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![Page 1: Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bfb51a28abf838c9d748/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
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S. P. MikheyevINR RAS Moscow
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 33
e
p
pp
p
e
e+ e+
n n
4He
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 44
1964 - Original Motivation
“… to see into the interior of star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in star.”
4p 4He + 2e+ + 2e + 26.73 MeV
4R2 = 71010 sec-1cm-22 Lsun
26.73 MeV
1
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 55
Ј 15.0 MeV
B ЮBe* + e+ + e
pp – chain
p + p ЮH + e+ + e
p + e- + p ЮH + e
H + p ЮHe +
He + He Ю He+ 2p He + He ЮBe + He + p ЮHe + e+ + e
Be + e- ЮLi+ e
Be + p ЮB+
Li+ p Ю2 Be* Ю2
Ј 0.420 MeV
1.442 MeV
Ј 18.77 MeV
MeV, MeV
99.6%0.4%
0.002%
99.87% 0.13%
15%85%
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 66
CNO – chainC + p ЮN +
N ЮC + e+ + e
Ј 1.199 MeV
C + p ЮN +
N + p ЮO + O ЮN + e+ + e
Ј 1.732 MeV
N + p ЮC +
N + p ЮO +
O + p ЮF + F ЮO + e+ + e
Ј 1.740 MeV
O + p ЮN +
99.9%
0.1%
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 77
Bahcall & PinsonneaultPRL (2004)
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1)
Standard Solar Model (SSM)
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 88
e
e-
nn
p
np
ppp
nn
p
nn
p
np
ppp
n
Charge Current Reaction
+ ZA e- + Z+1A
ZA Z+1A
pn
e-
W+
2H 37Cl71Ga7Li
115In
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 99
e-
Neutrino Electron Scattering
+ e- + e- e-
W+
e-
e-
Z0
e-
ee,,NC CC/6
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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nn
p
np
ppp
nn
ZA
Neutral Current Reaction
+ N + N*
ZA ZA*
N
Z0
N*
e,,
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1111
+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar (B. Pontecorvo 1946)
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1)
7Be
8B
Threshold 0.814 МэВ
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1212
Davis’s experiment
C2Cl4
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1313
+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.814 МэВ
Rexp
RSSM
= 0.335 0.029
Rexp = 2.56 0.23 SNU
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6
– 1.1
+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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SAGE experiment (Baksan)
GALLEX/GNO experiment
(Gran Sasso)
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6
– 1.1
+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ
RSSM = 128 + 9 SNURSSM = 128 – 7
Rexp
RSSM
= 0.584 0.039
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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e
e + e- e + e-
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1818
40m
41
.4
m
Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1919
22385 solar events
(14.5 events/day)
e + e- e + e-
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2020
The Sun by Neutrinograph
e + e- e + e-
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2121
DataSSM
= 0.465+0.016-0.015 0.005
e + e- e + e-
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2323
1000 tones D2O
Support Structure for 9500 PMTs, 60% coverage
12 m Diameter Acrylic Vessel
1700 tonnes InnerShielding H2O
5300 tonnes Outer Shield H2O
Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
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e + d p + p + e- CC
x + e- x + e- ES
x + d x + p + n NC
FCC = 1.59+0.08(stat)+0.06(syst)-0.08-0.07
FEC = 2.21+0.31(stat) 0.10(syst)-0.26
FNC = 5.21 0.27(stat) 0.38(syst)
Detector SNODirection
Kinetic Energy
Position
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2525
Detector SNO
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2626
Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Pena-Garay, PRL2003Pena-Garay, PRL2003
1. Energy production in Sun: pp chain is the dominant mechanism LCNO < 7.6% (3)
2. Neutrino fluxes in pp cycle :
BP04fi =
fit
fpp = 1.02 0.02 (1)
fB = 0.88 0.04 (1)
fBe = 0.91 0.25/0.62 (1) Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2727
p + e- n + e
n + e+ p + e
x
N + N N + N + x + x
e- + e+ x + x
e + e x + x
x
x
Neutronization burst:
e emitted during 10 ms
Cooling through neutrino emission:
e, e, , , , .99% of the SN energy emitted in neutrinos during 10 s
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2828
Neutrino energies
MeVE
MeVE
MeVE
e
e
)2520(
10
12
~,,~,
~
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2929
2 44 2~ 9.3 10e p e
E см
0.5eE МэВ
e + p e+ + n
Neutrino burst
Relic SN neutrinos
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3030
Neutrino burst search
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3131
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3232
23 February 7:36 UT
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3333
Confirmed the neutrino mechanism of Supernova cooling
• Obtained constrains on some Supernova parameters
• Obtained constrains on some neutrino properties (masses, charge, etc)
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3434
23 February at 2:52 UT
LSD Detected 5 Events in 7 second
1
10
100
10 100Time window (sec)
Nu
mb
er
of
bu
rsts
5 10 15
23 February 1 day
LSD DATA
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3535
February 23, 1987
Optical
Geograv
LSD
KII
IMB
BUST
1 3 5 7
2:52:35,4
2:52:34
2:52:34
7:36:00
7:35:35
7:35:41
7:36:06
44
43,8 19
47
:47
21
5
2(4)
1 6
2
12
8
v m =6vm =12 m
observations
2:52:36,8
m
9 11
February 23, 1987
1 3 5 7 9 11
mv=6mmv=12m
Geograv
LSD
KII
IMB
BUST
2:52:35,42:52:36,8
43,82:52:3
444
2:52:34
7:36:00
7:35:35
7:35:41
7:36:06
19474721
2
12
8
6
5
2
1
(4)
Chronology
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3636
The Two-Staged gravitational collapse Model[Imshennik V.S., Space Sci Rev, 74, 325-334 (1995)]
12 MM
12
222 , JM
111, JM
e
ahead
aside
~,
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3737
Tc~5x1012
KTc~5x1010
K
The difference of neutrino yield between standard model and model of rotating
collapsar.
MeVE
MeVE
MeVE
e
e
)2520(
10
12
~,,~,
~
The main reaction – URCA-process:
MeVE
nep e
)5030(
e e
e~
~
~
e
e
e
e
e
314106.2~ smg
erg53~, 103.5 erg
eee
52~, 109.8
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3838
V.S.Imshennik, O.G.Ryazhskaya astro-ph/0401613
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3939
Liquid Scintillator Detector (LSD)
General view of LSD
Fe (2 sm)
Fe (10 sm)
H=5200 m.w.e. 72 counters 90 tons of СnH2n (n~9), 200 tons of Fe
4.5 m
8m
6 m
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4040
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
МэВE 72.1
EEE oe
МэВE 82.1 МэВE 72.1
МэВE 4
МэВE 82.1
МэВE 7
e
МэВE 82.1EEE oe EEE oe
e
e
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
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S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4141
Energy spectrum of the particles, coming from iron plate of thickness 2,8 sm (Geant4 calculations; histogram – total energy deposit)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Энергия, МэВ
106
105
104
103
102
10
1
Events
Energy range, registered by LSD
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya & V. Boyarkin
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Many experiments stand Many experiments stand ready to observe the ready to observe the neutrinos of the next neutrinos of the next galactic supernova.galactic supernova.
• Baksan• MiniBooNE detector• LVD• AMANDA• KamLand• SNO• Super-Kamiokande
More detectors sensitive More detectors sensitive to SN neutrino are to SN neutrino are
planned or being built.planned or being built.
• Borexino• ICARUS• IceCube• HyperKamiokande• UNOand many others
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In universe there is one supernova
explosion per second
There exist the flux of relic supernova There exist the flux of relic supernova neutrinos.neutrinos.
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Super-Kamiokande published the Super-Kamiokande published the world’s best limits on relic world’s best limits on relic
supernova neutrinosupernova neutrino [M.Malek [M.Malek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.
9090 061101 (2003)]. 061101 (2003)].
1.3 cm-2s-1
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GADZOOKS
adoliniumntineutrinoetectorealouslyutperformingldamiokande,uper !
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Detection of relic supernova neutrinos will:
No detection of relic supernova neutrinos also is very interesting.
verify the basic picture of star formation and death;
constrain star formation history