MARRIED WOMEN’S (NON)EMPLOYMENT AND THE INTERPLAY OF HUSBAND’S AND WIFE’S EDUCATION JEWS AND...
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Transcript of MARRIED WOMEN’S (NON)EMPLOYMENT AND THE INTERPLAY OF HUSBAND’S AND WIFE’S EDUCATION JEWS AND...
MARRIED WOMEN’S (NON)EMPLOYMENT
AND THE INTERPLAY OF HUSBAND’S AND WIFE’S
EDUCATION
JEWS AND MUSLIMS IN ISRAEL 2001-2008
VERED KRAUS
HAIFA UNIVERSITY
WOUT ULTEE
RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN
YUVAL YONAY
HAIFA UNIVERSITY
RC 28 HAIFA, MAY 8-11, 2010
THIS PAPER IS ABOUT TWO TABLES
THEY PERTAIN TO ISRAEL IN 2001-2008
AND CONTAIN ALL PERTINENT CASES IN THE ISRAELI LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS FROM 2001 TO 2008
THE FIRST TABLE CROSS-CLASSIFIES FOR JEWISH MARRIED WOMEN AGED 18-54 YEARS WITH THREE
OR MORE CHILDREN
THEIR (NON)EMPLOYMENT AGAINST THEIR LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF
THEIR HUSBAND
THE SECOND TABLE DOES THE SAME FOR MUSLIM WOMEN
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3838 6363 8888 5353
MIDDLEMIDDLE 5757 6767 8585 7070
HIGHHIGH 5858 7070 8585 8080
TOTALTOTAL 4141 6565 8585 6262
JEWISH WOMEN, PERCENT EMPLOYED
THE ABSOLUTE N FOT THE 58% HH-WL IS 90, THE LOWEST IN THIS TABLE
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 44 2727 6868 99
MIDDLEMIDDLE 55 2828 7474 2020
HIGHHIGH 1212 4242 8787 5050
TOTALTOTAL 55 2929 7979 1515
MUSLIM WOMEN, PERCENT EMPLOYED
THE ABSOLUTE N FOT THE 68% HL-WH IS 66, THE LOWEST IN BOTH TABLES
THE RESEARCH QUESTION:
EXPLAINING WOMEN’S (NON)EMPLOYMENT
THREE CLASSICAL EXPLANATIONS:
FACTORIAL ‘EXPLANATION’
EXPLANATION FROM ECONOMICS
EXPLANATION FROM SOCIOLOGY
FACTORIAL ‘EXPLANATION’:
WOMAN’S EDUCATION
MARITAL STATUS
NUMBER OF CHILDREN
AGE
PLACE OF RESIDENCE
SOMETIMES INTERACTIONS, MOSTLY WITHOUT SOME GUIDING IDEA
HERE WE ARE CONCERNED WITH INTERACTIONS
WE ASSUME THAT A HIGHER NUMBER OF CHILDREN IS PROHIBITIVE
AND SUPPRESSES OR WEAKENS OTHER EFFECTS
SUCH AS THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF WOMAN’S EDUCATION ON HER CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT
THAT IS WHY WE MADE TABLES FOR MARRIED WOMEN WITH AT LEAST THREE CHILDREN
A TESTING GROUND FOR ECONOMIC VERSUS SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS:
FEMALE (NON)EMPLOYMENT AS DEPENDING UPON CHARACTISTICS OF HER HUSBAND
BECAUSE OF DISINCENTIVES,
A HUSBAND WITH A HIGHER EDUCATION (AND THEREFORE A HIGHER INCOME)
MAKES FOR LESS EMPLOYMENT
BECAUSE OF SUBCULTURAL NORMS,
A HUSBAND WITH MORE EDUCATION MAKES FOR MORE EMPLOYMENT
THE STANDARD FINDING HERE IS THAT THE ECONOMIC EXPLANATION
DOES NOT HAVE MUCH GOING FOR IT
THE HIGHEST CHANCES FOR MARRIED WOMEN TO BE EMPLOYED
ARE FOUND FOR WOMEN WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
MARRIED TO A MAN WITH THE HIGHEST EDUCATION
THIS FINDING HINTS AT A NORM AMONG THE HIGHLY EDUCATED STIPULATING THAT A MARRIED
WOMAN OUGHT TO WORK
FOR THE NETHERLANDS, BERNASCO ET AL, ESR 1998, SHOWED THAT, AFTER TAKING
WOMEN’S EDUCATION INTO ACCOUNT,
A HIGHER INCOME OF HUSBANDS MAKES FOR HIGHER CHANCES OF BECOMING NON-
EMPLOYED AND LOWER CHANCES OF BECOMING EMPLOYED
AND THAT, INDEPENDENT OF THIS,
A HIGHER EDUCATION OF HUSBANDS MAKES FOR LOWER CHANCES OF
BECOMING NON-EMPLOYED AND HIGHER CHANCES OF BECOMING EMPLOYED
WITH THE POSITIVE EDUCATION EFFECT BEING LARGER THAN THE NEGATIVE
INCOME EFFECT
(NON)EMPLOYMENT OF MARRIED WOMEN WITH CHILDREN IS NORM-GUIDED
BEHAVIOUR
WHOSE NORMS?
THE NORMS OF HUSBANDS WITH A CERTAIN LEVEL OF EDUCATION?
THE NORMS OF WIVES WITH A CERTAIN LEVEL OF EDUCATION?
A WEIGHTED CHOICE BETWEEN THE NORMS OF BOTH HUSBANDS AND WIVES?
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3030
MIDDLEMIDDLE 5050
HIGHHIGH 7070
TOTALTOTAL
THE REFERENCE POINTS ON THE MAIN DIAGONAL OF AN
ARTIFICIAL TABLE
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3030 5050 7070
MIDDLEMIDDLE 3030 5050 7070
HIGHHIGH 3030 5050 7070
TOTALTOTAL
ONLY WIFE’S EDUCATION HAS EFFECTS: THE FEMALE INDEPENDENCE MODEL
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3030 4040 5050
MIDDLEMIDDLE 4040 5050 6060
HIGHHIGH 5050 6060 7070
TOTALTOTAL
THE EQUAL WEIGHT MODEL
SOBEL’S DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS ALLOW
FOR UNEQUAL WEIGHTS
THEY ARE CALLED DIAGONAL REFERENCE MODELS
BECAUSE PREDICTIONS ARE NOT GENERATED FROM THE
MARGINALS (AS IN ORDINARY LINEAR REGRESSION)
BUT FROM THE MAIN DIAGONAL
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3838
MIDDLEMIDDLE 6767
HIGHHIGH 8585
TOTALTOTAL 6262
JEWISH WOMEN, REFERENCE POINTS
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 3838 5353 6262
MIDDLEMIDDLE 5353 6767 7272
HIGHHIGH 6262 7272 8585
TOTALTOTAL
JEWISH WOMEN, EQUAL WEIGHTS FOR OFF-DIAGONAL CELLS
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 2828 53 53 63 63 6262 88 88
MIDDLEMIDDLE5353 57 57 2828 72 72 8585
HIGHHIGH62 62 5858 7272 70 70 8787
TOTALTOTAL
JEWISH WOMEN, ACTUAL PERCENT IN OFF-DIAGONAL CELLS COMPARED
SO, WEIGHTS ARE NOT EQUAL
AND THE WEIGHTS FOR CELLS ABOVE THE MAIN DIAGONAL DIFFER FROM CELLS BELOW THE MAIN DIAGONAL
FOR JEWISH WOMEN,
THE HIGHER A WIFE’S EDUCATION, THE WEAKER THE EFFECT OF HUSBAND’S
EDUCATION:
38-57-58
63-67-70
88-85-85
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 44
MIDDLEMIDDLE 2828
HIGHHIGH 8787
TOTALTOTAL 1515
MUSLIM WOMEN, REFERENCE POINTS
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 44 1616 4545
MIDDLEMIDDLE 1616 2828 5757
HIGHHIGH 4545 5757 8787
TOTALTOTAL
MUSLIM WOMEN, EQUAL WEIGHTS FOR OFF-DIAGONAL CELLS
WIFEWIFE
LOWLOW MIDDLEMIDDLE HIGHHIGH TOTALTOTAL
HUS-HUS-BANDBAND
LOWLOW 44 16 16 2727 4545 68 68
MIDDLEMIDDLE16 16 5 5 2828 57 57 7474
HIGHHIGH4545 12 12 5757 42 42 8787
TOTALTOTAL
MUSLIM WOMEN, ACTUAL PERCENT IN OFF-DIAGONAL CELLS COMPARED
SO, WEIGHTS ARE NOT EQUAL
AND THE WEIGHTS FOR CELLS ABOVE THE MAIN DIAGONAL DIFFER FROM CELLS BELOW THE MAIN DIAGONAL
FOR MUSLIM WOMEN,
THE HIGHER A WIFE’S EDUCATION, THE STRONGER THE EFFECT OF HUSBAND’S
EDUCATION:
4-5-12
27-28-42
68-74-86
SUMMING UP:
IN ISRAEL IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY
FOR HIGHLY EDUCATED MARRIED JEWISH WOMEN WITH AT LEAST THREE CHILDREN,
THE LABOUR MARKET CHANCES ARE SO GOOD THAT A POORLY EDUCATED HUSBAND DOES
NOT PULL HER DOWN
FOR LOWLY EDUCATED MARRIED MUSLIM WOMEN WITH AT LEAST THREE CHILDREN,
THE LABOUR MARKET CHANCES ARE SO SMALL THAT A HIGHLY EDUCATED HUSBAND DOES
NOT PULL HER UP