Massive Integration of Offshore Offshore_Wind_Power... · Massive Integration of Offshore ......

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Santiago de Chile - Chile

Santiago de Chile8th August 2012

Massive Integration of OffshoreWind Power using HVDC

Fran

cisc

oM

. Gon

zale

z-Lo

ngat

t@fglongatt@fglongatt

Department of Electrical EngineeringCoventry, United Kingdom

Asociacion Venezolana de Energia Eolica

Photo: http://www.bard‐offshore.de/media/fotos.html

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Historical Perspective on HVDC Transmission

This section presents a brief history and facts related to the HVDC transmission systems

AC versus DC

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War of Currents: AC versus DCWar of Currents

• George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison became adversariesdue to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electricpower distribution over alternating current (AC) advocated byseveral European companies and Westinghouse Electric based inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania

George Westinghouse, Jr(October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914)

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

− Thomas Edison (DC) vs George Westinghouse (AC)− AC won…or so it seemed.− Why?

However, AC transmission is hard to control(power flows where it wants to flow)High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)transmission is more efficient and morecontrollable

“Take warning! Alternating currents are dangerous, they are fit only for the electric chair”, Thomas A. Edison

(1847-1931)3

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The beginning• 1882 – First Demo of 1.5 kW HVDC

• Marcel Deprez was a Frenchman who created the DCdistribution system for the Exposition in Paris helped Millercreate the first long distance high voltage direct currenttransmission ever.

• They transmitted 1,500 watts at 2000 volts over 35 miles fromMiesbach (the foothills of the Alps) to the Glaspalast in Munich.

Marcel Deprez (December 12, 1843 - October 13, 1918)

“The two systems shake hands fraternally in order to give each other help and assistance…” (1889) R.

Thury

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Thury Systems (1/2)• 1889 – Rene Thury developed a

new 630 kW system transmittedpower at 14 kV DC over 120 km.

• He was known for his work with highvoltage direct current electricitytransmission and was known in theprofessional world as the "King of DC.

Schematic diagram of a Thury HVDC transmission system

René Thury (August 7, 1860 – April 23, 1938)

In 1882, Thury's 6 pole dynamos were more compact than Edison's. The small 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) version produced 22 kW at 600 rpm, while a larger 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) version produced 66 kW at 350 rpm

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Thury Systems (2/2)• 1913 – fifteen Thury systems were in place up to 100 kV

• 1930 – Thury system were obsolete due the rotatingmachinery required high maintenance and had high energyloss.

NameConverter Station 1

Converter Station 2

Cable (km)

Overhead line (km)

Voltage (kV)

Power (MW)

Year of inaug.

Year of decomm.

Remarks

Gorzente River -Genoa DC

transmission scheme

Italy -Gorzente

RiverItaly - Genoa ? ? 6 ? 1889 ?

upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power

of 2.5 MW and a length of

120 km, dismantled

La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission

scheme

Switzerland -?

Switzerland -?

? ? 14 ? 1897 ? dismantled

St. Maurice -Lausanne DC

transmission scheme

Switzerland -St. Maurice

Switzerland -Lausanne

? ? 22 3.7 1899 ? dismantled

Lyon-Moutiers DC transmission scheme

France -Lyon

France -Moutiers

10 190 ±75 30 1906 1936

Wilesden-IronbridgeDC transmission

scheme

UK -Wilesden

UK -Ironbridge

22.5 ? 100 ? 1910 ?

Chambéry DC transmission scheme

France - ? France - ? ? ? 150 ? 1925 1937

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Early History• 1906~1936 –Mountiers-Lyon System transmitted 8,600 kW

over 190km, 10km which was underground.

• 1932 – General Electric used mercury-vapor valves and a 12kV DC transmission line in Mechanicville, New York.

• 1941- Berlin used a similar line underground, however,project terminated due to the fall of government in 1945.

At the Moutiers power plant, there were four generators switched in series, whereby one turbine drove two generators. As the power demand changed, the number of generator switched in series varied, and so did the voltage in the transmission line.The line was bipolar with a maximum of 75,000 volts to ground and so 150,000 volts between the conductors. The line was 200 kilometres long, with 190 kilometres run overhead and 10 kilometres as paper insulated underground cable. Originally the cable was rated for 75 A, but was later run with 150 A. Even after this increase in current the cable was still in good condition when the scheme was dismantled in 1936

HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady was the first experimental HVDC transmission line in the United States. Built in 1932, the circuit traversed 37 kilometres (23 mi) from Mechanicville, New York to Schenectady, New York.The system used mercury arc rectifiers at a voltage of 20,000 volts and a rated power of 5 MW. The facility was dismantled after World War II.

Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station

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Modern History• 1950- First modern HVDC system was in service between

Sweden and the island Gotland (ASEA Swedish industrycompany), rated 20MW, 100kVdc

• 1960- Three additional order were received by ASEA in NewZeland, Sweden/Denmark, and Japan.

Mercury arc valve at Ygne, Gotland

Thyristor valves at Ygne converter station, Gotland

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Modern History• 1961 1st Cross Channel link from England to France rated

160MW, 100kVdcThe first HVDC Cross-Channel went into service in 1961 between static inverter plants at Lydd in England and Echinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, inFrance. This scheme was equipped with mercury vapour rectifiers. In order to keep the disturbances of the magnetic compasses of passing ships as smallas possible, a bipolar cable was used. The cable had a length of 64 kilometres (40 mi) and was operated symmetrically at a voltage of ±100 kV and amaximum current of 800 amperes. The maximum transmission power of this cable was 160 megawatts (MW). The cable was built by ABB Group.

Anglo-French InterconnectorEchinghen, near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

Lydd in England

52km

225 kV, 60Hz

275 kV, 50Hz

Électricité de France

CEGB (the Central Electricity Generating Board UK)

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Modern History• 1964 Volgograd-Donbass overhead line link rated 750MW

400kVdc and 450km long The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a high voltage direct current line between the static inverter plants at Volzhskaya (situated near the hydro-electric power plant Volgograd) and Mikhailovskaya in the Donbass area, which went into service in 1964.

It consists of a 475 kilometre long overhead line.The static inverters of the HVDC Volgograd-Donbassare equipped with mercury arc rectifiers for a voltage of 100 kV and a maximum current of 940 ampere, which were partly replaced at the beginning of the 90's by thyristors.The HVDC Volgograd-Donbass is a bipolar HVDC with an operating voltage of 400 kV. It can transfer a maximum power of 750 megawatts.

475 Km

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Recent History• 1969- First HVDC system to use solid state valves.

• 1970s – First HVDC system implemented within an ACnetwork (Los Angeles, California).

• 1972 Eel River Canada back-to-back rated at 320MW 1stthyristor based link

• First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in1979.

It is Commissioned in 1972, bwteween Hydro-Quebec (QHQ)and the New Brunswick Electric Power Comission (NBEPC).it supplies 320 MW at 80 kV d.c.

The link is of zero length and connects two a.c. systems of thesame nominal frequency (60Hz).

The largest thyristors used in converter valves have blockingvoltages of the order of kilovolts and currents of the order 100sof amperes.

Source: HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System Interactions by K. R. Padiyar

Eel River Controller

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Recent History• 1986 - 2nd Cross Channel link from England to France rated

2x1000MW 270kVdc – still the largest power cable link“Interconnexion France Angleterre” (IFA)Connection to France; Owned by National Grid and RTEBecause the first installation did not meet increasing requirements, it was replaced in 1985–1986 by a new HVDC line with a maximum transmission rate of 2,000 MW between France and Great Britain, for which two new static inverter plants were built in Sellindge (UK) and in Bonningues-lès-Calais (Les Mandarins station), near Calais, (France).

The cable and substations were built by Areva.

This HVDC-link is 73 kilometres (45 mi) long in route, with 70 kilometres (43 mi) between the two ends.

The undersea section consists of eight 46 kilometres (29 mi) long 270 kV submarine cables (four pairs), laid between Folkestone (UK) and Sangatte (France), arranged as two independent bipoles.

The landside parts of the link consist of 8 cables with lengths of 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) in England, and 6.35 kilometres (3.95 mi) in France

Interconnexion France-Angleterre : Station de conversion courant alternatif-courant continu des Mandarins (Pas de Calais)

http://www.rte-france.com/fr/mediatheque/medias/infrastructures-62-fr/interconnexions-interconnexions-fr

In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers have been made from France to UK, supplying the equivalent of 3 million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in Europe for clean electricity, and increasing electricity demand within France

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Recent History• 1984-87 Itaipu Brazil 2x3150 600kVdc 800km overhead line

linkThe HVDC Itaipu is a High Voltage Direct Current transmission line in Brazil from the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant to the region of São Paulo.The project has two bipolar lines, which run from the generator site at Foz do Iguaçu in Paraná to the "load" (user) site Ibiúna near São Roque, São Paulo.

The lines were put in service in several steps between 1984 and 1987, and are among the major installations of HVDC in the world

Bipole 1.1. stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW in July 19842. stage: + 300kV,2362.5 MW in April 1985

- 600 kV3. stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW in May 19864.stage: ± 300 kV, 1575 MW commissioned

Bipole 2.5.stage: + 300 kV, 2362,5 MW at the

- 600 kV same time by6.stage: ± 600 kV, 3150 MW August, 1987

Simplified diagram of the Itaipu Transmission System

SOURCE: ITAIPU HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 10 YEARS OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE, http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/81f41178f000ca94c1256fda004aead6/$file/sepope2.pdf

Itaipu HVDC System maincircuit and evolution

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Recent History• First active DC filters for

outstanding filtering performance in 1994.

• First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in Argentina-Brazil interconnection, 1998

“Garabi” the Argentina – Brazil 1000 MW Interconnection Commissioning and Early Operating Experience

Source: http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/336dd56474cadec5c1256fda004aeadd/$file/erlac01.pdf

60Hz60Hz

50Hz

50Hz

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Recent History• First Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for transmission in

Gotland, Sweden , 50MW 80kVdc, 1999

Backs

Nas

Wind Farms

P = 50 MWD = 70 kmVdc = 80kVBipolar

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Recent History• 2010 Borwin 1 400MW 150kVdc, VSC 1st large offshore

wind farm connection

•By 2015, the DolWin2 wind farm will be connected with theworld’s largest offshore HVDC system.

http://www.tennettso.de

125 km sea cable

400 MW Offshoreconverter

Source: ABB

400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shorestation on platform with sub-sea structure

80 Wind Turbines40 m Deep100 km

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Recent History• 2011 XianJiba- Shanghai 6400MW 800kVdc (next year there

will be a 7200MW link commissioned in China

2,071km

±800kV DC

FulongSubstation

FengXiangSubstation

State Grid Corporation of China

Source: ABB

Source: ABB

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Recent History: Evolution of Voltage

China 2011Evolution of the voltage level used on HVDC Systems

18

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Development of HVDC TransmissionWorldwide installed

HVDC “Capacity”: 80 GW in 2005

1951, Kashira-Moscow 30 MW

This is 1.8% of the Worldwideinstalled generation capacity

Sources: Cigre WG B4-04 2003 – IEEE T&D Committee 2006

Additionally, over 104 GW are expected from China alone by 2020

Development of DC Transmission Worldwide installed Capacity

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HVDC Installation around the World

This section present a general picture of the deployment of HVDC systems around the world.

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HVDC Installation around the World

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UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV

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UHVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV in China

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Drivers of the Expansion on HVDC Market• China is building vast quantities of generation in the west but most load is in

the east. By end of decade approx 20 HVDC links of 800kVdc 5GW+ ratingto be commissioned

• Brazil has major generation planned in the north but with major loads in thesouth Offshore windfarms in Europe and North America

• Plans for multi-GW solar generation in N Africa to be transmitted to Europe

• Constraints on building transmission lines particularly in Europe

• Development of XLPE cables suitable for dc use.MW Installed/ordered

Year

Pow

er -

MW

24

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Alternatives of Power Transmission

This section discuses the alternatives of electric power transmission

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Alternatives for Power Transmission• High Voltage (HV) and Ultra High Voltage (UHV) serves a dual

purpose:

– System interconnection: Operate the whole system inperfect synchronism often prevents the transfer of power byalternating current.

– Bulk energy transfer: there are various alternatives, not allof them involving electric-power transmission, and aneconomic assessment is essential in each case.

26

High Voltage AC High Voltage Direct Current

500 kV conventional as also series compensated750 kV conventional as also series compensated1200 kV conventional as also series compensated

± 500 kV bipole± 550 kV bipole± 600 kV bipole± 800 kV bipole

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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC• During the latter part of the 19th century, electricity started to

become increasingly important for society.

• The three-phase alternating current has been the dominantoption for the transmission of electric power over long distances.

• Developments led to higher voltages, increasing the scope forthe transmission of more power over greater distances.

Development of Voltages Levelsfor AC Power Transmission

110 kV Lauchhamme–Riesa/Germany (1911)

220 kV Brauweiler-Hohenec/Germany (1929)

287 kV Boulder Dam/USA (1932)

380 kV Harsptanget-Halsberg/ Sweden (1952)

735 kV Montreal-Manicouagan/Canada (1965)

1 1200 kV Ekibastuz-Kokchetav (1985)1

23

1

2

4

5

6

3

5

6

4

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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC

Resistance: 0.0107Ω/kmReactance : 0.267 Ω/kmCapacitance: 14.15 nF/kmSurge Impedance: 245 ΩSurge Impedance Load: 4080MWCharging impedance load: 4.45MVAr/kmMaximum Surface gradient: 14.7 kV/cm

Voltage 1000 kVPhase conductor wire 8x403/52 ACSROuter diameter 27.7 mmSub conductor spacing 400 mm

28

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High Voltage Alternating Current: HVAC

Bundle of 8Conductors

1000 kV Test Line in China

Rated Voltage:1000 kV

Maximum OperationVoltage: 1100 kV

29

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Limitation of HVAC• Some limitation of HVAC systems are:

– Distance limitation: The power carrying capability of an ACline is inversely proportional to the transmission distancewhere as DC is not affected by the distance.

– Line compensation: AC transmission lines requirecompensators which reduce the problem of charging currents

– Asynchronous connection: HVDC controllability allows toconnect AC grids of different frequencies.

– Frequent tripping: large power oscillations in the AC gridcan lead to frequent tripping and disturbances can betransmitted from one system to another.

30

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Limitation of AC transmission Line

System Modeling for Line Loadibility

Max Angular Displacement = 44º

Max Voltage Drop = 5%

Source: EPRI

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Limitation of AC transmission Line• Limitation of AC transmission line

Typical values of SIL for overhead transmission lines

Note: No series or shunt compensation

Lin

e L

oad

abil

ity-

p.u

. of

SIL

765 kV1500 kV

Ratedvoltage

[kV]

Thermal Limit[MW]

SIL[MW]

230 400 135-145

345 1.200 325-425

500 2.600 850-1075

765 5.400 2.200-2.300

1100 24.000 5.200

32

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Alternatives for Power Transmission

AC transmission is here tostay …but is not perfect

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Comparison between HVDC and HVAC

This section presents a simple comparison between the HVDC and HVAC transmission

systems

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Electric Power Transmission

HVAC HVDC

12 sin( )s Rs R

E EP

X

2

12 cos( )s s Rs R

E E EQ

X

Ud1 Ud2

R

21 2

12d dU U

PR

P

Rectifier Rectifier

+ -+

-

+

-1dU

2dU

RUI

1 2d dU UI

R

1 1.dP U I2 2.( )dP U I

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Electric Power Transmission using HVDC

10 Ω1000 A

Inverter

300 kV 290 kV

10 Ω2000 A

Inverter

310 kV 290 kV

10 Ω1000 A

Rectifier

290 kV 300 kV

300 290 101000

10 10

kV kV kVI A

1 300 .1000 300P kV A MW

2 290 .( 1000 ) 290P kV A MW

310 290 202000

10 10

kV kV kVI A

1 310 .2000 600P kV A MW

2 290 .( 2000 ) 580P kV A MW

( 290 ) ( 300 ) 101000

10 10

kV kV kVI A

1 ( 290 ).1000 290P kV A MW

2 ( 300 ).( 1000 ) 300P kV A MW

Inverter

Rectifier

Rectifier

300MW

600MW

290 MW

+

‐

+

‐

+

‐

+

‐

+

‐

+

‐

36

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Economical ConsiderationsComparison

Conclusions

• HVDC is more economical for transmission distances longerthan the break-even distance

• If capitalization of losses and right-of-way cost are included inthe cost comparison, the break-even distance is further reduced

Terminal Cost

Line Cost

Righ-of-Way-Cost

Higher

Lower

Lower

Lower

Higher

Higher

HVACHVDC

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Capitalised Losses / Break-Even-Distance• The AC system tend to be more economical for distances below

the breakeven distance and DC system become economicalabove the break even distance.

• The breakeven distance depends on factors such as thetransmission medium and local factors.

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Right-of-Way

50 m

± 500 kV DCroute width:50m

800 kV ACroute width:85m

110 m

2x500 kV ACroute width:110m

± 500 kV DC 800 kV AC 2x500 kV AC

Typical Transmission Line Structures for approx. 2000 MW

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Applications of HVDC

This section presents an introduction of the most frequent application of HVDC systems

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Applications of HVDC

AC System 1 AC System 2

1U 1

1f

2U 2

2f

AC System 1

1U 1

1f

AC System 2

2U 2

2f

DC link in parallel with AC links

DC link between two AC networks

41

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Emergency Frequency Control

Emergency frequency Control• HVDC can rapidly increase or reversepower flow direction to compensateunbalance active power to recover systemfrequency.

• When a large generator is tripped, the system frequency falls down over acceptable level.

42

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Automatic Frequency ControlAutomatic Frequency Control• When you require to improve frequency deviation in normal operation and after large disturbances, application of Automatic Frequency control (AFC) function is recommended.

Frequency Detector

Frequency Detector

-

+

-

+

+-

Converter Control

ObserverState Feedback

ServeFrequency Reference

43

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Power Swing Damping ControlPower Swing Damping Control

• The modulation control of the DC power improves power swingstability and effectively dampes power oscillations, (this function isnot limited for HVDC-HVAC line in parallel, but also applies toHVDC linked between two AC networks)

44

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Commutation Techniques for HVDC Converters

This sections introduces the commutation techniques used on HVDC converters

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Natural Commutated Converters (NCC) (1/2)• This technique relies on the natural reversal of the sinusoidal ac

line voltage across the valves of the converter.

• Natural commutated converters are most used in the HVDCsystems as of today (LCC Systems).

• The component that enables this conversion process is thethyristor, which is a controllable semiconductor that can carryvery high currents (4000 A) and is able to block very highvoltages (up to 10 kV).

8.5kV, 125mm thyristor

Thyristor column

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Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)• An improvement in the thyristor-based commutation, the CCC

concept is characterised by the use of commutation capacitorsinserted in series between the converter transformers and thethyristor valves.

• The commutation capacitors improve the commutation failureperformance of the converters when connected to weaknetworks.

Filter SeriesCapacitor

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Capacitor Commutated Converters (CCC)• Reactive power through converter transformer is minimized which reduce

converter transformer rating.

• Current through commutation capacitors can be controlled by firing of thevalve.

• Voltage across capacitors is controlled by the current through the DC current.

• No AC side zero sequence current through capacitors - valve side of thetransformers winding are not grounded.

• Stresses of the commutation capacitors is reduced.

Reactive power ratings for a classic converter and a CCC

0.483filterQ 0.127transfoQ 0.356vQ

0Q

0.13filterQ 0.115transfoQ 0.358vQ

0Q 0.343cQ

600 1.0 .P MW p u

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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• The valves of these converters are built up with semiconductors

with the ability not only to turn-on but also to turn-off.

• Two types of semiconductors are normally used in the voltagesource converters: the Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) or theInsulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT).

• Both of them have been in frequent use in industrial applicationssince early eighties.

• They are known as Voltage Source Converters (VSC).

2.5kV, 3kA GTO Thyristor

3.3kV, 1.2 kA IGBT

GTO IGBT

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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• The operation of the converter is achieved by Pulse Width

Modulation (PWM).

• With PWM it is possible to create any phase.

• This type of converters introduces a spectrum of advantages, e.g.feed of passive networks (without generation), independentcontrol of active and reactive power, power quality.

02

3

2

2

acU

2dcU

2dcU

acU

2dcU

+-

+

-

+

-

2dcU

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Forced Commutated Converters (FCC)• Thus, PWM offers the possibility to control both active and

reactive power independently.

• This makes the PWM Voltage Source Converter a close to idealcomponent in the transmission network.

• From a transmission network viewpoint, it acts as a motor orgenerator without mass that can control active and reactivepower almost instantaneously.

tranfX lim

2bX

1V 2V 3V

acI

Im

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acI 3V

V

3 1 sinV V

PX

3 31

cosV VQ V

X

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Comparison of LCC and VSC

LCC HVDC– Current-sourced– Line-Commutated

VSC HVDC− Voltage-Sourced

− Self-Commutated

+

‐

Idc

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Comparison of LCC and VSC

LCC HVDC•Use semiconductors which can withstand voltage in either polarity•Output voltage can be either polarity to change power direction •Current direction does not change•Store energy inductively•Use semiconductors which can turn on by control action•Turn-off and “commutation” rely on theexternal circuit

VSC HVDC•Use semiconductors which can pass current in either direction a•Output voltage polarity does notchange•Current direction changes to changePower direction•Store energy capacitively•Use semiconductors which can turn on or off by control action•Turn-off is independent of externalcircuit

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The Multi-Level Approach

2dcU

+

-

-

2dcU

+

acU +-

Small Converter AC Voltage Steps

Low Rate of Voltage Rise

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Modular Multilevel Converters (M2M)• With advances in multilevel converters, the type of multilevel

converter that is attracting attention is the modular multilevelconverter (M2C).

acU +-

+

-

dcU

Low Generation of Harmonics

Low Level of HF-Noise

Low Switching Losses

NO Snubbers required

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Types of HVDC

This section presents several different types of HVDC configurations

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Types of HVDC SystemsDifferent common system configurations and operating modes

used for HVDC transmission

Monopole, Midpoint Grounded

(a) Monopole (b) BipoleBipole

(c) Multi-TerminalMultiterminal

Bipole, Series-ConnectedConverters

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1. Monopole Link• Monopolar systems are the simplest and least expensive systems

for moderate power transfers since only two converters and onehigh-voltage insulated cable or line conductor are required.

• Monopolar link has one conductor and uses either ground and/orsea return.

Since the corona effects in a dc line are substantially less with negative polarity of the conductor as compared to the positive polarity, a monopolar link is normally operated withnegative polarity.

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A. Monopole, Ground Return• The power is transmitted from one converter station to another

station through one conductor (positive or negative polarity) andreturn is grounded at both stations

Low-voltage electrode lines and sea electrodes to carry the returncurrent in submarine cable crossings

I

I

I

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A. Monopole, Metallic Return• The power is transmitted from one converter station to another

converter station through one conductor and metallic conductoris used as return and grounded at one end.

A metallic return can also be used where concerns for harmonicinterference and/or corrosion exist.In applications with dc cables (i.e. HVDC Light), a cable return isused.

I

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B. Monopole, Midpoint Grounded• This is an economic alternative to a monopolar system with

metallic return.

• The midpoint of a 12-pulse converter can be connected to earthdirectly or through an impedance and two half-voltage cables orline conductors can be used.

• The converter is only operated in 12-pulse mode so there is neverany stray earth current.

I/2

I/2

I I

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C. Back-To-Back• Both rectifier and inverter stations are located at same place.

• The normal configuration is to use monopolar blocks, but severalconverter blocks can be installed in parallel, each with separateddc circuit.

In this arrangement there is no dc transmission line and both converters are located at one site.

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C. Back-To-Back• The purpose of this kind of configuration is to connect two

asynchronous systems.

• It reduces the total system cost, due to absence of lines/cables;current rating of the system shall be increased with reducedvoltage.

• Thus, transformer size could be reduced.

60Hz 50Hz

e.g. Itaipu Brazil (60Hz)-Paraguay (50Hz)

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2. Bipolar Link• Bipole has two conductors, upper pole is operating in positive

current and positive voltage and lower pole is operating innegative voltage and negative current.

• Both poles transmit a power in same direction.• It is grounded at both stations.

I

I

+

-

+

-

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2. Bipolar Link• Both poles are operating at equal currents during steady state,

therefore zero current through the ground.

• It can be operating as a single pole during fault at another pole.

I

I

I=0I=0

The most common configuration for modern overhead HVDC transmission lines is bipolar with a single 12-pulse converter for each pole at each terminal.

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A. Bipolar Link: Outages• Monopolar earth return operation, often with overload capacity,

can be used during outages of the opposite pole.

I

I=0

II

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B. Bipole, Metalic Return• Metallic return operation capability is provided for most dc

transmission systems.

• This not only is effective during converter outages but alsoduring line insulation failures where the remaining insulationstrength is adequate to withstand the low resistive voltage drop inthe metallic return path.

I

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2I

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C. Bipole, Series Connected Converters• For very-high-power HVDC

transmission, especially at dcvoltages above ±500 kV (i.e.,±600 kV or ±800 kV), seriesconnected converters can beused to reduce the energyunavailability for individualconverter outages or partial lineinsulation failure.

Bipole, Series-ConnectedConverters

Operating in this mode also avoids the need to transfer to monopolar metallic return to limit the duration of emergency earth return.

Series Connected Converters. two series-connected converters per

pole in a bipolar system, only one quarter of the transmission

capacity is lost for a converter outage or if the line insulation for the affected pole is degraded to

where it can only support half the rated dc line voltage.

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Components of HVDC Systems

This section presents a brief introduction of the components involved on HVDC systems

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Elements of HVDC System• The three main elements of an HVDC system are: the converter

station at the transmission and receiving ends, the transmission medium, and the electrodes.

Terminal A Terminal B

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Overview and Organization of HVDC Systems• Basic structural diagram of a bipolar HVDC system.

Monitoring, Control, Protection

Pole 2

Pole 1

To/From other terminal

1. AC Swichyard2. AC Filters3. Transformers4. Converter Valves5. Smoothing

Reactors and DC Filters

6. DC Swictyards

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Types of HVDC Systems• The detailed structure and components of a HVDC system

depend on the configuration and operating mode.

Monopole, Midpoint Grounded

Bipole

MultiterminalBipole, Series-Connected

Converters

Different common system configurations and operating modes used for HVDC transmission

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Basic HVDC Single Line Diagram• Basic HVDC Single Line Diagram

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HVDC Converter Station Design

Shunt Capacitor

bank

AC filter banks

AC Switch yard

Converter building

DC Switch yard

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

Source: ABBImprovement: FGL


Approximately 80 x 180 meters

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Longquan Converter Station, Panorama View

The Longquan HVDC converter station in China (above) is similar to the converter stations ABB will deliver in Brazil. Converter stations of this type are used in large hydopower transmission projects, in China and other countries.

Source: ABB

Converter Station size:600m x 360m The 500kV LongquanConverter Station is one of supporting the power transmission project for Three Gorges Dam Power Delivery in China. The construction site is located in XiangyanshiVillage of Longquan Town of Yichang County in Hubei Province. Project was completed on June 30, 2002

500KV DC bipolar, transmission capacity of 3000MW, 2 × 6 groups complete duplex valve blocks, each pole with a 12-pulse valve block, 12 units of converter transformers (plus 2 backup), and 8 groups of AC filter for a total 1076Mvar.

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Three Gorges –Guangzhou, Jingzhou

Source: ABB

Two converter stations for the 3,000 MW HVDC power link to transmit electricity from the Three Gorges hydropower plant in central China to the Guangdong province.

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HVDC Classic Converter Station• HVDC-CSC

Converter Transformer

Smoothing Reactor

AC Filters

DC Filters

Converter

DCDCACAC

Thyristor Valves

OutdoorOutdoorIndoorIndoorOutdoorIndoor

Source: ABBSource: ABB

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HVDC Classic

HVDC ClassicThyristor valvesThyristor modulesThyristorsLine commutated

Thyristor Module

3 phase arrangement inside a valve hall (500 kVdc / 825MW)

One valve module, including thyristors, RC snubber circuits and reactors

Valve Arrangement

Direct Light Triggered Thyristor (LTT) and fiber optic connectors

ThyristorSingle Valve

QuadrupleValveDoble

Valve

Source: Siemens

Source: Siemens

Source: Siemens

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HVDC VSC Converter Station• HVDC-VSC

OutdoorOutdoorIndoorIndoorOutdoorIndoor

IGBT Valves

HVDC Light Converter Station

Source: ABB

Source: ABB

Shoreham HVDC Light converter station overview. Shoreham, NY, USA.HVDC Light®

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HVDC Light®

Coolers

AC filters

Phase Reactor

IGBT ValveEnclosures

StakPak™ IGBTs with six and four sub-modules

The HVDC Light® converter station consists of four parts:1. The DC yard, with DC filtering and switches;2. The converter, with the IGBT valves and the converter reactors;3. AC filter yard;4. The grid interface, with power transformer and switches.

Source: ABB

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HVDC Light®

HVDC LightIGBT valvesIGBT valve stacksStakPaksSubmodulesSelf commutated

Two of three thyristor valve stacks used for long distance transmission of power from

Manitoba Hydro dams

IGBT Valve Stacks

StakPak™

Submodule

Chip

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Solid-state converter developmentSource: ABB

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Solid-state converter development

Voltaje (kV)

Current (kA)

4 inch 5 inch6 inch

New Generation of Thyristors6” Thyristor (8 kV /4.5 kA) forXJB-SHA UHVDC Project

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Suspended Valve: AREVASource: Areva

Source: ArevaSou

rce:

Are

va

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Valve Hall

Converter Transformer

Suspended Valvue

Wall Bushing

Source: Siemens

Source: Siemens

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Valvues Hall

Source: ABB

Double Valves 500 kV DC, Zhengping

Chandrapur site

Converter Housing

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

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Baltic Cable, DC yardSource: ABB

Wall Bushing

Converter Bulting

DC Yard

ww

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ve In

tegr

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VDC

Sys

tem

s

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s re

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HVDC Terminal RequirementsAC SwitchyardConnects the Terminal to the AC System

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

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ve In

tegr

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n of

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hore

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d po

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ng H

VDC

Sys

tem

s

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s re

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be

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ny fo

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:


Chandrapur AC yard

Source: ABB

AC Yard

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ve In

tegr

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n of

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VDC

Sys

tem

s

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s re

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Baltic cable, ac side

Source: ABB

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter


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ve In

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VDC

Sys

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s

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HVDC Terminal Requirements

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

AC Filters, Capacitor BanksReactive Power SupplyFilter harmonic Currents

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ve In

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VDC

Sys

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s

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Longquan AC Filters

Source: ABB

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

Capacitor

Reactors

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ve In

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VDC

Sys

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s

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New Zealand, ac filters

Source: ABB

ww

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long

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ve In

tegr

atio

n of

Offs

hore

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VDC

Sys

tem

s

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Shunt Capacitor

Source: ABB

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HVDC Terminal RequirementsConverter Transformers

• Obtain the AC Voltage needed for the required DC Voltage

• Obtain 12-Pulse Operation (Star and Delta Connection)

• Allow for Series Connection of 6-Pulse Bridges

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

Source: Siemens

ww

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tegr

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HVDC Terminal RequirementsSmoothing Reactors and DC Filters

• Smoothen the DC Current

• Avoid Resonance with DC Line

• Limit Interference caused by DC Side Harmonics

DC Switchyard

• Achieve required DC Side Transmission Configuration

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

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ve In

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New Zealand, dc filter

Source: ABB

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter


New Zealand, smoothing reactor

New Zealand, DC Filterw

ww

.fglo

ngat

t.org

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Mas

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Inte

grat

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of O

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HVD

C S

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ms

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New Zealand, sound barriers

Source: ABB

ACFilter

DCFilter

DCFilter

800kV HVDC Smoothing Reactor 4000A 75mH

Sound Barriers

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ve In

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s

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DC Smoothing Reactors•Connected in series in each converter with each pole• Decreases harmonic voltages and currents in the DC line• Smooth the ripple in the DC current and prevents the current from becoming discontinuous at light loads• Limits crest current (di/dt) in the Rectifier due to a short circuit on DC line• Limits current in the bypass valve firing due to the discharge of the shunt capacitances of the dc line.

•Two Smoothing Reactors per pole•Inductance - 125mH

•Nominal DC Voltage – 500KV•Max DC Voltage – 515KV

•BIL – 950/1425KV

(Typical Value for 2000 MW ± 500 KV Bipole HVDC

Link)

Wall Bushing

Smoothing Reactor

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DC Filters

Source: ABB

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DC High Speed Switches

DC Switch

Snubber Capacitor Snubber Reactor

Arrester

ww

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HVDC CONTROLS SYSTEMGENERAL CONTROL CONCEPTS

This section present an introduction of the general concepts used to control HVDC systems

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HVDC Control: General Concept

What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?

P

Rectifier Rectifier

+ -

+

-

+

-1dU 2dU

RUI

1 2d dU UI

R

1 1.dP U I2 2.( )dP U I

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HVDC Control: General Concept

• What are the basic principles of HVDC Controls?

• Id in one direction only.

• Magnitude of Id or power is controlled depending on the difference in the terminal voltages (Ud1, Ud2)

•Direction of power is controlled depending on the polarity of the terminal voltages (Ud1, Ud2)

d1 d2

P2dU1dU

2dU1dU

P

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HVDC Control

I

V

V

I

I

dII

V

V

I

General Control Loops for Classical HVDC w

ww

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of O

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C S

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Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems• Future Electricity Network use the concept of Multi-

Terminal HVDC SystemsMultiterminal

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Practical Multi-Terminal HVDCw

ww

.fglo

ngat

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.ve

Mas

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Inte

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of O

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HVD

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Control Strategies for MTDC Schematic representation of MTDC control system hierarchy

VSCdcn

iP ,dc iP

,dc iUiV

,g iP,l iP

1gP

1lP

Time Scale

The terminal controllers determine the behavior of the converter at the system bus.

They are designed for the main functions for controlling: active power (P), reactive power (Q), AC and the DC voltage (Vac, Udc)

The master control optimizes the overall performance of theMTDC by regulating the DC side voltage.It is provided with the minimum set of functions necessary forcoordinated operation of the terminals in the DC circuit, i.e.start and stop, minimization of losses, oscillation damping andpower flow reversal, black start, AC frequency and AC voltagesupport.

sec

<smss

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Control Strategies for MTDC

refQQ

acV,ac refV

*qi

*di

refPP

dcU,dc refU

,ac CtrlV

CtrlQ,dc CtrlU

CtrlPTerminal Controller

Terminal Controllers are based on locals actions and measurements.Wide-area measurement and control can improve the system performance.

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Control Strategies for MTDC

refQQ

acV,ac refV

*qi

*di

refPP

dcU,dc refU

,ac CtrlV

CtrlQ,dc CtrlU

CtrlP

refQ

Q

,,

i Qp Q

KK

s *

qi

maxi

maxi

,,

i Udcp Udc

KK

s *

di

maxi

maxi,dc refU

dcU acV

,ac refV ,,

i Vacp Vac

KK

s *

qi

maxi

maxi

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P,

,i P

p P

KK

s *

di

maxi

maxi

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*qv

,d refi

,q refi

di

qi

dv

qv

,,

i idp id

KK

s

,,

i iqp iq

KK

s

LL

Q Controller P Controller

Udc ControllerVac Controller

Idq Controller

Terminal Controller

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(i) Voltage Margun Method (VMM)

,AdcU

AP

dcU

upperPlowerP

When the active power is to be transmittedfrom Terminal B to Terminal A (PA<0,PB>0), the voltage margin (Udc) issubtracted from the DC reference voltagefor Terminal A.

(i) Voltage Margin Method (VMM)w

ww

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ngat

t.org

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(ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)

,AdcU

AP

mc

dcU

upperPlowerP

,adc refU

brefP

brefU

arefP

(ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)

When Udc drops the slack converter station(VSCA) will increase the active powerinjection in the DC grid PA until a newequilibrium point.

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OffShore Wind Power: Motivation

This section presents a set of driver to use HVDC in the integration of offshore wind power

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Context: Where Decarbonise?

Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe

80% CO2 EMISSION RED

CUTION95%

5.9 GtCO2/yr

5.2 GtCO2/yr

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050

Oil

Gas

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

CCSB

illio

n B

arre

ls o

f O

il E

qu

ival

ent

per

yea

r

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

The 80% CO2 reduction overall implies 95% reduction in Power

Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe

Energy Supply in 2050(High Res Pathway)

Historical

Roadmap 2050

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

All RES

Wind

EU Energy Policy to 2050, EWEA

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North Sea National Targets 2030w

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UK Wind Farms: East Anglia

IR ISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

BELG

UNITEDKINGDOM

IR ELAND

IR ISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

BELG

UNITEDKINGDOM

IR ELAND

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Firth of Forth Phase 1

1075 MW

Firth of Forth

Phase 3790 MW

Firth of Forth Phase 2

1820 MW

Forth Array

Neart na Gaoith

Inch Cape

Bell Rock

UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth

IR ISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

BELG

UNITEDKINGDOM

IR ELAND

IR ISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

BELG

UNITEDKINGDOM

IR ELAND

"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind sector in UK waters by 2050,"

Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs

Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050

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Integration of Wind Power using HVDC

This section presents a introduce of use HVDC technologies to integrate offshore wind farms

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Connections for offshore wind farmsw

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Electrical view of an offshore wind farm• Schematic layout of an offshore wind farm; the collecting point

can be an offshore substation.

PCC: point of common coupling

Use of DC or AC

Single/Multiple Use of DC or AC even low frequency

Single/ MultipleCollecting point

Multiples AC or DC technologies

Single/ MultipleInterface

Single/ Multiple

NKT Anholt cable

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Offshore SubstationsPossible layout for a 980MW (196x5MW) offshore

wind farm

(a) Alternative A

(b) Alternative B OSS: Offshore Substation

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Offshore Wind Farms• Structure of Typical Electrical Infrastructure used on offshore

wind farm: High Voltage AC approach

Transmission System

POI

Transformer substation

Collecting point Local WT collector system

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Terminal Substation

Integrationsystem

Wind Turbine

MV Distribution systemHV Transmission system

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High Voltage Alternate-Current Transmission• The basic configuration of 600 MW wind farm with a high-

voltage alternating-current (HVAC) solution.

SVC: static VAR compensator; XLPE: polyethylene insulation sources.

30 kV

300 MVA400 kV

Onshore network

600 MVA

150 kV150 kV, XLPE cable

Rating 200 MW

Onshore converterstation

30 kV

30 kV

30 kV

300 MVA

150 kV

SVC

150 kV, XLPE cableRating 200 MW

150 kV, XLPE cableRating 200 MW

SVC

HVACHVAC

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Siemens: 20 (AC) offshore substations so far

Copyright © Siemens all rights reserved

1st Generation

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Siemens: 1st Generation


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Siemens: 2nd Generation

2nd Generation


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Siemens: 2nd Generation• Compact Design


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Thanet 300 MW grid connection June 2010

Prof. Francisco M. Gonzalez‐Longatt at Thanet Wind Farm

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Thanet 300 MW grid connection June 2010


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Thanet Wind Farm• 100 wind turbines each with a

control• loop which has:

– Feedback– Gain– A finite delay– A sampling frequency

• Set in an array of 100 cablesof

• assorted lengths and crosssections– every joint is a reflective node– outages create thousands of

states• Fed from the grid where the

source• impedance / fault level may

change• May need to allow for filters

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HVDC: LCC + STATCOM• Basic configuration of 500MW wind farm using a line-

commutated converter (LCC) high-voltage direct-current(HVDC) system with a STATCOM (for a configuration for a1100MW wind farm using an LCC HVDC system with dieselgenerators on the offshore substation.

F: filter; HFF: high frequency filter; the statcom can be replaced with a diesel generator.

HVDCHVDCOffshore wind farm

145 kV, 50 Hz Statcom

F

HFF

Offshore substation

Three-phaseTwo-winding

Convertertransformer

Integrated returncable 500 MW

500 kV1000 A

HFF

F

F

F

F

380 kV

Single-phaseThree-

windingConverter

transformer

380 kV, 50 Hz

Onshore converter station

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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC • A 600 MW wind farm using two voltage source converter

(VSC); high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, eachconverter station with a 300 MW rating.

Source: based on Eriksson et al, 2003

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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC • A 500 MW wind farm using one VSC HVDC system based on a

converter station with a 500 MW rating.

BorWin 1, 400 MW HVDC Light

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Voltage Source Converter based HVDC


Standardisation•Consistent block sizes for wind farms• Allow suppliers to compete head to headBest practice design

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Siemens: 3rd Generation


Source: ABB

400 MW HVDC Light® system off-shorestation on platform with sub-sea structureOnshore station at E.ON substation DieleCables

DC cable submarine (2x125km)DC cable on land (2x75km)Fibre optic cable (200 km)

Source: ABB

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Comparison: Rating• Presently, AC cables have a maximum rating of about 200MW per three-

phase cable.

• This rating is based on a voltage level of 150–170 kV, compensation at bothends of the cable and a maximum cable length of around 200 km.

• For shorter distances, voltage ratings may increase to 245 kV, which wouldraise the maximum rating to 350MW over a maximum of 100 km, or 300MWover 150–200km.

Number of cables needed for different wind farms and different technical solutions

Note: CS ¼ converter station; HVAC: high-voltage alternating-current; HVDC: high-voltage direct-current; LCC: line-commutatedconverter; VSC: voltage source converter

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Comparison: Losses• The losses of HVDC connections show only a very limited correlation with

the length of the cable, depending on the efficiency of the converter stations.

• The efficiency of LCC stations is usually higher than that of VSCs. Thismeans that for short distances the losses from a HVAC link are lower thanthose from a HVDC connection, owing to the comparatively high converterlosses.

• There is, however, a distance X where the distance-related HVAC losses reachsimilar levels to those of HVDC links

Comparison of losses for high-voltage alternating

current (HVAC) and high-voltage

direct current (HVDC)

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Selection of Transmission Technology• Choice of transmission technology for different wind farm

capacities and distances to onshore grid connection point basedon overall system economics (approximation); economics ofhigh-voltage alternating-current (HVAC) links, line-commutatedconverter (LCC) based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) linksand voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC link.

50 100 150 200 250 300

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

HVAC(up to 170 kV)

HVAC or VSCbased

HVDC

HVAC (245 kV) or VSC based HVDC

VSC based HVDC

VSC based HVDC

LCC based HVDC

VSC based HVDC or LCC based HVDC

HVAC (245 kV) orVSC based HVDC

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System SolutionUse of Low Frequency

• Connection of an offshore wind farm using a low AC frequency.PCC: point of common coupling.

Source: based on Schutte, Gustavsson and Strom, 2001.

2/3

2/3

Frequencies lower than 50 or 60 Hz are currently used mainly in electrified railway systems. The railway systems in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and Norway, for instance, use 16 2/3 Hz at 15 kV, Costa Rica uses 20 Hz and the USA mainly 25 Hz.

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DC internal Collector System• DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with AC

generators.

PCC: point of common coupling.Source: based on Martander, 2002.

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Use of DC Generators• DC wind farm design based on wind turbines with DC

generations (DCGs)

PCC: point of common coupling.Source: based on Lundberg 2003

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Multi-terminal VSC HVDC network• The MTDC transmission system can connect several large

offshore wind farms distantly located and export the wind powerto several onshore grids widely dispersed.

offshore onshore

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Topologies of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms

This section shows some of the candidatee topologies to be used on the massive integration of

wind power

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Two WFVSC link to Single GVSC• Two WFVSC link to Single GVSC The DC tie-cable

interconnecting offshore substations or onshore substations can provide system redundancy and control flexibility.

offshore

onshore

if the distance between offshore substations is less than onshore substations, the tie-cable will bebuilt offshore

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Single WFVSC link to two GSVCs• Single WVVS link to two GVSCs The DC tie-cable

interconnecting offshore substations or onshore substations can provide system redundancy and control flexibility.

if the distance between onshore substations is less than offshore substations, the tie-cable will bebuilt onshore

offshore

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2 WFSCs link to 2GVSCs• Two WFVSCs link to correspondent GVSCs with an onshore tie-

line

offshore

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2 VFVSCs link to 2 GSVCs• Two WFSCs link to correspondent GSVCs with an offshore tie-

line

offshore

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3 WFVSC link to 3 GVSCs• Three WFVSCs link to correspondent GSVCs with wind farms

ring

offshore

onshore

onshore

The wind farms ring topology can withstand different faults without losing wind power using minimal number of HVDC circuit breakers

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Conclusions

This section presents a general conclusion…

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Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems

Future Electricity Networks will be radically different to the present

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Santiago de Chile8th August 2012

Massive Integration of OffshoreWind Power using HVDC

Fran

cisc

oM

. Gon

zale

z-Lo

ngat

t@fglongatt@fglongatt

Department of Electrical EngineeringCoventry, United Kingdom

Asociacion Venezolana de Energia Eolica

Photo: http://www.bard‐offshore.de/media/fotos.html

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