Martha Rogers PPT
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Transcript of Martha Rogers PPT
CHRISTINE JOY I. PASNO, RNSOUTHERN LUZON STATE
UNIVERSITY
Martha RogersThe Science of Unitary &
Irreducible Human Beings
Martha Rogers1914-1994
Grand Nursing Theorist
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retrieved from: http://www.nurses.info/nursing__theory__person__rogers__martha.htm
Background
Eldest of four childrenBorn on May 12, 1914 in Dallas, TexasDied : March 13 , 1994Parents :
Bruce Taylor Rogers Lucy Mulholland Keener Rogers
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Credentials of the Theorist
Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing (1936)
Graduation in Public Health Nursing, George Peabody College, Nashville , Tennessee (1937)
MA in Public Health Nursing Supervision : Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945
MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1952Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, 1954Fellowship: American academy of nursing
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Rural public health nurse in MichiganVisiting nurse supervision, education, and
practice in ConnecticutEstablished the Visiting Nurse Service of
Phoenix, ArizonaProfessor and head of the Division of Nursing
at New York University (1945-1975)Professor Emerita (1979)
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Rogers publication include 3 books and more than 200 articles.
She lectured in 46 states.Received honorary doctorates from such
renowned institutions as Duquesne University, University of San Diego, Iona College, Fairfield University, Emory University, Adelphi University, Mercy College, and Washburn University of Topeka.
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“Inspiring Leadership in the Field of Intergroup Relations” by Chi Eta Phi Sorority
“In Recognition of Your Outstanding Contribution to Nursing” by New York University
“For Distinguished Service to Nursing” by Teachers College
New York University houses the Martha E. Rogers Center for the Study of Nursing Science
In 1996, Rogers was posthumously inducted into the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame
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Origins
Rogers was one of the first nurse scholars to explicitly identify the person (unitary man) as the central phenomena of nursing concern
1970 – Science of Unity Human Beings (SUHB)
Rogers realized there had to be something to know in nursing that required increased education for its transmission (Fawcett interview, n.d.)
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Purpose
• SUHB theory offers a new look at nursing, providing a framework for practice, education and research that moves away from the traditional medical model approach to the delivery of nursing care
(Fawcett interview, n.d.)
To promote human-environment field patterning and the nursing process
(n.a., 2009, para. 11)
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Evolution Over Time
Radical
Difficult to understand
Greatly influenced all facets of nursing
(n.a., 2009, para. 7)
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The “Slinky”
Imagine the life process moving along the “Slinky” spirals with the human field occupying space along the spiral and extending out in all directions from any given location along a spiral. Each turn of the spiral exemplifies the rhythmical nature of life, while distortions of the spiral portray deviations from nature’s regularities. Variations in the speed of change through time may be perceived by narrowing or widening the distance between spirals.
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Major Concepts
Human-unitary human beings
“Irreducible, indivisible, multidimensionality energy fields identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from the knowledge of the parts.”
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Health“Unitary human health signifies an irreducible human field manifestation. It cannot be measured by the parameters of biology or physics or of the social sciences.
Nursing“The study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and their world.”
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Scope of Nursing
Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation encompass the scope of nursing’s goals.
Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich and poor, young and old. The arenas of nursing’s services extend into all areas where there are people: at home, at school, at work, at play; in hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and now moving into outer space.
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Environmental Field“An irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field indentified by pattern and integral with the human field.”
Energy Field“The fundamental unit of the living and non-living. Field is a unifying concept. Energy signifies the dynamic nature of the field; a field is in continuous motion and is infinite.”
An energy field identifies the conceptual boundaries of man. This field is electrical in nature, is in continual state of flux, and varies continuously in its intensity, density, and extent. (Rogers, 1970)
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Subconcepts
Openness“Refers to qualities exhibited by open systems; human beings and their environment are open systems.”
Pandimensional“A nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal attributes.”
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Synergy is defined as the unique behavior of whole systems, unpredicted by any behaviors of their component functions taken separately.
Human behavior is synergistic.
Pattern“The distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single wave.”
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Principles of HomeodynamicsHomeodynamics should be understood as a
dynamic version of homeostasis (a relatively steady state of internal operation in the living system).
Principle of ReciprocityPostulates the inseparability of man and
environment and predicts that sequential changes in life process are continuous, probabilistic revisions occurring out of the interactions between man and environment.
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Principle of Synchrony
This principle predicts that change in human behavior will be determined by the simultaneous interaction of the actual state of the human field and the actual state of the environmental field at any given point in space-time.
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Principle of Integrality (Synchrony + Reciprocy)Because of the inseparability of human beings and their environment, sequential changes in the life processes are continuous revisions occurring from the interactions between human beings and their environment.
Between the two entities, there is a constant mutual interaction and mutual change whereby simultaneous molding is taking place in both at the same time.
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Principle of ResonancyIt speaks to the nature of the change occurring between human and environmental fields. The life process in human beings is a symphony of rhythmical vibrations oscillating at various frequencies.
It is the identification of the human field and the environmental field by wave patterns manifesting continuous change from longer waves of lower frequency to shorter waves of higher frequency.
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Principle of HelicyThe human-environment field is a dynamic, open system in which change is continuous due to the constant interchange between the human and environment.
This change is also innovative. Because of constant interchange, an open system is never exactly the same at any two moments; rather, the system is continually new or different. (Rogers, 1970)
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Science of Unitary Human Beings
• Five basic assumptions underlay Rogers' conceptual framework:
1. Wholeness2. Openness3. Unidirectionality4. Pattern and Organization 5. Sentience and Thought
(Rogers as cited in Barrett, 2009, para. 4)
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Science of Unity Human Beings
There are four main topics (metaparadigms) that are addressed by nursing theorists:
1. People2. Environment3. Health4. Nursing
(Rogers as cited in Barrett, 2009, para. 5)
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Application to Health
Individually defined
Multicultural dimensions
Influenced by health behaviors
Goal of nursing: health promotion
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Application to Nursing
Promote health
Positive optimistic approach
“The study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human & environmental fields: people and their world.”
(Rogers as cited in McEwen & Wills, 2007, p.204)
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Application to Environment
Continually exchanging energy with the unitary human being
Constant state of change
Helix Represents environment energy field Co-existing & interactive with unitary human
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INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
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Environment Energy Field
Human Being
Energy Field
Application to Person
Unitary energy system Whole entity – sum of the parts
Continually exchanging energy with the environment
“These energy fields may be described as open systems, with each person having his/her own unique pattern of energy which constitutes the person’s identity.”
(Tettero, Jackson, & Wilson, 1993, p.777)
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Examples of Application to:
Nursing Practice
Education
Research
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Application to Nursing Practice31
Strengths
Rogers’ concepts provide a worldview from which nurses may derive theories and hypotheses and propose relationships specific to different situations.
Rogers’ work is not directly testable due to lack of concrete hypotheses, but it is testable in principle.
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Weaknesses
It is an abstract, unified, and highly derived framework and does not define particular hypotheses or theories.
Concepts are not directly measurable thus testing the concepts’ validity is questionable.
It is difficult to comprehend because the concepts are extremely abstract.
Nurses’ roles were not clearly defined.No concrete definition of health state.
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CLARITYSIMPLICITYGENERALITY
EMPIRICAL PRECISIONDERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Critique of the Theory
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Clarity
Major elements of Rogers’ work: 5 key definitions 3 principles of homeodynamics 6 assumptions
This approach appears simplisticBut is difficult for nurses to understandToo abstract Parsimony
(McEwen & Wills, 2007)
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Simplicity
• “Ongoing studies and work within the model have served to simplify and clarify some of the concepts and relations. However, when the model is examined in total perspective, some still classify it as complex”
• More work is required: use in practice, research and education needed
• May determine that the model is simple (Tomey & Alligood,
2006)
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Generality
Rogers’ theory is a synthesis of phenomenaImportant to nursingAbstract, unified, and highly derived
framework Does not define particular hypotheses or
theoriesInstead provides a worldviewNurses may derive theories and hypotheses
and propose relationships specific to different situations
(McEwen & Wills, 2007)
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Rogers’ Theory Applied to ADN Program38
(Hellwig & Ferrante, 1993)
Empirical Precision
Early criticism identified major limitations Difficult to understand
principles Lack of working definitions Poor tools for
measurementDeductive in logic
Characteristic lack of immediate empirical support
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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Derivable Consequences
Intends to assist in the understanding of human evolution and human potential
Organized in a manner that place nursing’s identity as a science
Focus is on the human and environmental connection as highly significant
Many have used the conceptual model for research
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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Summary41
References
Fawcett, J. (n.d.). Interview of Martha Rogers nursing theory [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1XN3rPKndE
Heggie, J., Schoenmehl, P., Chang, M., & Grieco, C. (1989). Selection and implementation of Dr. Martha Rogers' nursing conceptual model in an acute care setting. Clinical Nurse Specialist: The Journal for Advanced Nursing Practice, 3(3), 143-147.
Hellwig, S. & Ferrante, S. (1993). Martha Rogers’ model in associate degree education. Nurse Educator, 18(5), 25-27.
McEwen, N. & Wills, E. (2007). Theoretical basis for nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkin
n.a. (2009). Martha Rogers. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/17667393/NURSING-THEORIST-MARTHA-ROGERS
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References
Read, P., Shearer, N., & Nicoll, L. (2004). Perspectives on nursing theory (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkin
Tettero, I., Jackson, S., and Wilson, S. (1993). Theory to practice: Developing a Rogerian-based assessment tool. Journal of Advance Nursing, 18(5), 776-782. doi:10.1046/j.13652648. 1993.18050776.x
Tomey, A. & Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Wright, B. W. (2007). The evolution of Rogers’ s Science of Unitary/Human Beings: 21st century reflections. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 64-67.doi: 10.1177/089-4318406296295
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