innovative, Cheapest technology• Applicable for wide range of contaminants• encompasses a number of different
methods • Approach for cleanup of contaminated
soils and waterMerits
• Time consuming method (may take several growing season)
• High Contaminants concentration• Climatic condition• Root depth
Limitation
02.05.2023 7
Aim
• The main objective of this study was to characterize four different Salix clones in terms of growth and productivity, under different fertilization treatment and soil types in order to know how heavy metals (Cu,Cr,Ni,Cd and Zn) affect plants growth and which varieties are the most suitable to carry out tasks of phytoremediation.
• To determine the ability of willow clones to uptake harmful metals in different treatment
02.05.2023Phytoremediation/Mohsin 8
Salix in phytoremediation
• Salix are adapted to grow in harsh sites• Grow rapidly, don't require optimum soil conditions• High yield obtained on SR• Ability to regenerate from stools • Fibrous root system• Resistant to uptake heavy metals
02.05.2023Esityksen nimi / Tekijä 9
Materials and MethodsThe experiment was carried out in at the University of Eastern Finland in Joensuu
Willow Clones• Salix myrsinifolia, Salix schwerinii, Karin and Klara
Water:Pyhasalmi WaterPyahasalmi water+Fertilzer
Soil Group• Control Lime, Ash• Contaminated Lime,Ash
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Scheme of Experiement
Clones:• Shoots were collected in winter (+ 4°C) before establishing the experiments. • Cuttings 20 cm long and about 0.5- 2 cm thick (GH)• Growing chambers: karin+klara (29.01.2013 ) myrsi+Shwe (15.02.2013)• Total 348 willow clones were used Soil:• Pyhasalmi soil was kept in GH for air dried and sieved to <10 mm.• pH of the soil was (4) measured (glass electrode)• Addition of lime and ash to increase pH Water:• Contd water and contd +fertilizer water (three times a week)• fertilizer was added to increase mainly the N, P and K concentration• 27,5 g of fertilizer to 110 L of Contamianted water.
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Measurements• Willows height was measured each week
• At the end of the experiment Roots, stems and leaves of willows were harvested.
• All samples were weighted and put into an incubator to dry at 40°C.
• Chemical Analysis (Soil+Biomass)• Inductively Coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP)
Statistical Analysis • To detect a significant difference in the experimental groups, analysis of variances
(p<0.05) was done GLM (generalized linear model ) with SPSS ver 21(Olena et al 2011).
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Soil Analysis (Sequential Extraction)
SE is an analytical process that chemically leaches metals out of soil.(2gm soil 50 ml polypropylene copolymer tube) Fractions:Water soluble (DI) extract all exchangeable, acid and water soluble metalsExchangeable (MgCl)Carbonate BF (HydroxyammoniumCl) to extract all reducible metalsOB (H2O2) to extract all oxidized able metalsResidual (aqua regia) to extract all remaining, non-silica bound metals.
02.05.2023Esityksen nimi / Tekijä 13
Results and Discussion
02.05.2023 14
Biomass Production
S. schwerinii S. myrsinifolia Klara Karin0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00 Control + lime Control + AshContaminated soil + lime Contaminated soil + Ash
Varieties
Dry
wei
ght,
gm
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02.05.2023 16
S. schwerinii S. myrsinifolia Klara Karin0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 Control + lime Control + AshContaminated soil + lime Contaminated soil + Ash
Varieties
Rel
ativ
e he
ight
, cm
Cu Concentration in Salix
02.05.2023Phytoremediation/ Mohsin 17
SS SM KL KR0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Leaves
Cont L Cont A CL CA
Salix Clones
Cu
Con
c m
g/kg
SS SM KL KR0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Shoots
Clean Lime Clean Ash Contd LimeContd Ash
Salix Clones
Cu
Con
c m
g/kg
SS SM KL KR0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Roots
Clean Lime Clean AshContd Lime Contd Ash
Salix Clones
Cu
met
al c
onc
mg/
kg
Zn Uptake
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SS SM KL KR0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Leaves
Clean LimeClean AshContd LimeContd Ash
Salix clones
Zn c
onc
mg/
kg
SS SM KL KR0
50
100
150
200
250
Shoots
Clean LimeClean AshContd LimeContd Ash
Salix Varities
Zn c
onc
mg/
kg
SS SM KL KR0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Roots
Clean LimeClean AshContd LimeContd Ash
Salix Clones
Zn c
onc
mg/
kg
Ni, Cd and Cr Concentration
02.05.2023 19
Schwerinii myrsinifolia Klara Karin0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ni
Clean Lime
Clean AshContd Lime
Contd Ash
Ni C
once
ntra
tion
mg/
kg
Discussion
• The results show that much higer concentaion of Cu and Zn found in biomass. Salix have ability to continue growth in the presence of heavy metals.
• No significant difference found in control lime as compared to contamianted lime.• The variation among control lime& ash was not so very large.• In karin and klara clones fertilzer showed greater effects, but contamiants enhancement
reduced biomass growth in karin & klara.• The average height of salix myrsinifolia was smaller than schwerinii but biomass was same.• Schwerinii were as expected higher grwoth in control soil with fertilizer (lime&ash). • There is quite small significant diff was found among fertilzer and without fertlizer
treatment in schwerinii.• In myrsinifolia biomass grwoth was significant in control and contamianted soil. Biomass
estiamted same in both schwerinii & myrsinifolia.• Better results were found in contaminated lime than ash.
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• Removal of Zn and Cu was highest by salix schwerinii and Karin respectively . Suitable for phytoextraction.
• Cr and Ni firmly bound to soil its plant accumulation was insufficient.
• Effect of ash and lime remained similar in term of plant growth in each type of soil (klara & Karin). Karin & schwerinii expressed the better results in contaminated soil it could be a better choice for phytoremediation
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Conclusions• Salix clones are able to grow in the presence of heavy metals .• Contaminated soil reduced the growth of plant but addition of fertilizer helped the tree to
enhanced the productivity.• The main limiting factor is nutrients in the contaminated soil than heavy metals.• Strategy for overcoming plant stress in phytoremediation is to use plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR)• Recent researches in ecological engineering has shows that willow has considerable potential
for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated land • Long term field trials are required to further investigate the potential of willow to reclaimed
the soil. But this could be undertaken in conjunction with actual remediation schemes.• However, the differences in element accumulation among the clones were affected more by
the properties of clones than by the soil properties.• Removal of toxic heavy metals from a soil matrix by the addition of ethylene diamine tetra
acetic acid (EDTA) is an effective means of remediation. (Herbert et al., 1993)• Possibility to extend this kind of experiment to other species such as birch, aspen.
02.05.2023Phytoremediation/ Mohsin 22
Thank you for your attention!
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