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St. Hugh’s High School

Mark Scheme

Caribbean Studies

Grade 12

SECTION A

Question 1: Using examples from the Caribbean, explain how Caribbean

people throughout history have responded to oppression. (20 marks)

Knowledge: 7

Use of knowledge: 8

Enquiry and Communication: 5

• Some slaves and indigenous peoples choose maroonage as a way of escaping

the harshness of plantation life

• Committed acts of suicide and infanticide

• Blacks and indentured servants turned to peasantry, established free villages

which contributed to the diversification of the economy

• Revolts carried on the plantation of the Caribbean from the 17th, 18th and 19th

centuries

• 1816 revolt in Barbados,1823 in Demerara and 1831 in Jamaica

• 1791Haitian revolution

• Post emancipation riots, for example potato/food riots that occurred on

plantation because of poor wages, lack of food, 1865 rebellion in Jamaica

• Taino and Kalinago fought Spaniards

• Asian indentured servants opted to return to India and China. Some

established shops and restaurants as a way of escaping plantation life

• Non-violent acts- malingering, sabotage of plantation equipment, verbal

defiance, pretending not to understand instructions given by planter



• Labour riot/rebellion of the 1930s throughout the Caribbean which led to the

widening of the franchise, the beginning of self-government and the

establishment of trade unions to negotiate fair wages for workers

• The emergence of the tambo-bamboo bands when drum were banned in

Trinidad, the playing of tins and eventually the formation of steel pans

•

Emergence of Rastafarianism as a response to colonialism and a rejection of Eurocentric views

• Establishment of faith-based school for Muslims and Hindus

• Using literacy as a tool of opposition-to understand the ways of the planter

e.g. Sam Sharpe, Touissaint and Nanny Grig

• Muharram Massacre in Trinidad in 1884 and protest over the laws and

treatment of Muslims

• Some choose to accept and conform to the ways of plantation life

Question 2: Examine measures that Caribbean countries can implement

to minimize the dangers posed by natural disaster in the region (20

marks)

Knowledge: 7

Use of Knowledge: 8


• Students are expected to make mention of the natural disasters that the

Caribbean countries face- hurricane, drought, volcanic eruptions,

earthquakes, floods, storms ,tidal waves, tsunami caused by the geographical

phenomenon of plate tectonic

• Definition of natural disaster- a phenomenon with drastic consequences. The

elements are wind, water, rock, earth, fire and sea. By virtue of its location a

community becomes vulnerable for example Soufriere in Montserrat, St.

Vincent, island communities and volcanoes, some are on the tectonic plates

such as Jamaica



• Caribbean governments and national bodies can educate the population to

adopt safe building and housing practices that will provide protection from

extreme weather conditions

• Develop and implement procedures for removing persons in an emergency to

safer ground and for general evacuation

•

Have well-planned shelters in all parts of the country

• Develop an effective educational and disaster awareness programme to

sensitize the population as to risks and what they can do to minimize risks

• Ensure that building codes and regulations are adhered to

• Disaster preparedness- Earthquake drills

• Establishment of regional environmental agencies that offer quick responses

to disasters

• Educate individuals about the importance of protecting the environment-

encourage careful use of rivers and avoid cutting down trees

• Insurance

• During a disaster precautions should to taken to avoid the loss of life and

property e.g. not go outside during a hurricane, secure pets and important

documents, batten down windows, keep stock of tinned foods, candles etc.

SECTION B

Knowledge: 7

Use of knowledge: 8


Question 3: Using examples from the Caribbean, describe the importance

of EACH of the following concepts: (20 marks)

(i) Economic development



(ii)Political development

(iii) Social development

Economic development

•

Rise in GDP and per capita income, a higher standard of living and increase indisposable income among citizens.

• Agriculture is the traditional source for the economy-based on monocrop

practices-such as sugar, or diversification. Food crops for local and tourist

market are also provided. Present debates are based on the viability of

agriculture and land use in the Caribbean.

• World financial crisis has impacted economic policies for development-loans

have been compromised, conditionalities, global impact on local mortgages

• Capital investment to help create jobs and increase wealth

• Entrepreneurship

• Debt reduction policies

Social development

•Should focus on improving the social amenities of people.

• Social goods-modern water supply and appropriate sewage disposal plants,

the availability of schools and tertiary training facilities, recreational facilities

such as parks, museum, good communication systems, electricity and

modern road networks

• Students are expected to show the connection between economic and social

development

Political development

• Is crucial to the overall development thrust of Caribbean states. Students

should demonstrate that citizens and politicians are important stakeholders

in this process and this includes the respect for the rule of law and the

embrace of political institutions and foster democracy and fair play



• It also includes the interpretation of the constitution and the respect for the

outcome of general and local elections

• Indicators of political development include upholding of human rights for all

persons who live in the state regardless of national identity, race, religion,

class or ethnic composition; respect for decisions of the court and the

honouring of all agreements and treaties forged with foreign states

• Capitalism, communism and socialism

Question 4: Outline FOUR indicators of development and describe their

relevance as indicators of development in the Caribbean (20 marks)

Knowledge: 7

Use of Knowledge: 8


• Development means ‘’improvement in a country’s economic and social

conditions’’. More specifically, it refers to improvements in ways of managing

an area’s natural and human resources in order to create wealth and improve

people’s lives. This definition is based on the more obvious distinctions in

living standards between developed and less developed countries.

• Economic Development- economic growth, GNP,GDP, population growth rate,

age dependency ratio, purchasing power parity

• Human Development—HDI-broadening of people’s choices, equity,

productivity, empowerment and sustainability, education, literacy, gender

equality, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health,

environmental sustainability

• Sustainable Development: development that meet the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs. Protection of the environment, quality of life of its citizens



SECTION C

Question 5: “Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North

America have had a limited impact on those societies.” Present

arguments for OR against this statement (30 marks)

Knowledge: 10

Use of Knowledge: 12


Caribbean influences on extra- regional countries politics

•

Migration of Caribbean people has had impact on the politics of extra-regionalcountries- eg immigration policies instituted to deal with illegal entry, quotas,

illegal sale of passport and visas, return of Haitian boat people, offering

refugee status to Cuban

• Narcotic traffic has led to the hosting of conferences with the USA to combat

this criminal act. Formation of political agreement to tackle this problem

• Adoption of more cooperative relationships in the hope that problems facing

the region will be addressed

Caribbean influence on extra-regional countries economics

• Caribbean migrants have helped to rebuild the economies of France and UK

during the period of the 1950s and 1960s after damage caused by war.

• Caribbean migrant workers have worked in public transit system as postal

workers and nurses

• Provided these economies with an educated and willing workforce

• The hosting of Carnival celebrations in places such as New York, Toronto and

London has boosted the local economy through hotel bookings, taxes on

entertainment, services, food industry, and provide work in producing

costumes



• Caribbean migrants engage in activity such as fruit picking for minimum

wages in places like Florida and Canada. This contributes to their economy.

• The Cayman island, Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Turks and

Caicos, Antigua and Barbuda acts as off-shore economies catering to

overseas clients

Caribbean influences on extra-regional countries culture

• Reggae, Calypso and Soca music are played all over the world. Reggae music

is now being incorporated into other genres of music for e.g.: a Japanese pop

classic CD done by female vocalist Sayoko is set to a reggae beat; in

Nicaragua, political songs of protests are set to a reggae rhythm while in

Zambia, Rastafarians there stage their own version of a reggae festival each

year. Reggae is also being offered as a course in some North American

Universities as well as at our local universi ty as part of a Cultural Studies

programme to increase awareness about Caribbean culture.

• Reggae Sumfest and Jazz and Blues Festivals have made a significant impact

on international audiences

• Dancehall- an evolution of reggae has been fused with hip-hop, punk rock

and R&B giving it further international acclaim. This can be seen in songs

performed by Beenie Man and Janet Jackson, Bounti and Gwen Stephani and

Sean Paul and Beyonce.

• The tuning and playing of steelpan has become popular in some colleges and

school abroad. One association, Pan European is increasingly assuming

responsibility for creating a network to promote the development of pan in

Europe. The Japanese as well have developed their own steel band industry.

Every year many of the top steel bands in Trinidad and Tobago prepare for

the annual Panorama festival which also includes players from metropolitan

countries.

• Rastafarianism has become accepted by some countries as it was

popularized through Bob Marley because it focuses on the themes of

brotherhood and peace. The hair style has also become quite popular



• Establishment of Caribbean restaurants has helped to popularize Caribbean

culinary practices- jerk seasoning, canned coconut water, Angostura bitters,

rum, coffee

• Cornrow-tourist are normally seen sporting this hairstyle

• Literary styles-Dereck Walcott and V. S. Naipaul have influenced ideas of

black consciousness

• The more popular Caribbean festivals held abroad are the Nottinghill Carnival

in the U.K., Labour Day in Brooklyn, Carnival in Miami and Caribana in

Canada.

• Within recent years new festivals have emerged as the Caribbean

communities get larger. These include Jerk and Shrimp festivals held in New

York and Miami respectively.

Question 6: “There is no single Caribbean culture.” Do you agree? Providearguments and examples to support your answer (30 marks)

Knowledge: 10





• The question requires students to reflect on whether the cultural traits of the

Caribbean are sufficiently strong enough or cohesive to be named as one

culture. Students who support both positions should not be penalised

• Students must provide definitions of culture and Caribbean

• Amerindian heritage- hurricane has been added to the Caribbean vocabulary,

cassava, canoe and pepperpot are integral the region

• Insularity and more acceptance of North American culture negates the

acceptance of one Caribbean culture

• “Mimic men” as stated by V.S. Naipaul shows that Caribbean people are

imitating cultural practices that are not necessarily Caribbean.

• Plural society as a result of the similar historical experience- colonialism,

slavery, indentureship, different ethnic groups

• Culinary practices-eating of curry, roti, patties, yam, sweet potato, use of

coconut milk, eating of animal intestine

• Sports such as cricket, netball, track and field, football has sought to

engender feeling of Caribbean cohesion

•Festivals such as Indo-Caribbean Phagwa/Holi,Hosay/Muharram allowCaribbean peoples to experience the diversity of the region.

• Afro-Creole religions speak to the process of syncretism e.g. Santeria, Vodun,

Pocomania, Obeah, Spiritual Baptist

• Certain funeral practices are seen throughout the Caribbean such as ninth

night and wakes

• Hinduism and Islam, Buddhism and Judeo-Christianity are practiced

throughout the Caribbean.

• Cultural diversity itself is a common feature that links the region and culture

• Similar socialization processes



• Common geographical location

SECTION D

Question 7: Suggest ways in which the tourism in the Caribbean canfurther advance development in the region (30 marks)

Knowledge: 10



• The question requires a discussion on the state and shortcomings of tourism

in the region before going on to suggest ways to overcome them such as theconstruction of high rise hotels pose a danger to the environment as the

water is polluted and wetlands had to be filled to construct such facilities,

coral reefs incur the danger of being destroyed, workers are unemployed for

long periods due to the seasonal nature of the job, tourism is impacted by

international laws- now patting down and rising cast in airfare, rise of

sexually transmitted disease

• Development- sustainable, economic and social, productivity and

environmental protection

• Caribbean governments and urban planners must be committed in their

programmes designed to protect the environment against haphazard town

planning and big businesses

• Establish activities related to sustainable development versus those that are

cheaper and will bring profits only in the short term.

• Hotels could also have alternative activities in times of low occupancy eg

fashion shows, tours



Question 8: “The ultimate goal of CARICOM is to institute a single

government for CARICOM member states.” If this goal becomes a reality,

discuss the ways in which this development may help OR hinder this

movement towards integration. (30 marks)

Knowledge: 10



How CARICOM help the movement towards Caribbean integration

• Though separated by sea if CARICOM would function as one body it could

tackle issues such as freedom of movement, trade, tariffs, movement of

capital

• Cultural integration- such a union would greatly assist in the creation of a

national identity for these Caribbean states bringing a political and literal

translation to the concept of “one people one nation’. Doing this would

enhance the ideology of a “Caribbean identity”

• One passport would make travelling from one country to another quite hassle

free. Additionally one carrier would help to boost the economy of the region

and lend itself to free movement of people within the region

• Sea travel could also enhance integration

• Free trade would truly exist with the removal of tariffs for trade.

Manufacturers would now produce for the region thus leading to more

efficiency and increased employment

• Investors would have a bigger market which would lead to profits to benefit

the region as a whole

• There would be a common currency and common fiscal and monetary policy

which means better use of the region’s resources and human potential.

Caribbean individuals would no longer face restrictions as they move from

one country to another.



• Through tourism states would be able to market themselves collectively and

not compete with each other

• Negotiation with international lending companies would allow CARICOM

states to go the negotiating table with one voice and lead towards regional

integration

How CARICOM may hinder the movement for Caribbean integration

• The 1958 federation demonstrated how the differences of historical

circumstances and economic development can serve to undermine the

movement for Caribbean integration. Such key issues as the choice of capital

and leader of the Union of the single government may hinder integration as

states disagree or are dissatisfied with the results.

• Some political parties may use this as an opportunity to withdraw from the

Union

• The issues of agreements and treaties made with other countries prior to

political union may prove to be problematic

• Some states would feel as if their identity would be lost with the creation of

one union. Some citizens would view their autonomy as being lost.

• Some states may resent the loss of their legislative power and their sense of

control over their destiny thus not supporting the integration movement

• Too much centralized government may lead to economic and political

inequality

• Some may view the collective approach to tourism as a hindrance to the

advancement of their own economy

• The free movement of and common market may be viewed a s a crippling

effect on smaller economies or be detrimental to larger ones as labour and

capital move freely across the Union

• Disparity in currency may prove to be problematic as some Caribbean

citizens from economies that are better off may reject integration

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