MARITIME TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT

PORTS

PORT

Port is a place that provides for the vessel transfer of cargo and passengers to and from waterways and shores.

Port is a "node" in a transportation system, connected to other ports and inland destinations by spokes or transportation routes or corridors.

Ports are not only nodes in transport chains but are also important clusters of economic activities.

Ports are areas where value added activities can take place and where goods can be stored.

PORT A seaport is an area with maritime and hinterland (interrior)

access that has developed into a logistics and industrial centre, playing an important role in global industrial and logistics networks.

Connection between maritime network on the seaside and the hinterland network on the landside.

Hinterland accessibility plays an important role in port growth and competitiveness.

Ports seem to be a location for so called integrated intermodal logistics centres.

Seaport is a ship/shore interface or maritime intermodal interface

PORT Seaports are the areas where there are facilities for berthing

or anchoring ships and where there is the equipment for the transfer of the goods from ship to shore or shore to ship.

Ports should be considered as one of the most vital aspects of a national transport infrastructure.

Ports are main transport link with their trading partners and thus a focal point for motorways and railways system.

Ports are a major economic multiplier for the nation’s prosperity.

A port is not only a gateway for trade but most ports attract commercial infrastructure in the form of banks, agencies, depots,DCs etc.

PORT Containerasation > equipments needed > capital intensive >

competitiveness Containerization has greatly facilitated the just-in-time

production and door-to-door transport services; as a consequence, a port becomes a part of the "network."

Major ports around the world are reexamining what it takes to be a key link in the logistics chain.

As an important link in the logistics chain, ocean ports are improving automation and facilities.

The best port is the one that does not break the flow of traffic.

Definitions

Harbour: A shelter, either natural or artifical, for ships.

Dock: An artifically constructed shelter for shipping.

Breakwater or Mole: A long solid structure,built on the seaward side of the harbour, for protection against the weather, rough seas and swell.

Wharf: A structure built along the shore where vessels can berth alongside.

Definitions Pier or Jetty: A structure built out from the

shore or river bank on masonary,steel or wooden piles for berthing ships.

Stevedore (docker): A person employed in moving the cargo on or off the ship.

Tug: A small power-driven vessel used in ports and harbours to: Tow barges and other unpowered craftHelp large vessels to manoeuvre Help in salvage and rescue situations

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PORTS Accidents Cargo damage or theft Maintenance & Repair Cost (delay,documentary) Delay Survey Shipping services (eg: agents, brokers etc) Customs and government policies

ROLE OF A PORT Distribution Centre Industrial zone and energy supply base Trading centre – attracting banks, brokers and

traders Urbanization and city redevelopment centre Life activity base (for the smaller rural ports) Maritime leisure base (yacht marinas, cruise ship

terminals etc)

FUNDAMENTAL_PORT A ship is an entity, a port simply a collection of

activities. Most ships and ship operators are international in their

design and ways of working, ports tend to be more local.

Due to intermodalism, ports now have to compete for cargo very much more than in past.

Important part of a nation’s transport infrastructure. The increase in ship size cause problems for many ports Large ships trade between large ports (centre ports),

smaller ships (feeder vessels) distribute the cargo to the smaller ports. (hub and spoke)

MAIN FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF A PORT

Civil Engineering Features Sea and land access Infrastructure for ships

berthing Road and rail network Industrial area

management Opertaional Functions

Pilotage, tugging and mooring activities

Use of berths, sheds etc Loading,discharging,storag

e and distribution of cargo

Administrative Functions Control of vehicles, all

modes Environmental control Control of dangerous

cargo Safety and security Immigration,health,

customs and commercial documentary

PORT TYPES

Container Ports, RO/RO ports Dry Bulk Cargo Ports Liquid Bulk Cargo Ports (LNG) Naval Port Marina Fishing Port Multi Purpose Ports Ship building & maintenance ports

3 main activities in maritime transportation

1. Export

2. Import

3. Transhipment

PORT SERVICES

Pilotage Tugboat Dockage Sanitary Customs control Hatchcover and draft control

Ports and Transportation Economy

Integration of sea way transportation via railways at ports has great importance.

There are two steps of basic income calculation of ports.

1. how many cargoes have been stuffed in fiscal year. (ton, m3, teu, etc.)

2. the unit charge that the port authority will collect. Technically, the income per stuffed unit tone is based on the port’s productivity.

PORT MANAGEMENT

First Generation Port: Upto 1960 a port is the cargo interface location between land and sea transport and recognised by; Isolated from transport and trade activities Independent kingdom Different port activities isolated from each other Usually a breakbulk or bulk port

PORT MANAGEMENT Second Generation Port: Developed as a

transport,industrial and commercial service centre and can be recognised by; Offers industrial and commercial services Policies and development strategies are based on

broader concepts, more sophisticated management. Industrial facilities set up in port area Enjoy closer relationship with transport and trade

partners. Develop closer relationship with locality. Different activities become more integrated.

PORT MANAGEMENT Third Generation Port: Emerged in 1980s (containerisation

and intermodalism) and can be recognised by; Seen as hub of international production and distribution

(proactive management; not reactive) Activities are specialized,variable and integrated. Infrastructure is planned equal to structure and

information processing facilities. Adds value to the primary product. Works towards environmental protection Tries to simplify customs’ procedures Organisational structures are integrated.

PORT MANAGEMENT

Fourth Generation Port: Development appeared in 1990s (focus on

globalisation). Globalisation has seen a standardisation of

information and procedures and a greater and more sophistiated use of automation.

Port Management Objectives

Adoptation of ISO Code 9000 Quality Management

1) Ways of minimizing costs; Minimize payments by users Minimize users total through transport costs Minimize port costs

2) Maximization of benefits; Maximize benefits to the owners of the port. Maximize benefits to the town,region or country.

The Importance of Railway-Port Relationship

The criterions, which define the productivity of a port are; location, security, sufficiency connections that provide a good transportation network in

reach. The railway and port connection and the importance of

the modern railway operations lie under container transportation.

The Importance of Railway-Port Relationship

In order to increase port productivity; the service quality has to be raised; frequent calls to other ports from the port and

to provide the shortest transit times. within the integration of ports to modern

railway transportation system and use of electronic data interchange (EDI) and management information systems (MIS), the ports will gain competitive advantage.

PORT COMPETITON

Port competition has been driven by two separate but related developments in the shipping industry. Containerization Devolution of public responsibility in

ports through privatization and commercialization of activities

PORT COMPETITON

Both containerization and port commercialization intensify port competition

Increased cargo movements are certainly stressing ports and their hinterlands' transportation systems.

Congestion is a serious problem at many ports around the world.

BERTHS AND TERMINALS

Berth: Designed location in ports, where a vessel moored for purpose of loading/unloading.

Berth must wait for the ship not the ship for the berth.

Vessels assigned to berths by port authority. Service Time: The period of time during

which a vessel is berthed in a port whether the ship works or not. Include working and non-working time

BERTHS AND TERMINALS

Waiting Time: The time a ship is waiting for an available berth.

3 options to reduce waiting time;1. Increase the number of berths2. Increase the working timw at berths3. Increase the terminal cargo-handling

productivity

BERTHS AND TERMINALS Types of Berth

Container Berth cntr cranes used for load/unload large area for cntr storage

RO/RO Berth load/unload via ramps car park should be adjacent to the ship

Bulk berth should be near to silos vessel load using conveyor

BERTHS AND TERMINALS

Tanker berth built on jetties terminal close to refinery

General berth vessel’s lifting gears or mobile cranes in the

port used for loading/unloading

Global Marine container terminal operating companies

1. PSA Corporation: Singapore,Fuzhou,Aden,Genoa, Venice

2. Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH): A.P. Moller owns 10% of shares: Hong Kong,Shanghai,Yantian, Felixstowe, Thamesport,Port Klang, Rotterdam

3. P&O Ports: Sydney,Melbourne,Southampton,Cagliari, Genoa,Nhava Sheva,Buenos Aires,Colombo,Manila, Shekou

4. Stevedoring Service of America (SSA):Seattle,Portland, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Long Beach

5. ICTSI: Manila,Buenos Aires,Rosario,Veracruz

6. Vertically Operated logistics operators as Maersk and Evergreen operate many terminals.