: Marketing Culture and the Arts

Franois Colbert 2007 Carmelle and Rmi Marcoux Chair in Arts Management, HEC Montral, 3rd ed.

:Le marketing des arts et de la culture

: !" : # $#% &' : (

:( ) *

:

:

! "#$ & '(&) ./01 2"

+ * (,- . /". 1,/ 22222

34 5 $ :6,62 62+8

sharqiyat2010 @yahoo.com

+

& %# # $# " !

2." ("54... . (" 54 .2" / [;: ]9487 )&( $

F"E2 $#" 8 : &" -. .

. ;M

-779-879 NBSI 9R / EM O8 7-843-382

$;

9

' ( )! *+ : $ & )* %,- : !

!. !/

:

"/< => ? @ A /? BC 3)D E F /< !" " 5GH I- . 54* J!' 4 F BK 3)C ) L1 M

!N ! , "."

8

'0 1

6

! +

C !" =O ? MPQ L'$! @ (# : 4 ! =L! ( .

( !" # $# R! 4 !" = @!#! . #S # 1'K 4 = ? L =? ! (# =) T*U.

! # O ! N> =V& " W!" 5X 1 5 Y? # ? ) $@' * 4# :

N

? T ?

Z

!# Q XC

! &Z

)U 3K (! [ !" \) XC

! ]!

( ? ?

C # .#!

Haut Ecole de Gestion Arc Neuchatel Business School

#! #

Laboratoire GREFI-faculte D'economie Appliquee

#

$! S! E !"

?

/ > =

C

N !

4 ' 3* S

#! (

Evcom Lda ^

/ 1(

!

N !

?

" T

2_

/ " ? 3* S

#

! S! ?

Y

! ! !

& ?

3* S

C & E

3* S

! =

C

! ! (N ( 3* !

! ?

" "

(N /&Z !?` ?

( 1 Q 3* !

( # / (Y !#

XC

T Z

N 3C 1 > 3* S

!#

Universita degli Studi di Napoli (Y !#

XC

# ( (

3* S

22

14: (

c" 5!J3\ 1! e? e! J3\ 1! ? fA& *? '4 3 W@ f'4

)- gSC ! S 5 A 3> h! 1 C 'N W@ i ' LGh A> jN T* 5L k$keXGk ! l-* ] ! L1 T* 5L )# 14 * ? =, ? ' F ? m4 ] ) ^ 5 4N- 54* ? ? n * ) ] 14 o n ) ,O

.p!N Tq #4gY - LGh I C #' F !"U )] * '. ) rV ? l i M- ') 1')? # >

1''C 1'VU J ') 1'# ' 5L 4 N!.

(# W@N 1 1') ? ! \k#e4gY )" (# * 5 #* )- 5 * '' 1F 5 * @ '! =N ] #*

' .=N ]e '# )- : ()K ] X mk#e4gY , 1'N' ! ) !? 5* @ . 'C '' 1F 5 * @

' *O * 1Y 1' V& 5L #G' VN #4gY , #G' # 1S 3YC WS $@ ) 34 - k&* @PN O-

X> @>S . O' 1'C @

? C n mk#e4gY , n#? -* 5 (# =n ! =X =*" S $)K 4 ) ()K

' AS 4Y A *! 1', 1'> 5 (# !' & ! ) Y .

q ! #4Y N X" s> ' 5X ) 5> C LGH Yl l* . 5 i " 1'# $ C 3Y $? f=44* ! M!

S " 5 XX> 4, 5L T*? = . M @ !

2

- A& V (# j ? E (# Y # t ) )1' =4 # (# ! " ) N' u&XK (G* '.

" 5! .. I*- 'n (# V- o n l,3) , :m(? 5!

! # $! CN #4gY 5U C 3X> @ t * 1M' . $< I*- ', (# 'n 4, 3g4 5 o $! @ E"

=V4 14 m(k#e4gY uX4 YU J " In[ $&X A= ^" #* ? @ (# U[ 1* U =) ( ? ! /@

) \N - ].

( C ! ) ) .TY

\ 3K )K )" 3C ' (! 3* S N B

2

3 2[2 2[2[2 2[2[ 2[ 2[[2 2[[ 2[[ 2[[ 2[ 2[ 2[[2 2[[ 2[[ 2[+ 2[+[2 2[+[ 2[+[ 2[+[ 2[+[+ 2[+[9 2[+[: 2[9

4 !" &'

+

MU [ 4 5

5 M WX 5 3

2

4 [2 [2[2 [2[ [2[ [2[ [2[+ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [ [[2 [[ 5 [2 [2[2 [2[ [2[ [2[ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [[+ [

6 MU [ 4

] IX- M"]"

] N> ! 3* =-V-> (#4Y ]

& A& >

] 3* 3 3* 3 1'N ] ( )

3* 3 U * 3* 3 1'N (# -4 =?

3 XX>X> @ =" 3 X

n X> s> VU ("* [ A4

MU [ 4 5

' 5 " 5

J, 'N- s> uX4 5

5 $X $X M 5 -* $X *

tN ,? X"? 5 (# $X # 5

# ) Q Y

2+

[[2 [[ [[ [[ [[+ [[9 7 [2 [ [ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [+ [+[2 [+[ [+[ [+[ [+[+ [+[9 [+[: [9 [: 8 +[2 +[ +[ +[[2 +[[

#F V #4Y V

,S V - -,S V

! V ( 5

s> [ V? ("* [ A4

&- $ MU [ 4

tN ,? eH \k#e4gY eHx &' N[ ]e [Mi :U TYm(

N* N

1S k

->" 3" #

\U 4 @> ) (4 (N =LGg

# &'S NX

' ! 3" k $ )@K )

3

A" i* #

\k#gi >

s> V? ("* [ A4 89 :;

MU [ 4 I 5

3* S (# /> X" y G)O 1i

G)O 1i M G)O 5 ?

22 22 22 2 2 2 2:

2+ 29 2: 28 2 2 2 29 2: 28 26 26 2+ 2+ 2++ 292 29 29 29 29 29

296 2:_ 2:2 2: 2:: 2:: 2:8

29

+[[ +[[ +[[+ +[[9 +[[: +[[8 +[[6 +[[2_ +[[22 ? 9[2 9[ 9[ 9[ 9[[2 9[[ 9[[ 9[[ 9[[+ 9[+ 9[+[2 9[+[ 9[9 9[: 9[:[2 9[:[ @ :[2 :[ :[[2 :[[

-4 !" " V# G)O 1i

G)O 1i , 1 M! A4S

n4 - 5 G)O 1i (# E "C G)O 5N * jHeNg G)O 5N

AY? (#

G)O ,N X> &!" \PeN i i sg> [ V? [ ("* [ A4

6AB C !!/ 1) ( MU [ 4

5 14 M 5 14 MVi

5 14 5 5 1,? * S uL HN>Z C 1, 5 X^n 14 M-

rOe! 3* 1,U 5 1,? *

4 (# 5 1, 4 5 14 4

4 n#S 4 5 14 ) ) )S 14

5 1,? |1, ! Ni *5 (# ,

14 ) lA , * # ) lA , *

s> V? ("* [ A4

%. MU [ 4 M

* 3^ MU

1> $U

28_ 28 28 289 289 289 26_ 262 262 269

266 __ _2 _ _ _+ _+ _8 2: 28 26 _ _ 2 9 8

2 9 : 6

2:

:[ :[ :[+ :[9 :[: :[:[2 :[:[ :[8 :[8[2 :[8[ :[8[ :[6 D 8[2 8[2[2 8[2[ 8[ 8[[2 8[[ 8[[ 8[[ 8[ 8[[2 8[[ 8[[ 8[ 8[+ 8[+[2 8[+[ 8[+[ 8[+[ 8[9 8[9[2 8[9[

* M! $* s> uX4

1'N 5 14

qF N }L ! iN*&

(! )=! :# $#( 5 1,U J4x#G

3C

, sg> U V ("* [ A4

" %. MU [ 4 M

Y&Y - \k#e4gY eHx

, X ?

, u? 3, 3C

3, An)?

:/-* (V4S MY! $@ #

l S )N M! m/OG m/kGP ,

\kP 4X ? T&Y \kP 5X M

\kP 4X 1'N N O* \kP 4X 5 S 3

( s>

S ~5*

9 +_ +2 +2 + ++ +9 +: +8 +6 9

9: 98 96 96 :_ : : :9 :6 82 8 8 8 8 8 89 86 86 6_ 6 6 6 6

28

8[9[ 8[9[ 8[9[+ 8[9[9 E 6[2 6[ 6[[2 6[[ 6[[ 6[[ 6[[+ 6[ 6[[2 6[[ 6[ 6[[2 6[[ 6[+ 6[9 6[9[2 6[9[ 6[: 6[:[2 6[:[ 6[:[ 6[:[ 6[:[+

3F

2_[2 2_[

!" .*C (# " YS !" )"

!" & uN

sg> U V ("*

6 %. MU [ 4 M

]kg ? )O

(->" \ ,e&G kGx ]ke ]kg ]

]kg MVi 2 -

k'Hx > ^ T*C ]kg ? >

Y

m/? '*X ? S ( U VUS-P X> S-PS X> .*

" 5)=! :# $#( M

3" S 1&)C V B@q * 3),

,e&G ) m( 5 " 5 , ,&>? )

sg> [ U V ("* [ A4

3F9 $ GH MU [ 4

> Y

6+ 6+ 6+ 69 69

66 __ _2 _ _ _ _+ _: _: _8 _8 _6 2 2 2 2+ 29 29 26 _ 2 9 :

2 +

26

2_[[2 2_[[ 2_[[ 2_[[ 2_[ 2_[[2 2_[[ 2_[[ 2_[

33

22[2 22[ 22[[2 22[[ 22[[ 22[ 22[[2 22[[ 22[[ 22[

\) ) Os> uX4 O1 uX4 :

\ Os> uX4 -

\k\U ()&XS T*

- T*(N j T*

(N- T* X> 3X>2 : !" * 3X> :T* M? * 3X> : & " ,C 3X> :( n 3X>+ : V& 4 U > 3X>9 : eOG ,C 3X>: :u&XS 1- 3X>8 :u&XS > 3X>6 :S N" 3X>2_ : 3X>22 :&4 4

3X>2 : ! BC 3X>2 :]V * 3X>2 :4 !

sg> U V[ ("* [ A4

339- 1I/ >>

_

22[[2 22[[ 22[[

3 &> 1q!*g 1q!*g AC ? 5g s*#

sg> U V ("*

2

!

$.+

>U s> U V ("* [

9 9 : : 6 2 9 8 8 6 _ 2

+ + 8

%J K!H

LMA $.+ > !!/ 1- ! !!/NMA =+ LMA $.J =>C " > O+ 1- P! "

! ( /? N #4gY 5 \-> -N @ j

/4 5 ) W . 1Y 5 1'N ) U 14 (# M -->S 3 = . . @

)- l--> \k#e4gY )" 3 #&>S X *

X )- ) \k#e4gY N uX4 'N 1!* . W@ MO 1Y , 1A& U *# ' -,U * t EU ! * . @! ! * )? 54* * > $ )

# n , )S (# V Q n ? Ni n, (# !" X> ? AnC ? !" > @ 3- 5>

'.

F i ! A i > (# 3? gSC 5 D# @ ) uX4 (# ? !" .*C . ) A I C # ? I C #

e4gYm(k# . (# /@ * ) 3U W@ &^ (# i / \' Y i .

@! # H '# l) 5 H * (# =? q!@e 1' . @ (#X4 T&Y C NS S XK:

QRH " ! 5L ? 'L? 34 V! " ? @'U jU! rX, * A(" 'X . ? 5 1? .*C

" 3* W 1) (# 3! 3- eX 5 / C LXnH \1eY =C * ! 1' @N ) )S

1'V (' * ) 4 1'F 1'*. S 1'N? n ? 1') l* 5 ^" * ? ? (#

' n #G' ) . M (!# =# !N # ? 1') $1', @> M! !'.

T =N =! ) \ke@Hq * (# ' , l>? \-> . @ (# * =4 /@ ] 3- ? !" .*C 1'N D#

@> M# I*- F 1'N ! * , C ' lA W, 44* =N- =!? , , ).

) Q ASQ ) - \' 5 ( T&Y i > @ A? . X* ? 1'C m/n ln? @'

5 N> $ X*C.

39394 UV+ W> ()- 1 (# 4 # * 3 1! 5 \Xe

3 LX ! . j ? ") 4 &> In !$X O* . ! l! J&> S X ' ! * @ (N#

X! \U * P-Hx . J\! 1i !

+

.Gx>?` * 3^- $*-? * ^- - . p! $#X @ - 3 AX . J, $ & 5L !

5H 4 (# )" . " 4 X . J&V r l^ Mi - !* G\F :

1* @ XX> AC nN - N! nN> - . # \" '

)- (# !" ,) ! R! )m(k}\ (P* . MH ) !" N, =N , (#

=- 4N ) lA ] (# / . !' ? P-Hx ? 4 $*# 1'* k"h Vn

N! S - 1' 5NK , N ,

1',@? u"C C X1'F . A" 3n L 1'? U H 15L (# l s>U ].

$X 5L &!" = ? 1 -,S A) ! . * (#Y! A(" -,S 1) 5 3P! . J4#Bartels =NgQ (#

y(4 !N)2( The History of Marketing Thought @> 5 IX- ? 1) * (# 3 ? \ Y!? J262_ " 4) (#

= \-> $! 5 ? " ? X4# " 4 . (# )X 'i * @ ) 4 V * .Gx>?`.

] ! 3Q * > 4* , (#[ /?= =* 1 @C l ] < V4 QL[ 14 5 Q C

' ) . l" LG*g @ !T* 5 . (G) 26+ 269_

3# &> S\ uN

(--> @ " @! X 4X 1>n 3" Y $* 3, - @ G* !' F * X U 5

V V" . @! !' # 3n 4 Q 5 A> ge 1'N 1 (# uS 1) N 1) Y )S 1 (# Y* *

( ' /N ' . , uS " T* @ ) 1! * ( 1i) ] T*U J4# &> Y

! 3'? ) 3 ] O(Oe! * . , 5 ? 1F @ )

9

.Gx>?` 1) M

(# F 4# -, i 5X VX

N 3C

4* V? (# 3 . 1) (#2699

N ] (# ! ? 5X ) W) 1 (# ( ]

N 3C .

) ( ] @ (# .Gx>?` ] = 1) D (# @! s, ? U ? 4 ? E ! (# --> @! M* N X4 j) S- (# 3

Yq , . 1'N ' J4# M# 5X 3i ? m(k#e4gY u"

:

\k#e4gY )- ") M* (, " - & 1U ( 1&)K V @! ) )X M*- N )@K .(

! ('# (# r? l $ \k#e4gY )" ? ! ' @ $" 3- \k#e4gY 'eH ! 4 @ ? @' \k#e4gY :

N )U 4> gN 1 1'*X 1'n, 1', 1') \k#e4gY 14 (# 1@ n .)" IN .Gx>?` * 3@# \k#e4gY

.Gx>?` #4Y s> , 14 5X ) X 1? 1 ) . C #nC W# nN ? @ -, 3, !" \k#e4gY )" D# =! @

(4 > (C (# = 1' ) s#. 39494 %

m(k#e4eY u" /U S gN $F (# =? In . D# @ ) 3&) /4 M ') 5X S .Gx>?` )- C =) F S gN

\k#e4gY X"w .gN ! Y ) &)K ) (N# l ] ) &) => 1 r? . $X / &)C - ? U ,

W>Z C i (O- PY 4 lk . Y ! lY! "" ) N (# E ) 'i 1'N? 1 &)K

3!. 39495 6 / LMA $.+ X

\k#e4gY )" 14 : '? r l N (X '?()C N ]e . !" ? i /? ) &4 (N N @ ! lY!

- N! S (# SWN gN 3) T* $U ? . $ , \k#e4gY )" D# >Z C (N ] 4 ) @! 3)C BK 1- U W@ E , ] AC l N> l?

- iN* ? C BK ]) !" 2[2 .( u" /Q ,

8

= ) lA MVi Y!? ? 3* m(k#e4gY . ? ! 'Q ( MVi ) * ( i ! ) !.

)? ! (* BK !" j

14 AU h# (# ' (# s-> ) .Gx>?` !" * (# 'N ' 'C

= W! /@ ] .5N @ ) JSY * !" LGh . 4# @ ) !" /? X4# u&Xn& jN m(k#e4gY u" . !

) (# =(* j !S . (# =N X " ? ! N )U j) ) j ), -4 T* - N

'- 'iN* M* 14. \k#e4gY )- (# U n @! @ ) . Y )

K !" 14 & ? 4VY ] BC X (N B !" 1 Y 3- N !" .*C ) @

')@C 1 ( \PG*Gx 5U (# = Q ' uO = J&X rV l# ] (

4 \k}\ .

!"2[2 + KYG

1-

iN*

BK 3)C

BK

6

39497 LMA $.+ $,

_

m(k\U Be@Hq ? N . P!"h ) 3- (# )" 5X ) 1 = ) M uX,N . F 3^- ) ! 3)

? @ AY 3)4 W@' ! , @ I C #. 1, /? r4#? 4 ! (# ( 5L ) ! )"

] BC . - !" ( X )- $F? " ( Ew \k#e4gY .)U ! )O )@K j , ".

H ? X> S* &Y# . E = n U I" ? S! Y j) / .!" W@ ? 1F #

! @ !" A(" ! , JS? 'D# (-U Be@Hq Y 3# JS)? ] \k#e4gY )- ( 5L ) . ? ) ! )" '#

=N y Y! ] @ '! ] . M' S /@ " C C 1, 1V& " X /@ I . 1F !" u @

l^# \k#e4gY )- W)N uX, Y! (# " . > [)" 4 n 1*[ ( (# !@

3Y NNX 5N j

41& .

!

H

!"2[ +

(? B@ BC

5L Q

5

7 3

4 Z

m(k\U Be@Hq BC 3)C

] Q

2

) ! ! @C )" 4 n * *U $F? (#] ? 5L . S* '- ' \) 3), W@ LGh * X

VYS . Y /@ \k#e4gY ! *? Y ) \ (# =('# ] &> g!L \^h . =N , (# ! ? ! @' !

) ! )" ln? ! ? I C #' F i l 5L . =! 3 &) W) ! H 1 @[" &[

n i M- C J4, J,# M. >U 1* . (# \ke@Hh En ! 3 !" mGh

\k#e4gY )- . uX, (# u" Y!? 4 n n X" V' L $n Y N u" (#

=N =N 1!* . uX, (# 3 !" X 1* D# \1eY \k#e4gY )- (# 3 !" 1* ^-? LGH N.

3\* 4X ? ( -N (# =V# M- (# 1i @' ! *)" '

u? ) gSC 5X S N #4gY 5 . uU#

4 4X 1> C .Gx>U` . 5 @' \-N 4 /? 5X n ? JS? =*X S N #4gY 5 /4

(# $UI*- i. 395 :$

1) (#269: )" 5

4 . 4)8( [Y )[ C m(U M' N 5 @ 14 gN - 1V& !" C s>"U 1V& $@

M' @ C 5# Y C -. GgN | /? M n[ (N ]e \1eY [ n (#

C 3-5 . gN ) - ) ) !"U ! ) !? $@ ( 3!N '

- . !' 3) ! ' . B* /? u"C m(k\U M'W4 |) ML . n S M' @/Y ( $! /? . J4x#G

]V n#? 54* " ? C l? N #4gY 5 ! .r J# S rP# J# LGH (V' M'# . /@ / uX4 M&> )

^" ' *S J4# l 5> JS? ] 5>

(N uX4V& A& ) ? * 1Y .NC M-)6( 44* W@

> ? j 5. " O* 5L ] (# u"K 1'N ) l))2_( Y&Y

(# 3- ( ! 5 1,? !" 2[ . =L J4x#G Y&Y 1,U M 1=#? N ()K .u ? gN U 5L 1, . h * W@ (#

r# l* " ? X

gN M ! @ C '\ )K =N ) (# = . ,U (Y 14 M gN /?

* (# > ' ? g4q[ * l'\ @! )K * X (# W4 = M)S C gN ,U . TY 14

4 ! " W ' )C h 1Y 3) )# 1,? C =5L * '\ ? gN . I * W@ (# m(U M'

-,U * C ( . @ ? 14 @ C - ? ) gN u , C - ? ) * ? Y&Y 1,U=N , (# l Y&Y . * *

u"K 44* ? 1') 4 '! Y&Y 1,U C - gN *1') . 1,U 1, ! N> eH uC gN *? > , =? 44* Y&Y.

C ) l

]e ! ) ! @ * '\ ) ! ( 4 5 ) ) ] ) ! J4 ( 5

5L ) . @ !' ? N i ) $ * W@ (#] @ 4 ? I\Hx. N ] ? ! m(k#e4gY 5 C 4 4 :

5X ) ] ' I\H ( 5L 1,? - 4) #

5 3^ - V')] ( n j^ !' |M! ) - * (# ] 54*

!" ) lA 3* MU.

%+395 +- T[\ , 1CH

)K / X @

m(U ':

' 5X ? (#

m(U M'

" :

- : (mHU *S " ) ML- 1'N * ,&>U5 . ]! M? :) M-(s 6 . 1G> I-

5 !U.

)C ) ,U C '

m(U ':

--> ,U

m(U M' " :M)S

*S

2S 2S UV

m(U ': @

m(U M' ":

@ )

397 ZAB M! X 4X hNk-G * le@Hh 5 (# PiHx 1>

leH !" .*C 5O . ) M> m(k#e4gY (N , ! \e )- ? 3@ J4# 5 Be@Hh .

39793P! ZAB

S )- !" (# * , M- /@ /4 Be@Hq (# (# ? Y O! C iH ? 5L ) !" i2[

.( i W@ # N 1V, B* u"K !" ? j# )!' . s> 5 1i (# 3# 1> 5X )

@>U B*S ) ', @! 1V4 B*S @ !" 14 !" !" )S . ]

U - !" @V)

G* ' ) $X YU T*K = 5 . $ D# @!(! ! : 5L[ 1i [ !" [ 5 ] [5L . @!

A'S X4 5&XS X4 &! 5L ! W@ (# l. 39794 ;

+

!" .Gx>?` u? , M- ? Be@Hq @' ! . (# Y ) M"! /Q , 3 )- ) T* C 5X ? ]

= @ 14 ! , 5H . 5&XS X4 4 ( \-> * W@ (#m(k#e4gY u" (# * ! l ' (# !" > (# . @

r N> MU# c1 5# n : C !" C li 5L ' M# SC * -,? C '*? N)n =# '! 5H N (V' =#'# ] ) ! m(k#e4gY u" ? ' 1 s4

I S . E ,- Y!? l4 (P# |M t u" @PN ( !"m(k Y!? (N.

\? 3- 5L ) ! @ \k#e4gY )" Hj

J4 ? ! /4 5 Be@Hh ! S* (# m(P# Y!? m(k M @

' 5 ) M- >.

!"2[ P! ZAB

1i

4 !"

784 W8X

3 4

7 5

9

39795LMA $.+ A (# j Be@Hq C l\ i2[[ O M

\k#e4eY )- 'N- # N uX4 \-> )" . @ ? /4 5 ! B@ /? (# @! En . $*# 5

lV& N #4gY) !" i2[ \k#e4gY )" 5 .(

L " !" (# 2[ ( 5L ) ! ( !" )

U (# 4 5 (# '4X ! .

L (# .Gx>?` * 2 !" T* (# '4X 5# M \? 3- ] ) ! (

N #4gY s> 5 Be@Hh 5. '' )" O* , n n @ ) l

? 4X W@ * N . !" Y )?=L ' In E 'O4 ( j ) Y 3N 1 'He ! * 5L *

/ . !" !N ,$ - ,? 4 ! 5L X" (# !"? . !" M 5N @$ H (# 4 ( !" )2.

Y * ) !" 5 un? Y&Y ) YU Ik-Nh : 5 4X 1> !" /4 -> )

( 4X @ !" -> 5 (# #4gY)

L2 .( (# j

' I 4X M 14 YY V#

? ] s> ' J4x#G ] \-> &) *$ .(

:

-

u

X

4

s

>

!

*

A

!

"

!

'

,

!

"

-

-

>

W

6

"

'

5

5

#

^

'

)

3

X

!

S

(

]

!

$

1

G

]

(

#

]

5

"

]

A

&

>

k

*

M

?

X

X

>

5

X

+

?

3

7

8

398 ZAB $: 39893W

-,S A&! ) 5H /?) ) 3) ? !'Y (> ? eH C 1'* 1'F ) !#? ? . 1'N

4 C /U r? 5 GG* F B*S. ' !" .*C =* ) $kH r-, J&! D# \1eY

> eHx !" &> . u" ? 4 * ) m(k#e4gY )U 1' ' ? I\ * 1' A&) ) T*

N . ! , m(k#e4gY u" * (# .Gx>?` i ? l#? A& ! , r!* l)X, ? O) !') J,? ! ? ! )

g!* )4( s> uX4 ? ) 3) Q N 3) #Ui !"( A!" ? ) A!" !" AX

1&)K V Y ? )O .( *S * 1 ) '

F @ 'X \-> . ' X , 1U 1) (# *

5X V# )3YK $) !( F qi @ G* V ? 3VN s> (# NNX 5N G-*H S .

# > ? ]e A& A" ) -,S =O 4> 1'D$X ? =

5H (# 'V" -,S A&! 1, > ? 4.

*S 5@w J4# V# ? )# 1,? C 5L 14 ! . 14

) )S (# @>U ] 1- i ? / u" '

G* !' ASQ * ] @ !" F- L1 A& . 1'eH j) 5 L1 S T* '# ) 'N !" @

'N 4X . '# ) *- *n # 3 ' ( !"'! \(k#e4gY Gu" V# C 5L 14 5X ) 5L (#

= 4 O4 ? I #? \! =V&) Hu . * ) T* 5H R! ) ! s> uX4 C

3 -N V# #U ) * #U * Q )

6

') N> V# ! M? F * ? * !" 4.Gx>U` ..

39894Y > 4 @C 1 4 C X ! S

L ) YQ ( !" ) 5 . M .! V ^ V# * : \k#e4gY #F

-,S[ ! 4 .J&-N '*" 1 -N (# TY.

%393

! H ! :- KW -

( ? i*S n ,)SOH ( j) ? ? (# 5 * (# VX Y!U j ( jF $ - , > 1

' ln* U ( . * M"! 5L ( > 1 ? (V W l'# W) 5 W ? (*n (# > 1 - 1 = T*

_

3" )S 1'X"? * 1') O4 Y!. ! > 1 *# ln) i < @ ( ?

J! @)3! J\ O) ' ! T*( > 1? (# @

! T* j gi =N 1 &> lP! ln) ) (#

A(' X)? J3" M-S ( r'# l> X"? /? WHkH ? 5L W ? 1'P!.

' Y!? > 1 - %')# K W@ Y?( ? (# l* )U . Y *U ) ? !

A ? (# 1\4 = )? , 3) > !* S! ? \-> !" Gk, " 1 ( Y

" 14 ( U ' 'N !. > '@ !" > * ( . #

rY l- &* \ Y!? !" s> * 1i5 (# s-> C > .

IX- 1>H Y S! " ( C 3" @! #4gY ? N A-*K $! , O1 uX4 5- IX- ? ! T*? 4 BC (# --> s> uX4 !"

K Y .Gx>?` - 3\G ). " , \U - 3" S 5H AC (# u #nK[N 3 QC EG4 ? !

2

) ? & # 1 Y > ! ? * (# ! 4# 4 @> ? N . Q EX S >Z

@ V" J3" ' )5L . ' M' ! , V" ' ) * :=&nN =,@? ... ) 1 N > ?

" \-> .Gx>?` ]V /? ? (&)C 5- !. 39897 6"

'@

U O! 4 C /? M . YU ! * @ 54*3* ) ! - Y? u l, 1i)? 3 - (!.

* 3* O!

U O! ? 1F (# $ 3) (4X # 3' M . ! ] ? JS? # ? ,O ) / uX4 (# *

= O! B M! 3> i ? !" 1 ,.

5 ] O! \Gh3X 4 ^ ( # 4 (#h , F h ( .! V ^ ? rV =) 3X ! l^ LG

J,&XC 3X. ! ( ^ (# 1!* 4C !" l* J&) -

Y * -,U 4 j^ ! *

? C '* ') 3X 3\n # Y

6

uX4 ) \-> N- 4 W@ LI- u" /U * ]m(4 X" /U 5&XS X4 ]h P!" T* m(k#e4gY.

IX- 1>H $! @ (#e] = ( 5X 1'N !#U 3!# ? F ? > ? . X]e N /" 3> > g4" ? )N(# ).

3) =) 1 ] !=C .Gh ( 4 . " ] &' 4 ) 4N @!) NXU 1X 4S

yC( , ] A" # (# = u&XnS ' ) (^ /@ ' =C Jn 'N # =!&' (# =knH /@1V& F ! ]e ? (# .

r ]e ! * ]k #H lV '# \1eY . =- N! 3n l ! S |]e 4 u# 4 .

=C .Gh ( 4 ) =N U , ! . *? 3" > 1 C 1U1N BC M! ' ,&) S . A(" 4 3'" LN ? U 44*

c(P# ) $ 4# =# r =N ' /@ # , [ )Y [=)C N! - /? @' ! ? ^ l) l . ) @ =# U r ' ! /@ )? D# @

' n => ? !" ) (^ /@ .

3) -) ) ! /X . , ( \U !U/ , (N / .U S !" // ( 3C 3,

,& s>U ) !" (# ) AX ,& ) M"K)O gN . R! 4 K / n

' C " $! 4 1i |] (# 1# ? (V'j . !" 5N>C ? E (# r' J&) / , LGH l>?

' 3" . ? 4 ), ? (V j) ? $! , CA) s* W> S /4 / ) * ? M*.

6 ( M @' U $ ' (# ] . (N#

/< =n ] /? !" 1 ? S * )K , *! /? (# . #G' !k' \U JNeG M ? S

!U ]GH* s-> )!' VU l),C Y. &* &)K &> 1'#' L1 !' N ? 'n

j

'n

T&Y 5X X> l^# 4 &*

3 O!

? ! ] ? j

(# \n) ) \ ,& ] (->"(] n 5 ? .

39898U_ J

(4 * /? (# )S (# 'n S -) : --> , !":

$C

X 5L X" D# 3^ V (# ? !" ! ) $5@U *S -,S A&! p! X @! , ^ .

' # mGh , 'NN> 1 , .! V ^ . , , '" * ? ,

, 3 5 C . )

? 5 M* = C i . c1k'H , ? ! 4 ' \1eY , !" M? ? !" O . ? S

J4x#G 'O ' S C /? 3X 3^ ) 5 H w !" U > V.

+ JJ<

l r# J! ) M- \-> '->" i ! . 4# !" ? 3 5 .*C h? !" '! $

= lQ *&- 1) kYh .-* S 'eH # 3n 5L '!" @ - ln? M> , ! Y . # ! @ )

.Gx>?` !" (# ') !" .*C C 4 * . (N# @ 1'K # * C $ , S* j

. !" Y! 1,

# (# * '# \-> 5 eHx 3!* 3^-5 ) '4N V . 3 !C =! @ 1F 4# *? 5 -).

3989? -!0 +

4 1 ? S !" 5 \-> K i G k* (# ln? h4 n ? S '#?

4 . \? X> > C 5 3C ) 14 ! : * *

@N XX> MU

. s*N n * ,O 14 JS?'#? !" @! - 5L . M? n * @ 1' I

n 4# 4 . R! ) ,O P! XX> * (#

+

K $) , N ] n 3, # $ $U ( !? ^" $ @! ) (# )

yC G ! , (# V) .( !" MXU 4 4 X> /? @N $X

!" )X, . # ! V Mi \-> N> ^ .] ) YQ ? 3- /? (# # ! . &! ? !

#F) g!L ( IV )4 4 @! -,S \k#e4gYO^ '~! ! ), . (#* ) D# @

M! # ? l!* l> 1' s> 1i > ? 55 ] ^ 3' )&.

39? ,

9

" ,&>? n, ?

(#! * -,? C 5 . X 3Y! .!" @! 3'" IVnN J 5 !U n ,&>? S ? * ' '

)AMA(P Y! 1, ! 'Vn)U J&" ,&>? 5Y 5Y ( &)K ) ! =) Mk"h)22(Advertising Standards Canada(.

5 ] (# ^ ! (X^ 5 (# (,&>U 5Y ), $ ' ) ! ? S Z ! ? S eHx#

" S ? * (# ,O . k )O p! N S? $ ) X#D 3O4 JX" nN T* '^" ( 34 , V \h

!" MX? 4 . VX> A)O? 1) EX ) ? ) )> ? n ? .l>? > 'N !' 4 ? S

/? .

Y2[ + ' !0 ! - :a / !

@Z $4 YVS (# " 4 * 4 1)U &>C ' E ! ! " 4 )EFMF( @ n

& &> ='" ! ) ^ s> n (# " 4 T* . ,org.edmontonfolkfest.www

1) (# n ' @ ?268_n =! * ] V )# C . $4 ' n*8+___

? ) s>" 1) (# 1?__: \-> n* !@ \ 3) !@ 1 3N '.

:

/@N W4 5 ]' 5, A-4 i / ]k'! / 1) @ 12688 Y ! ! * # A-4S @

5 E. \k4k4G* ^- (#5 NN EFMF $ C *n Q Q

' * ' J&" l'# ' ? ! 4 , -4 M?S ) 4 'X> @N &> r *.

/@ m(U 5NEFMF .Gx>U` i .Gx>U` ' ) 5 ] $ A-4 s*N 4 1'? I C #' F

@*" 'X" 3)C . @ i Y! H * (# ]e ) ! D#EFMF ? 6A n =! E ) =4 1 \ Y!?

1X ) C 4 4 3^- j* J '\H k ln? ' A ! ! 3 ! (# %NXU $ !? @! l

l\X . (# (V E (# QL XX> - 3 4 4- 1 Y .Gx>U` E ! . " 4 / ] 5X L

@ )roots ( N 4 $ )country( ! 4ska uU G* ! N ! /

N> 4. ? D# EFMF FS W = # /@ (X B N

rY l! FS LGH lA" ]q (*n (# pe \kk)eN # @! 3 Q XX> # ! ' gNn ) l,

V i ) M" $" 3X^ *. ? 1F # ' E $ Ge>Z r? l LGH

1'! " 4 ' u @' ' ? # i 1) (N# Y! )? ? #__9 ? 4 4 F > ,X ! ) S 1?

U *226 lS ) ,?_* 1 lS .( @

,? NXw J > E $ C2 ^ G l) 9+ Y!

8

C gSC * ! '" (# n* O (&)C Q ] 3) ' U ] ? U )# &)K 4 ,?

\* y , W!@ ! |M! , ' A . c1' s>" / 4 ! U (# jh !@ ? M ' 1U &> >U T*< !@ ) O K />C &> rN"

'" U 4. k E LGH l>? EFMF V $ i 1S X4#

@N (# !" Y! s>"? ' @! ! 5

U . Y!? '# _ @! |N =! ^- 3C ) 5# $ C uX M?

=4 =) k $ $ ! XX> 1r . >Z $ ! l4 #n U E 3C 1' )X

' $ . ' C 1 @ n* @ NXU 1)U 1' n* n 3) )X - 1''? 1'VZ J\

1'NX? .O- ) J4# 1'C i 1'< Y! E ! '.

- : ! N #4gY 3C ] " Y ! C ]!.

; )X, C lF 14 :

NgY )- \k#e4. @ ! , ( ' J4# @

? l4 \k#e4gY !" 14 ! ] X @! J4# ] ) s> ! @ ? 5L ) s> !

6

=) l# ! , /@ =N)l* rk\? le@Hh ( l)- ? ! 4 'n !" 1* ) En ''L PYQ 3!.

uX, (# 3 )" ^" N #4gY 5 s> $U ( \k#e4gY )- (# 3\* !" ? 1F s-> = ) N

* =L J4x#G ln?] . #! 4 4X D# .Gx>?` !" C . uX, (# !" , ! /4 5 Be@Hh S

N .M> $ ' ! 'N O! ? 1F ) . ]e LGH S ) X ^ \ !" O =? 5 ] (# .Gx>?`

5L * ) i M-. X @ 3K 1 ] r) l)# =N- 5 Z |1) /? ) -N # 3 M

+_

9. f \k#e4gY )- (# 5 /4 5 5N :. V# V# 1'N? gN - ? ! M! " A J4#

f5L 8. ? ! * In = @ N uX, (# !" ) Y?

* In = @ \k#e4gY )- (# !" ln? 5L f]

6. ) 5 X># lY! (# F X> @ f&)K 2_. 5 ]

U - &! @ 3X !

=)f 22. s> 5 Be@Hh (# =N (# !" ] &! n @

fm(k#e4gY uX4 2. @ ( ^ #rV ') 3X !f

+/

1. Bartels, R. 1976. The History of Marketing Thought, 2nded. Columbus, Ohio: Grid.

2. Evrard, Y., and F. Colbert. 2000. Arts Management: A New Discipline Entering the Millennium?

International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 2, no 2 (Winter), p. 413. 3. Kotler, P. 1967. Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning and Control. Englewood Cliffs, New

Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

4. Mokwa, M.P., W.M. Dawson and E.A. Prieve. 1980. Marketing the Arts. New York: Praeger.

5. Melillo, J.V. 1983. Market the Arts. New York: Foundation for the Extension and Development of

the American Professional Theater.

6. Diggle, K. 1986. Guide to Arts Marketing: The Principles and Practice of Marketing as They Apply

to the Arts. London: Rhinegold.

7. Reiss, A.H. 1974. The Arts Management Handbook, 2nd ed. New York: Law-Arts Publishers (1st ed.

1979).

+2

8. Diggle, K. 1986. Guide to Arts Marketing: The Principles and Practice of Marketing as They Apply

to the Arts. London: Rhinegold.

9. Evrard, Y. 1991. Culture et marketing : incompatibilit ou rconciliation? In Proceedings of the

First International Conference on Arts Management, F. Colbert and C. Mitchell, eds. Montreal: Chaire de

gestion des arts, HEC Montral (August), p. 3750. 10. Hirschman, E.C. 1983. Aesthetics, Ideologies and the Limits of the Marketing Concept. Journal

of Marketing, Vol. 47 (Summer), p. 4055. 11. The Canadian Code of Advertising Standards. http://www.adstandards.com/en/

$O !"

Agid, P., and J.-C. Tarondeau. 2003. Manager les activits culturelles. Revue franaise de gestion,

Vol. 29, no 142, January/February, p. 103112.

Bendixen, P. 2000. Skills and Roles: An Essay on Concepts of Modern Arts Management.

International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 2, no 3 (Spring), p. 413. Botti, S. 2000. What Role for Marketing the Arts? An Analysis of Art Consumption and Artistic

Value. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 2, no 3 (Spring), p. 1427. Evrard, Y. 1993. Le management des entreprises artis-tiques et culturelles. Paris: Economica.

Killacky, J.R. 1998. Corporate Research and Venture Capital Models for the Arts. International

Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 1, no 1 (Fall), p. 48.

+

+

" !

6

> O!

3* =-V-> m(k#e4gY ] O!m(k#e4gY ]

m(k#e4gY ] :g4 ] (N ] :3)

? @

m(k#e4gY ] : A" m(k#e4gY ] : > sV->

& & sV->

A& > ] 3* 3

3* 3 1'N (P )]

3* 3 U * 14 ]n [ *S

3* 3 1'N (# -4 =? X> @ =" 3 eH XX>

3 eH X n X>

sg> VU ("* [ A4

+ ++

++ ++ +9 +: +: +6 9_ 9 9 9 9+ 9+ 98 98 :2 :

:6 8_ 8_ 8+ 89

+

K!` K NMA 6 NMA 6 L` ;YJ>

++

! 5 C ! \1eY m(k#e4eY u" ! * ]e . (#

! JN = E4 3 i ]e , ?m(k#.

eHx 3C ) (# r l'N 1O4 (Y 14 (# : 3* 3 1'N]e . n M! J4# 3* 3 (# N> * M- /@ Be@Hq @

S ) ? 5 (#* * !" V 5L ) !".

\k#e4gY !" '' * u 3X> U TY 14 (# s-> = ) 3 eHx ' 1\-h ( 4X sL*Ne &>

5X ) &'S eH 4 (# \k#e4gY eHx. 4936A 49393 c>J K 6A

(# !" P!N ? !* ! \# 5 n ? =n (# 1'N? n ? >Z '> ? ' i ' .

]e L^ * (# \-> 3- @ 5H}-G . i ' ? ) ! @C (--> =? ) ]e MO # 5 - -! !Y .

&-. @ =, ? = (4 H ]e M- ! \> 1? \k4k4G* ! A VN u =" U ' (N# .

+9

5# 1'* U J4# ] ) -* (# ' Y ) A&1' * .

m(k#e4gY uX4 ) @! @ 5X . ? l! /" S o4 C / =) )X ! ') j

C 'n

1n *N-[ =! " .*U=A, =! jN /!N N* ? ? = . 5")

! ('N ,# N* n* 3!@ $* /" S 4 *- ? WN A 3' An, q, /" ln? . S N k"H

@! =! N ' X4# ) 1

=# A>S i* ~5" . AU h# !" !" (# 3) *? Y S =N 5 )

" .*U ![ ' ? (# j) , [ ? X .*C W> (# () $? ) ? !' C =&> - !"

A&! ) 4 ? ! =N U *S @ , VN -# F \k#e4gY )" .Gx>?` 5? (# -,S.

493946 < $:

' C ? @ 3) #nC -) ) ]e 1'N /X . \U O! ) eHx $F? ":

2( =@ ]e ? /! ]e. ( X >. ( '4*H ( 4 @ . ? NX) ? ! A 4

]e !'. 4 ' 3\ A" )) ]e/!( ln? ! - h, n , 3\* > . X , ln?

|1* 54* ? @N *K ? )S ( ! , *. C ' ] ? &) > A ! ( $U u ,

>Z . lA 4 s>"U j

@> .Gx>?` 3 ) X> 3\ Y ]e ) lA >Z ? , &' , -> 4 )

+:

/! . n ? ?` &) >Z > ,? P-Hx =4 /@ @! V = # ( A"

- > X>

]e X > J4x#G > . ) 1, (# , >Z 4]e 1> - )S ! . ( 4 W@ - J*?

]e A" m(U $. 49395U!!/ eJYJ =))e 'X ( 4 @ (# ] .( (# =N O .Gx>U` Y&Y O! ) (N 14 i j

' \-> 4 @> \1eY )]e * s> =L( 1 .Gx>?` i (# ? (# 5 ~ O! .

j

n* Y ) 4 ( ' s>"U =

j) Q ? )(N ? /! ]e( >Z Wn*

' O1 O ?) k .( >S A& j

) $ *, @> 4# =" ln) ' p! 1O4 * ? 44* ) lA 1

> , ? # S > E i !? P# * *?

? , $" ) -* 1'! T* $" = u" (# E

j) X >.(

+8

Y[ 2

H Q f ' - : $ >6A J. m(4 W4 ) i#* = ? S 4 ' @ (N ] , B &> 4 W) L /@

' . $@ =D# (! !w` -U )U (# ' sL->e ) =C 5N 3* 4 l 4 S )

3! s>"? 3") ' 1, 1) $ C l ' 3! ) (& (!U ) Y

4 (# .- n ) > O) W@ ', ( ) 3-, -* 54* 3* T*? "C GH X?

3) .J&V, U E" NC B S-& ' : G\,> X4 s>" MSZ

Y!U uL 3" ? 4X

.Gx>

+6

@ ! A =! (# J4# . eHx j

h4 Y!? X4# ' $ rn r# l' $X 4 'N- U l

= ]e \ . /" /@ > F s>" Y ) (NX GA$ @ , r4 l4 = 3 U r->" l!

! A" $*- 54 lY . 3 3\ !' *? A" , (# ? @ ! 1AZ ? ) A,-? I- $X ,

(NX 4 * =4 . .Gx>?` eH u M @ =N ' @ U ! !N rV4 ? ! V" !&'S Vn Y!

=) 5X X eHx. ) S 3g4 eH 'N- \k#e4gY eHx $F? C 3"K ! ' (n4 3\ 1N ) ? 3* # e )U $X

J3,1N Y 4 ) . ' ! S * l* 1>n? 4 - ]e \* X ) lgXH) C 4#S.(

, l4 g,? |eH " m(k#e4gY ? \(PN uX4 D# @ 1F ), ( 1 )? n 1> ? $FU # 3 )X $ , 3" . " ) eHx M- lFpopular .

X eH ) ! K M- 1 E $ 4)? ? (!&! (4 Tq V4 4 X \L .

9_

6A :U!!. ! H ? ( m(k#e4gY ]e * (# I- ]e 1'N (X .Gx>?` 4X

? Y&Y 1> (N ]e M) [2 :( (4 H m( Hm(#i H.

(

IH X4 J4x#G |] $ n O* ? !' ))yC y u .( ? X4

]e =# ? /N ' 3> l

q4 . &> ]e H @ *

N 43 @ l ! =4 =N 4 ! r? .

l =N- - s, )? ) n * ! Y # ? .Gx>U` gN )? ? =N j .Gx>?` # X, =4

s, .Gx>?` $?)C T*y .( ln? ]e @ , * ! C ? ) ln? ( # ( )U C

.Gx>U` tN ,? X"? .=, * 1 ]e 14 1 ). \* 5H > (# "S ? =

5 > (# @! T*

.Gx>?` eH ! ? . k - G$ H1ke&Hx `-U Hq4 @ \NH ) ! ? 3, ? , ) (^ =? , 5) ) 3e4Hx \G'G ^

3 X4 (). 4 @ ONH ! eH " l Y!? N )U j

LGH @

.Gx>?` . V 4 JX* =N \/ ' D# Y ) $! =D# @ )

=NX @ X

=&nN => !" .U` * /< LGh S s, ^ D# .Gx> , ,? l" g,? J&!" N @ 3* (# 3V 3"

X ' C 5>&.

92

[2

% , ! `

NMG !

!

!

- '

gN

=!&' 1 /@ ] BK

u

y # eHx eHx

'4 'h!kH ! ] \4 O! L(k4 H n' . ! , =N ]e) * X,( 4 3? ? )$! ? X? Y(

A? O! JO! ?)(# j) .( X? /" /@ ' C . 4# lN =N ' @ ! * (# (4 H GH

? > l (4

=!& ) 34 = ! . ? )# /? (#]e 3 ) (4

PYQ (# T*.

]e 4 X* Mi m(k#gi H 5 . =N s>" Gk, l =N * ) (# ) Q ! !Gh L

=, # ] /? 4 =) JF S r? JO! ' 1N *? . Y ) =# ]e 14 L1 /@ 5 C * =N U , ! N> ) ) l N> " $F N> ) * X,

NY! A1^ . S* (# ! ]e /@ =N s>"# @ ) 3&)@! ES N> S* N> . !

/? ) Y

9

' .C =? 44* - =D# lA /" K - ' k , 3 # /@ $ @ =C ' r? l-).

eHx ) lYQ J&) ' C ? 1F )# l\ r-> l $ K @ ? i*& > T* AU h# (

mGh '! ' #? =!C =* N * ) ! ? ! S * ]e ? Y ]e 3 YQ #i )

!.

NMA 6A :" O+ ! (#eHx M- 5 . n#? M-

/@ ' 4 J4# eHx M- ) /X /@ M- M $? @ ? 3 Vn 5 Vn V& Vn '# @ ) ' =4N

\-> X. ( V& Vn (# !N , ,? lY! ' ') (

? $* eH 3 & ? ' # '

& AS * = $4 ' .Gx>?` &) \/? Y ) ? >

S (# ' $F S! * 3

# 4. 4)

gSC u /" D# L !N

1 A" ! @D# @

eHx 5L 4 . !' $F? 4 J&Y $Y A" #& X4 \-> U U - 4 , '" 3Y!

1 n#? (O ( $Y X, ) Y. ' ! 3* &

! lF ] 5 A"

r-> l' @ ? =? r . & ' j# Mh! 1 C \-> T* C \-> * 14 M =C l# $F ]e

]e u. 3 Vn V# * \k#e4gY eHx B lF . 3" '

1# ? * j)/\nN =n J& /" ? ? . ' 4

9

X * X (# qMX- l\4 !@ A" = NFU X NF?1& 3Y .

NMA 6A :! )" O sV-> G? \k#e4gY eHx Y! 14 @ C Mn X , F F > ? l*

m(k#gi H)2( . ) V j ? AU h# S* (# Y M* j ?)

L (# '! 2 !" 2[ 5 -# \k#e4gY )"( ]e @>?

)m(k#gi H .( X ) r#nC J&4Y sV-> n @ =' n * ) Y - (# l ' . -N (# !? -N $ @ T* 1 M !'.

9

49397 , & 1> LGH )" $F? C r l-)

5 (# 'S . lA eHx !' 5ON ) 5U (# & 1' =4 ! ]e 1'# ) . & ! ,

l ? l)l- .( (eh@?` ) ML L1 Y ) (# (!( ) q &) ) =! 1.

@ -, * ! ? &) \k#e4gY )" . !" 1 ) . l- 4 () !" .*K '" 1S C[ A

l* 1? J!' @ ![ 14 \* ]eH ' X . 1 *# X, 1 S!S ? ' S & (# 1 @ 1', n

T* N M*)MoMA (Q Y = \) 3!# 1'. S !' 4 & $@ .Gx>?` * ) U -4

S 54* 14 ! ! @ . M* 1, Y ) 1') (-U ( 5X O =&) 1 3, uNS

=! 1 A*? ) S 54* ' l)# mQ =, : ) r* 4 (# 1' M* (# (U 1' # (# ( 1'D )(.

) !" .*C eH & X D# @ ) # 5 B> n (# !" n ? .Gx>U` !" \-> . 14

& , Y '? ! !" # ( s> ' . =, 1 1 $ (O* (kGH D#

GHx 'X? A" ) . $ ? ln? & ! & A4# V& ! X T* 1') $ S J&Y !

\-> & ) X4# )S 1' ! 5L (# 3 > @> 3X> ' , 1'N? ) # \1eY !'

O . |-4 - , & C * (# n l -, GH ?$Y '

! (# * ! ).

9+

, ;YJ< > sV-> J4# & * L1 J3):

2( 3 : .*C 3 " ? 5L 1,? N> 5w ! & & 3 ' ? 1> 1 * .

( 1S 3'" : ) 4 s>"U !) # ( &) ['e ? 3)[3, Y!? & ! .

( n * ? ' AS : A" 4N- ) 1> AS , !!"S S\ 3!.

( - @

XS : 5w ![Y )[ * ? M* *? 4 ) &.

+( & X F -U : / A C'N (# m(? -) ( ? ! @ D# & 5 1

=N 3- C N =!" 1 . ) M AU N' |"! U * 3 '>)(.

&) ) 1 sV-> ! (# )? &) 44* !- , )? 5L '\-* . & LGh m(k#e4gY (#

u lA" P!" m(k#e4gY ]e ? \-> ? \' 4.

49398O, !< * ) M> (# ) &' u"C lnk ' =4P4*

n[=C 4#S ?[]e @ = # ( !" =,&) ( . ' n 4 N k 3 N ? A&) > !

& @ 3- n MX ' (# . A& > *? # (# 1', Hn}H ? i 1'& (# A& ! k n#

k W@ &>)( . AS A # ) 4X 3 A& >

iN*S N! Y!? ) $@ ? U ' (# 44* '

N .

99

Q&) ' =, 1'N ? P* ? i /U / . q,

') )S 1' ! ? ? ,Y m(U . ( .Gx>U` , MX Ni 3AN! ) > C - ' * $LS i* * 'V&) ' : M' A i - , /? (#

Z 1? ? !@ \h" ? K &> ? , /? ? # ) 4 .!" =# 14 . -S X4 ! * i 14) >S i*

* (X4 ! (# n # ) T* . )

Y[ _ : , $ +

> V? (# !* ) 'V\h4 # ! 'V,) 5" 4KyC 1' ( W@ ! X & 5X > (#

Y . & W@ n! ! ! C ! ! C ! C !

(#! . 1) (#__ 'i 2J) V, (# !" -C n#U .

com.eharlequin.www://http

- :! ( /C C V @? .

9:

(# 'N n 'D# @ n =q, 1'N ? ? . ) MH) S ( (& > ? 3!@ A" M- (# M4 ! =? ( l4 1O4 (! $@ ' -) -) ! J3" =N > 1Y

' '" ( k 3 l" . .*C 14 (! X 4X 'C1\4H 14 !"' > . 1 ) )S (# n ? S

U XX> (Ni &> gSC i - S ?) q!* @l" J!!* '( A&! n A N, 1> 4S (Ni /?

H @ $\H* ? !@)4 ' k" . @C O* ? - @' !N 1? ' /" !" j) 4 M ! . ! @ LGH

5w c1k'H ! l / &'S 5H C r' n ) \k#e4gY )" .Gx>U`.

Y[

+ QH -: O, !< %!

? !" S? ' ? ( ) )&XS N"!' C \' ! A& > . !" kVH *

"& 1 1) $ ) 1'!" # ' @ ! 1' Y! ! ) lV ? '# ( E ? Y? S* !@ ? 14

R5* . ? 1'n) g!@e @ ) Y? 14 1') E*K ) 'N- 4 ) ? !@ & P ), (#

> ? ) 4 ? l> j

A h J( * . Y!

/? A& > (Y *? 4 ) =C 4 M ASQ uS *- *, @ ? D# $X $! !

< V4 ,N W@ nS / *, ? )S (# E

98

A& > ) \? ^ AK * , , ? S? !" '1'.

s* 1 A& !@ * ! A 5X * 5# "4 ? ! . ,

kx@?` 4 !) $ ') 1 ? ! ), '!S (l e^ h ? ? Y!? - ? ' ! ( . > 1

* ? 3n ) )4 * MNS 1' ! T* Ni l ',> . * @ &> $ 1

Mi * =C =\ ! ! " (# = $X /? . ? /-* > X> 1, !" e#Ge 1'#"

(->" )!@ \h" )( ! rV l! n , 3K C * En =) l! 4S (# $* l) EnM" . Xn

gX ) @'(U $! . $ ) An4 ?

)&X N"!S C lY Y?.

!J : 1 6 #&+ ! !. H # ` U!/ $Q #' !- #$ # U!g .

494 U/ U! 6A 49493U/ U! 1-

eHx * K A(" ! ? 3!# ]e 3* 3 1'N 1Y 1Y eH . * , S (# '? .Gx>?` eH eHx4 '#&? N !.

96

* U ]e 3* 3 3!# -> ^ =&nN ' X (# ! . ) 3i ! 5@ p!

)O lF '# PYQ .Gx>U`)O-4 (]e 3* 3 . ] /? 3* 3 U * MPQ : ]n 14

*S . (# ]e '# Xn * /? * - 1F )3* sV-> N * ! D# =

, . !"[2 * j

3* 3 /i.

3# &> eHx *? ) $X X> r# ( X> @ PY . ! !" i 5U X> D# M?[2 . S T* , (# 54* l

l '! * X? . ? l L 5 n S , ]e ) $X D#14 *

]n * C - * AX

, . )

@ (# S*S(V' S : 3* X?

$n (# "& X j

>Z ? * (# X4#[ ] Y 5# 1'# [ ) , 1'?

' S C ]n * (# A4.

F-

6A U/ U!

14 ]n *S

,

:_

E&X- 1L'Ne S]e 3* 3 W . ) 1'N 5X , ) 5 1\e4h ( eHx )5L 3* 3( &) ) ?

\* ]e ? '

. ! 1 ) 5H /? 3* 3 M)3E8@ 9 4FFF(

e )U ) !

26+: 268_ 266_ ___

:2

JY e )U * r4266_ . ' Y! .\? 3N W@

Y&Y * C e )U ) jN> ? C .Gx>U` V \kk)eN.

3N- r> R!! M* ]eH h) X . *

4* &>N ) A& 3), @ ) j

5X? * X4 54*

M* 3 . '" 5H k3* e3 @ 5 --> 4# @ 1F* . (# 'xGne,

3 * . H1xG 1 5L @ D# @

X ! J&Y N M* C # A O* )'C A& $@ (# V .'" 3 (# * X4# (n 4 &> =? 44* . D# .Gx>?` *

3n* M*[l') T*? ]eH ([ iN* 4 r# l* '" '" . 3 l)? @ , 1 M* ? !. 49494 . 6A

*? ) Mq, AC !' j

? 1F ) A(" k 1 ) L ! C ," >Z D# eHx

. " ( * ) 5X ]e ) $X D# ? !!' . !3, Y!? $X - * ) . =D# @

=@ , (# l !' - G* !' . 5# M 1'n

\ * i JiqN*e Y!? >Z 14 * (# ]eH &' )

O1 He4 > ]e . n)+( !S " M! M- le@Hh 3 . eHx (PGe (# !U ) ) . ) =Y* (# )3 . !" In[ ]V .

1'O C! C C ]eH /? &'S 5L . @ s>"U ) ( VU !' ? 3* 3#

!S " (# r? l , ->" 34 * . !' J&, 3>

:

leH ! g4H A" ) =? , ! S =* 3 D# l14 * . (# ]n * )# ) ]e (PGe \1e @C ?

3 nF) !8_ % XU &P^ " ! !U , .( C li (PG ) ! @C X 5L (# !'

l! l $ , .Gx>?` ) D# MG' . jN> *?3\ ! @C (V' ' ]e .

" 4# @ ) l le@Hh Y N X"? O P^ " C" )- A? (# 1"' (# : XV" ^" ( U

1) (# V (# N- $, #268_ C N :_ % ") nF (# =! S\ 1 6_ % Y! (# . 1F )

M! (# ! ' @ ? WQ" ! # S MSZ 3) S V ,< . * C .\? N X"? ^" ) jn4S C

'! 3 )- 5> N ? ) (# 3! . W@ )'N N X"? &^" G* 5L ) 3i . /

!"[ $Q h\A .

VU qGeHx 3P! ^ 3>

:

M' 5 > M' , XU (e,H (# Y r* - 4 1U * ! - =U \-> ? />

> M' ) 4 @ #FN. " Y /@ * D# -> XX> 3- !

=

leH " @ !' . - ]e 3* 3 Y /@ *]e @ ) $X.

49495U/ U! ` %/

> ]eH 5&XC ! ? ,)]e 3* 3 ? ? , /?( ) (^

)K X * * (# 5^ ? \k#e4gY )" . )- (# ! " \U Y (# ]e X * O! lF \k#e4gY

1? . ? ! & ? 1U BC * (# X *1)U * ? '".

1!

QX 1 X *

14 * ( . lA X 3# * W@ L ,

' ) . !U ! , ! (Pe ') ^ !'u? * t ! u? !" !S . 5L 5>

:

!S , n . ? 3* On ? ln? P-Hx ) ? !]e X 1- 4 .

j[ 4 n# ) lA ]e 14 ? ] : MY! ? MN> ] jN> ? N.

C /XM- ? * &> N ]e 5&XC ) S G* 5L ! * K W@ 5- )N 34 " ]

l |M! ]eH Y ) ]e H}G hMkG.

N | W" ? G* !' l#! l) \! . , 3- F- $4 4 (# !" # * W@ Y (# !"

'& , @. > ]eH 5&XC MS M- >Z C

6

:+

4 O' !' ! 5H . * ) I ? S e ! uN ) lA 4N 4 eHx)9( * n ? .

3 !" P!h M- >Z C ln? \Gh YY K '*?] 4N (# -,S . l>n 5L ! ? S * W@ (#

! ? S # ) l, / ' ! ? S V >n3 & ! C * J# ]e u. 4S 5>S C ( 3>U K ]eH 5&XC (n4 (V

] 4 N . ! ) 4X W@ 1> ! # r ' ! @C =) J# ]e ! @C Nn #

. 4 l) |I ]e @ 5 I ) 5eNHx ].

]e ge @ VU ! $! A& 5* *

* > ]e D# . MN- 1>nVU GPHx 1n ^3P! 'C . r, $X - X4 W@ ) (# jN> I N! =#

]e A" ) !' .Gx>?` ) " . # (# #S 3 1,? (# u N4 * W@

lHH # $) ? = - 5L ? . #nC !' -P!H !" j ? N! =# $! lHH P-H

X> 3 . ) R! uN 3N W@ !&'S Vn uX, (#* N C &'S \ !'. .! n !" = 3N W@ &> :^ l)N N ? ') (

ln $! ? ? ) EU Y 1? $4 . E? r# D# (Y > @> f]e 3* 3 * &> n#? r#

X * !" E? V sO-> ? = /@N !' 3 V# A ( ,X ]e

:9

@ >Z C ] ) &* . N EU D# S* (#4 (# !" n * ? ' *n L1.

6i

1 ?

J&) ? J&Z ?

G* !' C - M $X \(kC D# * N C &'S S\ \4

4S Y . X? N 1 = ) L ]n * ( W@ 4 * .

]n * 14 !# T&Y C r)# l4 : ]n ( U 3NQX (# X ? X4 W@ ) . ? 1F )

! 1'D# * " $! 4* ]e g Q , )4r (, @ .- @V) W@ Y 4S * C ]e

&*K ) \? 3- $X 1 '&> L" * ( . ? 4 (# jN>S s, ]n 3# ( YY 3N

? ) N T* ? !' j

3 eH ). # * 3X>

::

5 ] (# .Gx>U` > ? !" !H l>? . ( ,34 3" ] ) * &> 5L ' ? U jN> @ ?

Y )? ! , C 4S ? ! 14 ? 4 4)nN> .

3 * ]e ' ( * * ? , X ' =* . * D# * (# J3) 'U 14 (e* ? #

J&-N '* (# - 'i , .Gx>U` . ! M! Y ) M lF s>" 4X ? /? fL" * (# ,Q 4

Y&Y - " : ) Y !C 5L 5> (# ]e X (# 3 1,?* N C &'S 4 5L . .*C ) C

1,< YVS (# ? 5L =

1, (# !' ) # ) !" C &'S # * - ]e /" ? *H .Gx>?`

C - 1 4# * N5L " *. ) (P# =L (Pe 5X ) ]e 3* 3 14 ? !" !

& n I*- . G* * (# r l)X, mGH N uX, ? =LGg 14 ? !" rn ! 4# m> * .

= ,# ( K ( W@ !! = ( )Montreal's Les Grand Ballets Canadiens( [ &) [ \F )

&! = )? 14 !"! ' 3 @ 3- ' 5X ) ! &> ? i 'n) V, ) Y* = )? !? , #nC

' C ? 5# O1n uO $ . n .Gx>?` #S Y? G !!" (# M E (U =):( .lV" S Y mGH

(' D# $ 4 uX, , \k#e4gY )- (# @! [,U ) l* JSY !@[ &> 3) =n 1 ,

1? C 3? C NX X , $ 1 'N- .

!/Q S * ? " S !" /? ) (# q5e"U ( * . ? 44*

? 1? *S (# 4* ? , 'eH ! @C * ? ) 3, ! S , !"

:8

Jg,Q JX = X

= . * gSC Q @ ) $ ? ! S! S |@V) * n (-N4 * C - *U . !"

$ S ' !" (# 1* (V' jN> g,Q jN> ! C S - , C /OQ 3* * W@'# ' 'S

^ 3\ 3# ) =4 L1 ]e .! ln? 'H ? $ S , ' 3!# 4 ? (NX XS U 4 u @ (# K

)" *? ! C Q *? #. ) n (k4h ? ? M#U ) 'eH $* ? !" .*C OnN ,

? ? =) ! C . ) ' ! 5 K W@ * Y!U , ) * Y!U 5L 1,? . O4 , !" ? !

? ]eH I ] ) 4N 4 ( X^n C 1>NX E? 5P4* $4 ..

]eH *S * s>" (# 1>H /@ m(U P"Q5L (# J,LeNe Y!? . ]eH 'i C J3) *S * C - L1

5L WX = ! S 5ON .4 Gne, ( GHx XU l ! P"Q @ ) l JSY LGh N 3 )- X"? ) * @! GHx XU r* # ( , XU (# *

4 XU ) l YQ /@ K , 4 . )l g!Q A(" S P"Q @ @ 1F . N ? j

\i

N ? 4# * @ h! 1 ! , u4 M '! m(k4g 1) N> ) > =N ]e C $,?

'=N * 5L C . eHx j

4[ & Y ) C X # ) 3\ )@K "" ) ' j

N[ 3 '-V-> X , ^- ^- ! D# @ > @ l " T* * ! =@ A& u

N> Mi (#.

:6

49497U/ U! 1- J eH ]e 3* 3 1'N , (# NPQ j

!")8( \U 1'\H*

- * @ K 3* 3 ) @> 1Y . *\* y ) 5e^H =D# 4# l* ]e *? . ]e 3C (# $U @

m(k#e4gY uX4 & X 4 jN . .*C 14 , Y ) * GH ! \1eY r J!" E !" * - )

)4 . >Z ) J4# )4 j) n# ? Y 4 AYU (#1' j) . ]e iN* ? !" ! S S* $F? (#) X 3

5# E g, l4) ? ' S C =* . ( , ? # $U A * .*C ? BC 3)C (# $F ( E ) ]eH \1eY N> Y .Gx>?` ] * # M> .( ) 5# S , '! ]e 3* 3 4X S 14

!" 1 .

8_

J* J4 #- m(k#e4gY ]eH \ke@Hq 3* 3 D# =) A !" (# j l'"[ . * 'H*X \1 C ( eHx C ?

$X ') 1 S ' GE :4 * 1 ) # 3 (]e 3* . / E (# 1\4h ( eHx Y! * ( W@

l 14h ( E ) ln? 5X E ) ? (# 1i $H r)? ? 3 'eH /OQ ( j l)

') $X M, * @ L !" j) V, ) .Gx>?` eH . W@ (# @! (# # /! E (# G 4X

^ \H?)6( . Y 3\ ,# !" . ! \ke@Hq * (# @l4 !" eH (# @ ? @ . 3Y! *? (#

e3# E- 3# (# BC ) @ 1'N? Y O! =N 1 A (# , (# =O4 /@ BK ) $L 'i

1? (* j 4'. 495>< & e+ U!! $AB >>

3 eHx ) (# s-> 1, G .! - !" (# . X T* 1, =C)R&D( !#? X ( 3* -* \' ) M!

? eH5L (# B* . E? &> 4N gX^h 4 eHx !" . YS 1') ? 3!# .! !" 4

eH A (4 E n X T* 1, (# >n'@ i ? 3.

82

) > F LGh X T* )U \! \-> * 3!# C N . !" = Xn lF X T* 1,? C 44*

!* Iek ) 1'C 3H V ) -* ? $ --> ? jN/ E j (N E . R! > F )

, N- ? lV A? * * eH 5 T*U AC - |.

Q s>" ? 1, ? h" J3) \k#e4gY )- (N# @ ) 3 eHx X )1U Y ( G}k, " J*? gN ?

X * &> 5 . ? @ X * ? 44* !" '# ( * '? R!! \k#e4gY )- C 4X

#) m n - . ) (4VY ? (V 1# @N ) 5# ^" I /@ O* C X4# ( ')" C 'N !" X Y

!"[ T U!!/ U/ U!

U j >U j

* )

,

8

' I (* BK 1 ) u" C 4S '[ (# Y *U[ =N , (# * u" Y!? BD.

$X lF | * ? 3) l'" X * \ ? ! \ \-* \> Y . !#U X , -) n

, $ 4 (# 1U s-4 -> EX n \GH gN 1 $@ M' FU j

O) /? !".

Y[

" .J .,>Q $/ ? ] X N! ^ !U N )- (#

)&XS9 (# S 1)__+ . V j) 1 ! (# .! N !" ) )")BC !" ) ?(

@ M- >S sN $,? ' @ * ? Y&Y gSC 'i S V )&X ? N- U ' (# =C L1 M X4# . X

3* ) 4* ! 3 4* ) BC N! S & N! X ) M- 4* ! 3 M, ! 4* C

S (e . D# !" .*C Gk, ()&XS @ > 1 1 C* M ]kxHx X N! . , 4# X^n C li

) A! )&XS 4* 1'N 1> 3* S B> T]eH X.

- :! ( /C C V @? .

(# * ! - uX, (# ) 3 eHx 1\-h m(k#e4gY uX4 ? ' (# --> &> '4 L1 X T* 1,

? 5 . 1> ]e X ) &> 3> 1'VZ 14 L1e@Hh ]eH (k\? Be@Hh Gk, WQ? >H }U ? =4 \1 }U

8

g!L B@ .

4 W@' ]e n> l^# m(k#e4gY uX4 (# ?? ln) jH ?

? =) 1Y M"! =4 \1 ? . (# --> !

1 * W@ (N An)? ? g4q,@ l) ' . C # ) /X ( O1' 3) eH 5 X C

= /@ uX4 ) i M- i /? . \ H - uX, (# ^ lN ]e 3* A' . =? k'ih 5 \-> NgQ C 44*

! 9_ 'C X l# 1 M X4# 3* 3!# ]eH 3!# 5L (# '*X . '4X N ( eHx lY! D# @ ) 3&)

U ' (# 5kN>h 5L *)8_ % * (#3 XU eH .( D# @!A , , ! eH ' ( ! 4, X> O4 ? .Gx>?` 3 ) '# 3X> - M ! @C

S 1? u" X - . r# u" X N! ? , (# 3> )" O* ? ) !" ) W@ D# 3X> !

l! l4 'N ) # \1eY P!. ()K N (# G 4X lY! 1A& S (# ]eH X

'

Mi (# W> ! (N ? 1F ) )U uX, . M M! M ? !" I 3* E# ! J&Y AU h# uX, (#

j ' 4 .> * / E 1', X> ? ! A! 5# 1N (V' ]e $! s X# . ) D#

'! = # ) !" ) \ Y > Y]e @ ) V Y

8

BK)!K i3AnK AU (... l!#? > ? ? > A&) ) 3* ]V ? '

.

" ![+

U!! $Q U!0 .

u" M 34 X Mn X4

MU

(@ M- )

!#U 14

(4 * BK S*

K 34 N! 4

/-,S * $X (C [ >

' [ & -* 5L [ EU 4

m(k\? Be@Hh n

& >

5

8+

#S -Y- %C P< - '. 1,H X. ! W1 S ' # , M' 1N B * &> /' ", ? 1N

' . AK B #F C B> ' )X AZ

V& ( ^.

X* 3\* -) ? In - ! (N ]e V) * -) Y > . ln? ]e j , #&>S J4x#G

1N 3 ' n Y B> C W- ) \k#e4eY . qi @ Y &.

Y[+

$- 1The Barbarian Invasions` U"Y '. "Y/ # 1# # ' [(# BC//![V 1# n#? !? 3 1) (?__ . /! ]k p! , ,) !" ( ]e

")"! !" ( O ? !Z 1N B> @!( 5L (# =*X ? 1N . 3 uX, 1 T* 1N B )?22

4, W) 1 5V, W@ .* ? = rPG*G ^ : 1i 5 " O* C Y &! N 4 4 1i ! (# X )

1&)K V 5X .! > (# * 1N (> !. - : ! ( /C C V @? .

49594i ><

Y 3N 3\k @ eHx ? ) (F # ) * N ? 3- N *

]e C 'L4 * ? r A . 4 eHx ?) !&! ( B @ " ?)$ ( ! C J&Y S X> D# #

89

V) D# 3\* X> = m(k#e4gY ]e ? I*- =? 1F ) -4 ]e * , @> ) 1'N? @ !' ) 4 e>Z

1'N< JS? W>S 1' -# ]e AU h# i )O k p! *

!' 1'43 eHx J!" G* . @ A 3!N leH 1' < ' =* /@ 3X> , 4 (l\ (#

( i I- 3* ) ]eH ! A" 4 (# 'N i 44* & . /! E 44* (# ." BN D# @ )

* /" S '# ? ? ? # j1 ? / 1 ? M- #' N ? 14 ! . YU` -,S )X4 . 1V 5&XK ( m(k#e4eY u" /U 3 sV-> .*C =N , (#

3 eH Y . #Y! YS 1' $XH N eHx / ? 44*, X J4 > ) , ! ? uC (# * =? #

E @ ' n ? ) 1') ! l* ]e *? CJ&4 =S => * ln? >Z ]eH '.

s> @ /@ ' J4x#G 'N- *C 3 5X 3) eHx M =

'V" !' . C V" !&'S eHx 14 1 * @ )V# .X O/O A(" JS" l) Y!? ]e 1'N qi @ .

H X > /! ]e O ? ! @ )

8:

/ . uX, (#O!

? C ]e 1'N 14 ! N #4gY :&'S k A& > )N ? 4" eHx (N ]e .

O! Y!? ? * A" (# ' $F , =? 44*. x#G m(k#e4gY ]e M ! !

? Y&Y J4 :m(k#i (4 (.

1'N C li l4 leH 'N- \k#e4gY eHx 4 1 lF s> 5@ ,&) = (Oe! F (@ -) @' - !

V" . m(k#e4eY ]eH /? 4 E , !" l

. C ' 4 # ) =N- ]e M ! 5.

T* * lF 5 (# r? ]e 3* 3 1'N LGH

U * :*S ]n 14 .* 3 PYh (k |X> 3

\ J4x#G 3* 3 s> ( X> u ]e ) $X O-MG' 5L (# &'S . ? ) l

! lN 3* 3 1'N LGH

rV' l* H .* 1 ( \k#e4gY )" C 3* . -,? C 3* 1'N @ 4X D# JN 'eH.

!" /? C # ) /X ) ]eH EX H . S ) # ) /X 3^ N #4gY )X, (# BK H ?

H ! ? \-> 3-N l leH LGH ]e . L/ 4 @ 1,N \k#e4gY eH 3 sV-> T&Y # . AU h# (# JS?

# \1 ? S \1eY E#S , >S ! S Y )# ) BK M!5 , ( . . ' ! lY! eHx lY

/ '* ) i M- J4GH \* 3* . u @ JYY' ? ]k Gk, A => ! S eHx . N @

# X Y

88

HY 2. fm(k#e4gY uX4 (# ]e k' * JSY 14 ? ! . C lV 1U $ L(U ? /! ]e ! S @

fA" ) ' . h# (# JNG)n lY ? ) YU j

14 ? ! +. flN ]e 3* 3 1'N LGH .l /? C 9. f ! " M! M- ? !? :. =n4 /@ M- ? " 5>Sf 8. 3 sV-> f]e 3* 3 (# * 6. f]n * &> !" .*C 1? * S

2_. * (# ]e @ ? 4 ? ) ) ( Y&Y - f* 22. f ]eH EX J3) X ( X> 2. M> M! f \k#e4gY eHx C X>

+/

1. Evrard, Y., and F. Colbert. 2000. Arts Management: A New Discipline Entering the Millennium.

International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 2, no 2 (Winter), p. 414. 2. Caldwell, N.G. 2000. The Emergence of Museum Brands. International Journal of Arts

Management, Vol. 2, no 3 (Spring), p. 2834. 3. Colbert, F. 2003. The Sydney Opera House: An Australian Icon. International Journal of Arts

Management, Vol. 5, no 2 (Winter), p. 5669. 4. Caru, A., and B. Cova. 2005. The Impact of Service Elements on the Artistic Experience: The Case

of Classical Music Concerts. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 7, no 2 (Winter), p. 3955.

86

5. Rogers, E. 1962. The Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press.

6. Economies of scale refers to how a company can reduce unit costs by manufacturing in large

quantities.

7. Radbourne, J. 2000. The Australian Ballet A Spirit of Its Own. International Journal of Arts

Management, Vol. 2, no 3 (Spring), p. 6269; Ravanas, P. 2006. Born to Be Wise: How Steppenwolf Theatre Mixes Freedom with Management Savvy. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 8,

no 3 (Spring), p. 6474. 8. Dhalla, N.K., and S. Yuspeh. 1976. Forget the Product Life Cycle Concept. Harvard Business

Review, JanuaryFebruary, p. 102112.

9. Levshina, E., and Y. Orlov. 2000. General and Specific Issues in Russian Theatre. International

Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 2, no 2 (Winter), p. 7483. 10. Power, C., et al. 1994. Flops. Business Week, 16 August, p. 77.

11. Cooper, R.G. 1976. Winning the New Product Game. Montreal: McGill University Publication

Services.

12. Crealy, M. 2003. Applying New Product Development Models to the Performing Arts: Strategies

for Managing Risk. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 5, no 3 (Spring), p. 2434.

$O !"

Bennett, R. 2001. Lead User Influence on New Product Development Decisions of UK Theatre

Companies: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 3, no 2 (Winter), p. 2840.

Leemans, H. 1997. A PMC-Model for Cultural Organisations: The Case of a Public Library. In

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Arts and Culture Management. San Francisco: Golden

Gate University, p. 381394.

Rentschler, R., and A. Gilmore. 2002. Museums: Discovering Services Marketing. International

Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 5, no 1 (Fall), p. 6272. Scott, C. 2000. Branding: Positioning Museums in the 21st Century. International Journal of Arts

Management, Vol. 2, no 3 (Spring), p. 3539.

6_

62

# !

%J ><

[2 [2[2 [2[ [2[ [2[ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [ [[2 [[ [[ [[ [[+ [ [[2

UM 4

5

' 5H " 5H

AX [ " BK [ A!" 1&)K V

J, 'N- s> uX4 5H

5L $X $X M 5L -* $X *

m(k4k4G* $X G* $X

S* (# 5L $X N> =# X"? 5H (# $X

* \U S # 5L

# \) Q Y

6

[[ [[ [[ [[+ [[9

\k#e4gY V -,S V

-,S V ! V

( 5L sg>[U V ("* [ A4

22 22 2 2 2 2:

K!` LMA $.+ 1H / ` ` JJ< 1-. NMA &- /i UJ 1. $+ j!/0 !-+ P > < $ ci. .+ '0 > JJ< 1- =>C $

LMA $.J. j Y % W - >ki KJ. UJ _W >< ` !Bi 1-.

6

!

5L O* ? ') ' i ' i /? ge ? ? /@ ? !" \-> 5U 5 ? *? D# \1eY =#' ! !" C X4# G* $X (N $X 4 4

JSC ',? C .q5* 4O" J U # JS" l) Y!? . # p!

C L1 3^- A? C )- 14 (Pie"g $ C !? (# n # ) )S !" 1kH N>.

R! ) J&V JX^n > V .4 PYh M! -N @ (# 4N l>?ln? # !" 5L .

593W

* i ? ( \ 3)4 )" 1> , 3\k) J,? M' 3 N> J,? \k#e4gY : ')' 5H ?( uX4 !* A!"

s> . N> # , N> # * ' 5H ! . D# \1eY - r-> l ( ? i ) 5X ) ' |5 ! (# 4 (

@ ? 5L @' l--> \-H 5 S X. 59393&- B

> ? " @ #U u ' 5H M

6

! # J&! g!L u M' !" ? *# @! eHxG* !' .

x ) 'N V-*K \k4k4G* h5H}-e \k#e4gY eH . X li @ \n j

m(k#e4gY uX4 V . Y ) $4 C 4 !H * R!! uX4 @ C i2__ % g!L

m(k#e4eY ]eH l* l) !'>Z ? . W m(k#e4gY uX4 ? U 44* Tq C " , AU h# A(" ! $) "U i* T* N )@K & $! 1U GHx XU

$X (C -* S W@ !. ) ! (#A-*K k'ih Y )2( ? :,_ % n* U`

! 3 ,U ) # JY*? : 1U9,% (!" N j M* ,6 .%( m(k#e4gY &'S 1,? !U 3* S (# : 4

!&!2+,9% U ,:%* 4 V^ ,+% *2+,8% = +,8% N M* ,+% \> \e

9,6%)( .? (#)(( 1,U : (4 E26,% 4 !&!:,:% ' 2,6% 4 &N* % M*

:,8.% 3* 1 * J4# !' )X4 R! (# ! ' 14=F /@ ]e u ' ? ? 3).

X4 J4# !' uLe ! ) lA M> ) 5L ) sV-> 5@U 3V S /? 3, Y 5U#

. N> )S iw J4x#G >Z C M> 5U ? !. ) 'i n l)

U . ) ) ! ( )&XS

)S 3-[ #F)g!L A-*C 1) ( , \k#e4gY eHx (!' l4 mHU (# )&XS Y AC 1[ ? ," \H? A

^[* S ! $ C l ? 3)( * U =C ?

(# ?` , A-*K ! @C \) i M- =? # 3- N n* $ N C - l 'D# ? Y

6+

)S[!' #F . (# #&>S /OQ J*? C 4 ? 4 -) 4X VU F- )X4 M&>

yC N>( $X4 ) 5h# (# N"! 4# @ 1F ) . ) & ) " #4gY , N (GXh, /,

? n 4 . \k#e4gY eHx ? Y ) A-*K 'ih #4Y 14 ( eHx Ng4Y !' 'C $@ l, # 14 (

' R! ( 5# g!L V# $@ " . E Y ) ! (>+_ %:_ % C

(, N)yC (!" N M* N ' (N !U` ( E 42_ % C+ % " #4Y C ) $ 4

yC \> .( (> K ! 4 ) ( ! (# + .%# (# .Gx>?` & (# '" ]V C L- \1e)+(

> !"H T* (# ln? '! Y!? i* +_ % 1'! AU h# ' !": %l) g!L (C X4#)9(.

@ (# j ' .Gx>?` #F ) ) @! X > X) =) \) , N (!' )? > !

" #4gY (!' ( MVi ' X ) @!)i ' (# N ? * (# (, N (!' !? P!"H F !

!? )< " #4gY C @ .( ? C .Gx>?` 3 3"K ! 4# V' l!*? X $ ) ' 3- W@

"U * ! \k#e4eY V !' U > P,U 1 $*-? s>= ? m(k#e4gY 4* (# --> ASQ C $&X C . 44*

U[ \) 3)4! l M ![ N (# X" lY! ? Ng4Y4N X> 5# A4 *#! T* / 1'> @ ) \k#e4eY .

\k#e4eY ^ ) $ i* s>"? .Gx>?` * A 1 ')

4 N L' S ^ ).

) Y

69

[2 - `

&' ) s>"U N* ( O* ? 3) e* " #4gY ) , ! , N . T*U * ,

)

?(, N eH !' nN ) YQ V : 14 ) 'Nn ( 4 m(k#e4gY X (, N &' " ( V NX * &> M* 3 ? j) n* (, N

| N- N. 4 ( 14 Y $! ) YQ (V V &> N W 5@ . uS 1) (OGH):( 1 3i W@

m(k#e4gY ? . l^# 1'# gY? Y!? ) N (!' Q ) C ? 1' 'U A " =C 4 W (C M, ' !

N . (# '4 1 ( 14 D# @ '# $^ ( S* (# * C 4 5g"H) *? " , J&Y PYQ ( h lF

4 s> =N^" -! 4.

3) | ? ! '&> AU j) n* NX *

s>"# N * 5@ (# r' J&) M* 14 ? C M =4 ? =NX (# sN u @ = I? /@

sN W@ = }Ieh 1 /@ s>" Y!? (, ON =. l W) #* F 3- N A D# l>? 1 (, N (!' Y!# J - (, N J!' A @ !

tN , X"? X"! ? (# J3H N Q s>"? .

? '

6:

5# ) M"! , m(ke@Hq m(k#e4gY ' J&-N Y!? J&* C N> ) ) lA .Gx>?` NNX) [2 $! ",

N (!' 5@U .( =F? s, j) ' Y ) D# =" * ) AU N .Gx>U` j ' l" Y!? TK

?4 (& A ? 1F ) l) Y!? A Y!? r M*- Q4 . l N> V# 1U uX, (#

^- ' ') $^ VN .*C $i ' ) 2+ C + ( .Gx>U` VN ? * (# Ng4Y M?` ? V# C uX, (# !'. \k#e4gY )- C ( i N )" D# \1eY ) Y

) Ng- eH 1O4 ( ? JS)? > ?3- ( i )" W@ M' (> ) = ' \k#e4gY eH l! !' s>"U ASQ ! * l) l\* J, .

5L 1>n? l, M'# ]V ? (" N ?. !" In[ 2 * ) " N , N ,&

]e 4 !'.

)! ) ^- !' * !' *

4 Y!? ] 4 ,? ]

C +

!"[2 + 9C

68

59394&+ B Y!# J3" (V' ' =eH !" j

? 1F

A!" *? > . ( , @ ! ,)/> ( ! , ? ]e &' ' L1 ( 4X ? 3* Mi 'nN 3n

1,K #^ ? =N uX4 @ !. 3\* Ni 14 ? ) !" * ( i .*C "

X> N !" 14 ) @N ) *' 5L V' '-* (# M'.

A!" \? u?

? \k#e4gY )" : AX1&)K V A!" !" . O* (# J, ' u ! ) !

l, ? =@" 5L .

" O> AU h# uX, (#[Y )[ X m(PG*Gx () ? ' H

u . (PG*Gx ' * = M Y ) S 14 \P# !" D#* (# 4 !' C - ) ')=

1,C ? 3 . @ (#

X> ) m(k#e4gY ]e 5 C 4 ! * : Y U 3X> \1eY 1 ] (# 'n) \1n < m(PG*Gx ' !" u,C

- ( Y 3X> ! # (# '!" !' C m(PG*Gx '

1,K (# G* . * ' 3* C n ? ]k ) \) 3)4!

(# m(PG*Gx ' ' 1) U 1O- ? @! OPG*Gx '(V' ' ]e .

1O4 J*? ! T* @ " 3! ) ln) ? Jg# ]k ( = (# $F OPG*Gx ' r? > (4 ? ]kH

=X =X" =) . ] C, N ! (# ! X4 Y LGH (!Z3i W@ ) JS . &># J&Y $n *

>U A1 $*) Star Wars ( j > ]k 1, 1 JN> li j# $* @ 1N '# j ? (

66

)# . X ! S* Y (# C = O C $,? uO5L .

&+ Zg

Y =kH h! 1 C C B> ! \k#e4gY eHx Y!r =)" 1) " ]kH ) . ? V 1U (# u" " ? =C

" 'C (# "$? A! .u" (#! \(k 1) n 4X W@ . # = ! " U 1N E S* # ln? ! X4# @

m(PG*Gx =, !?) 1, 5* (# #- " B N> $U2[.(

" O+

*C 4 , ! , @ ) ln) ? >Z |]kH !" .)O *? !" . ? (# N (4 ! Xn > *

)! ( @ O1n &> BK (# " 1) |]eH (# YS @' C " s> BK J!" lkH N (4 ! - =

l)O . l'" l m(k}\ ? m(PG*Gx . ) A )O $ lF 4 * $? A!" Y ) s, !" j

# @

" .

1,.g %Y l>? V 54* * ' ! @ \k#e4gY )" $F? D#

'eH ] (# 1&)K . ( 3^- !" ) \-> 3- @ 5-EeX ) &* N! L*e '! S . 1&)K V Y S* Y (#

$ rk'H J!"=),C * ? !" ) . ' \' ('# @ $ ( eHx ) ) F X 1&)K V A&! U

eHx =--> 1' E , 5N lF 'X^ . 14 M

2__

C n =) ) s* 5 5L @ # ( () ()N. 59395TC -J !

IX- N> !* C 3" 1>H : N ,K)e5X G1,? \4( ) \PG*Gx ...( \k#e4gY )" 1)

V ) . ^ $F? (# m(k#e4gY uX4 (# J' l $ C X " N > , ' @> J*?

m(k#e4gY uX4 ! ) X () . I l4 'N- 1'N (n4 m(k#e4eY u" /? ) ? J, 'N-

1'X" (# A!" *- < 4 (- u,K \-> = * . @ =N = (# .Gx>?` )" J # = \k#e4gY )" u

( 1) ) -* !" ! '@ ( ' N \n '* 5H |! |$- . ! * #! F N ?

? ( , 3 !" E ? 3 !" 'i D# m(k#e4gY uX4.Gx>?` !" $* ? *- 4 M !" .*K s\->.

\k#e4gY !" i 3) 3 !* S! ( 1) ) !"? &> . * ek ] j

I

^" (# .Gx>?` ] 1' ! 3\* )" @N I .Gx>?` ]'@ !" \->.

[

N #4gY (# 1 YS O1 YS . C)(!* ( 4 J4# u N #4gY (#

! T . @ (# !" (# X y mHU 34 4 ? M* .! E , T* uX4 8_ C 2__ %

(!* 3- (# ' . LGH !U 3* S (#

2_2

s> uX4 ? * (# Y! l* l*n g,? N (# L1 YS ) \k#e4gY )" 3* (# l! l s>"U )

# YU !" (# !* \(kC D)8( . S ,% ,? 2_ %E !" (#)6( . R! (#

4X

uX4 (# T* 3* ! Be@Hh ) 3@>?` C V u . /! Be@Hh ' # Y j

\k#e4gY * ( MU U #4gY 3 n T* . ) r! S le@Hh 3* S 4# .Gx>U` * )

3) ]. N )" ? ( ! (# ( 1) n #S ->

N> !* Y&Y 1) $X 14 ? '! : (,K (Nm(PG*Gx . * Y&Y ) \k#e4gY 4N (C:

(!? S9 %' ' N !* ' 1 % 1,U %mPG*Gx )22( . X>S W@ (# S

N> !* Gk, !" . 4X ! \H? (#U 4 C W@ r> JY m(k#e4gY 1)A& A . -

1 \H< #4gY (# > ) 5 Y

2_

1,U *&- n 4 /@ U \k#e4gY Q" (# q> 'C ( X4 'xG}? , ! 4 W@ iN*

'-? .# ' S 1,U Q (: % (# #4gY . ? XC (# \k#e4gY )" X @ j4 )

!*

? 1) ) -* : / (,K (N S j

m(PG*Gxm(k#e4gY ( 1) (# ^ 4 gSC 1' .

59397; B

* ) s> uX4 " @ ! \-> jFw li ) !" Q @! !" #U.

!* ? Y 4* V? (# " ! (# N> 3 ? 3) \-> I * =LGg ) \k#e4gY )"

)" . !' A& ? \-> !" M"! LG*g @ C .\? 1')U g@ J, Y N s> uX4 1'C 3

N ( 1) (# . (# =Vi ) N s> uX4 1) Mg>e ! 1,C (# S (# s> uX4 1) . i* 3- ? ! 1,U 4

!U 3* .h# (# s> uX4 1'C \4H ! 1,C (# AU 8, % 1) (# (C 2682 2_%)22( 1) (# 266+ 2,8 % (#

1)__ ! 4# $ ) 'N 1)w ! (K X ? 2 %2:,: %2,2.%

( ? \ Q (> AX $@ ( n4 N ! ! ! ) 3-, 3i W@ V4 ' (#

3* S @ (# (# 'i*& . (# ) ( uX4 1) 5 (# Y 1i U ! . !" Y[

< \-> .

2_

2__

2___

8__

9__

__

__

_

- : / "#__ . N U > )U :f ! M! N 3K \k}\ N*-International Journal of Arts Management

1, *N- 6 C 2+.

!"[ H !` ; -.! i

\

k #

e 4

g Y

)

N

V

1

S

/

*

5

#

Y

*

)

/

n

\ -

>

\

k

}

\

)

)

S

>

)

'

"

;

Y

2

2_

594W > 59493> K

? ! A '4g4* ( ) ) l \* ]eH ) $X LGH r4)S .( *

rOe! C $X @ ) Oh ,) \Oe! ( l4 \C

*S J4# 3# J4# ? * . (# $X $* ! ' 5H (# $X 14 @ 1> m(k#e4eY u" 5? |5 !

m(k#e4gY u" .Gx>U` 5U ) 5H}-G =N 5X ? F Y!) !*s> uX4A!" .(

? 5 , Y!? 3- ! ^- $X ) (kXH lF @ ) lA 'U ! ! (# &> '>n L1 S ]V

Y 4 ? ? >Z C |1) 4 . 3 ! S J*? ! m(k4k4G* 5L . 4 U )NS . l4 $X .

4 D# (# ^ /? 1) 4 4 $X 14 1 @C H)S ( . )

5 (PG*H *? 1, @C

4 D# ! =N 1 1> 5X ) 1>n)S ( Y . $X $* ! q# 1) * (#

M, \k4k4G* 3- 14 Le^ e * ? Y. ) ? 1F ) l--> lN ! , ! ^- $X

*U j

(# = 14 $- 4# $X X M! Q . # S , N> ) ) ) ]e M

2_+

5L $X ? )X. ( Q X 3N X ! ]eH $X D# W C Q $X " * (# W ) M"! , (Kl j, . uN C E !@ ) (! $X " , Y )

3N &> lnN> '" , E !@ ! 1)U *? (# .'N .X (# 'N *S W@ Y S | C (! $

) @ 1,? ) $X - (# tN ,? X"? n T*U ? '# j.

BK ) X ) N> X4 (# $X , ! C BK C !S&'S C . ! ) $X ! * W@ (#

( 4 4 ? * ) l W@ 4* 4*3* X4 ? 4* W@ ) )N ASQ ?.

? 3) !" J*?)S $X N* ? ) 5L ! N =? ! ? (! $X 3 ? !" jN T* (!

5L (# 'U J4# !" . ! (#[Y )[ M* 1 LGH )Montreal Museums Day ( M* / r =iH ( > l

|A! ' M* ) )Musees en Fete( h J * =O4 /@ ! M*)Societe des musees quebecios( M* 1 1'D h Y V) &* 1n M' M* j

\! J&Y !U

4X XC (# (Ph! $X # T* -3* . 59494W J/

leH !' !" ? #U " =N J4# 5L . j^ 'eH &' ) 5L ' \-> VN " !" ! 14

$X ) -* . @ \ G 5 *X--* 5L ?5L -* " @ !' M- S IX- @

2_9

!" .*D s> $X M- ! eHx . ) T* ? P5U $X -* 5L -* 4 G ! 5L -* ) S

-* ( IX- ? ! @' 1>H $X. (! 5L -* $* 1: 5L -* :X. X. 1

!" .*C ^ @C__,___ (D ^ \* 5H (# S 5L '-* C 4# .Gx>U` !" !" W@ '4 S

_) %__,___S 2___,___S .( C 3N # W@ mGh * ? \1eY .Gx>U` !" 'N 4 !" P!h '? * -,?

'# ( ', . ',? 5H ! !" -* $* ! 3* ) -N.

59495> /

|]eH ) $X * 5 (# |]eH =^ , /@ -,U * G* $X . /" S

eHx !' !U A D# @ 5L (# n ? /? = ! =? 4 lF 3" !&'S Vn &'

2_:

(C C - * ! ! ! =" !' g!L !' . l\* leH !' S G \GH @ N , 1'!

G* !' . < G* " ASQ u,K P-Hx # ? ? 1'eH O . 3 ! ! @C

,C P-Hx * M# * N C &' 1'V&) u. ) @ M, W ? $X ! S cG* '# @ 1F ) K 1'L4 . ) 1'&nN 1',@? !'

X* 1'V ) @! 5 .-,U * 4 (# 5 \' Y 5 G* $X 4 ? >Z ? 3* X4 (# 5L $X .J&4 !" s> G* $X O4 ? 5 ! 'N 4X.

X4 ) G* $X $* 1 4# m(k4k4G* $X (# * ! l (# 4 (# = Q ? n* (# ? (n.

< $Q/ W >

G* $X ,? m(k4k4G* $X ! lF . Q ? S 4 4 /? n )G* $X ei @! # , .3 5 , ,

!" 1,? (# 3 G* $X (# . jN> * .Gx>?` * iN*S (# !? - , ? !" # 5L (# G* $X

5L -* $X (*) !" i[.( ln? 5L ) 5- 4 1N ! $X ) 5- 4

(# ? n* (# ? (n (# =, ! J&G* ? rk4k4G* H , ln? 5L#4.

2_8

1N ) Y C : 'n) 1O4 ? \ * ,N !'

4X s> ' ? ! ) .G* 5L C W@ (# ,N 1? (*

'n) " ? I ' ? !U ) (C 4X . 5L (# 'n) '# G\, E ? )4 /? 1 '? M ,N m(k4k4G*

g, " ) M * ) l) , @' 14 ! : 5L (# ' )

)G* 5L ( j A" 4 M @ ' )) 5L Qm(k4k4G*.(

"3 " 3 " 3 >/ Y KG $

$X * 2 * *

* *

* ,

(* , (* (* ,

!"[ < $Q/ W >

2_6

59497l $CH >+H B >

? 5H 1) G'" (e4* J&V r tN ,? &> =# X" Y . W@' N , l4 \k#e4gY )X4 ? 44*

3 . ) E j) eH 5N ! Y (N# Y , T* n T*U D# ' ) "[2 =? In

( S V D# u&X& &V V T* 1) (# ' (# ! , X" @ ) 4N?`26: eHx ?

(# ! 4 n T*U ,# , *B ". @! =! \k#e4gY N j ) 3 C X4# WS @ S

$X . (# '?

Y Y* ( 3 N @ (# : 2[(g!L . [tN ,? (# 3 . [3^ S Y S 4 E (->" > 3 . [( . uN . +[ 3, (# A X> 3 .

5 $X (# u uNS # (# > 4 tN X"? . W) , $X ) N Y MVi X? j

(# s4

22_

5H (# , A 3 U X4# NNX 3 ? JY X 3# .

,? =# X"? eH ) $X 3 (# '? ( W ! 5 ' < s-> = ) &) tN :

g!L 3 3? n* . X"U (# !" N ) 3 C ,U \k#e4gY U 14 (# A & C rV ? ! tN .

5> 5H C 3? - 4) (# 3? * !* &! C

i m!/H / X. K/

Y S Y S Y S Y S

3E?7 +,+ 2_,9 9,_ +,2 # F # F 92,_ 29, 3E@7 2,9 2+, , 8,: F # F# 9,+ _,_ 3ED7 8, 8, ,2 22,8 6,+ +, +6,6 2, 3EE4 +,: :,_ +,2 6,6 ,6 , 8,6 6, 4FF5 26, :, :,_ 2, ,6 +,9 9, 2:,

- : ! A-*C___ .! (# U 4N . 1, B!9,+++

[2 LMA $" '. R` 0 >

222

t# , '? r &4 A !' 3 ) @? ) M> 5@? ' E !' 5 . * ge A U

B> tN ,? X"U "X '? ) g&4 ', @> (# ' 3! )< N #4gY * N 4# . A gY , @ (#

1) (# !' l l)X,__9 V A ? G* - 3i , 1&)K ,> 3? ? ') 'kh X e!G'

'? ') ? 3n @! \ \k}'k 1 /@ @'# @ ) 3&) > | ! NX? ) (# m( sh, C .\? @! 1' 4 $ ?

\ (# 3 Y * =

@ $K m (# 3? . ! (# 3") Y m * @ g!L uX, 3 ) (# uNS @

, .F .- =? ) @ C "H l)echo generation(

) l) q,? =! =) 4 U l) !?

3N (# 5L rk'H l)X, PY ? g, Y $*2_ C2+ l) .

1) * =? U 44*_2+ )X, \k#e4gY )" 5H (# ! )U 1 j4 (e#X ) 4 >- : $*

! @ N*? A? 1' > 5# ! @ Y2+ + . @ p! MgQ TY uX4 l* !? ! )X4

VN+ +_ . 3i W@ =nN /@ m(U Q : C ' uX, ! $@ 1? Y &nN )X4 @' !

Y * (# f N> \k#e4eY eH .! n !" = : ! '# , (# - j^ 'eH O 1? )X4 @ > ? ') 4X n ! f' (# Gn G* )X4 &! C =N

22

( !" C ? l* leH 1O4 ( !" JNgQ l 14 ! @ ? 1F !? * ' E# 3 j ? 3) j)

=44* ' l? 3n. S ! R! (# N> ) * G?` (

/@ ? E4 \H? 3* ) M> ^-U U W !U U)2( (4 5@ U 5 * 'i Y!? @ 'i .

VN Y )2699 26:9) E \1eY 1)?2: 9 S (# AC , 3* ( 'i?

l" 1 1) 4 l*n J&nN U !&! 4 . @C C WS @ 4 ()

26:9( (# ^ T* 1

' * (# 4 , U N !U` !" ' D# WS (# i* jN>S An (# s-> = ) 4 4 &>

^ GPkHx A& . !" W@ 3" * 1' !U X ? 44* ) lA

/" p! 'n

1, -->)2( \N * 'N- . ) 34 Mn @! - O* H 1'* n

) lA L* - L* Mn 5 N 1'* ? * (# OO 3!@ Mn \ !N ) 34 . '#[ Y )[ Y!

C J& Y!? ! ? '

-? ) 4 F GPkHx X? N . ) W@ OnN 1 = ) -N ' # JY*?

L ()S )N> ) .

N )U j ) ? '

)? nN ) l

\1eY S Y

22

]e n S N #4gY > # U` eHx ln? # .Gx>U` \k#e4gY eHx, ' t# ) (# 1X .Gx>U` X" n ,

1 - 1)X(... '!&' L1 eHx ! @C \) i M- >) K N (... # ! @C \) i M- => 1?

PG*G \) ? \, ? \. # !"?

? l? : eHx 3* V# > # JS?

# * j) C Y ) ,K # (# * ( W@ N> M* '4 # X, ? . U # lY eH N> u

s, j) !&! 4 N* Y \k#e4gY . \k#e4gY eHx # JYY ) ]q 1? # Y tN ,? X"U .Gx>U` eHx

. x # l>? l

\k#e4gY eHx \PG*Gx \k#e4gY eH ! X nN 3# * - ( : &

- '! M* 'O4 ( N4Y O $ C l M*- 'C - 'K &> .

tN , X"? (# i C O"? ) # ! ( 3 S 3 5V, '--* $! 3 * (

=F# ,U ' '-O-> . N T* .! (# \"? # ! eHx ) M*- (# 3* 3i N> |* C tN ,? X"? \k#e4gY

? ? !X ? ( ? Y .! .*C (# X"? eH P# (# V' uL M"!.

C li > 3" Y!? - # ? F 3\* eH 3* 3 G-k, \k#e4gY eHx \k#e4gY i C l--> @ 5H}-G ' )

(# 4 (2 (# !" 2[ N #4gY 5 ) i U -N .( 3* 3N * N j S 'eH D# @! $*

)

' =!&' !

22

\* . l# W, @> ? ' ) $ \1eY . , ) (# X^n @ N> eHx # 3\k* #.

59594Q !! V n %! !.

N> 5? $! ( !" =[ i ^ * ( !" [ ',? |5 ! > " J # . !" ! ,

? (!* 1) ] N 4 S ( |u ) -* N " . # ? C m/n D# @ )

' . )S (# n ? # @ C J #nC !N JS N> 5U ! rV ( G Y ,& * 5X ) * " \1eY ' .Gx>?` 5? ? >Z 5H (# ' # 3\h, 5U

gX Hh . ? !" ) Y ) X4# 3 # '!' M 3, ! ? ? ln? ! 5L @ JS\# J&H- - ? ?

!* * A!" 3) | 14 )) j

(#S*.(

U *? (# , Mn ? ( !"# @! ! ! > , 5 l X" ) Mq, C 4 ( * . A& ) s, C

? !" /mQ ( 1) s, 3) ) jN> C /OQ ? =! G* A!" @ g,? 'i 'i . P* ? !" # ! * (#

W * ? JS\# r, J!* @> '!

U ',? ) lA M,/V * @ .1 ) ' O1' \' W@ LGh @ .

59595 '. V

? !' 1? 3 J,#Z # ) *# eH - !C * ? .Gx>?` eH ! 4 (# 3* \k#e4eY . eHx W@

22+

\PG*Gx eHx 1? #nC # ( 3 . , @ ) 3&) S 3" @ @ 5U ? N )" 5

1F # )- (# ^ , ' ' 5? (# # ? j H1* , & (N# 3Y! S* (# !? ! g!L ) ?

N $X G1*. !" \k#e4gY )- (# ) ! T* l *g ,) (#

\k#e4gY eHx ! ) ) lX \ 3 !" ^- . 3X !" ! 14 T* 'X" \ 3 !" W@ 14

m(k#e4eY uX, ! (# \* |) ) : N 3K 4 & BC =# 3'? !@ $! j !? , * j) &P^ "

yC N X"? j) 3'? XU( 1U BC yC * eHx N )@K !" ".

" ) H ? l ? g!L , (# \k#e4gY ) U # 1? M, M! . 3* ' W@ )[ @C[ ?

&- ? > Y! A!" ln? " ? eHx ) -4 S .Gx>U` !" O @ (# BK ) P!" ( . W@ LGh

C l ()- B 3!N)2+( ( C ( . ) ', * . (# # ? C " !

Y l '!". 59597.J $

)- N # 3* >Z W . - > 1O4 )- .*C !N C /OQ ,) !" i[ .(( :

2['N )- XC (# # . [ > !" Y ) # )- W@. [O . [" .

229

+[ eHx .

- :/C 1C .268_ . # C : *N- /#.

1) ! l^- 1' # ! @C N , )- .*C C 4 @C @ ! ! @C Nn > 1' ( * !

)- W@ > !" ) 3X 1' O ? " . W@' " ? * ) ! * \-> ? 3>U X4

n U (N! @N " 1* ! 1 W@ > !* )4

!"[ >ki #

x ' eH

> 1? *

22:

1' Os> @N n q l^- # A4C ) -* )- . 3* !C gSC S VX r =N uX4 ! @C @ ! 5#

" 3" # -# !" L M&>& 3^- !" (' S ? $* ( @ 3 L ) 34 F . M ,

K C @ ' ('# '*< # !". g,? )- C * -,? C gN )- * ? 'N )- !

) 4g4* @C JqN ? ! ! @ 5X # ! !" 14 T* 3^- !" 3! !"

i*

=Xn 5L 1i 3! . '" )- j

D# @ 1F ) ! u @ 3\ . ") V, kH ! * ,

) i[(qN * G1G)}e G1kh U #! ' L/? . 3^- !" Y! gN )- , N uX, LGH .

1g '? ! * /? 1O4 S )- W@'# @ ) < ! j ( 3") ,U . (# N N ! JS? OG > 1? * 1

N )- . ' =? U 44*

1 * ,# ? r r) O! #) 5# ) Y ?U / u" E#S 1& 4 ^ J&, $X L(

- Y /4 . ! F V ! BK -, lY (N !U`# =@ ]e X [ Y )[ C B* lV

=N AU =N , ? # =N 4 4 # N . =? q5* \k#e4gY )" ^ ? (N .* PYH JYY

N (# X" !" \U 3 . l>? l

4) 1? B> e - gN Y! nN $ N (# )

1'# ) (P> ) E! EN! . 1') $? P!H =N s&>K @) \k#e4gY )" ( - .

(, - t D# '

\k#e4eY )- (# Y * ? ! ) ) 1U )- XU 1) C > * 1X* )

Y . A(" ! ' A =C B* ! . $n

228

yX (# '? ? \ , & / S C 4H =D# l* J&Y)! ( ? ,y MS V * .

? ? > 'n ? gN )- (# !" /? ) $ >Z 1* @ X \Gh : # ? ') . 3 ? - @!

* rk'H #. %!594

.J $ S +.

2. * )- > 1? O. . >n ! BK -, 1). . ) 4 4N. . (# $F $@@ ? ) ! 4N. +. O ? " (# 1* \-> 1). 9. $ *? (# 3* 3* BK k N! k -, H1) \'. :. BK ) E & \ 4N jN>. 8. 5L (# ) * \-> 4 \- eH. 6. ]e (# MY! ()C .*.

2_. \n ) M"C e!*H \PG*G 3X. 22. 3! (->" X @ > 14. 2. 1C ? \n \PG*G &-. 2. B> 1? 4) . 2. \PG*G , ),. 2+. )- ! (!* . 29. 'N )- ) Y*.

226

- : /C 1C 268_ . # C . : /# *N-269 . 59598U" H!

$H # ) @ (# ' "< # ) 1 X^n C (# # 'i 'i 'g^ ? # ' O* ? \k#e4gY )" )

*S ? >Z C 5H LN @ X u , !' H)? 5H ! $* M>.

> ) L ' I , /, , @> * ? !" /? ) . S # 3 \GH ? $ ) ! (# N> 4X ? ) . 5 $! 'P!h ( 3N ' ) Y (# !" ) M, U

#. Q @ EX ? 5 ) : ' \n# @[ () ?[

> (# =U rk'H Q @ LGH f# =O4 ) (!" =O4 /@ ]e r# * F l) =? ' N 5H Y " 5H

>S ! 3) S* ' > ? S S* Y! (# l > 4 1& Y ' . ) lA 4 h@> L1 , ' 5H (#

]e X )) !@ A" ' O1 O !? $4$@' yC W 1) ? * " $" 1,X ( , ?

= 4 k 3 ) ? 1& ' ) lA W, @>. !? A # ) 1 V' eX^n @ \k#e4gY )" '

? m(PG*Gx . ) # & . >Z > '? LGH 1 ( ? " ' 5L @ ! A =#' /@ 5L (# # '

A!" ? s> uX4 ? !*.

2_

%593

% )H $ : U" * ? j) /G C # (# )C (

-U y gSC n S ' ! (# 3) j) "" 1U . * &Y: % (# j "" . @' m(U $

O $ l ! -U (# . C .Gx>?` $? - ! $ K ^ C -U '^ 1? ) -*

)O 34 ,& ! . ' (# j /G ! 1, & Y!? ,&) ! # 3 $! M' \* 5H M'

. 1U Yh mHU:_ % (# ( (# ) T&Y ! : $&X $&X Y ( ^ / 3@? . j /G R! !

14 (# u" ') ) ? )X )X4 ) ) ? M' !@ * Q U j , K

V) ] V \-> -> '

&N* > . ! (# * 4' AS ') n " ( ' \-> !' ).

- :C # ) @? ! .

97 Y % W j .! V [ ') 3X ! S ( ln? h[ Y

22

(4 ? m(PG*Gx 5L C X4# )S (# !" !( 5L C > ) ln?.

59793o! Y , g!L ) (# L*e /? ? 5L (# r? l (g!L $

$X \ (# JX ? ln' ( . f 4X XC (# g!L u M! VN j

. W@ ! f , ) /? f3V

5 ) Y"U n X /-,S ! (#

2

3 3- . ,? ) ! ! # &> Y ) C ',NK * S ,? , G* !' '

* . @C 3) ) ln? ! X4# \k#e4gY )" ) n @ YQ S #4gY ) 1) --> Q N ) s4 . * \/? D#

? ! "' Y X"

M 4N jN> Q (N> X"U ) )LG I . * \? @C '! (N> ,

W@ Y t ) 1> j

(# * jN> C ( -,S #4gY ) $X ? m(k#e4gY uX4 * ) - 4 X4

N lF' ( >. 59797!JCQ Y

=! (!* L* ? =? = >Z J&) !* )4 4 mGh )- )- I& ) V ^ /k}H ? . 3" $Vn#

, \k#e4gY eHx ) nN $X P4 . ? (!* q> ? ! N* n n 1 ) (C Y?` ( - 4 4 ) \F , !# . gN -

2

)X- t-? ' !" @ ) (# '? l Y!? . * P# m @! 4 M^ O C 4 ? (# Y* V! #"!S - iN* ) (# '> ? !? ,Y Y!? ?

N )U. " JSY 14 ', ) (! Y< : L1 1U !

3! "" 3\ j) (# r) J!&' U 14 (# '!&' . )- ,U N 4 (# "S ! 1i N 'i

) 1U )@C GHx XU ) - * lg>Q K (# PX ? 5X ' 1Oh, / 3'? > M'

!K >. 5979? W

) (# !" /? n ? S .! V C #nK \' G>Z e) 'eH - ) ? ( 5L C '> ) : #^

= \-> * MG' 1,K . 4X - ' ! LGH Y 5X !"

e - 4X ) ln? @ , ] . A'! 1i ! @C Y ) ) .*C (# = _ )S (# @ n J#

) T* \- !C 3'? /? - * )22_ # . U j

(# N 3'? D# @ C J #nC 1i $* 5X 1,

PAL 1i .Gx>?` 5X 1> * (# NTSC . \ * j * (#=# !N rk'H Ge>Z J&) 5X !" *&- .GG LGH.

) kgX ! ? !" # \-Hx ]e , (

2

Y [ 9>0 K/ $C> :` !/H % "/

&> XC (# M* > ,X ) ) X 1 l# Y!? ' M* ! & V>@ ] j^ n 4

' C JS '? . Y =O4 ,X W@ 1& 3YC Y!U # ( . ( 5U # T* ,X u

! (# , M* J&' JS> P# l '! '#' 4 < .# ( R! (# E ,X M'

1'VS $! * (# OPG*Gx (U (# M' l?. '>S g4 * AC ,X (# > ! I

Q 4 ? 3* Q Gk, 5 jFU A N> . $! K/ &+Q :Nh\/\[ K!-

1) @ ' ,X W@266+ n M* (# "S ,X (# V N 4 * F ( >

Gx>?` j) g,Q j !" M* . . I ,X ? ! # j E V j ) nN> '*

.Gx>?`. '# Q ) , * 1) 3 1>& *- ,X

!Q ,X ) Y ! 3! ', ON )8,:__ (# ,X __+ * !w ) (D 2_,:8

J 42:,___ 1) (# ,X __ ) :___ 1) (# ___ .( X N"! ? (# l *? 1 > 4 ? .

2+

!.H $C> $ $" !

- : m(k#e4gY -

U 1 &> ,X > A& ? 3# * M"! 1)U (# '> M* 1i 4 3 !K M"!S

=n C - ? \nN . ? * M"! ! (# \) * (# 3'" P,U Q ! 'i # ,X

1) |= M* !" ! =N ,. ! C C> :a K!-

' N , ! ,X 14 1 1) __ *

'"? > 3# ) u" \Ge ( ! (# '"? Y&Y

! 4X ! C 1Y (*n (# /# (! C r. \ JS> u? 3 &> '* N , ! ,X I ? r

C Y M-_ XC > 4 V l, JN* 4X (# .Gx>?` \k#e4eY > ) nN> . ? C 3 W@ E .\?

1) (# I-__9 3 ,X 9+ OPG*Gx (U U (# M' l ! .

C l" X> n .Gx>?` A"? ) A! ,X uh

__,___ +_,___ ,X __,___ 2+_,___ 2__,___ +_,___

_ ___ __2 __ __ __ __+

29

# ) ( 4 3!@ ln? !" , M*. , ! ,X 1>h) ! !C ,,( *- !Q

,X ) \ > Y M- ? (( n '! $* @ !" Q ! MX (->" X @ ln?.

__ __+ ,X > \ ) 8,9% (# > ) *,: .%

__ __ __+ >

4FF5 '0 4FF8

"

!

+,22,:86 +,86, +,+6,:_ ,8

" C>

C

88,8:+ 22:,969 22,8 8,9

4 3!@ lnN> ? r JS> OPG*Gx (w ,X I .

#nC 3 IV 14 ( : 4X ) # M* *? C - * M ? =! ? 4 3!@ A" =! ? , ?

yC M* ) ) . r# JS> '* n ,X D# @ ) 3&), M* > 1? X $ T*.

T* !" Q N ) ] EU 3 !" . 3'" M!? ) N l* ^-U M* ? C J #nC

n#? # Q. - : XC !# Q T*? 5 Z

!#Universita degli Studi di Napoli( (Y !# .XC.

2:

;n ! (!* Y

3* S (# * @ ! . !* $F D# @ \-> )" ? 44* =n 1 3* S (# N uX, )

Y * #U N (# #Y!. ' 1, ( " (C ) S ? ! $X

5L (# #U . (# n ) , 1!* (# lN $X 1'N LGH4 ? n* ? (n (# A 5U *? (# !".

5H (# $X N l! l)N tN ,? X"? " 4 Y . ( @ C ? ( \U ! : 3

R! . (# uNS !' * tN ,? 3 g!L 1 > . -* , N ? h 44* (# n T*U !? -*

& V 4 t C ' ! tN ,? X"? 5H 4) &> TK . W@ j $ '" 'N 3N &>

l! r eHx. \k#e4gY eHx 5? (# # @> , 3) JS!"? tN ,? X"?

" # i @ . ? '# S !" /? ! ? ? 14 L" ( X^n # X^n 14 ? ' I # 3

28

5L ) (! . N uX, LGH @ ) 3&) N )- JN gi ? = 1* =# 3^- !" ! )

* @ ).

YH 2. > = 1 s>"