Mark 26-28. The events and suffering of Jesus before and including his trial and execution ◦...
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Transcript of Mark 26-28. The events and suffering of Jesus before and including his trial and execution ◦...
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Mark 26-28
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The events and suffering of Jesus before and including his trial and execution◦ Physical◦ Spiritual◦ Mental
The Crucifixion is central to Christian belief
From the Greek pascho = to suffer
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Begins on Palm Sunday◦ When Jesus enters Jerusalem
Ends on Easter Sunday◦ When Jesus rises from the tomb
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Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1255-1319Panel from the reverse of the
Maesta, 100 x 57 cmMuseo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena
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New covenant replaces the old covenanto Based on death and resurrection
Eucharist/Communion◦ “Take, eat; this is my body…this is my blood of the
covenant, poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins” (Matt. 26-28)
◦ Consubstantiation Symbolically the body and blood of Christ◦ Transubstantiation Literally the body and blood of Christ
◦ Hocus Pocus – parody of the consecration of the Catholic Mass
hoc es corpus = this is my body
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“The Last Supper” scene from Jesus of Nazareth◦ http://movieclips.com/5tsS-jesus-of-nazareth-movi
e-the-last-supper/
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Dirk Bouts, c. 1410-1475Panel, 180 x 150 cm
Sint-Pieterskerk, Leuven
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Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519Fresco, 460 x 856 cm
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
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Juan de Juanes, 1510-1579Oil on panel, 116 x 191 cm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
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Nicolas Poussin, 1594-1665
Canvas, 117 x 178 cm
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
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In the Garden of Gethsemane Displays the human side of Jesus
◦ Internal Conflict “My father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me;
yet not what I want but what you want” (Matt. 26:39) Predicts the disciples’ desertion
◦ Failed three times◦ “Could you not stay awake with me one
hour?...the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak” (Matt. 26: 40-41)
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Andrea Mantegna, c. 1431-1506Panel, 63 x 80 cm
The National Gallery, London
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Judas Iscariot◦ 30 pieces of silver◦ Arrived with “a large crowd with swords and
clubs, from chief priests and the elders of the people” (Matt. 26:47)
◦ Betrayed with a kiss “The one I will kiss is the man; arrest him” (Matt.
26:48) Shows Jesus’ acceptance/forgiveness
“Friend, do what you are here to do” (Matt. 26:50)
◦ Hanged himself
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Caravaggio, 1573-1610Canvas, 133.5 x 169.5 cm
The National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
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Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641Oil on canvas, 344 x 249 cm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
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Caiaphas◦ High priest
Looked for testimony against Jesus◦ “Tell us if you are the Messiah”
“You have said so” (Matt. 26:63-64) Blasphemy
“He deserves death” (Matt. 26:66)
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Gerard van Honthorst, 1592-1656Canvas, 272 x 183 cm
The National Gallery, London
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“Though all become deserters because of you, I will never desert you”◦ “Truly I tell you…before the cock crows, you will
deny me three times” (Matt. 26:33-34)
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David Teniers the Younger, 1610-1690
Canvas, 37 x 52 cm
Musee du Louvre, Paris
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Pilate – Roman governor◦ Examines Jesus and decides he is innocent◦ The Jewish leaders and crowd demand death
Pilate’s wife warns him of her dream◦ “Have nothing to do with that innocent man” (Matt.
27:19) Pilate gives them a choice
◦ Save Barabbas (a criminal) or save Jesus The crowd screams for Jesus to be crucified
◦ “He took some water and washed his hands before the crowd, saying, ‘I am innocent of this man’s blood; see to it yourselves” (27:25)
Jesus is flogged and handed over to be crucified
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“Jesus is Condemned before Pilate” scene from The Life and Mission of Jesus Christ◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPiNBKmgXIE
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Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1450-1516
Panel, 75 x 61 cmStadelsches Kunstinstitut
und Stadtische Galerie, Frankfurt
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Duccio di Buoninsegna, c. 1255-1319Panel from the reverse of the Maesta, 51 x 53 cm
Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena
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Alejo Fernandez, 1496-1545/56Oil on panel, 49 x 35.4 cm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
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Follower of Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1450-1516Panel, 165 x 195 cm
Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid
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Simon (man from Cyrene) carries his cross Golgotha
◦ Place of a Skull◦ Offered wine mixed with gall
Refused it INRI
◦ “This is Jesus, the King of the Jews” (Matt. 27:37) Jesus dies
◦ “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt. 27:46)
◦ Curtain of the temple is torn in two, from top to bottom Separation of God and the people
◦ The earth shook, the rocks split◦ Tombs opened and bodies of saints were raised
“Truly this man was God’s Son!” (Matt. 27:54)
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“It is Finished” scene from Jesus of Nazareth◦ http://movieclips.com/6G9m-jesus-of-nazareth-mo
vie-it-is-finished/
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Raphael, 1483-1520Oil on panel, 318 x 229 cmMuseo Nacional del Prado
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Andrea Mantegna, c. 1431-1506Panel, 67 x 93 cm
Musee du Louvre, Paris
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Mathias Grunewald, c. 1470-1528Panel of the Isenheim Alterpiece, 269 x 307 cm
Musee d’Unterlinden, Colmar
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Diego Velazquez, 1599-1660Canvas, 250 x 170 cm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
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What happened?◦ Tau cross (shaped like a T)
Patibulum (cross-arm) 110 lbs – forced to carry from the prison to the place of
execution Stipes (upright portion)
◦ Titulus (small sign) stating the victim’s crime Carried at the front of the procession
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Hematidrosis (bloody sweat)◦ Very rare phenomenon◦ Occurs under great emotional stress
Tiny capillaries in the sweat glands can break, misxing blood with sweat
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Experienced extreme blood loss during flagellation◦ Causes Jesus to fall
Simon of Cyrene (not the disciple) carries the patibulum the rest of the way
650 yards from the fortress Antonia to Golgotha
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Offered wine mixed with myrrh (mild painkiller)◦ Jesus refuses
Nails driven through small bones of the wrists (radial and ulna), not through the palms◦ Heavy, square, wrought-iron nail
Nail driven through the arches of both feet◦ Knees moderately flexed
Slowly sags down putting weight on wrists and the median nerve; alternating with weight on the metatarsal bones of the feet
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Cramping causes it to be impossible to push up◦ Pectoral muscles are paralyzed and intercostal
muscles are unable to act◦ Air can be drawn in but cannot be exhaled◦ Carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs and the blood
stream This causes the cramping to stop for a short bit, which
allows him to push up and breathe “Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are
doing” (Luke 23:34) “To the “good” thief, “Today you will be with me in
Paradise” (Luke 23:43) To John, “Here is your mother.” To Mary, “Woman here is
your son” (John 19:26-27) “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matthew
27:46)
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Back tissue is torn as his back moves up and down
Pericardium slowly fills with serum and begins to compress the heart◦ Struggles to pump blood
Breathing in small gulps of air Dehydrated
◦ “I am thirsty” (John 19:28)◦ A sponge soaked in posca (cheap, sour wine) is lifted
to his lips, but he doesn’t drink “It is finished…Father! Into thy hands I commit
my spirit” (John 19:30; Luke 23:46)
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Commonly the legs were broken to keep the victim from pushing himself upward◦ Jesus was already dead
For assurance, the legionnaire drove his lance through the fifth interspace between the ribs, upward through the pericardium and into the heart◦ “And immediately there came out blood and water”
(John 19:34) From the sac surrounding the heart
Did not die of suffocation, but of heart failure due to shock and constriction of the heart by fluid in the pericardium
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Joseph from Arimathea◦ Asks for Jesus’ body (from Pilate)
Covers the tomb with a large stone Mary and Mary Magdalene sit opposite the
tomb Tomb is guarded by Pilate’s soldiers
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Rogier van der Weyden, c. 1399/1400-1464
Panel, 111 x 95 cmGalleria degli Uffizi, Florence
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Sebastiano del Piombo, 1485-1547Oil on canvas, 226 x 114 cm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid
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Angel rolls back rock from tomb◦ Guards are afraid and become like dead men
Speaks to Mary and Mary Magdalene◦ “He is not here; fore he has been raised…Come,
see the place where he lay” (Matt. 28:6)
Priests say his body has been stolen by the disciples
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Jan and Hubert van Eyck, c. 1385-1441 and 1366/70-1425Panel, 71.5 x 90 cm
Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam
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“Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands, and put my finger in the mark of the nails and my hand in his side, I will not believe” (John 20:25)
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Caravaggio, 1573-1610Vanvas, 107 x 148 cmNeues Palais, Potsdam
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Giotto, c. 1267-1337Fresco, 185-200 cm
Scrovegni Chapel, Padua
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Attributed to Giotto, c. 1267-1337
Panel, 45 x 44 cmThe National Gallery, London