Markets in higher education - s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com fileGross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio...
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Markets in higher education Simon Marginson Institute of Education (IOE) Conference on The State and Market in Education: Partnership or Competition? The Grundtvig Study Centre Aarhus University and LLAKES, IOE 21 March 2014, IOE
Transcript of Markets in higher education - s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com fileGross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio...
Markets in higher education
Simon Marginson Institute of Education (IOE)
Conference on The State and Market in Education: Partnership or Competition?
The Grundtvig Study Centre Aarhus University and LLAKES, IOE
21 March 2014, IOE
National and global perspectives
High Participation Systems (HPS)
Declining value of credentials in HPS but graduate premium is maintained
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011 Selected OECD and European systems, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data 2014
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011 World regions, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
WORLD
Sub-SaharanAfrica
South&WestAsia
ArabStates
CentralAsia
EastAsia&Pacific
La nAmerica&Carribean
Central&EasternEurope
NorthAmerica&WesternEurope
1995 2011
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio, 2011 Post-Confucian systems
UNESCO Institute for Statistics & Taiwan Ministry of Education
23
30
24
24
60
60
64
84
101
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
India
world
Singapore
Vietnam
China
Japan
HongKongSAR
MacauSAR
Taiwan(2010)
SouthKorea
Datanotavailable
Asian middle class 2009-2030 (millions) Source of extrapolation: European Union Institute for Strategic Studies
A middle class person is defined as someone living on USD $10-100 per day PPP
525
1740
3228
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
2009 2020 2030
Economic demand
Social demand
Marketisation and HPS
Quasi-markets
Stratification in HPS
Bifurcation
Cost pressures and positional competition drive stratification
Social demand varies in time, place and form
Different states, different political cultures, different
educational cultures
Journal papers per year, 1995-2011 Total world output
US National Science Foundation data
564,645581,760 588,488
602,430 610,203630,452 629,386
638,381661,790
688,691710,294
740,417758,603
783,359 788,728799,599
827,705
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Three leading producers of science: journal papers per year, 1997-2011
Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011
USA UK China
51 countries with 1000 journal papers p.a. US National Science Foundation data for 2011
ANGLO-SPHERE
EUROPE EU NATIONS
EUROPE NON-EU
ASIA LATIN AMERICA
Australia Austria Italy Croatia* China Argentina
Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil
N. Zealand Czech Rep. Poland Russia Japan Chile*
UK Denmark Portugal* Serbia* Malaysia* Mexico
USA Finland Romania* Switzerland Pakistan* M.EAST /AF
France Slovakia Turkey Singapore Egypt
Germany Slovenia* Ukraine South Korea Iran*
Greece Sweden Taiwan Israel
Hungary Spain Thailand* Saudi Arab.*
Ireland Sweden Sth. Africa
Tunisia*
*countries that reached the annual level of 1000 journal papers after 1995 (12 out of 51)
World-Class Universities
Fast growing Post-Confucian systems journal papers per year, 1997-2011
Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014
Shanghai ARWU top 500 universities Chinese systems, 2005 & 2013
2005 2013
China mainland 8 28
Hong Kong SAR 5 5
Taiwan China 5 9
total 18 42
Some other fast growing systems: journal papers per year, 1997-2011
Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Brazil Iran Portugal Ireland Malaysia
Globalisation, HPS and stratification
Imagining the global market
Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2012 (mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in yellow)
Reading Mathematics Science
Shanghai China 570 Shanghai China 613 Shanghai China 580
Hong Kong SAR 545 Singapore 573 Hong Kong SAR 555
Singapore 542 Hong Kong SAR 561 Singapore 551
Japan 538 Taiwan 560 Japan 547
South Korea 536 South Korea 554 Finland 545
Finland 524 Macao SAR 538 Estonia 541
Taiwan 523 Japan 536 South Korea 538
Canada 523 Liechtenstein 535 Vietnam 528
Ireland 523 Switzerland 531 Poland 526
Poland 518 Netherlands 523 Liechtenstein 525
Vietnam 508 Vietnam 511 Canada 525
UKA 499 UK 494 UK 514
USA 498 USA 481 USA 497
Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities top 200, 2013
USA,85
UK,19Canada,8
Australia,7
Germany,14
France,8
Netherlands,8
Switzerland,6
Sweden,5
Belgium,4Italy,4
Denmark,3otherEurope,4
Israel,4SaudiArabia,1
Japan,9China,5 HongKong,2 otherAsia,3
La nAmerica,3
MOOCs
Students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, millions, 1975-2011
OECD data, 2013
4.3 million foreign tertiary students, 2011: world market shares (OECD data)
USA,17%
UK,13%
Australia,6%
Germany,6%
France,6%Canada,5%Russia,4%
Japan,4%Spain,3%
China,2%
NewZealand,2%
Italy,2%
Austria,2%
SouthAfrica,2%
Korea,2%
Switzerland,1%
Belgium,1%
Netherlands,1%
otherOECD,8%
othernon-OECD,15%
Regional origins of foreign students, 2011 OECD data 2013
Leiden University ranking top 12 largest number of journal papers in 2008-2011
University total papers
2008-11
normalised citations per
paper world av =1.00
papers in top 10% of research field, field-normalised
citations
1 Harvard U USA 29,812 1.80 6492 21.8%
2 U Toronto CANADA 18,114 1.23 2410 13.3%
3 U Michigan USA 15,928 1.39 2501 15.7%
4 U Tokyo JAPAN 14,175 0.93 1274 9.0%
5 U California (LA) USA 13,861 1.52 2370 17.1%
6 Johns Hopkins U USA 13,620 1.52 2173 16.0%
7 U Washington, Seattle USA 12,883 1.48 2198 17.1%
8 Stanford U USA 12,841 1.92 2826 22.0%
9 U Oxford UK 12,208 1.44 2013 16.5%
10 U Pennsylvania USA 12,007 1.50 2100 17.5%
11 U Cambridge UK 11,742 1.50 2009 17.1%
12 U Sao Paulo BRAZIL 11,564 0.68 619 5.4%
Public good through higher education
