Mashroo Kheti Report

okf"kZd izfrosnuANNUAL REPORT

2005-2006

jk"Vªh; [kqEc vuqla/kku dsUnzNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR MUSHROOM

¼¼¼¼¼Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~½½½½½(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

pEck?kkV] lksyu & 173 213 ¼fg-iz-½] HkkjrChambaghat, Solan-173 213 (H.P.) India

vf[ky Hkkjrh; leUof;r [kqEc mUu;u ifj;kstukAll India Co-ordinated Mushroom Improvement Project

Annual Report 2005-2006

ii

ANNUAL REPORT 2005-2006All India Co-ordinated Mushroom Improvement Project

National Research Centre for MushroomSolan - 173 213, India

Compiled and Edited by : Dr. O.P. Ahlawat, Sr. ScientistDr. Satish Kumar, Sr. ScientistEr. T. Arumuganathan, Scientist

Hindi Translation : Dr. M.P. Sagar, Sr. Scientist

Composed by : Smt. Sunila Thakur (Steno Grade III)

Published by : Dr. R.P. TewariProject Co-ordinator, AICMIPNational Research Centre for Mushroom(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)Chambaghat, Solan - 173 213 (H.P.)

Cover Photographs : Research & Development activities at variousAICMIP Centres

Printed at : Yugantar Prakashan (P) Ltd., New Delhi-110064,Ph: 011-28115949, 28116018

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CONTENTS

Preface v

lkjka'k vii

Summary xi

Introduction 1

Technical Programme of Work 3

Research Progress 12

Collection and Preservation of Fleshy Fungi 30

Survey and Surveillance of Diseases and Insect-Pests 34

Extension Activities 37

Publications 47

Personnelia 60

Budget 61

v


PREFACE

The report contained in this document pertains to the achievements madeduring the financial year 2005-06 by the ten Coordinating Centres and oneCooperating Centre working under the aegis of the All India CoordinatedMushroom Improvement Project (AICMIP) with the Headquarters at NRC forMushroom, Solan (HP). The Centres are located each at Punjab AgriculturalUniversity, Ludhiana (Punjab), G.B. Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar (Uttranchal), Maharana Pratap University ofAgriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Raj.), Indira Gandhi Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Mahatma Phule Agricultural University,Pune (MS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu),Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur (Kerala), ICAR Research Complex forNEH Region, Barapani (Meghalaya), Horticulture and Agro forestry ResearchProgramme (ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region), Ranchi (Jharkhand)and University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). All theCoordinating Centers along with Headquarters, NRCM, Solan conducted a totalof 16 experiments following a common package of practices finalized and adoptedat IXth Biennial Group Meeting of Workers of AICMIP held on 25-26 October,2004 at NRCM, Solan.

During the year under report, attempts were made to bring out better strainsof white button mushroom, paddy straw mushroom and milky mushroom, use oflocally available agro-industrial wastes as casing materials, postharvesttechnology and cultivation of specialty mushrooms which are needed to diversifythe mushroom cultivation scenario in the country. Attempts were also made tooptimize the yield of oyster, button, paddy straw, milky, shiitake and black-earmushrooms by way of using different substrates, supplements and methods ofbed preparation. Safer chemicals viz., EDTA-Di Sodium salt alone and incombination with KMS were tried for improving shelf-life of button mushroom inreplacement of potassium metabisulphite which is already in use. Some newexperiments especially on packaging and drying of mushrooms were also takenup. Emphasis was also laid on germplasm collection and conservation, surveyand surveillance for diseases and insect-pests of mushrooms in specific areas.

Strainal evaluation trials at multi-locations have helped in identification ofsome better strains like CM-3, CM-7, CM-1 and CM-15 of Agaricus bisporus, Vv-7 and Vv-6 of Volvariella volvacea, C.I-1 and C.I-6 of Calocybe indica. Casingmixture prepared from 2 year old recomposted spent mushroom substrate aloneand 1:1, v/v mixture of coir pith with FYM gave maximum yield of A.bisporus.The washing treatment with 200 ppm EDTA and 100 ppm EDTA + 0.02% KMShas also provided a safer alternate to higher concentration of KMS for increasing


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shelf-life of button mushroom. Packaging of button mushroom in 100 gauge PPbags has also increased the keeping quality of button mushroom.

In case of oyster mushroom, spray application of different chemicals haveinvariably increased the yield at different Centres. The superior yield of blueoyster (Hypsizygus ulmarius) has improved the scope of introduction of new speciesin oyster mushroom scenario. The results obtained in drying experiment havealso opened the gate for postharvest management of oyster mushroom by usingsimple pre-drying chemical treatment followed by sun drying.

Use of different types of beds and different substrates has opened up the optionsof introducing tropical mushrooms like paddy straw and milky. The achievementmade in obtaining consistently good yield of shiitake has also opened up newline for introducing this mushroom in the country. The other aspects likegermplasm collection and conservation, survey and surveillance of diseases andinsect-pests and transfer of technology have also gained the requisite momentum,which is the need of the hour to boost the overall production of mushrooms in thecountry. The extension services along with supply of quality spawn hascontributed significantly in popularizing the mushroom even in remote areas ofthe country.

(R.P. Tewari) Project Coordinator

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fofHkUu dsflax vo;oksa ds ewY;kadu laca/kh iz;ksxksa esa ik;k x;k fd nks lky iqjkuh dEiksfLVM LisaVdEiksLV ls fufeZr dsflax feV~Vh )kjk cgqr vf/kd e'k:e dh iSnkokj feyh A bl dsflax feV~Vh lsyqf/k;kuk dsUnz ij 10-20 fdyksxzke] mn;iqj dsUnz ij 15-31 fdyksxzke rFkk lksyu dsUnz ij 15-60fdyks xzke izfr fDoaVy dEiksLV dh nj ls e'k:e dh iSnkokj izkIr gqbZA tcfd Dok;jfiFk o xkscjdh [kkn dks cjkcj fgLlksa esa feykdj rS;kj dh xbZ dsflax feV~Vh dks iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k rks iw.kso yqf/k;kuk dsUnzksa ij izfr fDaoVy dEiksLV 14-56 fdyksxzke vf/kdre mit ik;h xbZA rqM+kbZ mijkar'osr cVu e'k:e dh xq.koÙkk cuk;s j[kus o vf/kd le; rd Hk.Mkj.k djus ds mn~ns'; ls e'k:edks tc 100 ih0ih0,e0 lkanzrk ds bZ0Mh0Vh0,0 ?kksy dks 2 izfr'kr iksVsf'k;e esVkckbZlYQkbV¼ds0,e0,l0½ ?kksy ds lkFk feykdj rS;kj fd;s x;s ?kksy ls /kks;k x;k rks yxHkx lHkh dsUnzksa ij50 lsfYl;l rkieku rFkk lkekU; rkieku ij 48 ?k.Vksa rd e'k:e dk Hk.Mkj.k fd;k tk ldkAlkekU; rkieku o jsfÝtjsfVM n'kkvksa esa e'k:e dh lQsnh] otu esa deh o dSai dk [kqyuk ekudksdks vk/kkj ekudj fd;s iSdsftax ds iz;ksx esa dks;EcVwj] iaruxj o jk;iqj dsUnzksa ij 100 xst dhikWyhizksikbZyhu cSx esa iSd dh xbZ e'k:e mijksDr ekudksa ij [kjh mrjhA

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2HPO

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SUMMARY

During the year under report (2005-06), research trials were conducted at allten Coordinating Centres, one Cooperating Centre and the Headquarters at theNational Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan (HP) based upon the technicalprogramme finalized at the IXth Biennial Group Meeting of the Workers of AllIndia Coordinated Mushroom Improvement Project (AICMIP) held on 25th-26th

October, 2004 at NRCM, Solan (HP).

Altogether 4 experiments were laid on white button mushroom, Agaricusbisporus at various Centres. In strain evaluation trial conducted at seven Centres,strains, CM-7, CM-13 and CM-14 gave significantly higher mushroom yield atPune, while strain, CM-5 at Ludhiana, strain CM-7 at Raipur, strain CM-3 atFaizabad, strain CM-5 and CM-3 at Pantnagar, strain CM-10 at Coimbatoreand strain CM-11 and CM-12 at Solan performed better than other strains. Onoverall average basis, calculated by summing up average yields obtained atdifferent Centres, strain CM-3 and CM-7 gave superior yield than other strains.The time taken for the first harvest (days post-casing) was lowest in strain CM-7at Raipur, CM-13 at Faizabad, CM-3 at Pantnagar and Coimbatore, CM-6 andCM-10 at Solan and Udaipur, respectively. Average fruiting body weight variedin the range of 11.50g to 16.40g in different strains. In casing materialsevaluation trial, 2 years old recomposted spent compost gave superior yield of10.20 kg, 15.31 kg and 15.60 kg/100 kg compost at Ludhiana, Udaipur and Solan,respectively, while coir pith in combination with FYM in 1:1, v/v ratio gavesuperior yield (14.56 kg) at Pune Centre. In button mushroom washing treatment,combined washing treatment of 100 ppm EDTA with 0.02% KMS gave whitestmushrooms just after washing and 48 hours of storage at 50C and at ambienttemperature conditions at almost all the Centres. In case of packaging treatment,mushrooms packed in 100 gauge polypropylene bags gave better results withrespect to whiteness, weight loss and veil opening on their storage both atrefrigerated and ambient temperature conditions at Coimbatore, Pantnagar,Udaipur and Raipur Centres.

Three experiments were laid on oyster mushroom cultivation aspect, whichincludes effect of chemical spray on yield of Pleurotus spp., evaluation of yieldpotential of P.fossulatus and Hypsizygus ulmarius and drying by differentmethods. In effect of chemical spray experiment, spray of 0.1M K2HPO4significantly enhanced the yield of P.florida at Faizabad, Raipur and CoimbatoreCentres. However, spray application of 0.1% Urea gave significantly higher yieldat Barapani, Pantnagar, Vellayani and Solan. Effect of chemical spraytreatments on the yield of P.sajor-caju was also conducted at 9 Centres. Enhancedyield of P.sajor-caju was obtained by spraying of 0.1M K2HPO4 on mushroom


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beds at Ranchi, Faizabad, Udaipur, Vellayani and Pantnagar Centers, while incontrol treatment at Ludhiana, Raipur and Pune. Experiments on evaluationof yield potential of P.fossulatus and Hypsizygus ulmarius was conducted at elevendifferent Centres. At Coimbatore Centre H. ulmarius gave very high biologicalefficiency of 124.0% in comparison to 94.0% in P.florida. Superior yield ofH.ulmarius was also recorded at Pune, Pantnagar, Ranchi, Ludhiana andUdaipur Centres in comparison to P.florida and P.sajor-caju. P.fossulatus didnot perform better than P.florida and P. sajor caju at any of the Centre. Effect ofdifferent drying methods on the quality of oyster mushroom revealed thatchemical treatment along with sun drying and simple washing with sun dryinggave better results with respect to whiteness, brittleness and keeping qualityafter 3 months of storage.

Experiments were also conducted on paddy straw and milky mushrooms toevaluate different strains for yield and refinement in their cultivationtechnologies. In the strain evaluation trial on V.volvacea, strains, Vv-06, Vv-07and Vv-03 gave higher yield as compared to other strains at different Centres.Compact round bed prepared out of paddy straw gave highest mushroom yield of41.2kg/100kg dry substrate at Coimbatore which was closely followed by compactsquare bed. Strain evaluation trial on milky mushroom was laid out at sevenCentres. Strain C.I-06 gave highest yield at Coimbatore and Ranchi Centres,while strain C.I-01 at Faizabad, Pune and Pantnagar, strain C.I-03 at Ludhianaand C.I-08 at Udaipur Centre. Among different substrates evaluated, highestmushroom yield was obtained on wheat straw as compared to paddy straw anddifferent ratios of wheat straw and paddy straw.

Experiments were also conducted on standardization of cultivation technologyof shiitake (L. edodes) and black ear (A. polytricha) mushrooms. In case of shiitake,saw dust substrate supplemented with 20% of wheat bran gave superior yield atPantnagar and Pune Centres, while supplement with 10% wheat bran gavesuperior yield at Udaipur and Coimbatore Centres. In case of black earmushroom, 10% wheat bran supplemented wheat straw gave higher yield atUdaipur and Pantnagar, while 5% wheat bran supplemented paddy straw atCoimbatore.

Survey for collection, identification and preservation of wild fleshy fungi wereconducted by various Centres. A total number of 20 fleshy fungi were collectedat Coimbatore, four at Faizabad, 29 at Pantnagar, 18 at Pune, 26 at Raipur, 4 atRanchi, 113 at Udaipur, 4 at Vellayani and 371 specimens at Solan Centres.Most of the Centres identified and preserved the cultures at their own level,while some Centres submitted few specimens at NRCM, Gene Bank at Solan.Survey and surveillance of diseases and insect-pests was also done by almost allthe Centres. Among the common fungal pathogens/competitors, Coprinus sp.,

xiii


T.pseudokoningii were recorded at Coimbatore, Penicillium spp., Trichodermaspp., Alternaria alternata, Coprinus spp., and Rhizopus spp. at Faizabad,Trichoderma spp., Coprinus spp., Papulaspora byssina and Sepedonium spp. atLudhiana, Trichoderma spp., Deihliomyces microsporus, Papulaspora byssinaand Verticillium fungicola at Pantnagar, green mould at Pune, Trichodermaspp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Coprinus spp. and yellow blotch at Raipur, Coprinus spp.at Udaipur and wet bubble at Solan. Among insect-pests, sciarid, cecid and phoridflies were common at most of the farms surveyed by different Centres. Browning,scaling and gill opening in button mushroom were also recorded at differentCentres.

All the Centres carried out the extension activities by participating in State/National level Exhibitions, Melas, Kisan Gosthies, and through AIR’s. Advisoryservices were also provided by replying letters, telephones, e-mails and on thespot guidance during farm visits. Almost all the Centres conducted trainingprogrammes of different durations for farmers, farm women, unemployed youthsand the entrepreneurs of their areas. The Centres also supplied pure cultureand spawn to mushroom growers. At headquarters, a total of 13 trainingprogrammes of 3 to 10 days duration were conducted out of which 6 were off-campus, 4 sponsored and rest 3 were under regular institutional activities.

1


1. INTRODUCTION

The All India CoordinatedMushroom Improvement Project(AICMIP) came into existence duringVIth Five-Year Plan on 01.04.1983with its Headquarters at NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom, Solan(HP). The Director of NRC forMushroom, Solan (HP) also functionsas the Project Co-ordinator of theproject. Initially the AICMIP startedwith six Centres at PunjabAgricultural University, Ludhiana(Punjab), G.B.Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology,Pantnagar (Uttaranchal), C.S. AzadUniversity of Agriculture andTechnology, Kanpur (UP), BidhanChandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,Kalyani (West Bengal), Tamil NaduAgricultural University, Coimbatore(Tamil Nadu) and Mahatma PhuleAgricultural University, Pune(Maharashtra). At a later stage duringVIIth Plan one new Centre at IndiraGandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,Raipur (MP) was added and twoexisting Centres at Kanpur (UP) andKalyani (West Bengal) were dropped.However, three new Centres duringVIIIth Five Year Plan and 3 Co-ordinating and one co-operatingCentres during IXth Five Year Planhave been added to the existing list ofCentres by dropping one at Goa. Atpresent, 10 Co-ordinating and one co-operating Centres are working underAICMIP programme with itsHeadquarters at NRCM, Solan whichare listed below:

� Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana (Punjab).

� Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore (TamilNadu).

� G.B. Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology,Pantnagar (Uttranchal)

� Mahatma Phule AgriculturalUniversity, Pune (Maharashtra).

� N.D.University of Agriculture andTechnology, Faizabad (UP).

� Indira Gandhi Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Raipur (MP).

� Maharana Pratap University ofAgriculture and Technology,Udaipur (Rajasthan).

� Kerala Agricultural University,Thrissur (Kerala).

� ICAR Research Complex for NEHRegion, Barapani (Meghalya).

� Horticulture and AgroforestryResearch Programme (ICARResearch Complex for EasternRegion), Ranchi (Jharkhand).

� Dr.Y.S.Parmar University ofHorticulture & Forestry, Nauni,Solan – Co-operating Centre.

All the Co-ordinating Centres andHQrs. at NRCM, Solan work in co-ordination on common objectives andmandate. The technical programmefor conducting participatory researchat all the Centres and the HQrs. is


2

finalized in a biennial workshoporganised at any of the Centres orHQrs. During the biennial workshopthe progress reports for the previousyears are presented and discussed tomonitor the progress made in theproject during the previous years andthe technologies generated areassessed for release and their adoptionat all India level. The last Groupmeeting of workers of AICMIP washeld on 25th and 26th October, 2004 atNational Research Centre forMushroom, Solan (HP) under theChairmanship of Dr. H.S. Sohi FNAand Ex-Director National ResearchCentre for Mushroom, Solan. Duringthe meeting the progress of last twoyears was read out and technicalprogramme for 2004-2006 wasfinalized. The objectives of theAICMIP are also identified during theworkshop and presently AICMIP isworking on the following objectives:

Objectives

1. Survey, collection andidentification of fleshy fungi in thearea of respective co-ordinatingCentre for exploitation andcultivation of new species/strainssuited to different regions.

2. Regional adaptability trials forgrowing the promising strains/species of different edible fungi.

3. Selection of cheap and locallyavailable agro/industrial wastes forcomposting, supplementation ofsubstrate and casing.

4. Standardization of cultivationtechniques for optimization ofyields of different mushrooms.

5. Survey and surveillance of diseasesand pests during different seasonsin various regions.

6. Transfer of proven technology tomushroom growers and to imparttraining on mushroom cultivation.

3


ii) CM-3, CM-5, CM-10, S-130 and S-11 to be used at rest of the Centresby using long method of composting.

d) Methodology to be adopted:

i) Preparation of compost by shortmethod in 2 phases - phase-I andphase-II following standardprocedure (-6, -4/0, 2,4,6,8 (fill)/phase-II (6-7 days).

Compost will be ready in 18 days.

Compost should be tested for N(2.2-2.4%), colour (dark-brown), pH(6.8-7.2), moisture (67-69%),ammonia (less than 2 ppm), bulkdensity 80-90kg per m3 (6-7" depth)

Spawning rate: 0.7% of wetweight of compost.

ii) Long method compost to beprepared in single phase outdoors(without steam pasteurization) in18-20 days (0,4,7,9,11,13,15,17 andspawn).

Ingredients to be used are wheat/paddy straw-1000kg, wheat bran150kg, Urea-18kg, Gypsum-35kg.The compost prepared should betested for N (1.6-1.7%),moisture(65-67%), pH (6.8-7.2), colour (darkbrown), ammonia (less than 3 ppm),bulk density 80-90kg per m3 bedarea @ (6"-7" depth).

2. TECHNICAL PROGRAMME OF WORK

I. CROP IMPROVEMENT

Expt.No.-1: Testing of differentstrains of Agaricus bisporus.

a) Participating Centres:

Pune, Pantnagar, Solan(Pasteurized compost using wheatstraw)

Ludhiana, Raipur, Faizabad (Longmethod compost using wheatstraw)

Coimbatore (Long method compostusing paddy straw)

b) Substrate:

i)Compost formula :

Wheat straw - 1000 kg

Poultry manure - 500 kg

Urea - 16kg

Wheat bran - 120 kg

Gypsum - 30 kg

ii) Substrate quantity - 10 kg compostwt./bag

iii) No. of replications - 8 for each strainin RBD.

c) Strains :

i) CM-1, CM-3, CM-5, CM-6, CM-7,CM-10, CM-11, CM-12, CM-13, CM-14 and S-130 at Pune, Pantnagarand Solan.


4

Spawning rate: 0.7% of wetcompost

e) Data to be recorded duringcropping days taken

i) Spawn run at 24+10C, RH-90-95%CO2 - above = 10,000ppm.

ii) Case run.......do......... =

iii) Days taken to pin after ventilation(Tempt. = 15-170C, RH 80-85%,CO2 - below 1500ppm)

iv) First harvest (after casing/No. ofdays taken) =

v) Last harvest (Data for totalcropping days of 6 weeks only to berecorded) =

vi) Disease/pest encountered, causingeconomic losses =

Bag size-18"x24" (polythene - 150gauge)

- The yield data should be recordedin tabulated form replication wise.

- The replicates should berandomised in cropping rooms indifferent tiers in RBD.

- Watering should be restricted towetting of casing material.Humidifier to be used for RHmaintenance.

- Use standard casing materialrecommended, i.e., spent compost/FYM (both 2 years old - welldecomposed in a pit).

- The casing material should bewater leached for 8 hours beforetreatment with steam/chemicals.

Uniform layer of casing to beapplied on mycelia impregnatedcompost, with use of 4cm wide metalrings (4cm thick).

- Harvest mushrooms in buttonform, removing the solid stem endwith knife before weighing. Do notdiscard the weight of openmushrooms, but the number ofmushrooms opened in each harvestshould be recorded to determine thequality of the fruitbody producedby a particular strain.

- Average fruitbody weight to berecorded in each treatment (Totalweight of mushrooms harvesteddivided by No. of mushroomsharvested) to determine the qualityof mushrooms produced andultimately the dry weight of themushroom.

- Every effort should be made tostrictly adhere to the aboveinstructions for this experiment.This will facilitate generation ofuniform data for assessment andfinal recommendation.

Expt.No.2: Strainal evaluation ofMilky Mushroom (Calocybeindica)

a) Participating Centres :

All Centres

b) Substrate:

i) Substrate quantity - 5 kg wet wt.(each bag to be cut into 2 halves)

5


ii) Bag size - 30 x 90 cm

iii) No. of replications - 8 for eachstrain.

iv) Substrate treatment - Hot watertreated (700C for 30 minutes)paddy straw/wheat straw

c) Strains - 9 strains C.I-1, C.I-2, C.I-3,C.I-4, C.I-5, C.I-6, C.I-7, C.I-8 andCI-9.

d) Spawn rate - 5% wet wt. basis

e) Observation to be recorded

� Number, weight and size of themushroom viz.,Pileus diameter andstipe length are also to be observed

Expt.No.3: Strainal evaluation ofPaddy Straw mushroom(Volvariella volvacea)

a) Participating Centres :Ludhiana, Faizabad, Coimbatore,Raipur, Ranchi, Barapani,Vellayani

b) Substrate:

Observations and methodology asper Expt. No.8 by using 5 bundlesx 4 layers + 2 bundles opened attop.

c) Strains -All Volvariella strainsexcept Vv-05 & Vv-03.

II. CROP PRODUCTION

1. Button Mushroom

Expt.No.4: To test the locallyavailable agro-industrial wastesfor feasibility as casing materials.

a) Participating Centres:Solan, Ludhiana, Pune andUdaipur

b) Substrate treatment

i) FYM+spent compost (1:1) (v/v)

ii) Spent compost (2 years old)

iii) Coirpith

iv) Coirpith+FYM (1:1) (v/v)

v) Coirpith + FYM (1:4) (v/v)

vi) Coirpith + spent compost (1:1) (v/v)

vii) Burnt rice husk + FYM (1:1) (v/v)

viii) Burnt rice husk +FYM (1:2) (v/v)

ix) FYM+Coirpith+burnt rice husk(4:1:1) (v/v)

x) FYM+garden soil (1:1) (v/v) –(control-1)

xi) FYM (control-2)

c) No. of replications : 10 of 10 kgcompost/bag

d) Design : RBD


6

e) Brief Description ofMethodology:

Cultivation method same as forExpt.1.

Data to be recorded:

1. pH

2. Water holding capacity

3. Conductivity

4. Density

5. Yield (No. and weight ofmushroom).

2. Oyster Mushroom

Expt.No.5: Effect of chemicalspray on yield of Pleurotus spp.


All Centres

b) Species to be used :

P.florida, P.sajor-caju

c) Substrate treatment :

Hot water treatment (800C andabove for 30 minutes)

d) Containers : Polybags (60x30cm)

e) Substrate treatments

Spraying mushroom beds atpinning

i) with 0.1M Dipotassium hydrogenphosphate (K2HPO4)

ii) with Urea 0.1%

* Second and third spray after Istharvest and 15 days laterrespectively

f) No. of replications : 15 bagseach of 1.0kg dry wt./treatment

g) Data to be recorded :

1. No. of pinheads appeared.

2. No. of mushrooms harvested.

3. Yield data (kg/100kg dry weightbasis upto 4 weeks)

4. Time taken for I, II and III flush.

5. Contamination of beds (%).

6. Type of contamination

7. Daily bed temperature

8. Cropping room temperature (Max.and min.) and RH (%).

Expt. No.6: Evaluation of theyield potential of Pleurotusfossulatus.


Solan, Udaipur, Coimbatore,Ludhiana, Raipur, Barapani,Faizabad, Ranchi, Pantnagar


P.fossulatus and P.florida (lowtemperature strain)

c) Substrate treatment :

Hot water treatment (800C andabove for 30 minutes)

d) Containers : Polybags (60x30cm)

7


e) No. of replications : 15 bags eachof 1.0 kg dry weight

f) Data to be recorded :

1. Days taken for spawn run.

2. Days taken for pinhead formation.

3. Yield data (number and weightupto 4 weeks).

4. Time taken for I, II and III flush.

5. Pest and disease incidence (as perproforma)

6. Cropping room temperature (0C)and RH (%).

Expt. No.7: Evaluation of theyield potential of blue oystermushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius).


All Centres


i) Hypsizygus ulmarius

ii) Pleurotus florida

iii) P.sajor-caju

c) All other details as perExperiment No.6

3. Paddy straw mushroom

Expt.No.8: Cultivation of PaddyStraw Mushroom (Volvariellavolvacea)


Coimbatore, Ludhiana, Faizabad,

Raipur, Vellayani, Solan andBarapani

b) Substrate Treatments

1. Hollow bed (6" hollow dia)

2. Compact bed (Square)

3. Compact bed (Round)

4. Bundle method (hollow) (4 bundlesx 5 layers + 2 bundles opened)

5. Bundle method (5 bundles x 4layers + 2 bundles opened at top)

Replication : 5

Design : RBD

c) Supplementation :

2 % Horse gram powder

d) Substrate treatment :

· Pre wetting -20 h

· Drain excess moisture/squeezeuntil 70 % moisture is retained

e) Spawn rate : 1.5 % to dry weightof straw

f) Harvesting at egg stage

g) Observation to be recorded

1. Daily room temperature & RH

2. Substrate moisture at spawning byoven dry method.

3. Daily bed temperature afterspawning till end of crop

4. Days for spawn run

5. Days for pinhead formation

6. No. of fruit bodies


8

7. Yield data (number and weight I,II, III week)

8. Average fruit body weight

9. Biological efficiency (kg freshmushroom per 100 kg dry straw)

10. Incidence of competitor moulds asper the scale decided in the VIIIthMushroom Group Worker’s Meet.

11. Incidence of pest as per the scaledecided in the VIIIth MushroomGroup Worke’s Meet. Theobservations are to be tabulatedand the AICMIP Co-ordinator willsupply uniform data sheet.

4. Milky Mushroom

Expt. No.9: Cultivation of milkymushroom (Calocybe indica)


Ludhiana, Faizabad, Pune,Raipur, Udaipur, Pantnagar,Vellayani, Ranchi and Barapani.


Calocybe indica var. APK2.

c) Substrate :

i) Wheat straw alone

ii) Paddy straw alone and incombination with wheat straw 1:1,1:2, 2:1

d) Method of substratepreparation:

CST hot water, solarpasteurization, Autoclaving

e) Spawn rate : 4%

f) No. of replication : 20 each (5kg/bag)

g) Observation to be recorded :

Time taken for spawn run and totalyield

h) Size of bag : 90cm x 30cm

i) Casing soil :

Clay loam or sandy loam with astandard pH of 8.0 to 8.5 (In casethe pH of the soil is less, add CaCO3)casing soil is to be steamed for 1 hat 10 psi pressure)

j) Casing layer : 2 cm thick

* Cropping should preferably beconducted in polyhouse lined withblue HDP silpaulin sheet as roofingmaterial.

k) Observation to be recorded :

As per Experiment No.2.

5. Shiitake Mushroom

Expt. No. 10: Cultivation ofshiitake mushroom (Lentinulaedodes)


Pantnagar, Coimbatore, Pune,Udaipur, Solan, Ludhiana andRaipur.

b) Strain : Malaysian

9


c) Substrate :

i) Saw dust

ii) Wheat straw

d) Supplement :

Wheat bran 5, 10 and 20% dryweight basis.

e) Method of substratepreparation : Autoclaving

f) Spawn rate : 5%

g) No. of replication : 20 each (2kg/bag)

h) Observation to be recorded :

Time taken for spawn run and totalyield

i) Production technology to befollowed:

Take 40kg hard wood broadleaved saw dust

�

Add water (65%) for thoroughwetting overnight

�

Add wheat bran and thoroughly mix�

Fill in polypropylene bags 2kg eachand put ring and cotton plug

�

Autoclave at 1210C for 1/2 hours�

On cooling spawn aseptically @ 2%wet weight basis.

�

Incubate at 240C�

After completion of spawn run (about60 days) allow them to turn brown.

�

Remove the PP bags and dip theblocks in chilled water (4-50C) for

about 5 minutes.�

Keep the block for fruiting at <200C

6. Jew’s Ear Mushroom

Expt.No.11: Cultivation of Blackear mushroom (Auriculariapolytricha)


Pantnagar, Coimbatore, Raipur,Ludhiana, Udaipur and Barapani.

b) Substrate :

i) Wheat straw

ii) Paddy straw

c) Supplement :

Wheat bran 2, 5 and 10% dryweight basis.

d) Method of substratepreparation :

Autoclaving, hot water, solarpasteurization

e) Spawn rate : 2%

f) No. of replication : 20 each (2kg/bag)


10

g) Production technology to be

followed

a)Substrate preparation

�

Wet the substrate for 20 h�

Supplement with wheat bran (ifrequired as per treatments)

�

Fill in autoclavable PP bags (30 x 60cm) @ 2 kg (wet weight) per bag

�

Autoclave at 15 Psi for 1 hour�

Cool the bags and spawn (preferablyaseptically) @ 2 % wet weight basis

�

Incubate at 25 to 28 oC�

After 3-4 weeks give vertical slits andmaintain high RH (80-85%) in the

cropping room

b) Design : RBD

c) Observations to be recorded:

1. Daily room temperature & RH

2. Substrate moisture at spawning

3. Days for spawn run

4. Days for pinhead formation

5. No. of fruit bodies

6. Average fruit body weight

7. Yield data (I, II, III week)

8. Biological efficiency

9. Incidence of pests, diseases andabiotic disorders as per proforma.

III. POST HARVESTTECHNOLOGY

Expt.No.12: Washing treatmentfor button mushroom (A.bisporus)


All Centres who are doingExperiment on A.bisporus.

b) Strain :

Most popular strain in the regionS-11 or U-3 of white buttonmushroom

c) Treatment :

100 ppm EDTA – Di Na

150 ppm EDTA

200 ppm EDTA

100 +0.02% KMS

500 ppm EDTA

Unwashed

d) Storage : 5°C, Ambient (only upto48 h)

e) Observations to be recorded :

Whiteness only (either %reflectance or ++, +++, ++++)

Before washing

After washing

After 24 h

After 48 h

11


Expt.No.13: Packaging for buttonmushroom (washed with 0.05%KMS)

a) Participating Centres:

All Centres doing experiments onbutton mushroom

b) Treatments:

i) Uniform size, 75 gauge PP, 100gauge PP, 125 gauge and 100 PEcontrol

ii) No holes: 10 allpin holes

c) Storage : Refrigerator, Ambient

d) Observation :

1. Weight loss

2. Whiteness (% reflectance or ++,+++,++++)

3. Veil opening (% mushrooms opened)

Expt. No.14: Drying of oystermushroom


Raipur, Ludhiana, Udaipur,Coimbatore and Vellayani.

b) Strain/species :

Most popular in the region

c) Treatments :

Blanched (0.2% salt + 0.1% citricacid for 2 minutes)

Unblanched (0.2% salt + 0.1% citricacid for 2 minutes)

Sun drying

Cabinet drying (60°C till 7%moisture)

d) Observation :

1. Weight gain/loss

2. Whiteness/yellowness

3. Brittleness

4. Keeping quality in pack of 100gauge PP (3 months – rottage,insect attack, off-flavour)

Expt.No. 15: Wild germplasmcollection, identification andconservation

Data Recording :

As per the proforma supplied inproceedings of the VIIIth BiennialWorkshop of AICMIP.

Expt. No. 16: Survey andSurveillance of diseases andinsect pests in mushroom farmsin different regions

Data Recording :

As per the proforma supplied inproceedings of the VIIIth BiennialWorkshop of AICMIP.


12

3. RESEARCH PROGRESS

1. Crop Improvement

1.1 Testing of strains of whitebutton mushroom, A.bisporus

The trial was assigned to nineCentres including the Headquarter byusing compost prepared both by longand short method of composting. AtCoimbatore Centre highest yield(16.80kg) was recorded in strain CM-10 followed by strain CM-5. AtFaizabad Centre highest yield of 12.78kg/100kg compost was recorded instrain CM-3, followed by 11.82 kg instrain CM-5. At Ludhiana Centrestrain CM-5 out-yielded other strains,while strains CM-7 and CM-13 atPune, strains CM-1 and CM-5Pantnagar and CM-7 at Raipur gavehigher yield than other strains tested.At Barapani Centre higest yield of16.2 kg was recorded in strain CM-13.At Headquarters, strain CM-12 gavehighest yield (21.89kg) and it wasfollowed by strain CM-11 and CM-13(Table-1). In overall average basisstrain CM-3 followed by strain CM-7out performed others.

The time taken for first harvest(days post-casing) was lowest in strainCM-7 at Raipur, while it was lowest instrains CM-1 and CM-3 at PantnagarCentre. On overall basis lowest timefor first harvest was 13.6 days in strainCM-7 at Raipur in comparison tohighest of 54.2 to 57.4 days atBarapani Centre. The averagefruiting body weight was higher at

Faizabad and Raipur Centres, whereit ranged between 11.44 to 27.5g incomparison to range of 9g to 11.80g atLudhiana and Pantnagar Centres. AtSolan Centre, the time taken for firstharvest ranged between 18.7 to 19.8days. The difference in time taken forfirst harvest was insignificant indifferent strains. The average fruitingbody weight ranged between 11.50 gto 16.40g. On overall average basisthe time taken for first harvest waslowest in strains CM-1, CM-7 and CM-15, while, average fruitbody weight didnot show much variation in differentstrains (Table-2).

1.2 Testing of strains of milkymushroom, Calocybe indica

The trial was laid out at eightCentres by including 9 differentstrains. The mushroom yield obtainedat different Centres varied in differentstrains. Strain, C.I-06 gave highestyield at Coimbatore and C.I-8 atUdaipur Centre, while strain C.I-1 atFaizabad and Pantnagar, strain C.I-03 at Ludhiana and C.I-07 at RanchiCentre (Table-3). Highest biologicalefficiency of 118.89 per cent wasobtained at Ranchi while lowest of 4.4%at Pune Centre.

1.3 Testing of strains of paddystraw mushroom, Volvariellavolvacea

The trial was laid out at 5 differentCentres and highest biological

13


Tab

le 1

. Y

ield

ing

pot

enti

al o

f d

iffe

ren

t st

rain

s of

wh

ite

bu

tton

mu

shro

om, A

.bis

por

us

A. b

isp

oru

sP

un

eL

ud

hia

na

Rai

pu

rF

aiza

bad

Pan

tnag

arC

oim

bat

ore

Sol

anU

dai

pu

rB

arap

ani

Av.

stra

in

CM

-113

.44

--

-15

.33

-16

.34

--

15.0

4

CM

-314

.04

7.72

11.3

12.7

814

.03

3.30

17.6

511

.98

-18

.53

CM

-510

.18

8.20

-11

.82

14.6

712

.88

18.7

913

.96

-12

.93

CM

-614

.14

--

-9.

32-

16.1

5-

-13

.20

CM

-718

.10

-11

.8-

12.3

7-

20.9

5-

-15

.80

CM

-10

13.8

66.

500.

698.

7613

.95

16.8

016

.85

13.6

6-

11.3

8

CM

-11

12.6

8-

1.18

-11

.87

-21

.75

--

11.8

7

CM

-12

12.4

0-

1.36

-10

.57

-21

.89

-4.

910

.22

CM

-13

16.6

6-

1.05

11.5

511

.65

-18

.81

-12

.512

.04

CM

-14

16.0

1-

0.76

-10

.82

-18

.78

-16

.212

.51

S-11

-6.

95-

10.0

9-

-17

.89

12.7

7-

11.9

2

CM

-15

cont

rol

13.9

1-

--

13.0

6-

18.1

1-

-15

.03

CD

2.70

1.12

ND

0.81

1.02

ND

2.15

2.58

ND

ND

: Not

det

erm

ined


14

Tab

le 2

. Tim

e ta

ken

for

fir

st h

arve

st a

nd

ave

rage

fru

itin

g b

ody

wei

ght

in d

iffe

ren

t st

rain

s of

A. b

isp

oru

s

Str

ain

Tim

e ta

ken

for

fir

st h

arve

st (

day

s p

ost-

casi

ng)

/ fru

itin

g b

ody

wei

ght/

Cen

tre

Pu

ne

Lu

dh

ian

aR

aip

ur

Fai

zaba

dP

antn

agar

Coi

mb

ator

eSo

lan

Ud

aip

ur

Bar

apan

iA

vera

geb

ba

ba

ba

bb

ab

ab

ab

ab

CM

-113

--

--

-15

8.63

-19

.514

.5-

--

-17

.25

12.0

4

CM

-314

11.3

14.3

11.4

425

25.7

715

9.32

1118

.814

.818

17.3

2-

-18

.22

14.3

6

CM

-512

9.2

--

2724

.94

169.

7111

.319

.713

.619

15.0

1-

-20

.42

13.6

8

CM

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15


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16

efficiency in the range of 8.05 to 25.42% was recorded at Coimbatore followedby Ludhiana Centre. Strain Vv-01gave highest yield of 25.42 kg/100kgdry substrate at Coimbatore, whilestrain Vv-04 at Ludhiana, Vv-02 atFaizabad and Vv-07 at Ranchi Centre(Table-4). On overall average basisstrains, Vv-03 and Vv-07 gave higheryield than other strains.

2. Crop Production

2.1.1 Evaluation of differentagro-industrial wastes ascasing material for whitebutton mushroom, A.bisporus.

The experimental trail was laid outat four Centres including theHeadquarter. Coirpith in combinationwith FYM in the ratio of 1:1 (v/v) gave

Fig. 1. White button mushroom crop raised by using different casing materials at NRCM, Solan

Table 4. Yielding potential of different strains of paddy straw mushroom, Volvariellavolvacea

Strain Yield (kg/100 kg of dry substrate) at different centres

Ludhiana Barapani Faizabad Coimbatore Ranchi Averagea b a b a b a b a b a b

Vv-1 0.7 5.0 0.19 1.5 - - 25.42 20.5 3.3 50.0 7.40 19.25

Vv-2 13.1 6.2 0.14 4.0 3.87 12.5 21.20 20.0 - - 9.58 10.67

Vv-3 15.0 6.2 - - 3.15 12.1 20.80 20.0 - - 12.98 12.77

Vv-4 15.5 3.4 0.14 4.0 0.97 12.7 9.82 18.2 2.7 8.54 5.83 9.37

Vv-5 7.7 3.6 - - 1.71 11.5 8.05 17.5 - - 5.82 10.87

Vv-6 - - 10.8 10.9 1.23 12.6 - - 11.29 12.76 7.77 12.09

Vv-7 11.8 6.8 6.69 6.4 - - - - 13.88 9.16 10.79 7.45

CD 0.24 1.0

a) average mushroom yield; b) average fruiting body weight (g).

17


highest mushroom yield of 14.56 kg/100kg compost, at Pune, whereas twoyear old spent mushroom compostperformed better at Udaipur andLudhiana Centres. At Solan Centre,coirpith and 2 year old spent compostgave yield at par with each other andsuprior than other treatments. Thefruiting bodies obtained from two yearold spent compost were of good weightand it ranged between 11.10g to 11.75gat different Centres (Table-5).

2.1.2 P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a lproperties of agro-industrial wastes evaluatedas casing materials forwhite button mushroom, A.bisporus.

The experiment was laid out at 4different Centres. The pH, waterholding capacity and conductivitywere recorded highest in coirpith andits combination with FYM atLudhiana, Udaipur and Pune

Table 5. Effect of different casing materials on the yield and fruiting body weight ofA. bisporus

Treatment Mushroom yield (kg/100 kg compost) at different Centres

Pune Ludhiana Udaipur Solana a b a b a b

Farm yard manure (FYM) + 11.24 8.98 9.7 12.08 11.69 - -spent compost (SC) (1:1, v/v)

SC (2 years old) 11.75 10.20 11.7 15.31 11.75 15.66 11.10

Coirpith (CP) 14.31 6.08 7.2 13.63 11.77 15.72 11.10

CP+FYM (1:1, v/v) 14.56 9.74 10.6 9.63 14.33 - -

CP+FYM (1:4, v/v) 14.20 8.76 9.1 9.40 13.58 - -

CP+SC (1:1, v/v) 13.60 7.75 8.2 12.13 11.52 14.83 10.82

Burnt rice husk (BRH)+ 13.30 7.65 10.2 11.44 13.02 12.77 10.97

FYM (1:1, v/v)

BRH+FYM (1:2, v/v) 14.08 7.85 9.7 10.32 17.76 - -

FYM+CP+BRH (4:1:1, v/v) 13.80 7.05 9.7 11.36 15.62 - -

FYM+Garden soil (1:1, v/v) 12.90 7.68 8.9 9.70 18.76 - -

Control-I

FYM control-II 12.27 7.80 10.5 10.74 18.77 12.81 11.20

CD (5%) 2.73 0.82 - 2.31 - 1.69 -

a = Total yield, b = Average fruitbody wt.


18

Centres, while the particle density wasin lower range and the highest particledensity was of casing materialprepared with FYM+garden soil (1:1,v/v). The pH of better performingcasing material (coirpith and 2 yearsold spent compost) differed with eachother and it varied from 6.90 to 7.94.The conductivity varied between 0.45mmho in burnt rice husk+coir pith tomaximum of 3.77 in FYM+spentcompost (1:1 v/v). Similarly the waterholding capacity ranged betweenlowest of 35.67 to highest to 475 incoirpith.The particle density increasedwith increased proportion of FYM inthe casing material (Table-6).

2.2.1 Effect of spray of differentchemicals on yield ofPleurotus florida and P.sajor-caju

The experiment was conducted at11different Centres. Two chemicalsviz; dipotassium hydrogen phosphate(K2HPO4) and Urea were applied @0.1M and 0.1%, respectively onmycelium colonized substrate bags ofP.florida and P.sajor-caju. The sprayof 0.1M K2HPO4 significantlyenhanced the yield of P.florida atRaipur, Faizabad and CoimbatoreCentres. At Ludhiana , Pune, Udaipurand Ranchi Centres, the control

Table 6. Quality parameters of casing materials at different Centres

Treatment CentresLudhiana Pune Udaipur

pH WHC Cond. Den. pH WHC Cond. Den. pH WHC Cond. Den.

FYM+SC (1:1) 7.05 95 0.52 0.85 7.0 75 0.58 0.61 7.66 43.87 3.77 0.605

SC (2 year old) 7.19 130 0.65 0.68 6.9 72 0.82 0.58 6.91 62.89 3.37 0.662

Coirpith (CP) 7.25 475 0.53 0.15 7.4 82 1.60 0.42 7.94 35.67 1.03 0.387

CP+FYM (1:1) 6.67 275 1.45 0.34 7.2 78 1.45 0.48 7.87 94.95 2.58 0.457

CP+FYM (1:4) 6.60 135 2.33 0.63 7.1 75 1.50 0.50 8.1 40.18 3.05 0.581

CP+SC (1:1) 6.61 215 1.54 0.49 7.3 75 1.58 0.45 7.27 52.66 2.64 0.304

BRH+FYM 7.04 190 1.59 0.55 6.8 65 0.48 0.40 8.33 62.09 2.62 0.731(1:1)

BRH+FYM 7.50 185 2.45 0.54 6.7 67 0.45 0.41 8.35 67.21 2.84 0.628(1:2)

FYM+CP+ 7.65 175 1.95 0.60 6.9 70 0.90 0.45 8.05 75.25 2.64 0.325BRH (4:1:1)

FYM+Garden 7.20 55 1.65 1.15 7.0 68 0.53 0.82 8.26 52.66 1.87 0.804soil (1:1) Control-I

FYM Control-2 7.05 103 2.65 0.73 7.2 69 0.50 0.58 8.29 44.25 2.69 0.714

WHC-water holding capacity; FYM- farm yard manure; SC- spent compost; CP-coirpith; BRH-burnt rice husk

19


treatment gave significantly higheryield than chemical sprayed substratebags (Table-7). The spray treatmentwith 0.1% Urea gave significantlyhigher yield at Barapani, Pantnagar,Vellayani and Solan. However, theoverall average did not show muchvariations in yield.

The experiment with P.sajor-cajuwas conducted at 9 Centres. Enhancedyield of P.sajor-caju was obtained onspraying 0.1M K2HPO4 on mushroombeds at Faizabad, Ranchi, Pantnagar,Udaipur and Vellayani Centres, whilethe mushroom yield at Ludhiana,Raipur and Pune Centre wassignificantly less in chemical sprayedtreatments in comparison to control

(Table-8). There were minorvariations at average mushroom yielddata calculated after summing up ofyield obtained at different Centres.

2.2.2. Evaluation of yield potentialof Pleurotus fossulatus andHypsizygus ulmarius

The experiment was conducted at11 different Centres including theHeadquarter. Blue oyster mushroom,Hypsizygus ulmarius gave higheryield at Ranchi, Pune, Pantnagar,Vellayani, Ludhiana, Udaipur andCoimbatore Centres. At RanchiCentre very high biological efficiencyof 132.59.% was recorded in thismushroom in comparison to 101.65

Table 8. Effect of chemicals spray on yield of P. sajor-caju

Treatment Yield (kg/100kg dry substrate) at different CentresLudh- Rai- Faiz- Ran- Pant- Udai- Vella- Pune Solan Av.iana pur abad chi nagar pur yani

K2HPO4 (0.1M) 32.5 82.1 74.86 96.88 74.01 81.01 23.0 50.5 61.0 63.96

Urea (0.1%) 38.6 93.5 69.35 42.6 68.1 29.13 22.0 47.8 66.4 53.05

Control 45.7 130.5 70.15 82.62 62.7 36.21 22.75 59.2 52.7 62.50

CD (5%) 2.2 ND 3.97 NS ND ND ND 22.8 14.28

ND- not determined

Table 7. Effect of chemical spray on yield of Pleurotus florida

Treatment Yield (kg/100kg dry substrate) at different CentresLudh- Rai- Faiz- Bara- Pune Pant- Coimb- Vella- Udai- Ran- Solan Av.iana pur abad pani nagar atore yani pur chi

K2HPO4 (0.1M) 36.2 64.5 68.67 96.4 52.8 65.33 92 25.3 47.83 47.23 84.62 61.90

Urea (0.1%) 42.31 57.7 59.62 98.9 48.7 78.95 87 29.88 45.9 69.68 87.81 63.18

Control 49.3 55.8 65.39 97.3 55.2 60.00 84 24.25 58.06 80.38 73.0 63.88

CD (5%) 3.33 NS 3.24 ND 28.8 ND 28.42 ND ND 89.57 16.3

ND- not determined


20

Fig. 2. Oyster mushroom crop on neemcakesupplemented wheat straw substrate

Table 9. Evaluation of yield potential of P.fossulatus and Hypsizygus ulmarius

Centres Biological efficiency (%) CD (5%)P. fossulatus P. florida H. ulmarius P. sajor-caju

Pune - 57.7 78.8 63.7 13.5Raipur - 44.45 55.25 76.95 13.57Faizabad 3.51 64.71 60.25 68.52 3.94Pantnagar 43.84 50.00 66.72 60.68 4.69Ranchi - 101.65 132.59 75.90 29.72Coimbatore - 94.0 124 - 11.54Barapani - - 67 - -Vellayani - 26.87 26.95 23.73 4.76Ludhiana - 25.8 49.3 45.7 1.7Udaipur - 48.89 67.03 34.63 26.32Solan 39.5 41.40 29.31 48.39 19.39

and 75.90% in P.florida and P.sajor-caju, respectively. At Faizabad, Solanand Raipur, the control Pleurotus spp.(P.florida and P.sajor-caju) out-yieldedthe test species (Table-9).

2.3 Cultivation trial of paddystraw mushroom,Volvariella volvacea

The trial could only be laid out atthree Centres. At Coimbatore Centrethe compact round bed prepared outof paddy straw gave highest

Fig. 3.1. Fruiting body of Hypsizygousulmarius on wheat straw at Raipur

Fig. 3.2. Pleurotus sajor-caju on wheat strawat Raipur

21


mushroom yield of 41.2kg/100 drysubstrate. It was closely followed bycompact square bed. At Ludhianaagain the highest mushroom yield wasobtained on compact round bed and itwas followed by hollow bed (Table-10).At Faizabad very poor yield wasrecorded. Average fruiting bodyweight was also highest (45.5gm) fromcompact round bed at all the Centresand it was followed by compact squarebed.Fig. 3.3. Pleurotus florida grown on wheat

straw at Raipur

2.4 Evaluation of differentsubstrates for cultivating ofmilky mushroom, Calocybeindica

The experimental trial wasconducted at 7 Centres and at all theCentres highest mushroom yield wasobtained in wheat straw as substrateexcept Pune Centre where paddy straw

and wheat straw 1:1 (v/v) mixture gavehighest yield of 59.1 kg.The mushroomyield varied from lowest of 1.96kg/100kg dry substrate at Faizabad tohighest of 59.1 kg at Pune Centre. Theyield levels obtained at Pune, Udaipurand Pantnagar were comparable, whileit was low at Faizabad Centres (Table-11).

Table 10. Cultivation of paddy straw mushroom

Type of Bed Faizabad Coimbatore Ludhianaa b c a b c a b c

Hollow bed (6” dia) 1.43 551 8.1 19.2 408 20.0 15.7 2010 7.8

Compact bed (square) 4.30 1438 9.3 30.3 512 36.0 15.0 2015 7.4

Compact bed (round) 2.60 888 9.2 41.2 730 45.5 16.2 1819 8.9

Bundle method (hollow – 3.14 1039 9.5 13.0 340 16.2 14.1 1755 8.04 bundles x 5 layers + 2 bundlesopened at the top)

Bundle method (5 bundlesx4 6.58 2226 9.6 10.4 476 17.5 14.8 1935 7.6layers+ 2 bundles opened atthe top) -

CD (5%) 0.57 156.3 0.7 - - - 0.4 55 -

a-Mushroom yield (kg/100kg dry substrate); b-No. of fruiting bodies (no. / 100 kg substrate);c- Av. Wt. of fruiting bodies (g)


22

Table 11. Cultivation of C.indica on different substrates

Substrate Yield (kg/100kg dry substrate) at different CentresPune Ludhiana Pantnagar Faizabad Vellayani Udaipur

Wheat straw (WS) 45.0 53.4 48.25 23.35 - 52.8

Paddy Straw (PS) 31.3 - 20.55 - 38.94 -

WS+PS (1:1) 59.1 - 30.95 1.96 - 50.0

WS+PS (1:2) 32.1 - 26.75 - - 51.2

WS+PS (2:1) 37.9 - 35.42 4.96 - 50.80

CD (5%) 7.08 - 2.07 4.96 - -

Fig. 4.1. Milky mushroom crop at UdaipurCentre

Fig. 4.2. Strainal evaluation trial on milkymushroom, C. indica at Vellayani

2.5 Cultivation trial on blackear mushroom, Auriculariapolytricha

The experiment was conductedat 3 Centres by using wheat straw andpaddy straw as substrate and 2%, 5%and 10% supplementation of wheatbran. The 2% wheat bransupplemented wheat straw gavehighest yield at Udaipur and Pantnagar, followed by wheat bransupplemented wheat straw both atPantnagar and Udaipur Centres.Cultivation on paddy straw alone Fig. 5. Black ear mushroom crop on mango

wood chips

resulted in slightly lower yield atCoimbatore Centre (Table-12).

23


2.6 Cultivation trial onshiitake mushroom,Lentinula edodes

The experimental trial wasconducted at 4 Centres only. Out ofdifferent substrates and supplements,the 10% wheat bran supplementedsaw dust gave highest mushroom yield

Table 12. Evaluation of different substrates for the cultivation of A. polytricha

Substrate Average yield (kg/100 kg substrate) at different CentresUdaipur Pantnagar Coimbatore

WS alone 64.99 - -

WS+WB (2%) 66.23 59.87 -

WS+WB (5%) 68.06 70.01 -

WS+WB (10%) 70.55 87.00 -

PS alone 61.42 - 36.00

PS+WB (2%) 64.24 58.09 43.02

PS+WB (5%) 65.57 62.00 44.25

PS+WB (10%) 66.40 76.03 42.53

WS – wheat straw, WB- wheat bran; PS – paddy straw

at Udaipur and Coimbatore Centres.The paddy straw supplemented withdifferent ratio of wheat bran gavecomparatively good yield atCoimbatore Centre (Table-13).Average fruiting body weight (49.75 to65.25g) was comparatively higher atPantnagar than at Udaipur, Pune andCoimbatore Centres (14.5 to 22.04 g).

Table 13. Evaluation of different substrates for the cultivation of Lentinula edodes

Substrate Average yield (g/2kg substrate) at different CentresPantnagar Udaipur Pune Coimbatore

Yield Av. Fruit- Yield Av. Fruit- Yield Av. Fruit- Yield Av. Fruit-ing body ing body ing body ing bodywt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g)

SD alone - - - - - - 183.5 18.4

SD+WB (5%) 298.5 49.75 1471.4 17.61 - - 195.5 16.3

SD+WB (10%) 130.50 65.25 3493.5 24.6 34 17 272.0 16.0

SD+WB (20%) 445.23 52.38 3444.0 22.04 100 20 210.0 15.0

Paddy straw alone- - - - - - 81.5 14.8

PS+WB (5%) - - - - - - 115.5 16.5

PS+WB (10%) - - - - - - 112.0 16.0

PS+WB (20%) - - - - - - 159.5 14.5

SD – saw dust, WB – wheat bran; WS – wheat straw, PS – paddy straw.


24

3.1 Effect of washing treatmentwith different chemicals onwhiteness of fresh andstored white buttonmushroom fruiting bodies.

The experiment was conducted at7 Centres with washing treatment ofbutton mushroom fruiting bodies with100, 150, 200 and 500ppm of EDTA,100 ppm EDTA +0.02% KMS andunwashed mushroom as control. Thecombined washing treatment of100ppm EDTA with 0.02% KMS gavehighest whiteness just after washingand 48 hrs. of storage at 50C at almostall the Centres. The second besttreatment at Coimbatore, Raipur andPantnagar was 500ppm EDTA, while200 ppm EDTA at Faizabad,Ludhiana, Pune and Udaipur (Table-14).

The results were different afterstoring the mushrooms at ambienttemperature conditions and washingwith 200 ppm EDTA gave whitenessat par with that of washing with100ppm EDTA + 0.02% KMS atUdaipur, Faizabad, Ludhiana, Puneand Raipur Centres. It was only thePantnagar Centre, where betterwhiteness was retained in 500 ppmEDTA treatment than EDTA+KMSother EDTA washing treatments andthe second best treatment and wasrecorded as 100 ppm EDTA+0.02%KMS (Table-15).

3.2 Effect of different packagingtreatments on the shelf-life ofwhite button mushroom, A.bisporus

The experiment was conducted at7 Centres by using polypropylene of75, 100 and 125 gauge thickness andpolythene of 100 gauge thickness. Thepacked mushrooms were stored both atambient and refrigerated temperatureconditions and the loss in whiteness,weight and opening of veil wererecorded. At Coimbatore, Ludhiana,Pune and Udaipur Centres, themushrooms packed in 100 gaugepolypropylene gave better results withrespect to whiteness, weight loss andveil opening on their storage both atrefrigerated and ambient temperatureconditions. At Faizabad and RaipurCentres better results were obtainedon packaging mushroom in 125 gaugethick polypropylene, while atPantnagar Centre no significatdifferences were recorded in either ofthe packaging treatment (Table-16).When the mushrooms were stored indifferent packaging materials withoutany hole, the 100 and 125 gaugepolypropylene gave better results thanother materials at Faizabad Centre(Table-17) whereas 75 and 125 gaugepolypropylene gave better results atPune Centre.

25


Tab

le 1

4. E

ffec

t of

was

hin

g tr

eatm

ent

foll

owed

by

stor

age

at 5

0 C o

n w

hit

enes

s of

bu

tton

mu

shro

om, A

.bis

por

us

Dip

pin

gC

oim

bat

ore

Fai

zab

adL

ud

hia

na

Pa

ntn

ag

ar

Pu

ne

Ra

ipu

rU

da

ipu

rtr

eatm

ent

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ED

TA

100

ppm

++

++

+++

++++

++++

+++

++++

+++

++++

-++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++++

+++

++++

++++

+++

ED

TA

150

ppm

++

++

+++

++++

++++

++++

++++

+++

++++

-++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

+++

++++

++++

++++

ED

TA

200

ppm

++

++

+++

++++

++++

++++

++++

+++

+++

+++

-++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

+++

++++

++++

++++

ED

TA

100

ppm

+++

+++

++++

+++

++++

++++

++++

+++

+++

+++

++-

++++

++++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++

+++

++++

++++

++++

+0.

02%

KM

S

ED

TA

500

ppm

+++

++

+++

+++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++++

-++

+++

++++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++

+++

++++

++++

++++

Un

was

hed

++

--

+++

+++

+++

+++

++++

++

++-

+++

++++

+++

++

+++

++++

+++

+++

+++

+

Wat

er w

ash

ed-

--

--

--

-++

+++

++++

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

a)

wh

iten

ess

befo

re w

ash

ing;

b)

wh

iten

ess

afte

r w

ash

ing;

c)

wh

iten

ess

afte

r 24

hrs

. of

sto

rage

; d)

wh

iten

ess

afte

r 48

hrs

. of

sto

rage

.


26

Tab

le 1

5. E

ffec

t of

was

hin

g tr

eatm

ent

foll

owed

by

stor

age

at a

mb

ien

t te

mp

erat

ure

con

dit

ion

s on

wh

iten

ess

of b

utt

on m

ush

room

,A

. bis

por

us

Dip

pin

gC

oim

bat

ore

Fai

zab

adL

ud

hia

na

Pa

ntn

ag

ar

Pu

ne

Ra

ipu

rU

da

ipu

rtr

eatm

ent

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ab

cd

ED

TA

100

ppm

++

+-

+++

++++

++++

++++

+++

++++

++-

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

++++

+++

++++

+++

++

ED

TA

150

ppm

++

+-

+++

++++

++++

++++

+++

++++

++-

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

+++

++++

+++

++++

+++

ED

TA

200

ppm

++

+-

+++

++++

++++

++++

+++

+++

+++

++-

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++

+++

+++

++++

+++

++++

+++

ED

TA

100

ppm

+++

+++

+++

+++

++++

++++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++-

+++

++++

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

+++

++++

+++

++++

+++

+0.

02%

KM

S

ED

TA

500

ppm

/+

+++

-++

+++

++++

++++

++++

++++

++-

++++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

++++

++++

+++

++++

+++

++k

ms

Un

was

hed

++

--

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

-+

+++

+++

+++

++

++++

+++

++++

+++

+++

+

Wat

er w

ash

ed-

--

--

--

-++

+++

++++

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

a) b

efor

e w

ash

ing;

b)

afte

r w

ash

ing;

c)

afte

r 24

hrs

. of

was

hin

g; d

) af

ter

48 h

rs.

of w

ash

ing.

27


Tab

le 1

6.E

ffec

t of

dif

fere

nt

pac

kag

ing

trea

tmen

ts w

ith

hol

es o

n w

hit

enes

s/w

eigh

t lo

ss a

nd

vei

l op

enin

g of

bu

tton

mu

sh-

room

on

sto

rage

for

48

hrs

. at

refr

iger

ated

an

d a

mb

ien

t te

mp

erat

ure

con

dit

ion

s

Tre

atm

ent

Co

imb

ato

reF

aiz

ab

ad

Lu

dh

ian

aP

an

tna

ga

rP

un

eR

aip

ur

Ud

aip

ur

ab

ca

bc

ab

ca

bc

ab

ca

bc

ab

c

75 g

auge

PP

(R

)+

12.5

10+

++

+3.

80

++

1.3

1+

++

+0

N-

--

+0.

45-

+5.

88-

(A

)+

1430

++

14.4

11+

+2

4+

++

0.35

N-

--

++

0.43

-+

6.66

-

100

gau

ge P

P(R

)+

+7.

08

++

++

4.2

0+

+0

-+

++

+0

N+

++

+2.

5-

+0.

43-

++

+0

-

(A

)+

+8.

525

++

+15

.39

++

3.4

2+

++

0.30

N+

++

12

+0.

31-

++

+11

.11

-

125

gau

ge P

P(R

)+

+9.

08

++

++

3.5

0+

++

2.6

-+

++

+0

N-

--

+0.

15-

++

+0

-

(A

)+

+10

.028

++

+14

.810

++

+5.

32

++

++

0.25

N-

--

++

0.32

-+

++

14.2

9-

100

gau

ge P

E(R

)+

+7.

510

++

++

3.6

0+

+0

1+

++

+0

N+

+5

-+

0.17

-+

++

0-

(A

)+

=10

.030

++

+14

.610

++

4.7

1+

++

+0.

32N

++

+5

3+

0.28

-+

+12

.5-

PP

- po

lypr

opyl

ene;

PE

- po

lyet

hyl

ene;

R-

refr

iger

ated

; A

- am

bien

t; a

- w

hit

enes

s; b

- pe

rcen

t w

eigh

t lo

ss;

c- p

erce

nt

veil

ope

nin

g


28

3.3 Effect of different dryingmethods on quality of driedoyster mushroom, Pleurotusspp.

The experiment was conducted at4 Centres and four methods viz;blanching followed by sun drying,chemical treatment followed by sun-drying, simple washing followed bysun-drying and cabinet drying wereemployed. The results obtained at

Fig. 6.1. Dried oyster mushroom by followingdifferent methods at Udaipur

Fig. 6.2. Value added product produced frommushrooms at Udaipur

Table 17. Effect of different packaging treatments without hole on whiteness, weightloss and veil opening of button mushroom on storage for 48 hrs. at refriger-ated and ambient temperature conditions

Treatment Faizabad Punea b (%) c (%) a b (%) c (%)

75 gauze PP (R) ++++ 3.6 0 - - -

(A) ++ 11.6 14 - - -

100 gauze PP (R) ++++ 3.3 0 ++ 0.5 2

(A) +++ 11.9 12 ++ 3 3

125 gauze PP (R) ++++ 3.5 0 - - -

(A) ++ 11.7 11 - - -

100 gauze PE (R) ++++ 3.3 0 +++ 0.5 2

(A) +++ 11.4 12 ++ 6 4

different Centres varied and keepingquality after 3 months of storage wasrecorded to be better in treatmentinvolving blanching followed by sun-drying method at Coimbatore andLudhiana Centres. However, atUdaipur and Raipur, the chemicaltreatment with sun drying and simplewashing with sun-drying gave betterresults with respect to whiteness,brittleness and keeping quality after3 months of storage (Table-18).

29


Table 18. Effect of different drying treatments on quality of dried oyster mushroom,Pleurotus spp.

Treatment Coimbatore Ludhiana Raipur Udaipura b c d a b c d a b c d a b d

Blanching and ++++ 0.00 ++ 30.00 ++++ ++++ +++ - Light + + 35.37 - +++ 88.0sun drying brown

Chemical treatment + 0.00 + 0 ++ ++++ +++ - Yello- ++ + 39.56 +++ ++ 86.5and sun drying wish

Simple washing and - High ++ 85.00 ++ ++++ ++++ - Light ++ + 29.87 +++ ++ 86.5sun drying brown

Cabinet drying + Low + 60.00 ++++ ++++ +++ - Dark + + 31.28 - ++ 85.5brown

a)whiteness (++++ snow white, ++++ white, +++off white, + pale),b)brittleness (++++ maximum brittle, + minimum brittle),c) keeping quality after 3 months, d) weight loss (%)


30

4. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATIONOF FLESHY FUNGI

Coimbatore Centre

A total of 20 fleshy fungi werecollected during the survey. Amongthem one each of Agaricus, Calocybe,Ganoderma and Schizophyllum werepure cultured.

Faizabad Centre

Surveys were conducted duringrainy season in the forest areas ofFaizabad and Sultanpur districts. Atotal of 34 samples were collected, outof which, 7 were Volvariella spp., 3 ofTermitomyces spp., 3 of Ganodermaspp., 2 still unidentified and rest couldnot be cultured and identified.

Pantnagar Centre

Survey of wild fleshy fungi wasconducted during the rainy season inthe forest areas of Nainital,Bageshwar, Udham Singh Nagar,Pithoragarh and Dehradoon districtsof Uttaranchal. A total of twenty-ninespecimens were collected out of which,11 were identified tentatively. Some ofthe collections included Geastrum sp.,Boletus sp., Lapiota sp., Polyporus sp.,Laetiporus, Cordyceps sinensis,Ganoderma sp., Coriolus sp.,Ganoderma lucidum, Russula sp.,Amanita sp., Hygrophorous sp.,Hericium sp., Pleurotus sp.,Termitomyces sp., Polyozellus sp.,Auriculariya sp., Ramaria stricta,Armillaria sp., Collybia sp., Clavariasp., Lacteria sp. and Suyllus sp.

Pune Centre

Surveys were conducted duringthe monsoon in different locations. Thefollowing fleshi fungi viz., Podaxispistillarius, Agaricus xanthodermis,Russula spp., Termitomyces spp.,Ganoderma spp., Agaricus spp.,Termitomyces spp., Lecocoprinusbrebibesoni, Clitocybe spp., Ramariaspp., Clavaria spp., Letioporus spp.,Polypore sulphurius, Agaricusaugustus, Lepiota and Earth star.Attempts has been made to isolatepure culture from them and 8 cultureswere isolated and are purified.

Raipur Centre

Survey for wild mushroom florawas conducted during monsoon seasonin two districts of Chhattisgarh ie.Raipur and Jagdalpur. Mushroomflora occurring in the vicinity ofCollege of Agriculture was regularly

Fig. 7. Fruit body of Genoderma applanatumcollected naturally at Raipur

31


surveyed from June to August month.However, mushroom flora inJagdalpur area was surveyed in themonth of July and August. In all, 26species of edible, inedible, medicinaland poisonous mushroom werecollected from soil, termite mounds,wood logs, live plants, rotten leavesand market areas. The following fleshifungi viz., Auricularia sp., Amanitapantharina, Amanita vagnata,Amanita spissa , Collybia asema ,Drosophila sp., Canthrellus sp.,Coprinus sp., Ganoderma lucidum,Ganoderma applanatum , Lacrymariavelunita, Lepiota racodes, Polyporusovinus, Pleurotus dryinus , Russulaalutacea , Russula delica, Russulanigricans , Termitomyces (Kankiphutu), Termitomyces (Bhimoraphutu), Termitomyces (Bhado phutu),Tuber sp., Mycena sp., Tricholoma sp.,Boletus edulis and Pleurotus eous werecollected and identified.

Fig. 8. Hericium erynesius on twig of mangotree collected naturally at Raipur

Udaipur Centre

Total of 11 surveys were made inthe month of July, August andSeptember 2005. This year rain werestarted late in the last week of Julyonly. Therefore, the collection weredone only in August month in differentdistrict of Rajasthan such as Udaipur,Jodhpur, Sirohi, Pali, and Chittorgarhdistricts. The major area surveyedwere Badgoan, Iaswal, Gogunda,Jhadol, Pai, Peepalvas, Undri, Nai,Sisarma, Locing, Khamnoor, Kelwara,Jarga, Jaswanthgarh, Saira, Malgarh,Pindwara, Sai, Malva Ka Chora,Pindwara, Falna, sadari, Pali andJodhpur. Total of 113 different wildspecimens were collected. Their database, culture, spore prints wereprepared. The specimens werepreserved in dry form only. The mostcommon occurring genera areAgaricus spp. Calocybe sp.,

Fig. 9. Termitomyces spp. collected fromtermite mounds at Raipur


32

Auricularia, Podaxis pistallaris,Lepiota spp., Volvariella spp.,Pleurotus spp., Ganoderma spp.,Schizophyllum, communae, Geastrumspp., Pisolithus tintorius, Polypores,Mycenia, Marasmus spp., andPhellorina spp.

Some rare collection are Melastizachateri, Xylaria hypoxylon, Colocyblegambosa, Fuligo septica, Entolomacaesiocinectus, Hericium erinanceus,Sterum hirsutem, Polyporessulphureus, Ramaria fennica,Phellorina, herculea andMicroglossum viride.

Vellayani Centre

The cultures of the ten strains ofCalocybe indica were deposited in theNational Mushroom Culture Bank atNRCM Solan for which accessionnumbers were obtained. The otherisolates viz. Pleurotus eous,Ganoderma lucidum andSchyzophyllum commune were

brought into pure culture and is beingpreserved in the laboratory of theAICRP- Vellayani Centre.

Solan Centre

Fungal forays were conducted inthe forest areas of Himachal Pradeshnamely Shilly, Fagu, Cheog, Baghi,Kufri, Narkanda, Ratnadi, KhadaPathar and Mashobra. Parts of theHaryana and Chandigarh were alsovisited for collection of wild specimens.In all 371 wild specimens werecollected. All the specimens wereexamined and photographed undernatural conditions. Spore prints alongwith dried specimens have beenpreserved in the Herbarium. Attemptswere made to obtain tissue culturesfrom the fresh specimens on commonmycological medium. The list ofAgaricoid genera and their collectionsfamily wise are mentioned in Table 19.Some of the specimens have more than2 to3 collections from different areas.

Fig. 10.1. Pholiota squarrosoides growingunder natural conditions in Udaipur area

Fig. 10.2. Collybia sp. growing under naturalconditions in Udaipur area

33


Table 19. List of Agaricoid specimens collected at Solan

S.No. Family Genera (No. of species collected)

1 Agaricaeae Chlorophyllum (1), Agaricus (13), Lepiota (6), Macrolepiota (1),Leucocoprinus (1)

2 Amaniataceae Amanita (18), Limacella (1)

3 Bolbitiaceae Descolea (2), Agrocybe (2)

4 Boletaceae Boletus (5), Leccinum (1), Suillus (1), Strobilomyces (1)

5 Coprinaceae Psathyrella (4), Paneolus (1)

6 Cortinariaceae Cortinarius (11), Inocybe (17), Gymnopilus (3), Hebeloma (1),Galerina (2)

7 Crepidotaceae Crepidotus (3)

8 Entolomataceae Entoloma (4)

9 Gomphidiaceae Gomphidius (3)

10 Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus (4), Camerophyllus (1)

11 Paxillaceae Paxillus (1)

12 Pluteaceae Pluteus (2), Volvariella (1)

13 Polyporaceae Pleurotus (8), Polyporus (8), Lentinus (6), Panus (1), Panellus (1)

14 Russulaceae Lactarius (3), Russula (1)

15 Strophariaceae Psilocybe (1), Stropharia (2), Pleuroflammula (1), Nematoloma (6),Pholiota (2)

16 Tricholomataceae Marasmius (7), Mycena (5), Oudmansiella (1), Tricholoma (5),Laccaria (8), Lyophyllum (7), Clitocybe (5), Lepista (1), Melanoleuca(2), Collybia (6), Armillaria (3), Leucopaxillus (1)


34

5. SURVEY AND SURVEILLANCE OF DISEASESAND INSECT PESTS

Coimbatore Centre

During the survey of diseases andinsect pests, Coprinus sp. infection wasobserved in oyster, milky and paddystraw mushroom beds from spawnrunning till harvest. Mould infectionwas found in paddy straw mushroombeds. In milky mushroom, the fungusTrichoderma pseudokoningii wasobserved and it caused gill spotting.Brownish necrotic lesions wererecorded on the gills and thesporophore was totally rotten within aday.

Faizabad Centre

Survey for recording of theincidence of diseases and insect pestswere carried out at farmer’s units inthe district Barabanki and Faizabad.Studies indicated that competitormoulds are the major constrains in themushroom cultivation in this area. Fewmycoparasitic nematodes and insectswere also observed in or on substrate /fruiting bodies. Cultivation of buttonmushroom was most influenced by thefungi like Trichoderma spp.,Penicillium spp., Coprinus spp. andAlternaria alternata; and presence ofnematodes in manure was alsoconfirmed. Cultivation of oystermushroom was badly affected byTrichoderma spp., Aspergillus spp. andPencillium spp., bacterial infection inbeds was also observed. Paddy straw

and milky mushrooms were mostaffected by Coprinus spp.,Trichoderma spp., Pencillium spp. andRhizopus spp., and occurrence of insectphorids was also observed.

Pantnagar Centre

Marginal & small-scale mushroomfarms located in the district U.S.Nagarand Nainital of Uttaranchal weresurveyed periodically during cropseason 2005-06. It was observed thatgreen mould caused by Trichodermaspp. prevailed to the extent of 47.33%in marginal scale mushroom growingin hut conditions. Of the mushroomgrowing units surveyed, Deihliomycesmicrosporus and Papulaspora byssinawere observed in 9.33% and 12.67%growing units, respectively in themonth of February – March, 2006.Verticillium fungicola was observed in6.49% out of 123 marginal & smallgrowing units visited.

Infestation of sciarid and phoridflies was observed in 14.67% and 6.50%beds, respectively in last stage of thecrop in most of the mushroom huts.During the month of March / Aprilmushroom beetles were observed16.38% in the cropping rooms (huts) ofPleurotus spp. Browning of the pinheads and Rose comb were alsoobserved in 21.67% and 0.06% beds,respectively.

35


Pune Centre

Survey and surveillance of pestsand diseases was carried out in theCollege of Agriculture, Pune campusand a total of 300 beds of buttonmushroom were observed in differentexperiments out of which 5 were foundcontaminated. Among the insects,mainly sciarid fly (10/bed) arerecorded. The green mould diseaseincidence was up to 10%. In oystermushroom experimental trials, total60 beds were inspected, of which 10were found contaminated. Theincidence of sciarid flies was recorded@ 15/bed and 20% beds were recordedto be infected with green moulddisease. In milky mushrooms total of35 beds were inspected in the trials inwhich 5% beds were found to beinfected with green mould disease.

During survey of private buttonmushroom farms, a total of 2500 bedswere surveyed, of which 10 beds werefound contaminated. The 10 numberof Sciarid flies were observed per bed.The most common disease noticed wasgreen mould up to 10%. A total 200beds of oyster mushrooms weresurveyed on private farms of which 23beds were found to be contaminated.The 10 number of Sciarid flies wereobserved per bed. The beds of oystermushroom were found to becontaminated up to 15 % due to greenmould disease.

Raipur Centre

The work on survey andsurveillance of various diseases and

insect pests of oyster mushroom wascarried out in five mushroom farms atBilaspur, Raipur and Durg districts

Fig. 11. Fruit body of A. bisporus infested withTrichoderma spp. at Raipur

Fig. 12. Oyster mushroom bed contaminatedwith Trichoderma in layer method of spawning


36

during winter season. In all the cases,bags were contaminated withTrichoderma sp., Sclerotium rolfsii ,Coprinus sp., patchy growth, yellowblotch and two farms showed theinfestation of phorid and cecid fly intraces. In other farm, no infection ofinsect pests was observed.

Udaipur Centre

Different mushroom farms locatedat Udaipur, Bikaner, Nokha, Gusaisarand Jasrasar were visited for surveyand surveillance of diseases and insectpests. Total of 25 mushroom farmswere visited for occurrence of diseasesand insect pests in Udaipur region,whereas 6 farms of button mushroomwere visited in Bikaner district. It wasobserved that in tribal area no diseaseand insect pests were found. Further,only at 2-3 farms in Goran villageinfection of Coprinus spp. and greenmould were observed in traces only.

In winter season, 20 farms ofbutton mushroom were visited aroundUdaipur and Bikaner districts. InUdaipur district Coprinus comatusand dipterian fly were observed in 1-2 farms. The incidence was very low,while at Bikaner, browning, dipterianand house fly were observed. More overin district of Bikaner problem of casingmaterial was observed.

Vellayani Centre

A survey was conducted on theincidence of mushroom pests in theregion during the early months ofsummer 2005-2006 at five locations.

Two growing houses were examinedin each location where both oyster andmilky mushrooms were grown.Commonly found pests weremushroom flies namely, phorids,sciarids and cecids. Mild to mediumlevel infestation and about 5 to 20%damages were noticed. No diseasescould be noticed in any of the localities.The use of blue and yellow light trapsin growing houses and keepinghygienic in and around the growinghouses were recommended to tacklethe pest problems in this region.

Ludhiana Centre

Survey and surveillance of pestsand diseases was carried at PAUcampus in 5 various strains (CM-3,CM-5, CM-10, S-11, U-3) of buttonmushroom grown on long method ofcompost. The incidence ofTrichoderma spp., Coprinus spp.,Papulaspora byssina and Sepedoniumspp. were recorded on the compost bags.Among the abiotic disorder incidenceof stroma, open veil and scales wereobserved in 2-3% bags. Among theinsect pests, 5 % incidence of sciarid flyand phorid fly was observed.

Solan Centre

Surveys of different mushroomfarms revealed the widespreadincidence of wet bubble, brown plastermould, ink caps at Kurukshetra,Sonepat and other adjoining areas ofSonepat (Haryana) and Chambaghat,Vaknaghat, Deothi and adjoiningareas of Solan. Sciarid flies, mites andspringtails were common in most of thefarms visited.

37


6. EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

Coimbatore Centre

During the year 2005-2006 regular“one day training programmes” onmushroom cultivation were continuedas usual on 5th of every month. Puttogether 275 such programmes havebeen conducted and more than twentythousand people have been trained onoyster mushroom and milkymushroom production so far. TheCentre has also participated in twoexhibitions.

Faizabad Centre

In order to promote mushroomcultivation in Eastern Uttar Pradeshconcerted efforts were made throughtrainings, demonstrations, advisoryservices, participation in Kisan Melaand by supplying ready spawn togrowers for cultivation of mushroom.

a. Training

1. Vocational training for rural youth:Under this training programmeorganized by KVKs working underNDUAT, Kumarganj, the Centreparticipated in three trainings andtrained 60 trainees. In future,efforts will be made to cover all 15KVKs.

2. Off-campus training programmes:Three such training programmeswere organized at village Somnthka Purva and Kumarganj and at

Cantonment, Faizabad with theparticipation of 57 trainees.

3. On-campus training programmes:

a. One hundred and twenty-fourgraduates were trained incultivation technology ofdifferent edible mushrooms.

b. Small groups of 2-5 growershave been visiting mushroomunit and getting one daytraining. Thus during theperiod under report 87 growerswere trained on-campus. Effortsare being made to organizemore training programmes withhigher strength.

b. Kisan Mela

Participated and exhibitedmushroom cultivation technology inKharif (19-20 November, 2005) andRabi (24-25 February, 2006) seasonKisan Mela & Agriculture Exhibitionsorganized by NDUAT, Kumarganjwith the registration of 4871 farmers.

c. Spawn supply

In total 450 kg mushroom spawnwas prepared, 175 kg was supplied tofarmers and rest was used in variousexperiments.

d. Front-line Demonstrations

Ten each for oyster and milkymushroom were laid down at village


38

level in Faizabad and Sultanpurdistricts. One demonstration of buttonmushroom was conducted atCantonment, Faizabad.

e. Visits

During the year 86 school childrenwith their teachers, 327 mushroomgrowers / consumers, QRT memberswith Director, NRCM, Solan andauthorities of NDUAT, Kumarganj

viz. Vice-chancellor, Director ofResearch, Dean College of Agricultureand Registrar visited the mushroomunit.

Ludhiana Centre

The various training programmesorganized by the Centre are presentedin the following Table-20. In addition,14 lectures cum demonstrationprogrammes were conducted in

Table 20. List of training programmes organised by Ludhiana Centre

S.No. Training course Duration No. of participants

1 Mushroom training lecture on 19.04.05 – 21.04.05 22tropical mushroom cultivation andprocessing for ADO’s from Punjab atPAU, Ludhiana

2 Capsule training course by WWICS 11.05.05 40at PAU, Ludhiana

3 Mushroom training course at PAU, 12.09.05 – 16.09.05 23Ludhiana

4 Mushroom training course at PAU, 26.09.05 – 30.09.05 35Ludhiana

5 Mushroom training course for Military 5.10.05 50Personnels of Khasa at Amritsar

6 Mushroom training course at KVK, 7.10.05 15Langroya

7 Capsule training course of mushroom 24.10.05 55cultivation for WWICS at Mohali

8 Mushroom training course for young 21.11.05 & 28.11.05 42farmers for generating self employment

9 Mushroom training course for farm 5.12.05 2workers from KVK, Bathinda

10 Farming system approaches on PAMETI 12.12.05 13at PAU campus, Ludhiana

11 Entrepreneurship development 8.02.06 19programme in agricultural business(Mushroom cultivation for ASI, KVK)

39


various places of Punjab viz.Gurdaspur, Ballowal, Rauni,Ludhiana and Bhatinda. The Centrealso participated in 3 Kisan Melas atGurdaspur, Ballowal, Rauni,Ludhiana and Bhatinda. A TV talk oncultivation of summer varieties ofmushrooms was delivered on DDK,Jalandar on 22.05.05.

Pantnagar Centre

a. Training

Five training programmes ondifferent aspects of mushroomcultivation were organized and a totalof 96 participants from Almora,Lucknow, Pauri, Himachal Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal gottrained at the Centre.

b. Spawn supply

Two thousand eight hundred fortykilogram (2840 kg) of mushroomspawn, 28 bottles of master spawn and62 culture tubes of different species /strains were supplied to the growersand spawn producers in the year 2005-06.

c. Compost supply

The Centre has supplied 984.48Quintal compost alongwith spawn andcasing soil (196.9 quintal) to farmersfrom April, 2005 to February, 2006.Besides, 18.67 MT compost preparedand used at Mushroom Research &Training Centre(MRTC).

d. Field days and Front LineDemonstration

During the year under report,mushroom field days were organizedat growers farm and front linedemonstrations (FLD) of Dhingri andmilky mushroom were laid down inNainital, U.S.Nagar and AlmoraDistricts of Uttaranchal.

Pune Centre

Fig. 13. Mrs. Kapre established her ownmarket for oyster mushroom in Pune city

Fig. 14. Prof. T.K.Narute, Mycologist deliver-ing lecture on mushroom cultivation to thestudents of Khalasa college Mumbai


40

Raipur Centre

Besides the research activities, thisCentre is also working on transfer ofmushroom growing technology to therural as well as urban people throughorganizing training/kisan mela/kisandivas, live demonstrations cumtraining programmes for extensionworkers, sale of mushroom spawn,mushroom pickle, publicity throughresearch articles, popular articles,folder, bulletins and coverage of thenews in local news papers, weeklymagazines, monthly magazines, All

Table 21. Training programmes /National Workshop/ICAR Short Course organized byRaipur Centre

S. Training From To Sponsoring Trainees No. ofNo. agency from participants

1. Mushroom processing 14.6.05 16.6.05 DBT Dondekhurd 20 womentechnology

2. Mushroom processing 20.6.05 22.6.05 DBT Tarra 23 womentechnology

3. Mushroom spawn 18.7.05 21.7.05 DBT Tarra and 14 womenproduction technology Dondekhurd

4. Training on mushroom 1.8.05 11.8.05 University Government 7 studentsproduction technology Science College

5. Mushroom production 19.9.05 21.9.05 DBT Tarra 40 womentechnology

6. Mushroom production 23.11.05 25.11.05 DBT Dondekhurd 20 womentechnology

7. Mushroom production 6.12.05 15.12.05 University Government 7 studentstechnology Science College

8. National workshop 1.12.05 2.12.05 NBA, All over India 150“Awareness Creation Chennaion Biodiversity andConservation of Mushroom”

9. ICAR Short course 9.1.06 18.1.06 ICAR, All over India 21New Delhi

India Radio and Raipur Doordarshan,Sahara TV, E TV, etc. The Table-21shows the various trainingprogrammes, national workshops andICAR short course organized by theRaipur Centre during the year underreport.

a. Extension material developed

1. Oyster Mushroom utpadan takniki

2. Safed dudhia mushroom utpadantakniki

3. Para mushroom utpadan takniki

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b. TV / Radio Talk

1. Thakur MP (2004). A radio talk on‘Mushroom ki kheti’ wasbroadcasted by All India Radio on9th May, 2004.

2. Shukla CS (2005). A T.V. talk on‘Milky mushroom ka utpadan Mainsamansyaen’ was telecasted byDoordarshan Kendra, Raipurunder ‘Bhuiya Ke Goth’ on 22nd

August, 2005.

3. Shukla CS (2005). A documentaryfilm on “Mushroom ki kheti kaisenkare evam samasyen” wastelecasted by Doordarshan Kendra,Raipur on 25th March 2005

4. Shukla CS (2005). A T.V. talk on‘Oyster mushroom ka utpadanMain samasyen’ was telecasted byE TV, M. P. under Annadataprogramme on 12 February, 2006.

5. Shukla CS (2005). A T.V. talk on‘Mushroom spawn kaise banayen”was telecasted by E TV, M. P. underAnnadata programme on 20March, 2006.

6. Shukla CS (2005). A Radio talk on‘Mushroom ka utpadan Kaqsekaren’ was telecasted by AIRAmbikapur, under Choupal on 27th

January, 2006.

c. Participation in Kisan Mela /Exhibition/ NSS Camp

1. Participated in 4-day WesternRegion Krishi Exhibition Cum

Kisan Mela being organised byIGAU and Department ofAgriculture at College ofAgriculture Campus, IGAU,Raipur on 14-17th March 2005.Mushroom exhibits related toproduction, protection andpreparation of recipies weredisplayed. A video CD on‘Mushroom ProductionTechnology’ was displayed duringthe whole day.

2. Participated in Rajyotsava 2005being organised by Govt ofChhattisgarh at Pt. RSU CampusRaipur from 1-7th November 2005and mushroom productiontechnology was demonstratedthrough coloured charts.

d. Video CD on Mushroom

1. A video CD on “ Oyster MushroomProduction Technology” wasprepared.

Ranchi Centre

1. Efforts were made forpopularization of mushroomcultivation in Eastern Indiathrough availability of qualityspawn to farmers of Jharkand,Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, WestBengal, and Chhattisgarh. A totalof 3324.8 kg of spawn were madeavailable to the farmers.

2. The following training programmeshave been conducted. The detailsare given in the Table-22 below.


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3. Literature on Milky mushroom inHindi was published anddistributed to interested growers.

Table 22. List of training programmesorganised by Ranchi Centre

S. Name of training Sponsoring agency Duration Total no. ofNo. course trainees

1 Production of Mushroom Deptt. of Soil Conservation, 3.6.2005 – 7.6.2005 25Ranchi



4 Production of Mushroom Horticulture & Agro 9.8.2005 32Forestry ResearchProgramme, Ranchi

5 Production Technology World Vision, Khunti, 16.9.2005 19of Mushroom Ranchi

Udaipur Centre

Table 23. Training programme held from March 2005 to March 2006 at Udaipur Centre

S. No. Date Topics No. of Trainees Sponsors

1 04.03.05 Mushroom cultivation 30 (BPL farmers) Katholic church

2 05.03.05 Mushroom cultivation 600 Tribals MPUAT, Udaipur

3 15.03.05 Mushroom cultivation 15 mentally retarded Praish NGOchildren

4 28.03.05 Mushroom cultivation 25 Women DEE

5 31.05.05 Mushroom cultivation 1 Entrepreneur Paid

6 12.08.05 Mushroom cultivation 32 Farmers VRS employees ofHindustan Zinc

7 18.01.06 Mushroom cultivation 50 Women CSS Govt.of Rajasthan

8 21.01.06 Button mushroom 73 Women CSS Govt.of Rajasthancultivation

9 6.02.06 Mushroom cultivation 21 Farmers Self help group

10 16.02.06 Mushroom cultivation 35 Farmers Agri. Deptt.

11 9.03.06 Mushroom cultivation 50 Farmers Agri. Deptt.

12 10.03.06 Mushroom cultivation 70 Farmers Agri Deptt., Barmer

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Fig. 15.1. Trainees filling substrate bags atUdaipur

Fig. 15.2. Mushroom grower harvesting buttonmushroom

Fig. 15.3. Dr. Anila Doshi explaining mushroomcultivation technology to women trainees

Fig. 15.4. Dr. Anila Doshi explaining compostpreparation technologies to visitors

Vellayani Centre

1. One batch of VHSC students wasgiven training on tropicalmushrooms

2. The Centre participated in threeday Mushroom Grower’s Meetorganized by TBGRI atTrivandrum.

3. Conducted training programme onmushroom cultivation for 3 batchesof total 90 individuals

4. Participated in one exhibition atTrivandrum.

5. Supplied about 6000 bags spawn tothe growers.

6. Partiicpated in the MushroomMela organized by RBGRI atThiruvananthapuram.

Solan Centre

a. Mushroom Mela- 2005

The ninth one day Mushroom Melawas organised on 10th September, 2005


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– the day on which Solan was declaredas Mushroom City of India. It wasinaugurated by Dr. Jagmohan Singh,Vice Chancellor Dr. Y.S. ParmarUniversity of Hort. and Forestry, Solan(H.P.) in the presence of Ex-Director,NRCM, Dr.H.S. Sohi and otherdignitaries.

It was attended by about 650farmers, farm women, mushroomgrowers, researchers, extensionworkers and businessmen from variousstates viz; Himachal Pradesh,Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,Delhi, Sikkim, Kerala andUttranchal.

An exhibition on improvedmushroom cultivation technologiesand other related aspects wasorganised in which twelve Govt.organisations, ICAR Institutes/University, Govt. financialorganisation, compost and spawnproducers, mushroom productmanufacturers, seed, pesticides andchemicals suppliers and NGOsdisplayed their valuable information/technologies/products and providedtheir services to the participants ofMushroom Mela.

In order to make the participantsaware about various improvedtechnologies/practices of mushroomcultivation, farm visit of the Centre,sgrowing unit was conducted andimproved technologies weredemonstrated to the participants ofMushroom Mela.

During the afternoon session, aKisan Goshthi was held to solve theproblems in mushroom cultivationfaced by mushroom growers from allover the country. On the occassion, theCentre also awarded a progressivemushroom grower -Mr. Vikash Banal,R/O village Samlach, Solan(H.P) foradopting innovative practices inmushroom cultivation at larger scale.

b. Training ProgrammesConducted

During the year under report, theCentre organised a total number of 13on&off-campus training programmesfor farmers, entrepreneurs & Agril/Hort Officers. A list of trainingprogrammes organised at the Centreis presented in Table-24

c. Popularization of milkymushroom in H.P.

Keeping in mind the need ofdiversification in mushroomcultivation, milky mushroom crop wasraised at the Centre during the periodApril to July, 2005. Substrate wasprepared through pasteurizationtechniques. This crop was shown tothe visitors at the Centre. Milkymushroom cultivation has alreadybeen adopted by farmers andmushroom growers of Hamirpur,Bilaspur, Mandi, and Una districts ofH.P. as climate of these districts isconducive for milky mushroomcultivation. Farmers of Solan districtwere also motivated to grow milkymushroom during summer season.

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Table 24. Training programmes conducted during the year April,2005-March,2006

S. Name of Training Programm Sponsored by No. of CD &CC

No. Trainees

1. Seven days training on mushroom production for Dept. of Agril., 48 Dr. B.Vijayfarm women of Shimla (H.P.) w.e.f. 4th to Shimla Dr. M.P.Sagar11th April, 2005.

2. Three days off campus training programme on MM-I Scheme 31 Dr. B.Vijaymushroom production technology for mushroom Dr. M.P.Sagargrowers/farmers & officers of Jorhat (Assam),at AAU, Jorhat, w.e.f. 8th – 10th June, 2005

3. Seven days training on mushroom production NRCM, Solan 55 Dr B. Vijayfor farmers w.e.f. 3rd to 9th August, 2005. Dr. M.P.Sagar

4. Seven days training on mushroom production Desert Dev. 28+5 Dr. B.Vijayfor farmers of Kinnaur (H.P.) and Jammu (J&K) Proj. Pooh. & Dr. M.P.Sagarsponsored by DDP, Pooh (H.P.) and SASD, SASD, JammuJammu w.e.f. 15th to 21st November, 2005.

5. Ten days training programme on mushroom HP-STEP, 18 Dr R.C. Upadh-production technology for Entrepreneurs Shimla yaysponsored by HP-STEP, Shimla w.e.f. 20th – 28th Dr. M.P. SagarDec.,05 & 7th Jan, 2006.

6. Seven days training programme on msuhroom MM-I Scheme 7 Dr. B.Vijayproduction technology for Agril & Hort. officers of Dr. M.P.SagarNEH region, w.e.f. 17th to 23rd January, 2006.

7. Three days off campus training programme on MM-I Scheme 40 Dr. B.Vijaymushroom production technology for progressive Dr. M.P.Sagarfarmers & officers of Imphal(Manipur), w.e.f20th to 22nd Dec.,2005

8. Three days off campus training programme on MM-I Scheme 40 Dr. B.Vijaymushroom production technology for mushroom Dr. M.P.Sagargrowers/farmers & officers of Guwhati (Assam),at Guwhati, w.e.f.18th to 20th Feb, 2006

9. Three days off campus training programme on MM-I Scheme 89 Dr. B.Vijaymushroom production technology for mushroom Dr. M.P.Sagargrowers/farmers at Gangtoke (Sikkim), w.e.f.22nd to 24th Feb, 2006

10. Three days off campus training programme on MM-I Scheme 50 Dr. B.Vijaymushroom production technology for mushroom Dr. M.P.Sagargrowers/farmers at Agartala (Tripura), w.e.f.4th to 6th April, 2006

On-farm trials were also conductedat three farmer's farm in a near byvillage- Top Ki Ber. As a result, onefarmer adopted mushroom cultivation

and took two crops of buttonmushroom during the current yearafter one milky mushroom crop.


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d. Participation in National/State level Kisan Melas andExhibition

In order to create awareness aboutmushroom cultivation, the Centreparticipated in the National & Statelevel exhibitions in India.

e. Preparation of extensionliterature

Three multicoloured folders viz.cultivation of milky mushroom,cultivation of paddy straw mushroom,and round the year cultivation ofmushrooms were prepared and gotprinted in hindi for distribution amongmushroom growers.

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7. PUBLICATIONS

Proceedings of “Global Conference– II” on “Plant Health: GlobalWealth” jointly organized by theIndian Society of Mycology andPlant Pathology, Udaipur andM.P.U.A.T., Udaipur atM.P.University of Agriculture &Technology, Udaipur during 25th to29th November, 2005.

2. Meteorological Constraints andOpportunities in Edible MushroomCultivation. Proceedings of “GlobalConference – II” on “Plant Health:Global Wealth” jointly organizedby the Indian Society of Mycologyand Plant Pathology, Udaipur andM.P.U.A.T., Udaipur atM.P.University of Agriculture &Technology, Udaipur during 25th to29th November, 2005.

3. Isolation of mycoflora from thecompost and casing soil of whitebutton mushroom. Ann. Pl. Prot.Sci. ( paper communicated)

B. Popular article

1. Oyster mushroom ki kheti. KrishiVigyan Sandesh. 2(4): 16-17.

2. Puwal mushroom ki kheti.Poorvanchal Kheti. 15(11): 27-28.

3. Mushroom spawn evam spawnutpadan. Poorvanchal Kheti. 16(3):27-28.

Coimbatore Centre

1. Radhajeyalakshmi R,Krishnamoorthy AS,Sandosskumar R, Karthikeyan Mand Velazhahan R (2006).Exploitation of bioactive secondarymetabolites from basidiomycetss ofmedicinal importance forphytoremediation, GTCAM,International Conference onMedicine, March 16-18, pp-62.

2. Radhajeyalakshmi R,Krishnamoorthy AS,Mathiyazhagan S, Nagarajan R,Amutha G, Ramiah M andVelazhahan R (2006). Molecularcharacterization of Volvariellavolvacea. Acc. No-DQ420165(GeneBank).

3. Lakshmanan P, Jagadeesan A,Sudha A , Rajesh M, Prabakara Sand Arun Prasad (2006).Potentiality of new mushroomfungus Lentinus connatus Berk. forthe production of biomanure fromsugarcane trash (Saccharumofficinarum L.) and its impact onthe management of groundnut rootrot diseases. Archives ofPhytopathology and PlantProtection, March 2006, pp: 1-17

Faizabad Centre

A. Research Paper

1. Wild Edible Fungal Flora ofEastern Uttar Pradesh.


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4. Midani chhetron men mushroomutpadan: Mausam pradatt awsarevam kathinaeyan. Chhatrak(communicated).

5. A poem on mushrooms. KrishiVigyan Sandesh. 2(4): 15 (2005).

Pantnagar Centre

A. Research Paper/Abstract

1. Singh Mandvi & Singh RP (2005).Management of mushroompathogens through botanicals.Indian Phytopath. 58(2) : 189-193.

2. Kushwaha KPS (2005). Effect ofdifferent treatments andsupplements on yield of Pleurotusspecies. Progressive Horticulture.37 (1) : 220-222.

3. Kushwaha KPS, Bhatt P, MishraKK and Singh RP (2005). Yieldperformance of Auriculariapolytricha; a medicinal mushroomon different substrate. Abstracts ofNational consultative workshop onMedicinal and Aromatic Plantsorganized by G.B.Pant Univ. ofAgric. & Tech., Pantnagar, pp. 14-15.

4. Dwivedi RR, Bhatt P andKushwaha KPS (2005). Successfulcultivation of Lentinula edodes: amedicinal mushroom on wheatstraw. Abstract of Nationalconsultative workshop onMedicinal and Aromatic Plantsorganized by G.B.Pant Univ. of

Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar, pp. 84-85.

5. Mishra KK and Singh RP (2005).Performance of Ganodermalucidum (local): the mushroom ofimmortality. Abstract of Nationalconsultative workshop onMedicinal and Aromatic Plantsorganized by G.B.Pant Univ. ofAgric. & Tech., Pantnagar. pp. 16-17.

6. Khan MR, Mishra KK andKushwaha KPS (2005). Evaluationof locally available agriculturalwastes for production of oystermushroom in Uttarancal. In:Second Global Conference on PlantHealth – Global Health onNovember 25-29, 2005, Udaipur.pp.85.

7. Bhatt Pratibha, Verma RC andKushwaha KPS (2005). Evaluationof substrate for cultivation of amedicinal mushroom – Lentinulaedodes. In: Second GlobalConference on Plant Health -Global Health on November 25-29,2005, Udaipur. pp.84-85.

8. Mishra KK, Kavidayal CS andKushwaha KPS (2005).Commercial exploitation ofmedically important mushroom –Ganoderma lucidum. In: SecondGlobal Conference on Plant Health– Global Health on November 25-29, 2005, Udaipur. pp.86.

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9. Bhatt P, Kushwaha KPS andSingh RP (2006). Effect of washingtreatment on the quality of buttonmushroom Agaricus bisporus. In:58th Annual Meeting of IndianPhytopathological Society onJan.31-Feb 02, 2006. pp 139.

10.Kushwaha KPS and Singh RP(2006). Cultivation of Hypsizygusulmarius (blue oyster mushroom)using wheat straw. In: 58th AnnualMeeting of IndianPhytopathological Society onJan.31-Feb 02, 2006. pp 139-140.

11.Mishra KK and Singh RP (2006).Genetic variability among isolatesof Ganoderma lucidum. In:National Symposium organised byIndian Phytopathological Societyon Jan.31-Feb 02, 2006 at Univ. ofNorth Bengal, Siliguri. pp 66.

12.Verma RC and Singh RP (2006).Morphological variation among thesingle spore isolates of Agaricusbisporus.In: National Symposiumorganised by IndianPhytopathological Society onJan.31-Feb 02, 2006 at Univ. ofNorth Bengal, Siliguri. pp 66 - 67.

13.Khan MR, Verma RC, KushwahaKPS and Singh RP (2006). Effectof chemical treatment on differentagro-wastes for production ofPleurotus sajor-caju. In: NationalSymposium organised by IndianPhytopathological Society onJan.31-Feb 02, 2006 at Univ. ofNorth Bengal, Siliguri. pp 138.

14. Kavidayal CS, Mishra KK andSingh RP (2006). Quantification ofsugar content in Ganodermalucidum isolates.In: NationalSymposium organised by IndianPhytopathological Society onJan.31-Feb 02, 2006 at Univ. ofNorth Bengal, Siliguri. pp 138-139.

15.Joshi HC and Kushwaha KPS(2006). Interspecies hybridizationfor yield and quality of oystermushroom (Pleurotus spp.).In:National Symposium organised byIndian Phytopathological Societyon Jan.31-Feb 02, 2006 at Univ. ofNorth Bengal, Siliguri. pp 140.

B. Popular article

1. Mishra KK and Singh RP (2005).Fungal Biodiversity and foodsecurity. Agrobios News letter. 3(9):12-13.

2. Mishra KK and Singh RP (2005).Beware of poisonous mushroom –Amanita. Indian Farmer’s Digest.38(2): 40-41.

3. Mishra KK and Singh RP (2006).Status and prospectus of edible andmedicinal mushroom. IndianFarmer’s Digest. 39(3): p-5.

4. Kushwaha KPS, Bhatt Pratibhaand Singh RP (2006). Fungaldiseases of Button mushroom andtheir management. IndianFarmer’s Digest. 39(3) : p-12.


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5. Bhatt Pratibha, Kushwaha KPSand Singh RP (2006). Mushroomand their recipes. Indian Farmer’sDigest. 39(3) : p-15.

Raipur Centre

A. Research Paper

1. Bhanwar RR and Thakur MP(2004). Effect of biofertilisers withmicroorganisms on vegetativegrowth and yield of oystermushroom (Pleurotus spp.) usingextract of medicinal and weedplants and their influence ongrowth and yield of oystermushroom. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.34(2) : 960-964.

2. Bhanwar RR and Thakur MP(2004). Management of competitorsusing extract of medicinal and weedplants and their influence ongrowth and yield of oystermushroom. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.34(2): 954-956.

3. Kotasthane A S, Thakur M P andShukla CS (2006). Development inisolation, purification andmaintenance of mushroooms. In:Compendium of lectures of ICARShort Course on “Emerging areasin Mushroom Diversity,Production and Post HarvestDevelopments”. (eds . M. P.Thakur, C. S. Shukla, R. R. Saxenaand Vijay Yadav), Dept. of PlantPathology, IGAU, Raipur. pp. 211-222.

4. Sanger RB, Thakur MP andShukla CS (2006). Recentadvances in production technologyof oyster mushroom. In:Compendium of lectures of ICARShort Course on “Emerging areasin Mushroom Diversity,Production and Post HarvestDevelopments”. (eds . M. P.Thakur, C. S. Shukla, R. R. Saxenaand Vijay Yadav), Dept. of PlantPathology, IGAU, Raipur. pp. 89-99.

5. Saxena RR and Thakur MP(2006). Use of computer inplanning, monitering andmanagement of mushroom crop. In:Compendium of lectures of ICARShort Course on “Emerging areasin Mushroom Diversity,Production and Post HarvestDevelopments”. (eds . M. P.Thakur, C. S. Shukla, R. R. Saxenaand Vijay Yadav), Dept. of PlantPathology, IGAU, Raipur. pp. 163-180.

6. Thakur M P and Yadav V (2006).Modern techniques of cultivatingpaddy straw mushroom at acommercial scale. In: Compendiumof lectures of ICAR Short Courseon “Emerging areas in MushroomDiversity, Production and PostHarvest Developments”. (eds . M.P. Thakur, C. S. Shukla, R. R.Saxena and Vijay Yadav), Dept. ofPlant Pathology, IGAU, Raipur.pp. 10-25.

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7. Thakur MP and Yadav V (2006).Recent advances in cultivationtechnology of Reishi mushroom(Ganoderma lucidum). In:Compendium of lectures of ICARShort Course on “Emerging areasin Mushroom Diversity,Production and Post HarvestDevelopments”. (eds . M. P.Thakur, C. S. Shukla, R. R. Saxenaand Vijay Yadav), Dept. of PlantPathology, IGAU, Raipur. pp. 125-133.

8. Thakur MP, Shukla CS andYadav VK (2006). Present statusand prospects of tropical mushroomproduction in India. In:Proceedings of Seminar onResourse Management forAgricultural Development inNorthern Hills of Chhattisgarh atRMD College of Agriculture andResearch Station, IGAU,Ambikapur from 26-27th January,2006.Pp. 75-77.

9. Shukla CS (2006). Advances inproduction technology of milkymushroom. In: Compendium oflectures of ICAR Short Course on“Emerging areas in MushroomDiversity, Production and PostHarvest Developments” held atDepartment of Plant Pathology,Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from January9-18th, 2006. Published byYugbodh Digital Print, Raipur. p26-32.

10.Shukla CS and Awadhiya GK(2006). Use of locally availablesubstrate for cultivation ofMushroom. In: Compendium oflectures of ICAR Short Course on“Emerging areas in MushroomDiversity, Production and PostHarvest Developments” held atDepartment of Plant Pathology,Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from January9-18th, 2006. Published byYugbodh Digital Print, Raipur. p.207-210.

B. Research Papers Presentedin International Conference

1. Thakur MP, Shukla CS, Gupta SBand Thrimurty VS (2005). Effectof Biofertilisers (EffectiveMicroorganisms) on the vegetativegrowth and yield of oystermushroom (Pleurotus spp.). In:International Conference on PlantGenomics and Biotechnology:Challenges and Opportunities heldat Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from 26-28th

October, 2005. p. 61.

2. Sharma D,Thakur MP and ShuklaCS (2005). Collection,identification and nutritive valuesof Ganoderma lucidum (Reishimushroom) collected fromChhattisgarh. ). In: InternationalConference on Plant Genomics andBiotechnology: Challenges andOpportunities held at IndiraGandhi Agricultural University,


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Raipur from 26-28th October, 2005.p 229.

3. Shukla CS, Thakur MP,Thrimurthy VS and Geda A (2005).Growth yield and nutritivevariation in isolates of C. indica.In: International Conference onPlant Genomics andBiotechnology: Challenges andOpportunities held at IndiraGandhi Agricultural University,Raipur from 26-28th October, 2005.p.232.

C. Research Papers Presentedin National Conference

1. Thakur M P, Shukla CS and YadavVK (2005). Mushroom wealth ofChhattisgarh: Potential andExploitation. In: NationalWorkshop on “Awareness Creationon Mushroom Biodiversity andTheir Conservation” held atDepartment of Plant Pathology,Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from December1-2, 2005. Souvenir cum Abstract,pp. 3-4.

2. Sharma D, Thakur MP, Shukla CSand Yadav VK (2005). Diversity ofReishi mushroom inChhattisgarh: Potential andprospects in health management.In: National Workshop on“Awareness Creation onMushroom Biodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi

Agricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, pp. 9-10.

3. Thakur T, Swamy SL, Mishra Aand Thakur MP (2005).Monitoring and mapping ofmushroom diversity of dry tropicalforest system using satellite remotesensing & GIS techniques. In:National Workshop on “AwarenessCreation on MushroomBiodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, p. 11.

4. Shukla CS and Thakur MP (2005).Transfer of mushroom technologyin Chhattisgarh: Accoplishmentsand constraints. In: NationalWorkshop on “Awareness Creationon Mushroom Biodiversity andTheir Conservation” held atDepartment of Plant Pathology,Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from December1-2, 2005. Souvenir cum Abstract,p. 16.

5. Sil BK and Thakur MP (2005).Mushroom spent substrate as asuitable substrate for cattle feed.In: National Workshop on“Awareness Creation onMushroom Biodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipur

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from December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, p.20.

6. Bhanwar RR and Thakur MP(2005). Effect of biofertiliser andeffective microorganisms on yieldcontributing characters of localstrains of Pleurotus sp. (Oystermushroom). In: National Workshopon “Awareness Creation onMushroom Biodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, p.21.

7. Dewangan UK, Thakur MP,Shukla CS and Geda AK (2005).Changes in biochemicalconstituents in substrates duringspawn run and fruitbody formationof shiitake mushroom (Lentinulaedodes). In: National Workshop on“Awareness Creation onMushroom Biodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, pp.21-22.

8. Yadav VK, Thakur MP, andShukla CS (2005). Ethnobotanicalstudies on different mushrooms toprevent various physiologicaldisorders/illness. In: NationalWorkshop on “Awareness Creationon Mushroom Biodiversity andtheir Conservation” held atDepartment of Plant Pathology,

Indira Gandhi AgriculturalUniversity, Raipur from December1-2, 2005. Souvenir cum Abstract,p.24.

9. Oudhiya P and Thakur MP (2005).Unique traditional knowledgeabout medicinal mushrooms inIndian states, Chhattisgarh. In:National Workshop on “AwarenessCreation on MushroomBiodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005. Souvenircum Abstract, pp.38-39.

10.Thakur MP, Shukla CS and YadavVK (2006). Present status andprospects of tropical mushroomproduction in India. In: Seminar onResource Management forAgricultural Development inNorthern Hills of Chhattisgarh atRMD College of Agriculture andResearch Station, IGAU,Ambikapur from 26-27th January,2006. Proceeding, pp. 75-77.

11.Thakur MP, Shukla CS and YadavVK (2006). Biodiversity andconservation of mushroom inChhattisgarh region. In: BrainStorming Session on Status andfuture strategies on R&D ofmushroom in India at NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom,Solan (H.P.) from 18-19th March,2006.


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12.Thakur MP,Shukla CS and YadavVK (2006). Transfer of mushroomproduction technology to thegrowers of Chhattisgarh. In: BrainStorming Session on Status andfuture strategies on R&D ofmushroom in India at NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom,Solan (H.P.) from 18-19th March,2006.

D. Souvenir/ Reports/Compendium/Recommendation

1. Thakur MP,Shukla CS and YadavVK (2005). Souvenir cum Abstract.National Workshop on “AwarenessCreation on MushroomBiodiversity and TheirConservation” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom December 1-2, 2005.p. 35.

2. Thakur MP,Shukla CS, SaxenaRR and Yadav VK (2006).Compendium of lectures of ICARShort Course on “Emerging areasin Mushroom Diversity,Production and Post HarvestDevelopments” held at Departmentof Plant Pathology, Indira GandhiAgricultural University, Raipurfrom January 9-18th, 2006.Published by Yugbodh DigitalPrint, Raipur. p. 235.

E. Bulletin

1. Thakur MP, Shukla CS and YadavVK (2006). Oyster MushroomUtpadan Karyamala. Extension

Bulletin.1 Published by TechnicalCell, IGAU, Raipur. p. 18.

F. Popular article

1. Thakur MP (2005). Oystermushroom kee vibhinnaprajatiyan. Krishak Shrinkhla. 2(12): 31-34.

2. Shukla CS, Thakur MP and YadavVK (2006). Chhattisgarh mainmushroom utpadan ke badaltecharan: Adhiktam labh lene hetuRanneeti. Krishi Smarika-2006(Western Region Exhibition cumKrishi Mela).pp 76-78.

3. Yadav V K,Thakur MP andShukla CS (2005). Ghar mainugayen paustic mushroom.Chhattisgarh Kheti. October-December.2005,21-22.

Udaipur Centre

A. Research Paper

1 Sharma Manish, Shah Rakeshand Doshi Anila (2005).Nutritional requirements of casingsoil bacteria of white buttonmushroom Agaricus bisporus. J.Mycol Pl. Pathol., 35 (1) : 84-86.

2 Doshi Anila , Sharma Manish andMunot Jayshri (2005). Celluloseutilizing ability of different wildand cultivated mushrooms.Abstract of paper presented inSecond Global Conference on Nov.25-29th , 2005 held at RCA,Udaipur.

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3 Doshi Anila , Sharma Manish andRawal Pokhar (2005).Cultivationof blue oyster mushroomHypsizygus ulmarius in Rajasthan.Abstract of paper presented inSecond Global Conference on Nov.25-29th , 2005 held at RCA,Udaipur.

4 Khajuria Rakesh, Sharma FL andDoshi Anila (2005). Technologicalknowledge of mushroomentrepreneurs in Jammu andKashmir. Abstract of paperpresented in Second GlobalConference on Nov. 25-29th , 2005held at RCA, Udaipur.

5 Doshi Anila and Sharma Manish(2005). Biodiversity andconservation of mushroom inRajasthan, India. Invited lecturedelivered at Raipur (C.G.) inNational Work Shop on AwarenessCreation on Biodiversity andConservation of Mushroom on 4-6th

December 2005.

6 Doshi Anila, Sharma Manish andRawal Pokhar (2006). Post harvestpreservation of oyster mushroomPleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotusflorida . Abstract of paperpresented in National Seminar onBiodiversity, Conservation,Cultivation, Processing andMarketing of Medicinal andAromatic Plants held on 8-10th

March, 2006 MPUAT, Udaipur.

7 Doshi Anila and Choudhary SN(2006). Mushroom Utpadan.ATIEC, MPUAT, 1-25.

Vellyani Centre

A. Research Paper

1. Pramod R, Balakrishnan B andDas Lulu (2005). Gammairradiation- a promising tool forstrain improvement in Volvariellavolvacea. Mushroom Research14(1):33-36.

B. Review Paper

1. Balakrishnan B and Das Lulu(2006) Production Technologiesand constraints in oystermushroom-paper presented in the“Brain storming session on statusand future strategies on R&D ofmushroom in India” at NRCM,Solan on 18-19th March, 2006.

2. Balakrishnan B (2005).”Construction of mushroomhouses” Paper presented inregional language in theMushroom Growers Meetorganized atThiruvananthapuram byT.B.G.R.I., Palode, during May 16-18,2005.

C. Booklet

1. Balakrishnan B (2006).Ningalkum koon valartham.Krishivijnana manjari –5; PP.20.published by the “IndianAgricultural Association” Reg.No. Q.65/03, I.A.A. BhavanUniversity.P.O.,Thiruvananthapuram.


56

2. Balakrishnan B (2006). KoonKrishi. Published as a “KeralaGandhi Smaraka NidhiPublication” in connection with theDistrict level Agriculture/Horticulture seminar conducted on10-11 November 2005 with thefinancial support from NationalHorticulture Board.

Solan Centre

A. Research Paper

1. Ahlawat OP, Sagar MP, Dev Raj,Indu Rani C, Gupta Pardeep andVijay B (2005). Effect of spentmushroom substrate on yield andquality of capsicum (Capsicumannuum). Indian Journal ofHorticulture (communicated).

2. Arumuganathan T, Rai RD andHemakar Anil Kumar (2005).Effect of blanching time,concentration of sugar syrup andcitric acid concentration on thequality of mushroom murabba(preserve). Beverage and foodworld. 32(11) : 84-85.

3. Arumuganathan T, HemakarAnilKumar and Rai RD (2005). Studieson development of value addedproducts from fresh white buttonmushroom, Agaricus bisporus.Mushroom Research. 14(2) : 84-87.

4. Dev Raj, Indu Rani C, Sagar MP,Gupta Pardeep, Ahlawat OP andVijay B (2005). Effect of spent

mushroom substrate recompostedby different methods and ofdifferent age on vegetative growth,yield and yield of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).Vegetable Science. (communicated).

5. Dev Raj, Gupta Pardeep, AhlawatOP and Rai RD (2005). Effect ofpretreatments on the qualitycharacteristics of the dehydratedpaddy straw mushroom(Volvariella volvacea Bull.). IndianJournal of Mushrooms 22(1&2):24-28.

6. Dhar BL, Ahlawat OP, GuptaPradeep and Dev Raj (2006).Casing layer as related tomushroom yield and quality inAgaricus bisporus in India.Mushroom Research(communicated)

7. Dhar BL and Arumuganathan T(2005). Low cost seasonalmushroom growing houses.Mushroom International. 100: 7-10.

8. Sagar MP and Vijay B (2005).Impact of integration of extensionmethods on adoption of mushroomcultivation. Indian Res J ExtnEdu, 5(2&3) 64:66.

9. Sagar MP and Vijay B (2006)Assessment and fulfillment oftraining needs of entrepreneurs inmushroom cultivation. SAARCJournal of Agriculture(communicated)

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10.Sharma VP (2005). Trichoderma,the most common mould associatedwith mushroom cultivation. PlantDisease Research 20: 72-73.

11.Semwal KC, Bhatt RP andUpadhyay RC (2005). The genusAmanita from Garhwal Himalaya,India. Mushroom Research, 12(2):50-55.

B. Book/ Book Chapter

1. Ahlawat OP, Indu Rani C andSagar MP (2005). Spent mushroomsubstrate-properties and recyclingfor beneficial purposes. In:Frontiers in MushroomBiotechnology (R.D. Rai, R.C.Upadhyay and S.R. Sharma). Pp.314-334. National Research Centrefor Mushroom, Solan (HP), India.

2. Ahlawat OP and Kumar S 2005.Traditional and moderncultivation technologies for thepaddy mushroom ( Volveriella spp.)In: Frontiers in mushroombiotechnology ( RD Rai, RCUpadhyay and SR Sharma eds) :157-164. National Research Centrefor Mushroom, Solan (HP), India.

3. Arumuganathan T, Dhar BL andRai RD (2005). Low-cost structuresfor the seasonal production ofmushrooms. Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology. (Eds.R.D.Rai, R.C.Upadhyay andS.R.Sharma ); pp:294-300.

4. Arumuganathan T, and Rai RD(2005). Machinery, equipmentsand instrument in mushroomproduction and processing.Frontiers in MushroomBiotechnology. (Eds. R.D.Rai,R.C.Upadhyay and S.R.Sharma );pp:343-359.

5. Rai RD and Arumuganathan T(2005). Nutritive value ofmushrooms. Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology. (Eds.R.D.Rai, R.C.Upadhyay andS.R.Sharma ); pp:27-36.

6. Rai RD and Arumuganathan T(2005). Post harvest handling ofthe fresh mushrooms. Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology. (Eds.R.D.Rai, R.C.Upadhyay andS.R.Sharma ); pp:365-375.

7. Sagar MP (2005). Transfer oftechnology strategies formushroom production In: Frontiersin Mushroom Biotechnology (R.D.Rai, R.C. Upadhyay and S.R.Sharma). Pp. 400-410. NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom(HP), India.

8. Sagar MP (2005). Sources ofinformation for various inputs andguidance on mushroom cultivationIn: Frontiers in MushroomBiotechnology (R.D. Rai, R.C.Upadhyay and S.R. Sharma). Pp.411-425. National Research Centrefor Mushroom (HP), India.


58

9. Sharma SR and Kumar S (2005).Diseases of Mushroom and theirmanagement. In ChallengingProblems in Horticulture andForest Pathology ( RC Sharma &JN Sharma eds) Indus Pub. Co.New Delhi : 246-286

10.Sharma VP and Suman BC(2006). Diseases and Pests ofMushrooms. Agribios (India) 212p

11.Sharma VP, Sharma SR andKumar Satish (2005). Insects andMite Pests in the cultivation ofEdible Mushrooms and theirManagement. In: Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology (RD Rai,RC Upadhyay and SR Sharma,eds) pp244-258. NRCM, Solan(HP), India.

12.Vijay B (2005). Formulations forwhite button mushroom. In:Frontiers of MushroomBiotechnology (RD Rai, RCUpdhyay and SR Sharma eds.)pp80-87. NRCM, Solan (HP), India.

13.Vijay B (2005). Recent advancesfor compost preparation for whitebutton mushroom . In: Frontiers ofMushroom Biotechnology (RD Rai,RC Updhyay and SR Sharma eds.)pp88-107. NRCM, Solan (HP),India.

14.Vijay B (2005). Thermophilic fungiand their significance in compostpreparation. In: Frontiers ofMushroom Biotechnology (RD Rai,RC Updhyay and SR Sharma eds.)

pp108-116. NRCM, Solan (HP),India.

15.Vijay B (2005). Economics ofmodern and seasonal production ofmushrooms. In: Frontiers ofMushroom Biotechnology (RD Rai,RC Updhyay and SR Sharma eds.)pp301-313. NRCM, Solan (HP),India.

16.Gautam Y (2005). Application ofelectronics in mushroomproduction system. In: “Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology” (eds. RDRai et al) pp 335-342. NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom,Solan (HP), India.

17.Gautam Y (2005). Mushroominformatics on the NET- itsimportance in research, productionand trade. In “ Frontiers inMushroom Biotechnology” (eds. RDRai et al) pp 360-364. NationalResearch Centre for Mushroom,Solan (HP), India.

C. Technical Bulletin

1. Dhar BL and Arumuanathan T(2005). Farm Design for WhiteButton Mushroom Cultivation.NRCM-Technical Bulletin No.6.(Revised 2005) : pp32.

2. Dhar BL and Tewari RP (2005).Cultivation Technology of HighTemperature Tolerant WhiteButton Mushroom Agaricusbitorquis. NRCM, Tech. BulletinNo.8 (Revised 2005); pp29.

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D. Popular/ Technical article

1. Y Gautam and Kumar S (2006).Internet Application for MushroomResearch and Development.Indian J Mush XXII (1&2): 31-36.

2. Kumar S and Sharma SR (2006).Persistence of pesticide residue inedible mushrooms- present statusand future perspective . Indian JMush XXII (1&2): 10-17.

3. Sagar MP and Verma RN (2005).Mushroom Utpadan Vevsai me

Safalta-Ek Kahani, Kisan kiJubani, Unnat Krishi 44(3), May-June.

4. Sagar MP (2006). MushroomUtpadan Dwara Mahilaon kaSashaktikaran. Unnat Krishi,March-April.

5. Sharma VP, Kumar Satish andSharma SR (2006). Hygiene: Keyto the successful mushroomcultivation. Indian J Mush. XXIII.(1&2): 41-46.


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