Masonry Structures - Smith and Wallwork - · PDF file• Tend to rely on gravity to...
Transcript of Masonry Structures - Smith and Wallwork - · PDF file• Tend to rely on gravity to...
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Masonry Structures (material, design & case study)
University of Cambridge
Year 2 Architecture
by Simon Smith
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• Materials
• Basic Principles
• Design
• Case Studies
• Other Buildings
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Materials
• Units – Clay bricks
– Calcium silicate bricks
– Concrete blocks
– Stone masonry (natural or
manufactured)
– Compressed earth
• Mortar – Cement mortar
– Lime mortar
Stock brick Fletton brick
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Materials
• Clay bricks – Density 23-28KN/m3
– Strengths 5-100N/mm2
– Tendency to expand
– Varying porosity
– Varying durability
www.greenspec.co.uk/bricks.php
• Concrete blocks – Density 5-20KN/m3
– Strengths 3-30N/mm2
– Tendency to shrink
– New low carbon blocks
emerging
www.greenspec.co.uk/blocks.php
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Basic principles
• Masonry is good in compression but has limited flexural or tensile
strength
• Tend to rely on gravity to stabilise masonry structures
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Pinnacles
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Anaconda stack, US
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St. Martin's
Church,
Germany • Completed 1500
• 130m
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Basic principles
• Masonry is 3x weaker in bending parallel to bed joints than it is
perpendicular
• Strengthen masonry by sitting heavy slab on it or using buttressing
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Design
• Design – Design Codes
– Factors of Safety
– Strength
• Brick, Block and Stone
• Mortar
• Combined
– Stability / Slenderness
– Movement
– Durability
– Robustness
– Preliminary Sizing
– Non-loadbearing masonry
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Design codes
• BS5628 Parts 1-3 : 2005
• Eurocode 6
• Limit State Codes – Factored loads
– Ultimate stresses
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Factors of safety
• Materials
• Loads
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Unit strength
• Unit or brick/block
strength can be quite
high but mortar is the
weakest link.
• With thinner mortars
and large units the
wall compressive
strength approaches
that of the unit.
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Unit strength
• Strength of natural stone can be highly dependant on bedding direction.
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Compressed earth units
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Mortar strength
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Combined strength
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Stability & slenderness
• Strength of a masonry wall dependant on slenderness and type of load applied.
(ie concentric or eccentric)
• The slenderness ratio should not exceed 27 (building more than 2 storey it should not
exceed 20)
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Stability & slenderness
• As height of wall increases, strength of wall reduces.
• Rate of reduction in strength to increase in height is not necessarily linear.
1N/mm2 = 215KN/m
5 storey building supporting 7.5m office floor -125KN/m floor load
-75KN/m brick self weight
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Movement
• Clay brickwork tends to expand over
time
• Concrete blockwork tends to shrink
over time
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Durability
• ‘Stronger’ bricks and mortars are
more durable than weaker ones.
– F = frost resistant
– M = Moderate frost resistant
– N = No frost resistant
– L = Low soluble salt content
– N = Normal soluble salt
content
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Robustness
Ronan Point collapse
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Preliminary sizing
• Whilst slenderness and
strength are not always
linear relationship,
preliminary sizing of
masonry is still based on
height/depth ratios
(which are linear).
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Non-loadbearing masonry
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Case studies
• Baker Street
• The Forum
• Winterton House
• 30 Finsbury Square
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Baker Street, London
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The Forum, Norwich
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Win
tert
on H
ouse, London
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Finsbury Square, London
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Other projects
• The Landmark, Ilfracombe
• World of Glass, St Helens
• SSEES UCL, London
• Inland Revenue, Nottingham
• St Pauls Church, London N4
• Institute of Technology, Cork
• Office for SAHRC, New Delhi
• King Willem College, Netherlands
• Bryanston Science School, Dorset
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The Landmark, Ilfracombe
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World of Glass, St Helens
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SSEES UCL, London
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Inla
nd R
evenue,
No
ttin
gh
am
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Institute of Technology, Cork
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SAHRC, New Delhi
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King Willem School, Netherlands
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National Assembly, Bangladesh
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National Assembly, Bangladesh
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IIM, Ahmedabad
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MARTa Herford, Germany
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Ramboll Whitbybird