Improve the Development Process with a DevOps practices Vadym Fedorov.
Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2);...
-
Upload
kory-simon -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2);...
![Page 1: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and
Seasonal Variation
M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6); Y. Futaana(1); R. Ramstad(1); H. Nilsson(1); M. Holmstrom(1); S. Barabash(1)
(1) Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden; (2) Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA; (3) IRF, Umea, Sweden; (4) Max-Planck-Institut fur Sonnensystemforschung, Germany; (5) Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), CNRS/Universite de Toulouse, France; (6) Southwest Research Institute, USA
![Page 2: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
RS: Bow-shock radius (~ 5000 km for Martian Subsolar)
MA: Alfvén Mach number
rg: Gyroradius ( ~ 1000 km for 2 keV H+ under 6 nT)
c/pi: Inertia length (100 km for 5/cm3 H+)
RS MA c/piRS rg/RS cold H+ at BS foreshock
Earth 5 ~ 1.2 ~ 0.3 ~ 0.4 no yes
Venus 1 1 1 1 very little yes
Mars ~ 0.5 ~ 1.4 ~ 5 ~ 8 some less
Comet ? 1~2 large large massive ?
Venus-Mars-Comet differencePlanetary Size & Gravity Standoff distance & Exospheric Size
Cold ion inside Solar Wind / Bow Shock
![Page 3: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Actual observation (scan over )
pickup ions
BS BS
SW SW
foreshock
No clear pickup ionSW reflection occurs but no foreshock at X>0
SW reflection
![Page 4: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cold ion density outside Bow Shock varies with exospheric extent (visible~UV) and ion production rate (UV).
Next: Solar Cycle dependence
Season: Sun-Mars distance changes 20% (radiation flux 45%)
![Page 5: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observation Probability
note: automated method is far from perfect (e.g., including reflected ions near bow shock), but statistics is clear
(using automated method to identify ring)
2005.6–8 2007.7–9 2009.3–7 2011.3–6 2013.1–4
Southern Summer (tilt angle) ≈ short distance
2004.6–10 2008.4–9 2010.3–8 2012.2–6
Southern Winter (tilt angle) = long distance 100%
50%
0%
![Page 6: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
No Hemispheric differenceNorth Summer (distant)South Summer (close)
S hemisphere
N hemisphere
S hemisphere
N hemisphere
100%
50%
0%
![Page 7: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
It looks like
1. Season >> Solar cycle (clear)
2. Not only UV level (need to confirm)
Statistic by Manual Method(examine 2005-2012 data by eye)
Summer during Solar Minimum (bow shock is longer distance!) produces more pick-up ions than Winter during Solar Maximum
![Page 8: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reflected ions also forms "ring" "probability" is high near bow shock
![Page 9: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Manual (eye) examination statistics
2-month averaged result
![Page 10: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Compared with UV level
Summer during Solar Minimum (bow shock is longer distance!) >> Winter during Solar Maximum
Probability of clear pick-up ions
![Page 11: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(1) Intensity of the ring ions varies by at least one order of magnitude by variable Sun-Mars distance.
(2) For the same UV flux level, Summer during Solar Minimum produces more pick-up ions in the solar wind than Winter during Solar Maximum not only UV
(3) Ring ions is strong close to bow shock (inside regions full of reflected ions) not only UV
(4a) Ring ions sometime appear less than one day during Winter, and (4b) disappear for some period during Summer (difficult to attribute this to IMF variability). not only UV
Summary
![Page 12: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Implication
• Electron impact ionization?
• Exosphere breeds?
• Alfven's critical ionization process? (foreshock creates ring?)
Production of pick-up ions is very variable in the independent way from solar radiation.
![Page 13: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Related to pick-up ions
(1) Fate of pick-up ions: Comet-like diffusion
(2) O+ sneaking out event to upstream
(3) Relation to Foreshock
![Page 14: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
(1) Diffusion of pick-up ions
Similar to comet!X≈+1 RM
X≈1.5 RM
![Page 15: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(2) Oxygen outside bow shock
No O+ pick-up from O-corona, but can be picked up
![Page 16: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(3) Foreshock
2005: almost none
2007: sometimes2008: sometimes
2009: rare2010: sometimes2011: rare
![Page 17: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Foreshock vs pick-up ions
Except 2007 June-September (Martian summer), foreshock during Martian summer (out of phase from pick-up ion. Solar cycle (UV) might play some role in this cases
foreshocks foreshocksforeshocks
![Page 18: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NoteAlthough anti-phase, we do observe co-existence of Foreshock with pick-up ions (rare event)
![Page 19: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Conclusion
Martian upstream is a real plasma laboratory that the Earth cannot provide. Just related to the pick-up phenomenon, many unknown physics exist.
Martian pick-up ion physics is a good reference for Comet pick-up ion physics
![Page 20: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thank you
![Page 21: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
we need to classify all “non-solar wind” ions because the Martian upstream is full of reflected ions, pickup ions, and thermalized form of these ions.
For sold probability work,
In 2011 paper, we reported that we could not find foreshock in 2005 data (we used highest post-acc data).
(comet-like) scattered pick-up ions
Foreshock
Reflected (and accelerated) at bow shock
Detached Bow shock
![Page 23: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ring distribution in SW2005: rare 2005.1 - 2005.5 & 2005.9 – 2005.10 / often 2005.7 & 2005.11
2007: rare 2007.1 – 2007.4 / some 2007.9 – 12 often 2007.6 - 2007.8
2008: rare 2008.1 –12
2009: rare 2009.1 – 3 & 2009.11 – 12 / some 2009.4 – 10 often 2009.8
2010: rare 2010.1 –10 / some 2010.11 – 12
2011: rare 2011.8 –12 / some 2011.1 – 2 often 2011.3 - 2011.6
2012: rare 2012.1 –7 & 2012.9 –10 / some 2012.8 & 2012.11 –12
2013 rare 2012.8 / some 2012.9 often 2012.2 – 2012.3
![Page 24: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
pick-up ions (ring distribution)
bow
sho
ck
![Page 25: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
upstream pick-up
![Page 26: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
downstream pickup = comet-like scatter
![Page 27: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
comet-like scatter
![Page 28: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
pick-up + reflected
![Page 29: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reflected with pick-up ions
![Page 30: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Reflected without pick-up ions
![Page 31: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Reflected ⇒Foreshock
![Page 32: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
foreshock boundary
![Page 33: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
detached bow shock
![Page 34: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(1) Gravity: Venus > Mars < comet
(2) Exosphere: Venus < Mars < comet
(3) newly born H+ in Solar Wind: Venus < Mars < comet
(4) Bow shock: Venus ≠ Mars ≠ comet
Venus-Mars-Comet difference: cold H+
![Page 35: Martian Pick-up Ions (and foreshock): Solar-Cycle and Seasonal Variation M. Yamauchi(1); T. Hara(2); R. Lundin(3); E. Dubinin(4); A. Fedorov(5); R.A. Frahm(6);](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649cf75503460f949c6cae/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)