1-134_MILTARA_XIIIn general, watery or aquatic finds are usually Actually, I know the shape of only 26 spearheads discovered in rivers, brooks, springs, lakes, wells, (Table 1) from their total number because only marshes, wetlands, peat bogs, besides fords and seven specimens from 28 spearheads from the hoard on . of Esztergom-Királyi város have been published so For instance, they were labelled in English with far (Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1-7). the following terms: “watery depositions” (e.g. All of the studied spearheads are clustered Raffield 2014, 639), “underwater finds” (e.g. in the western and southwestern part of the Gaspari 2003, 42), or “aquatic finds” (e.g. Demo Carpathian Basin (Fig. 1). Two of them were 2010, 84). In German we have “die Wasserfunden” unearthed in the southwestern part of Slovakia, (e.g. Szentpéteri 1993, tab. 5-15; 1994, tab. 1) or 33 specimens come from western Hungary and “die Gewässerfunden” (e.g. Scholtz 2007, 245; another five from the north-western part of Anders, Gringmuth-Dallmer 2015, 13). Croatia, and, lastly, seven spearheads were dug
According to my research, it is now clear out or discovered in Slovenia. The most that lances and javelins of the Early Middle Ages numerous category of finds, to which spearheads
1in the Carpathian Basin might have been found belonged, is a solitary stray find. In addition to 2in some of these locations as well. this category, I also consider the following three
hoards as aquatic finds. The hoard of Fonyód- 3Space and environment Ilonaberek is the deposit of agricultural tools,
The category of aquatic finds is represented and the hoard of Moravský Svätý Ján is the in my database by 47 spearheads from 17 sites. deposit of agricultural and craft tools as well as
the border area between waters and land
STUDIA I MATERIAY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XII Kraków – Sanok – Wrocaw 2016, s. 7-23
Martin Husár
Abstract:
M. Husár 2016, Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin, AMM XII: 7-23
th thAquatic finds of the aforementioned objects, namely lances and javelins, are mainly dated from the 8 to the 11 c. and they are concentrated in the western and southwestern parts of the Carpathian Basin. These lances and javelins were found within the borders of present-day Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia in rivers, brooks, wetlands, besides fords and on the border area between waters and land. There are four presumed causes of their deposition and author will discuss them in this paper. First, the author will consider a possibility that spearheads were lost in the waters by accident, during military operation, or they were a part of an unknown settlement or a burial ground. Another possible explanation is that these finds might also have been cult or religious depositions. The majority of them includes Western/Frankish forms of the studied spearheads.
Key words: Early Middle Ages, Carpathian Basin, Watery locations, Spears, Javelins, Lances
FINDS OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL THRUSTING POLE ARMS FROM WATERY LOCATIONS OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
1 In addition to the regions of the Carpathian Basin, the area of my research includes a part of the territory of present-day Slovenia that lies to the east and southeast of the Alps and to the east of the Trnovo Forest Plateau (Trnovski gozd in Slovenian) and the Javornik Hills (Javorniki in Slovenian) as well. 2 To my knowledge any complex research on this topic concerning the territory of the Carpathian Basin during the early Middle
rdAges has not been carried out yet. I regard the early Middle Ages in the discussed territory as a period between the last 3 of the th th th6 and the 10 -11 c.
3 The hoard comprises of one symmetrical ploughshare, two hoe heads and a harpoon head (Müller 1978, 10-11, Fig. 4).
8 Martin Husár
Total lenght
Inner diameter
Chronology Literature regarding
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
1980, 98, Pl. 61:4
57.0 41.0 6.5 4.5 4.0 1.71 9 -11 c.th th
9 -11 c.th th
end of ththe 10 –
Kovács 1978, 67
2004, 112 BAd
Pl. 1-2 47.3 36.9 5.4 0.5 2.8 2.3 0.508
around 800
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:6; Kovács 1980, 98, Pl. 60:2;
66:1; Szentpéteri ed.
2002, 133
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
6 Fonyód-
Ilonaberek Müller 1978, 5-11, Fig. 3:1 16.9 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.7
Müller 1978, 11 DB
Sekelj Ivanan 2007,
419-422, Pl. 1
rd
Sekelj Ivanan 2004,
Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 77 AAb
9 Lasinjska Kiselica
2:1 Beki 2004,
end of ththe 8 –
end of ththe 8 –
Bitenc, Knific eds. 2001,
11
12 Marcalt
Pl. 62:3
13 Moravský Svätý Ján 3:2
Bartošková 1986, 34;
800 Zábojník 2009, 103 BE
9Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
other items. Next, the hoard of Esztergom- In the vicinity of this find spot a ford might Királyi város is composed exclusively of 28 have been located in the past. According to spearheads. There is also one sacrificial find from T. Sekelj Ivanan (2007, 425) there could have Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút. been a burial ground from which these finds (and
Majority of the aquatic finds was discovered in others, such as human and horse bones) originated, flowing waters or in their vicinity. Four sites might but this is not certain. Another two finds are be related to the River Danube. As I mentioned related to the Sava River. They are Zasip pri above, the hoard of Esztergom-Királyi város Bledu (in Slovenia) and Dugo Selo (in Croatia). consists of an exceptionally large number of The former (an uncertain aquatic find) was
5lance- or javelin heads (28 pcs.). This collection discovered at the fringe of a hill with settlement was discovered during construction of a building traces, on the shortest route to the Sava River in present-day Lrinc utca, ca. 30 m to the east crossing (Meterc 1985, 289) and the latter was of the Danube arm called Kis-Duna (the Small probably collected from the riverbed or the vicinity Danube) in Hungarian (Torma ed. 1979, 128, 130; of the Sava River (Demo 2010, 84). In another Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 133) which is regulated quite a big river of the Carpathian Basin, the Váh nowadays. Next, I know about two spearheads River, which is close to the present-day Slovak from the right bank of the Danube riverbed, right town of Piešany, a lance- or javelin head was on a site named Budapest-Dunameder (Kovács discovered (Ruttkay 1974, Cat. VI; 1975, 167). 1970a, 85; 1970b, 323-339). Not so far from Another spearhead was found in the former there, but on the left bank of the Danube and location of the ford across the Kupa River near closer to the Szilas Brook (about 46-50 m from Lasinjska Kiselica, in Croatia (Beki 2004, 179). the brook), a spearhead from the sacrificial find of A specimen from the Mrenica River, close to Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút, was found (dated Duga Resa, belongs to the same region of Croatia to the early Avar Period; see Nagy 1998a, 53; as the spearhead from Lasinjska Kiselica (Boškovi 1998b, Pl. 46 B:1; 148:4; Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 77). 2002, 156, 168, Fig. on page 168; Sekelj-Ivanan Except for the lance- or javelin head, the 2004, 112). aforementioned sacrificial find includes two The number of spearheads came from the
6stirrups and one snaffle. Ljubljanica River in Slovenia. There are six In today’s gravel deposit of Jegeniš, next to spearheads from four sites along the river, namely
the Drava River, two spearheads were identified. from Livada, Rakova Jelša, Vnanje Gorice and
4
Cat. VI BDa
Pl. 18:3
Pl. 16:3
BB
BAd
BAd
16 Vnanje Gorice
Potonik 1987, 172, Fig. 9 32.0 23.9 3.3 0.7 2.9 8 -9 c.th th
Potonik 1987, 172;
Bavec 1991, 61-62
288-290, Fig. 118
59.0 47.5 4.8 4.2 3.2 10 -11 c.th th Bavec 1991, 66-67
BAd
Table 1. List of sites regarding finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin. Elaborated by M. Husár.
Tabl. 1. Zestawienie omawianych znalezisk wczesnoredniowiecznej broni drzewcowej ze rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej. Oprac. M. Husár.
4 The hoard consists of the following items: one iron cauldron with the repaired bottom and walls, fragments of another iron cauldron (e.g. a handle), two axe heads, two stirrups, three snaffles, three hoe heads, two metal parts for edging wooden spades or shovels, one symmetrical ploughshare, three vineyard knives, one spoon drill, two hammer heads, one hook key, one chain, one s-shaped hook, three rings of various diameters, one bronze belt hardware set (nine pcs.), one round bronze mirror decorated on its outer part with a high relief cross pattern, etc. (Eisner 1941, 171; Bartošková 1986, 35, Fig. 12). 5 I thank László Schilling for the additional information about this site and findings. 6 The river, where over 8.000 various artefacts dated between the Neolithic Period and late Middle Ages have been discovered (Gaspari 2003, 46), can be assumed to be the area of a sacral continuity (ibid., 51).
10
the site close to the Ljubljanica’s tributary – the was much larger than today. The present-day Borovnišica (Potonik 1987, 172, Fig. 9; Bavec immediate surroundings of Fonyód were at that 1991, 33, 61-62, Fig. 1:10J; Svoljšak et al. 1997, time surrounded by water in the way of an island 259, 262, Pl. 12:7; 16:3, 18:3; Bitenc, Knific eds. (Mészáros, Serlegi 2011, 201-202). Traces of 2001, 102, Fig. 332-333). The Ljubljanica River settlement on the former southern shoreline dated
th thhad been already regulated during the Roman to the 11 -16 c. confirm this observation (ibid., Age, but marshes and peat bogs remained there 202, Fig. 2).
thuntil the 18 c. (Bitenc, Knific 1997, 29). The last head of the thrusting pole weapon Apart from the aquatic find of a spearhead comes from the hoard of Moravský Svätý Ján
from the Marcal Brook, near Marcalt (Kovács (dated to about 800; Zábojník 2009, 103), namely 1970a, 87, Fig. 4:3; 1980, 100, Pl. 62:3), another from the site of Malá Piesoná which is in the specimen was unearthed in a peat bog near the immediate vicinity of the former riverbed of the site of Fonyód-Ilonaberek in the Western part of Morava. The fluvial plain of the Morava started to Pannonia, next to Lake Balaton in the hoard be intensively inhabited at the time when the hoard consisting also of agricultural tools (dated to of Moravský Svätý Ján was deposited in the watery
ththe 9 c.; Müller 1978, 5-11, Fig. 3:1). According location (Opravil 1983, 63-64). It was influenced, th thto historical maps of the 18 -19 c. the area inter alia, by a sedimentation gap of the fluvial
around today’s Fonyód seems to have been formerly plain of the Morava between the early Slavonic (considerably) surrounded by waters. There was Period and Great Moravian Period (Hladík 2014, Lake Balaton in the west and in the north and 36). The spearhead from Moravský Svätý Ján wetlands in the east and in the south (Zlinszky, was found with other items in an iron cauldron at Timár 2013, 4597, 4599, Fig. 5). The natural a depth of 40-50 cm and covered with fragments extension of the past southern shoreline of Lake of another iron cauldron (Eisner 1941, 171; Balaton shows that the extent of open water Bartošková 1986, 34, Fig. 12:42).
Martin Husár
Fig. 1. Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin. Number of findings: a – one specimen; th th stb – two or three specimens; c – four or more specimens. Chronology: A– between 568 and 650; B – the 2 half of the 7 c.; C – the 1 half of
th nd th th th th th ththe 8 c.; D – the 2 half of the 8 c.; E – the end of the 8 – beginning of the 9 c.; F – the 9 c.; G - the 10 -11 c. Sites: 1-2 – Budapest- Dunameder; 3 – Duga Resa; 4 – Dugo Selo; 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város; 6 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek; 7 – Jegeniš; 8 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút; 9 – Lasinjska Kiselica; 10 – Livada; 11 – Ljubljanica at the Tributary Borovnišica; 12 – Marcalt; 13 – Moravský Svätý Ján; 14 – Piešany; 15 – Rakova Jelša; 16 – Vnanje Gorice; 17 – Zasip pri Bledu. Elaborated by M. Husár.
Ryc. 1. Znaleziska wczesnoredniowiecznej broni drzewcowej ze rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: a – pojedynczy zabytek; b – dwa lub trzy zabytki; c – cztery lub wicej zabytków. Chronologia: A – pomidzy 568 a 650 r.; B – 2. poowa VII w.; C – 1. poowa VIII w.; D – 2. poowa VIII w.; E – koniec VIII i pocztek IX w.; F – IX w.; G – X-XI w. Stanowiska: 1-2 – Budapest-Dunameder; 3 – Duga Resa; 4 – Dugo Selo; 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város; 6 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek; 7 – Jegeniš; 8 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút; 9 – Lasinjska Kiselica; 10 – Livada; 11 – Ljubljanica at the Tributary Borovnišica; 12 – Marcalt; 13 – Moravský Svätý Ján; 14 – Piešany; 15 – Rakova Jelša; 16 – Vnanje Gorice; 17 – Zasip pri Bledu. Oprac. M. Husár.
- a
- b
- c
0 100 km
81-2
1413
12
6
7
49
3
10
15
17
16
11
3
11
Shapes and origins typical decoration with engravings in the shape of The origins of 17 or 18 spearheads, i.e. the a pointed arch which can be seen on the winged
majority of the discussed spearheads, probably lie spearheads of Westphal’s type II, III, IV, and V. ndin the Frankish milieu of the Merovingian and These types are roughly dated between the 2 half
th thCarolingian time. 12 specimens are winged of the 8 and the 10 c. (Westphal 2002, 257- spearheads with flat and wide or sharp wings. 260; Szameit 2005, 154). The socket of one of The only specimen with sharp wings comes from the spearheads from Budapest-Dunameder (Fodor Lasinjska Kiselica (Fig. 2:1) and belongs to the ed. 1996, 365, 366, Fig. 1-2) is also fitted with transitional form between hooked and winged an extraordinary decoration created by gilt spearheads. In the Frankish area this transitional and niello tendrils of northern origin. These
thform can be dated from the end of the 7 to the two decoration techniques were mainly used in st th1 half of the 8 c. (Steuer 1995, 252; Szameit 2005, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region during
153-154; Westphal 2002, 256; Husár 2014b, 32). the Viking age ( 1966, Pl. VI:1-2; The studied winged heads with flat and wide Chudziak 2006, 647-655, Fig. 2-3; Thunmark- wings can be identified with type II, III and Nylén 2006, 306-307). Tendril decoration, especially V of Westphal’s typological, chronological, and niello tendrils, should be particulary associated technological scheme of the Carolingian winged with the so called Ringerike style of Scandinavia
st ndspearheads from today’s Germany. Type II (dated dated to the 1 half and the beginning of the 2 nd th st thto the 2 half of the 8 and the 1 half of the half of the 11 c. (Wilson 1971, 127; Kovács 1970b,
th9 c.; Westphal 2002, 256-259; Eichert, Mehofer, 324; Chudziak 2006, 653). Baier 2011, 145) is represented by the winged Among the above mentioned spearheads there head from Dugo Selo (Fig. 2:2), Esztergom- are six specimens embellished with pattern-welding, Királyi város, the Ljubljanica at the Borovnišica namely on the single spearheads from Budapest- Tributary, by the head from Marcalt, and finally Dunameder, Esztergom-Királyi város and Rakova by two winged heads from Jegeniš and Rakova Jelša, on the head from Dugo Selo (Fig. 2:2) and Jelša (Husár 2014b, 35). Heads of type III are known on two spearheads from Jegeniš. This kind of the from Budapest-Dunameder (Kovács 1970a, 85, narrow pattern-welding does not turn spearheads Fig. 3:2), Duga Resa (Fig. 2:3) and Vnanje Gorice. into improved weapons, but just into decorative Their counterparts from the area of present-day arms (Ypey 1982, 387). In general, the pattern-
thGermany are dated from the end of the 8 to the welded blades faded away and ceased to be nd th th th2 half of the 9 c. (Westphal 2002, 256-259; used in Europe in the 10 -11 c. (ibid., 387).
Eichert, Mehofer, Baier 2011, 145; Husár 2014b, Although the heads with a flat triangular 35). Only the specimen from Zasip pri Bledu or lozenge-shaped blades are of unspecified (Fig. 2:4) belongs to Westphal’s type V which in provenance within the early medieval Carpathian Germany is roughly dated to the late Carolingian Basin (Husár 2014b, 61-63, 87), the spearhead Period and to the Ottonian Period (Szameit from Moravský Svätý Ján (Fig. 3:2) might be 2005, 154). related to the Frankish milieu. It is unique because
Four other spearheads from my database can of zigzag engravings under its blade and 10 be labelled as heads with a flat blade and angular rings around its socket. Zigzag engravings are socket. Three of them, namely from Esztergom- also known from Frankish spearheads of the Királyi város, Livada and Rakova Jelša (Fig. 3:1), Merovingian Period where they were usually have got an octagonal cross-section of the sockets, fitted with a rhombic blade (e.g. Paulsen 1967, and the specimen from Budapest-Dunameder Fig. 57:1-4,6,8-9; Ament 1977, Fig. 3:8). has got a hexagonal cross-section of the socket. Another form of a thrusting pole weapon Although, according to data from Merovingian found in a watery location is the (originally) five- burial grounds of the left bank Rhineland arm harpoon head with a socket from Fonyód- (Müssemeier et al. 2003, 50, Figs. 11-12), the Ilonaberek (Fig. 3:3). It cannot be compared with sockets of the Frankish spearheads with an the early medieval harpoon heads of Germanic octagonal cross-section should be younger (from origin from the Carpathian Basin because they
st th670s/680s to the 1 half of the 8 c.) than those used to have only two or three arms and they with tetra- and hexagonal socket cross-section were fixed to a shaft by tangs as well as the sockets. (from 640s/650s to 710). E. Szameit (1987, 169) They are dated to the early Avar Period which
rd th stnoted that engravings on sockets or their angular lasted from the last 3 of the 6 to the 1 half of thshape are typical features of Frankish workshops the 7 c. (Husár 2014b, 70-71). Two- and three-
th ththat produced weapons in the 8 and 9 c. arm harpoons were unearthed also in the Great Moreover, a spearhead from Livada has got the Moravian hillfort of Mikulice (Mazuch 2003, 361,
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
12 Martin Husár
0 10 cm
1
2
3
4
Fig. 2. Selected early medieval aquatic findings of spearheads from the territory of the Carpathian Basin: 1 – Lasinjska Kiselica (after Beki 2004, Fig. 1); 2 – Dugo Selo (after Demo 2010, Fig. 1); 3 – Duga Resa (after Boškovi 2002, Fig. on page 168); 4 – Zasip pri Bledu (after Meterc 1985, Fig. 118).
Ryc. 2. Wybrane znaleziska grotów wóczni ze rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: 1 – Lasinjska Kiselica (wg Beki 2004, Fig. 1); 2 – Dugo Selo (wg Demo 2010, Fig. 1); 3 – Duga Resa (wg Boškovi 2002, Ryc. na s. 168); 4 – Zasip pri Bledu (wg Meterc 1985, Fig. 118).
13
Fig. 8:2,1). The closest parallels to the harpoon After due consideration I took the following into head from Fonyód-Ilonaberek could be observed account. It was a matter of the cult or religious in the La Tène Period counterparts, as stated by deposition, a loss by chance or during military R. Müller already in the late 1970s. He dated action, or the finds were part of a settlement or
ththe entire hoard from this site to the 9 c. (Müller a burial ground (Scholtz 2007, 250; Anders, 1978, 11). Gringmuth-Dallmer 2015, 14). They could also
The simple spike with a hexagonal blade have been washed away over an unknown distance (Fig. 3:4) and the head with a double perforation from such sites. Eventually, I regard intentional of the poplar leaf-like blade (Fig. 3:5) from the littering as the most improbable reason for the hoard of Esztergom-Királyi város (Torma ed. presence of thrusting pole arms in watery locations. 1979, Pl. 43:4, 2) represent specimens of Eastern In my opinion, the discussed aquatic finds, European, Siberian, or Central Asian provenance especially those of exceptional quality, decoration (Husár 2014b, 21-22, 58-59, 113). The former and origin or those from the aforementioned type of the spearhead was mainly used in three hoards, might have been offerings to various gods aforementioned regions during the early Middle or supernatural entities, offerings made to secure Ages (e.g. 1967, 160, Fig. 43:3; safe passage to destinations unknown to us, or 1980, 59-60, Tab. 4-5; 1986, 157, 161, Fig. 67:8; even sacrifices in favour of concluded treaties, 88:3; 1997, 18, 23, 48, 55, 65, 132, Fig. 7:1, 11, etc. Some spears from the past had symbolic 30, 34, 40:1-2, 83; ed. 1981, 144, 148, value, therefore, the deposition of spears in watery 167, 178, 258, 260, Fig. 33:53; 36:2; 52:30, locations could have been connected with their 110; 62:160-161; 82:53, 55; 83:3; 1985, cultic background as well. In Tacitus’ famous
stFig. 9:18-19, 10:12-13, 11:2-3). In my opinion, work “Germania” (end of the 1 c. AD) it is noted analogies for the latter, the perforated poplar that the initiation of a young Germanic man from leaf-like head, can be found particularly in South- his family into the community was carried out in
th theastern Europe between the 9 and 11 c. ( the assembly by his chieftain, father or kinsmen – 2004, 80, 82, Pl. XLIII:529, Cat. 529) and they gave him a spear (Germanic “framea”) and
th th 7in Eastern Europe between the 7 and 10 c. a shield. Norse mythology tells us about the ( 1985, 60, Fig. 9:18, 10:12, 11:2). spear Gungnir which was an attribute of the god
8Another spike comes from the sacrificial Odin (Daly 2010, 43; Michalak 2015, 297). It was find of Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút (Fig. 3:6). claimed that a man marked with a spear could go It has a hexagonal blade and decoration of lattice- to Odin and Goðheimr. There was also a practice like engravings in the upper and lower end of the of throwing a spear at hostile warriors during the socket. This spike might have had originated from battle in order to dedicate them to Odin (Schjødt the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire until 2011, 285). The motif of cult “dancers” horned
ththe middle of the 7 c. It should be noted that by two snake-bird creatures and fitted with two this type of spearheads did not appear in the spears among other weapons occurred mainly on Carpathian basin after the early Avar Period (von metal fittings, buckles, armour, etc. in Scandinavia Freeden 1991, 620; Husár 2014b, 22-24). and England in the Merovingian Period (since the
thThe river finds of the spearhead with a poplar end of the 6 c.; Hilgner 2015, 408-411, Fig. 9-13). leaf-like blade from Piešany and three similar However, the dancers with spears were found at ones from the hoard of Esztergom-Királyi város the same time in other parts of continental Europe (Fig. 3:7; Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1,3,5) can only be as well, namely in present-day northern Russia, said to be the heads of unspecified origin in the in former Alamannia and even among Germanic early medieval Carpathian Basin which occurred finds (namely on the bronze mould) from Keszthely- there before as well as after the early Middle Ages Fenékpuszta in present-day Hungary (Müller 2008, (Husár 2014b, 52-56, 87). 236-237, Fig. 2:2; Hilgner 2015, 409). Moreover,
the following motifs of warriors were identified Primary literary sources and archaeology by D. Quast on various artefacts in the Germanic
thThere are several particular reasons why area from ca 600 to the beginning of the 8 c.: thrusting pole arms were put into watery locations. a rider throwing a javelin, a rider with a lance,
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
7 sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris, quam civitas suffecturum probaverit. tum in ipso concilio vel principum aliquis vel pater vel propinqui scuto frameaque iuvenem ornant… (Cornelii Taciti de Germania 13; Cornelii 1914, 282; 1999, 44). 8 Odin with his spear could have been substituted for Jesus Christ with a spear too. It can be seen on one side of the carved
nd thgravestone from Niederdollendorf dated to the 2 half of the 7 c. There is a man with a halo above his head who holds a spear in his right hand. This was evidently the Germanic vision of armed and mighty Christ (Giesler 2006, 106, Fig. on page 107).
14 Martin Husár
0 10 cm
Fig. 3. Selected early medieval aquatic findings of spearheads from the territory of the Carpathian Basin. 1 – Rakova Jelša (after Svoljšak et al. 1997, Pl. 12:7); 2 – Moravský Svätý Ján (drawing by M. Husár); 3 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek (after Müller 1978, Fig. 3:1); 4 – Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:4); 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:2); 6 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút (after Nagy 1998b, Pl. 148:4); 7 – Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1). 4-5, 7 – not drawn to the scale.
Ryc. 3. Wybrane znaleziska grotów wóczni ze rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: 1 – Rakova Jelša (wg Svoljšak et al. 1997, Pl. 12:7); 2 – Moravský Svätý Ján (ryc. M. Husár); 3 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek (wg Müller 1978, Fig. 3:1); 4 – Esztergom-Királyi város (wg Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:4); 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város (wg Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:2); 6 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút (wg Nagy 1998b, Pl. 148:4); 7 – Esztergom-Királyi város (wg Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1). 4-5, 7 – bez skali.
15
and a wolf-like warrior (Quast 2002, 269, Fig. 2-3). 2004, 61-84; Kurasiski 2005, 173-182; Wolf The typical military unit of Slavonic tribes in the 2005, 23-51; Husár 2014b, 37). As far as I know,
th th6 -10 c. consisted of light javelin men (Husár except for the Eastern Roman and Byzantine 2014a, 85-87; 2015, 12) usually equipped with ones, the rest of above mentioned lances had the two (Mauricii Strategicon XI, 4; Mauricii 1984, form a winged spear. 121; 1994, 370; Leonis imperatoris tactica 18, The rivers were the natural borders which
10100; Leonis 2010, 472-475) or even three javelins divided one tribe or country from another, some (John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History VI, 25; of them were navigable or they were places of John of Ephesus 1860, 433; 1994, 278-279, 283). military clashes, but these cannot explain all the Finally, a spear was related to Veles, the Slavonic aquatic finds. As far as the finds from the Thames
th th th thchthonic deity who was also the patron of dead River between the 5 /7 and 10 /11 c. are warriors (Kurasiski 2005, 177). concerned, only two swords, one saex and one
At least some leaders of Germanic tribes and shield boss, were found in the riverbed apart kingdoms possessed a kind of monarchic lances. from 64 pieces of spearheads (Clark 2013, 10-11). That is the case of Lombard and Frankish kings. A predominance of spearheads in this case shows Paul the Deacon (ca. 720-799) gives an account of that this is more a sign of a cult or the religious “hasta regia” (e.g. Pauli Historia Langobardorum I, deposition than evidence of accidental losses or 15; Pauli 1878, 61; 2003, 26) or “contus regius” losses during military actions. Other examples (e.g. Pauli Historia Langobardorum V, 10; Pauli include aquatic finds, such as a sword in its 1878, 190; 2003, 222) concerning Lombard kings scabbard (Raffield 2014, 639), various tools, and
th thof the 4 -7 c. (Wolf 2005, 24, 25). Frankish jewellery (Lund 2010) from early medieval sites King Gunthchramn handed over his kingdom to in Scandinavia and England, which can be hardly
11Childebert by giving him his spear in 585 (ibid., explained as losses during conflicts. Moreover, 25), as Gregory of Tours (ca. 538/539-593) stated the category of accidental losses does not apply
9in his “Historia Francorum”. Probably the most to unnavigable waters (Raffield 2014, 639). significant lance in the Middle Ages was “lancea The deposition of hoards in waters of Europe sacra”. By this weapon Longinus, the Roman after 1500 BC was accompanied by the increasing soldier, stabbed Jesus Christ on the Cross. significance of the weapons they included, which According to tradition, the lance together with was especially the case of isolated finds (Bradley Christ’s Cross and two nails from it were 1996, 306). What is more, the spearheads discovered by St. Helena (ca. 248/249-328/329) in dominated aquatic finds in Central and Western Jerusalem few years before her death. “Longinus’ Europe during the Bronze Age (Wegner 1995, 269). lance” was kept in the Church of the Holy Depositions of lance- or javelin heads in aquatic Sepulchre or St. Simon’s Church in Jerusalem locations, along with other kinds of weapons, can
thuntil the end of the 6 c. (ibid., 25, 26). With time be observed in Europe even until the late Middle the alleged originals or copies of “lancea sacra” Ages (Wegner 1995, 269; Clark 2013, 10-11; became monarchic lances or one of the attributes Raffield 2014, 647-648), except for the period of of European rulers’ power. Important bearers of the Hallstatt culture when iron items disappeared “lancea sacra” were the Eastern Roman/Byzantine from aquatic finds (Wegner 1995, 269; Bradley Emperors, Elder House of Welf in Burgundy, 1996, 306). Kings and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, Even though the Carpathian Basin, and mainly Árpád Dynasty in Hungary, Pemyslid Dynasty in its western part, had come once again (after the Bohemia, and Piast Dynasty in Poland (Dulinicz end of the Roman presence) under the growing
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
9 Post haec rex Gunthchramnus, data in manu regis Childeberthi hasta, ait: Hoc est indicium, quod tibi omne regnum meum tradedi (Gregorii Turonensis Historiarum VII, 33; Gregorii /sine anno/). 10 For instance, Lombard King Authari (584-590) is told to have started his reign with a ride to the last Italian city before the sea between Italy and Sicily. There was a certain column in the sea. King Authari on horseback touched this column with the blade or tip of his spear and said that the Lombards’ territories will be terminated there: Circa haec tempora putatur esse factum, quod de Authari rege refertur. Fama est enim, tune eundem regem per Spoletium Beneventum pervenisse eandemque regionem cepisse et usque etiam Regiam, extremam Italiae civitatem vicinam Sicilia, perambulasse; et quia ibidem intra maris undas columna quaedam esse posita dicitur, usque ad eam equo sedens accessisse eamque de hastae suae cuspide tetegisse, dicens:‘Usque hic erunt Langobardorum fines’ (Pauli Historia Langobardorum III, 32; Pauli 1878, 138; 2003, 145). Thus the Lombard king marked borders of territory (Wolf 2005, 24; Citter 2007, 35). 11 L. Beki (2004, 179) and T. Sekelj Ivanan (2004, 126-127) argued that the spearhead from the River Kupa near Lasinjska Kiselica and the spearheads from the gravel deposit Jegeniš (next to the River Drava) were lost there during Frankish
th thinterventions against Avars and, later on, against the Prince Ljudevit at the end of the 8 and the beginning of the 9 c. Three years later, however, T. Sekelj Ivanan (2007, 422) admitted that the spearheads from Jegeniš might have been votive deposits.
16
influence of the Christian Church, since Avar- inter alia, measures against sacrifices for idols Frankish wars the aforementioned aquatic finds or against intentional or forced pagan sacrifices were deposited there in the early Middle Ages. without further specification (Nomokanon XXXIX; Maybe Christianity and Christian rulers had no Nomokanon 2013, 228, 270-272). However,
thconsiderable influence on the former or recent canons of the Synod of Szabolcs (20 May 1092), believers of the non-Christian indigenous religion which was presided by Hungarian and Croatian who exercised this kind of cult or religious King Ladislaus I (1077-1095), refer, under article practices, and it was changing slowly. A document, XXII, to the native rites including sacrifices by which gives testimony about sacrifices related the wells or giving offerings to springs (“De ritu
th 12to waters persisting even in the 8 -c. Francia, gentilium”). Sinners should expiate these practices 17is the so called “Indicululus superstitionum et by handing an ox over (Berend 2013, 262).
paganiarium”. It either refers to the resolutions of Chronicler Cosmas (ca 1045-1125) gives us an the Synod of Lestinnes in the year 743 (Šprynarová account of the veneration of waters by the Czechs 2010, 6) or it was compiled for the metropolitan since their mythical history. Namely, one of Krok’s of Mainz in 790s (Cusack 2011, 39). The article daughters, Tethka, taught the Czechs to adore parts 11 provides us with the information on spring/well of nature and idols. Thereafter Cosmas lists some
13sacrifices. There is also a short supplementary practices which they did until his days. Among explanation for these practices and the consequences them there is also the worship of (running) waters
18thereof. For my study the following section is and fire. The Homiliary of Opatovice, dated to th thimportant: If anyone worships a spring or the 11 -12 c. (Kalhous 2006, 360), confirms the
source of a stream, they will know that they lost existence of such acts of worship during Cosmas’ life 14their faith and baptism. Two other examples as well. The author of the homiliary notes that
th 19from primary literary sources from the 8 c. are pagans worship rivers until his time. In this regard directly related to the Hessians and the Saxons. it should be noted that according to Prokopios of Chaplain Willibald wrote in his “Vita Bonifatii Caesarea (ca 500-562) the Sclavenes and Antes auctore Willibaldo” (ca 768) that among the generally venerated rivers, nymphs and other
thHessians (of the middle of the 8 c.) there spirits. They gave sacrifices to them and used the were also some who, secretly or openly, used to offerings for divination. Such account is included
15sacrifice to trees and springs. Then, article 21 of in Prokopios’ seventh book of his “History of the Charlemagne’s “Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae” wars” or in the third book of the “Gothic war” whose
20(ca 785) also states that anyone who says a prayer completion is dated to 550 (Kalli 2004, 2). or makes sacrifices to springs, trees, and groves Except for the aforementioned watery locations after the fashion of the natives should pay a fine in present-day Slovenia where the spearheads were in coins or be given to the service of the Church found, there are other thematic archaeological and
16until the fine is paid. historical sources from the early Middle Ages The Moravian “Nomokanon”, which was which are related to Carantanian or Carniolan
most likely translated into Slavonic language by settlement areas. Such as the probable sanctuary ndMethodius of Thessalonica in the 2 half of the fitted with statues of gods close to Lake Millstätter
th9 c., contains article XXXIX which mentions, which was destroyed by St. Domitian of Carantania
Martin Husár
12 Veneration of springs or wells was already criticised by the (Christian) Synod of Arles (443-452), Tours (567), and Toledo (681; Fazioli 2015, 79). 13 De fontibus sacrificiorum (Indicululus superstitionum et paganiarium 11; Indiculus 1894, 254). 14 Si quis neptunalia in mare obseruat, aut ubi fons aut riuus de capite exurget, quicumque ibi orauerit, sciat se fidem et baptismum perdedisse (Indicululus superstitionum et paganiarium 11, Hom. § 3; Indiculus 1894, 254). 15 ... alii etiam lignis et fontibus clanculo, alii autem aperte sacrificabant… (Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldo 6; Vita Bonifatii 1905, 31; 1916, 63). 16 Si quis ad fontes aut arbores vel lucos votum fecerit aut aliquit more gentilium obtulerit et ad honorem daemonum commederet, si nobilis fuerit solidos sexaginta, si ingenuus triginta, si litus quindecim. Si vero non habuerint unde praesentaliter persolvant, ad ecclesiae servitium donentur usque dum ipsi solidi solvantur. (Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae 21; Capitulatio 1883, 69; 1987, 207). 17 Quicumque ritu gentilium iuxta puteos sacrificaverint, vel ad arbores et fontes et lapides oblationes obtulerint, reatum suum bove luant (Constitutiones synodi in civitate Zabolch, 20 Maii 1092, XXII; Constitutiones 1999, 53, 56). 18 ...sicut actenus multi villani velut pagani, hic latices seu ignes colit, iste… (Cosmae pragensis chronica Boemorum I, IV; Cosmae 1923, 10). 19 …alii solem alii lunam et sidera colebant, alii flumina et ignes, alii montes et arbores, sicut et adhuc pagani multi faciunt… (Homiliarium 1863, 4). 20 σβουσι μντοι καì ποταμος τε καì νμφας καì λλα ττα δαιμνια, καì θουσι καì ατος πασι, τς τε μαντεας ν ταταις δ
τας θυσαις ποιονται (De bello Gothico III, XIV, 24; Prokopios 1962, 270, 271).
17
around the year 800, and the probable sanctuary arrows around this place of worship (Androshchuk 21 23on Bled Island (Blejski otok) on Lake Bled, as 2002, 12). Some sacrifices related to watery
well as the discovery of the pattern-welded winged places, might also have been performed during nd thspearhead (the 2 half of the 8 c.) with flat and Frankish campaign against rebelling Ljudevit, the
wide wings from Lake Längsee (Eichert, Mehofer, duke of Lower Pannonia under the control of the 24Baier 2011, 147, 150-151, notes 44-45). Later Frankish empire, in 820. The Frankish forces
on, in 1331, a Franciscan inquisitor Franciscus were composed of three armies (tres illi exercitus) de Clugia organised a crusade with the help of assembled in Saxony, East Francia, Alamannia, clergy against the non-Christian Slavs who lived Bavaria and Italy. The army that came from in the mountains around Cavoreto (present-day Carantania and the army that came from Bavaria Kobarid in western Slovenia) and belonged to the and Upper Pannonia must have crossed the Drava Aquileian diocese. They worshiped a certain tree River during this campaign. Furthermore, a large and a spring at its roots. The crusaders eventually number of troops of the latter army (likely) suffered tore down the tree and filled the spring with stones from diarrhoea due to unhealthy land and water
22 25(Juvani 1984, 49). during their crossing of the Drava River. B. Raffield (2014, 640) suggested that Most of the early medieval aquatic finds in
depositions of weapons found close to crossing the Carpathian Basin may be linked with the th thpoints, like bridges and fords, could be connected 8 -11 c. It was the exact time of the revival of
with rituals related to the movements of the armed the watery depositions in the territory of the British forces through the contested landscape. They were Isles and in Scandinavia (Lund 2010; Raffield probably to assure the safe return, influence the 2014, 636). J. Lund (2010) stated that the majority
th thoutcome of conflict, protect the border, express of 8 -11 c. aquatic finds in Britain and Scandinavia territorial claims, etc. “De Administrando Imperio” are solitary stray finds or small hoards. Even one
26(950s) tells a story in which the Rs Vikings (or poem of the “Poetic Edda”, “Grímnismál”, refers Varangians) reached the Island of St. Gregory after to a watercourse called Geirvimul which means the they had crossed the Dnepr’s ford of “Κραρου”. one bobbling with spears (ibid.). According to the This group, heading to Constantinople, performed results of my study regarding lances and javelins, afterwards various sacrifices to worship a gigantic a very similar situation might have developed also in oak tree growing there. Inter alia, they used to peg the Carpathian Basin during the early Middle Ages.
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
th21 According to the excavations on Bled Island there was a burial ground with its beginnings dated to the middle of the 9 c. and a nearby wooden post building which could have stood there even before the burial ground, and the first early medieval brick church dedicated to St. Mary was founded there. The brick church was superimposed on the wooden post building (Pleterski 1996, 172-173, Fig. 8-9). It is also worth to mention that in the beliefs of indigenous people of Northwestern Europe the other world was often situated on the other side of water, for instance beyond a river or on an island. Such locations were used for burial grounds in the Iron Age and the Viking Age as well (Heide 2011, 59-60). 22 Veram quia nonnulli Prelati, Clerici, et Religiosi in tanto opere pietatis ad extirpandos errores predictos nobis adstiterunt; et consilio, et personali subsidio laborando, et itinerando, non sine periculo personali, usque ad locum de Gavoreto, ejusdem Dyocesis, ubi inter montes Sclavi innumerabiles arborem quondam et fontem, qui erat ad radices arboris, venerabant pro Deo, illam impendendo creature reverentiam, que ex fidei debito Creatori debetur: quam arborem fecimus cum auxilio predictorum fidelium, penitus extirpari, et fontem lapidibus obturari (Crociata predicata in Cividale per distruggere l’ idolatria in Caporeto, 1331, 16 Agosto, Udine; Crociata 1845, 547-548). 23 Καì σιαβαíνουσιν ες τ λεγμενον πραμα το Κραρíου, ν διαπερσιν π ωσíας ο Χερσωνται καì ο Πατξινατκται πì Χερσνα, χον τ ατ πραμα τ μν πλος, σον το πποδρομου, τ δ ψος π κτω ως του προκπτουσιν φαλοι, σον καì φθζειν σαγíτταν το τοξεοντος νθεν κεσε. θεν καv ες τν τοιοτον τóπον κατρχονται ο Πατξινατκται καì πολεμοσι τος σ. Μετ δ τ διελθεν τν τοιοτον τóπον τν νσον, τν πιλεγομνην γιος Γρηγóριος καταλαμβνουσιν, ν νσ καì τς θυσας ατν πιτελοσιν δι τ κεσε στασθαι παμμεγθη δρν, καì θουσι πετεινος ζντας. Πηγνουσι δ καì σαγττας γυρθεν, λλοι δ κα ψωμα κα κρατα, κα ξ ν χει καστος, ς τ θος ατν πικρατε. πτουσι δ καì σκαρφíα περì τν πετεινν, ετε σφξαι ατος, ετε καì φαγεν, ετε καì ζντας σειν ατος (Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio 9; Constantine Porphyrogenitus 1985, 60-61). 24 . Tomii (2010, 103) associated the riverine find of the spearhead from the Ljubljanica River, near the present-day village of Vnanje Gorice, with movements of military units or the transfer of goods and services in the time of Frankish-Avar wars and Frankish influence on north-eastern Croatia after the year 800. 25 …alter et longitudine itineris et Dravo flumine, quod traiciendum erat, impediebatur; medius autem, qui per Carantanos intrabat, quamquam in tribus locis ei resisteretur, feliciore usus fortuna ter hoste superato, Dravo etiam transmisso celerius ad destinata loca pervenit…Is tamen, qui per Pannoniam superiorem iter fecerat, in transitu Dravi fluminis ex locorum et aquarum insalubritate soluti ventris incommodo graviter adfectus est, et pars eius non modica hoc morbo consumpta est. (Annales Regni Francorum, Anno 820; Annales 1895, 152-153; 1972, 107).
th26 “Grímnismál” occurs in the “Codex Regius” of the “Poetic Edda”, which is a 13 -c. manuscript (Daly 2010, 42).
18
Concluding remarks Franks – such as the Saxons, or, more likely, they Early medieval aquatic finds of lance- or may be the result of cult and religious practices of
javelin heads are clearly concentrated in the western local inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin. part of the Carpathian Basin and on its southwestern Finally, I would like to note that aquatic periphery. My typological evaluation as well as deposits across early medieval Europe may have relevant scientific research on these finds (see been the signs of uneasy times in the Christianised Fig. 1 and Table 1) point out that most of them European regions affected by the pagans (e.g. by
th thcan be dated to the 8 -11 c., particularly to the the Vikings), subsequently losing their ties to the first two centuries. Most of them are typologically Church structure, or they could have been a reaction linked to Frankish workshops of the Merovingian, of non-Christian believers (e.g. in the Carpathian Carolingian, and possibly the Ottonian Periods, Basin) to the invaders in times of conflicts. although there are some specimens of unspecified, Nonetheless, the aforementioned problems will eastern and south-eastern origins. My opinion that probably remain unresolved and open. spearheads were deposited in watery locations mainly because of cult or non-Christian religious Acknowledgements practices is based largely on the analogies from the This work was supported by the VEGA Viking world of the northern and north-western (Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Europe and on early and high medieval primary Education, Science, Research and Sport of the literary sources regarding the discussed area. These Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of depositions may either be somehow related to the Sciences) under Grant number 1/0468/15. The Frankish presence and movements there, including author of the article thanks László Schilling and the presence of independent ethnic groups of the Arkadiusz Michalak from whom he has received non-Christian believers recently conquered by the helpful advice.
Martin Husár
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Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin
Autor zaj si 26 wczesnoredniowiecznymi wana cz tego studium dotyczy porówna wyni- znaleziskami grotów wóczni odkrytych na 17 sta- kajcych z analizy pierwszorzdnych róde pisanych |nowiskach na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej. Pochodz i wiedzy archeologicznej. Autor sugeruje, i ujte w ni- one gównie z zachodniej czci tego obszaru i wy- niejszym artykule groty wóczni dostay si do wody stpiy w kilku rónych lokalizacjach: w rzekach, z powodów kultowych lub religijnych. Udowodnio- strumieniach, na podmokych terenach, obok brodów ne zostao, i tego typu praktyki byy stosowane a lub w strefie granicznej midzy ldem a wod. Autor do pónego redniowiecza, co moe wiza si z kon- zaj si przede wszystkim analiz typologiczn i po- tynuacj pamici o sakralnym charakterze dawnych chodzeniem znalezisk. Wikszo z nich jest zwiza- miejsc kultu. na z krgiem merowiskim i karoliskim oraz praw- dopodobnie z terenem monarchii ottoskiej. Ostatnia Tumaczy Piotr N. Kotowicz
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