Marine Turtle Egg Consumption and Trade Report_March09- T

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SURVEY OF MARINE TURTLE EGGCONSUMPTION AND TRADE IN MALAYSIA

FINAL REPORT

MARCH 2009



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Table of contents

1. Background........................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Marine Turtles in Malaysia ............................................................................................ 5 1.2 Objective and conceptual framework of study .............................................................. 6

1.3 Overview of report and project outputs: ........................................................................ 7

2. Marine Turtle Legislation and Management in Malaysia .................................................... 9

3. Overview of study methodology and survey..................................................................... 12 3.1 Selection of study sites ............................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 Study sites: Turtle egg consumers...................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Study sites: Turtle egg trade routes and source.................................................. 13

3.2 Survey Questionnaires................................................................................................ 14 3.3 Selection and training of field enumerators................................................................. 14 3.4 Implementation of field surveys, data entry and analysis............................................ 15

4. Consumer profile: Key findings and observations............................................................ 16 4.1 Marine turtle egg consumer surveys ........................................................................... 16

4.1.1 Socioeconomic profile ......................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Consumption patterns and behaviour of marine turtle egg consumers............... 18 4.1.3 Marine turtle egg consumers’ perception on turtle population............................. 20 4.1.4 Source of eggs .................................................................................................... 22 4.1.5 Communication avenues and interests in protecting marine turtles.................... 23 4.1.6 Further analysis:Consistent and one-off consumers........................................... 24

5. Trade routes and profiles of egg collectors and sellers:................................................... 30 5.1 Overview based on newspaper, internet sources and interviews ............................... 30

5.1.1 Southern Philippines - Sabah Route ................................................................... 30

5.1.2 West Kalimantan - Sarawak Route ..................................................................... 31 5.1.3 Sabah/Indonesia/Philippines – Terengganu Routes ........................................... 32 5.1.4 Natuna - Malaysia and Natuna - Singapore Routes............................................ 32 5.1.5 Kuala Lumpur - Chow Kit Market ........................................................................ 32

5.2 Survey of Terengganu egg collectors ......................................................................... 33 5.2.1 Profile of egg collectors....................................................................................... 33 5.2.2 Characteristics of egg collectors ......................................................................... 34 5.2.3 Markets for turtle eggs......................................................................................... 35 5.2.4 Perception of egg collectors................................................................................ 36

5.3 Survey of Terengganu egg sellers .............................................................................. 37 5.4 Melaka egg collectors and resort operators................................................................ 39

5.4.1 Interviews with Melaka egg collectors................................................................. 40 5.4.2 Interviews with Melaka resort operators.............................................................. 41

6. Key findings and concluding remarks............................................................................... 43 6.1 Marine turtle egg consumers....................................................................................... 43 6.2 Trade routes................................................................................................................ 44 6.3 Education and awareness framework and concluding remarks.................................. 45



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List of Appendix

Appendix 1: Areas allowed for licensed egg collection and details of egg collectors ............. 48

Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaires for Terengganu .............................................................. 51 Questionnaire 1: Household survey questionnaire.............................................................. 51

Questionnaire 2: Egg collectors questionnaire .................................................................... 57 Questionnaire 3: Egg seller survey questionnaire ............................................................... 61

Appendix 3: Survey Questionnaires for Melaka...................................................................... 63 Questionnaire 1: Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka, 2008................................ 63 Questionnaire 2: Resort & Chalet Operators Survey on Sale of Marine Turtle Eggs, 2008.69

Appendix 4: List of chalets and resorts in related nesting areas in Melaka ............................ 70

Reference ............................................................................................................................... 74

List of FiguresFigure 1.1: Linkages influencing turtle egg consumption and threats to turtle populations ...... 7 Figure 1.2: Schematic task network.......................................................................................... 8 Figure 6.1: Taxonomy of key target audience for developing turtle related education and

awareness campaigns........................................................................................... 46

List of Boxes

Box 2.1: List of marine turtle related legislation in Malaysia ..................................................... 9 Box 2.2: List of relevant priorities from the National Plan of Action. ....................................... 11

List of TablesTable 3.1: Summary approaches and targeted respondents.................................................. 12 Table 3.2: Study sites in Terengganu and Melaka.................................................................. 14 Table 4.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg consumers ............................................................ 17 Table 4.2: Consumption patterns and behaviour of turtle egg consumption........................... 18 Table 4.3: Cross tabulation of total eggs bought at one time with gender, age group,

education and income group ............................................................................................ 20

Table 4.4: Consumers’ perception on turtle populations......................................................... 20 Table 4.5: Chi-square tests on turtle population decline with gender, age group & education21 Table 4.6: Response to knowledge of declining populations and increase in price of eggs... 22 Table 4.7: Sources of eggs..................................................................................................... 23 Table 4.8: Communication avenues and interests in conservation initiatives......................... 24 Table 4.9: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption...................................................... 24 Table 4.10: Cross tabulation of respondents that would consume eggs out of curiosity by

gender, age group, education and income level............................................................... 25 Table 4.11: Chi-square tests - decision to continue consuming eggs even if aware of its

contribution to turtle decline with gender, age group, education and income levels ........ 26 Table 4.12: Chi-square tests – decision to continue consuming eggs even if price doubled

with gender, age group, education and income levels ..................................................... 26

Table 4.13: Reasons for egg consumption among consistent consumers ............................. 27 Table 4.14: Source of eggs among consistent consumers ..................................................... 28



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Table 4.15: Communication avenues and interests in conservation among consistentconsumers........................................................................................................................ 29

Table 4.16: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption among consistent consumers .... 29 Table 5.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg collectors............................................................... 33 Table 5.2: Characteristics of egg collectors and collections ................................................... 35 Table 5.3: Markets for turtle eggs and price ........................................................................... 36 Table 5.4: Perception of egg collectors................................................................................... 37

Table 5.5: Cross tabulation between interest to change to an alternative job with age group 37 Table 5.6: Types of consumer groups .................................................................................... 37 Table 5.7: Demand for turtle eggs .......................................................................................... 38 Table 5.8: Average turtle eggs supplied ................................................................................. 38 Table 5.9: Number of resort and chalet operators by location and number of operators

contacted.......................................................................................................................... 42



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1. Background

Marine turtles are considered a globally important species. This is demonstrated by theexistence of various international initiatives towards the conservation of the species. Thereare seven species of marine turtles in the world. Four out of these seven species are found in

Malaysia; namely green turtles (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata),olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea), and leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea).

The recently developed National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of SeaTurtles in Malaysia identified banning commercial sale of turtle eggs in the country as one ofits main priorities. The development of the National Plan of Action was led by the Departmentof Fisheries (DOF) Malaysia in collaboration with government agencies, universities andNGOs,. In 2005 the motion of banning turtle egg consumption had also been considered bythe DOF to be implemented in the country by 2010 (The Star 2005). This was aimed toensure uniformity of regulation among all the states with turtle nestings. Though marineturtles are of significant importance at the national level an essential consideration to note isthe listing of turtles under State jurisdiction based on the Federal Constitution.. This means

that respective states have the legislative powers and responsibilities over the managementof sea turtles on state land and three nautical miles from the beaches. Critically, challenges atthe state level need to be appreciated and meaningfully understood in order to engagerelevant stakeholders such as policy makers, consumers and traders for real impacts to berealized on the ground. This would contribute to better acceptance of the national policies andrelated regulations.

This study entitled ‘Marine Turtle Egg Consumption Survey in Malaysia’ was commissionedby WWF-Malaysia to TRAFFIC Southeast Asia (TRAFFIC SEA) as part of WWF-Malaysia’sconservation efforts to address marine turtle egg consumption and trade in various parts ofthe country. Information generated from the study is aimed at providing a betterunderstanding of the profile of consumers and possible trade routes in order to contribute

towards WWF-Malaysia’s efforts to produce communication/awareness materials on marineturtle conservation, in particular on marine turtle egg protection and overall turtle conservationinitiatives. This will also subsequently contribute towards the national priorities of the NationalPlan of Action.

All marine turtles are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1981. The CITES listing protectsmarine turtles from international commercial trade in individuals, parts, and derivatives.Despite this, marine turtles and their products continue to be widely traded (Marine TurtleNewsletter 1989). While CITES provides a framework for international regulation andmonitoring, the trade and consumption of eggs domestically are under the jurisdiction of

national laws.

1.1 Marine Turt les in MalaysiaThe major nesting sites in Malaysia are found in Sabah, Sarawak, Terengganu, Melaka andin some parts of Pahang and Perak. Other states such as Penang and Johor also haverecords of turtle nesting. The leatherback turtle used to nest primarily on the mainlandbeaches of Terengganu, along a 15 km stretch of beach centred at Rantau Abang. However,the nesting population has suffered a dramatic decline with less than a handful in recentyears indicating that the population in that area is virtually extinct (Chan 2004). The greenturtle is the most abundant and more widely distributed with the most important nestingpopulations occurring in the Sabah and Sarawak Turtle Islands. Other nesting beaches can

be found in Terengganu (mainly on Redang and Perhentian Islands, Kemaman and Kerteh),Pahang (Chendor and Cherating), Perak (Pantai Remis) and Sipadan Island in Sabah (Chan2006). The hawksbill turtle has only two remaining important nesting populations in the Sabah



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Turtle Islands (principally Gulisaan Island) and Melaka, with remnant populations inTerengganu, Johor and elsewhere. The status of the olive ridley is a cause of concern, withisolated cases of nesting reported in the Sarawak Turtle Islands, Penang, Terengganu andKelantan (Chan 2006).

A whole suite of factors have been identified that result in the decline of the long-lived andslow growing marine turtle species. Among these, marine turtle egg consumption has been

widely expressed and highlighted as a major threat in various forums and research findings(Liew 2002; Chan 2004; Steering Committee, Bellagio Conference on Sea Turtles 2004;Hamann et. al 2006; and Ibrahim and Sharma 2006). Though coastal communities haveconsumed eggs from marine turtles for decades and the practice has become a cultural norm,the persistence of these impacts without careful monitoring and intervention will increase thevulnerability of the species into extinction. Chan and Liew 1996 observed that one of thecauses for decline of leatherback turtles in Malaysia was due to the long history of eggexploitation apart from the impacts of fisheries. The survival of marine turtles in Malaysia isalso threatened by habitat destruction (pollution and negative changes to their habitats),accidental drowning in fishing gear at terrestrial waters and high seas and illegal harvestingfor their carapace and meat usually by foreign fishing vessels.

In Malaysia, marine turtle eggs are considered a local delicacy with purported medicinal andaphrodisiac properties but this has not been proven scientifically. There are reportssuggesting that domestic tourists buy and eat turtle eggs out of curiosity, ostensiblyencouraged by local tour guides as a “must do” tourism activities (Turtle Research andRehabilitation Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2008). In certain places, perhapspartly due to sustained demand, the price of a single egg can go as high as RM1.50 toRM4.00. It is believed that a lack of a uniform national legal regime pertaining to turtle eggharvesting/conservation and the varying degree of law enforcement capability may havegiven rise to intra-state trading of the eggs. Internationally, the perception is that thecomparatively more lucrative domestic market in Malaysia is fuelling smuggling of turtle eggsfrom Indonesia and the Philippines into the country. Presently there is no national legislation

though a draft is being prepared to protect and conserve marine turtles. Some States havetheir own legislation while others do not have any such as Selangor and Perlis (Zulkifli et. al2004). The sale and consumption of leatherback eggs was banned in Terengganu in 1989,however, the consumption and trade of other species such as the green turtles have not beenbanned except in Sabah and Sarawak. The collection of eggs in the states of PeninsularMalaysia is governed by licensing systems. However due to the lack of manpower to monitorlarge areas, enforcement is usually insufficient to monitor illegal collection of turtle eggs.

1.2 Objective and conceptual framework of study

The two main objectives identified in the Terms of Reference of the study are:

a) To identify the main consumers (identifying age group, gender, socio-economic,demographic background) and understand their consumption pattern of turtle eggs.

b) To identify the source and trade routes of the eggs.

The inter-relationships and linkages that influence preferences and behaviours that lead toturtle egg consumption is represented in the conceptual framework below. It can be assumedthat preferences and subsequently behaviour of consumers are affected by their cultural andenvironmental perceptions; socioeconomic characteristics; and market access and availability

of marine turtle eggs. This framework, presented at the initial stage of the study, provides thebasis for undertaking a study to understand consumer profiles, their perceptions andbackground characteristics. At the same time, the review of trade routes is aimed at graspinga better understanding of market access and availability of eggs.



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Figure 1.1: Linkages influencing turt le egg consumption and threats to turtlepopulations

1.3 Overview of report and project outputs:

This report contains research findings from field surveys of consumer profiles and possibletrade routes of marine turtle eggs based on face to face interviews with relevant stakeholdersand a literature review of the topic. These findings provides the basis for developing WWF-Malaysia’s education and awareness campaign towards addressing challenges of the on-going marine turtle egg consumption and trade in the country.

The study involved close collaboration between TRAFFIC SEA and PE Research indeveloping the study methodology, survey planning, analysis and write up. WWF-Malaysiaprovided the overall guidance for the study with regards to the planning and implementationof the study through report presentations and feedback sessions and inputs from relevantpersonnel including field scientific officers.

The schematic task network below (Figure 2) provides an overview of the process of thestudy. The study submitted three reports:

• Submission of the first draft report outlined the proposed methodology, researchframework, scope of the field work based on available budget, details of the proposedsurvey sites and progress. The report was submitted in August 2008.

• The second draft report focussed on survey findings especially for Terengganu whileplanning was done for field surveys for Melaka was carried out during the sameperiod. The second draft report was submitted in October 2008.

• This final report outlines the overall outputs of the study and findings to provide theprofile of marine turtle egg consumers and the identified trade routes. It also offers aframework to provide a better understanding of the target audience to be consideredin the process of developing conservation and awareness programs.

Cultural &environmental

perceptions

Socioeconomiccharacteristics

Market accessand availabilit y

Turtlepopulations

Turtle eggconsumption

Other threats:FisheriesinteractionsPollutionHabitat changeEnvironmentalimpactsClimate change

Trade

P r ef er en c e s

B e

h av i o ur s



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Figure 0.2. Schematic task network

Task 2: Survey design,planning and pre-testing

Task 4: Survey implementation& interviews

Task 3: Engage fieldsurveyors & training

Task 1: Review of literature &related legislation

Task 5: Data entry, analysisand tabulation

Task 6: Develop draft report

Task 7: Submission of finalreport

Methodology to be finalized andagreed with TRAFFIC SEA

Comments from TRAFFIC



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2. Marine Turtle Legis lation and Management in Malaysia

2.1 Marine Turtle Legislation in Malaysia

Zulkifli Talib et. al (2004) mentioned, under the Malaysian Constitution, turtles fall under the jurisdiction of the 13 individual states. Below is the Federal and States legislations thatreferred to the management of turtles in Malaysia (see Box 2.1).

Box 2.1: List of marine turtle related legislation in Malaysia

FEDERAL LEGISLATION

• Fisheries Act 1985

• Protection of Wildlife Act 1972

• The Customs Act 1967

FEDERAL SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION

• Fisheries (Prohibited Areas) (Rantau Abang) Regulations 1991

• Fisheries (Prohib ition of Method of Fishing) (Amendment) Regulation 1990

• Customs (Prohibit ion of Exports) Order 1988

• Customs (Prohibit ion of Import) Order 1988

STATE LEGISLATIONTerengganu

• Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment 1987)

• Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment 1989)

• Section 3A Notification Under Turt le Enactment 1951

Johor

• Fisheries (Turt les and Turt le Eggs) Rules 1984

Kedah

• Turtle Enactment 1972

• Turtle Rules 1975

Kelantan

• Turtles and Turt les Eggs of 1072 (Amended 1935, Enactment No.8)

• Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle’s Eggs) Rules 1978

Malacca


Negeri Sembilan


Pahang


Penang

• Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1999Perak

• River Right Enactment 1915



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Sabah

• Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997

• Parks Enactment 1984



Sarawak

• Turtle Trust Ordinance, 1957

• Turtle (Prevention of Disturbance) Rules, 1962

• Wildl ife Protection Ordinance , 1958 (Amended 1973)


• Wildlife Protection Rules, 1998

• National Parks and Nature Reserves Ordinance 1998

• National Parks and Nature Reserves Rules, 1999




Selangor and Perlis

• No legislation

In Peninsula Malaysia , Perlis and Selangor do not have marine turtle related legislation. Thelegislations in other states mainly prescribes the procedures and fees for the purposes ofsecuring licences to collect eggs, operating turtle watching areas.There are also penaltiesprescribed for offences involving the possession or killing of turtles. Penalties for offencesrange from fines from RM100 up to RM3, 000 and jail terms from three months to one year.

Under the Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 – First Schedule and Customs(Prohibition of Import) Order 1988 – First Schedule, the import and export of turtle eggs arenot allowed. The Department of Fisheries Malaysia has received reports from the RoyalMalaysian Customs of illegal trade; however no detailed study has been conducted toascertain the extent and mechanisms of the illegal trade.1

So far, only Sabah’s Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 and Sarawak’s Wildlife ProtectionOrdinance 1998 has listed marine turtles under their legislation as totally protected animals.In Sabah two government bodies oversee the management of turtles, which are Sabah Parks(only for Turtle Islands and islands under their jurisdiction) and the Sabah WildlifeDepartment. The ban on turtle egg consumption and sale covers the whole state of Sabahexcept for the rights to two families to collect eggs from the islands around Sipadan prior to

1997. Since the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 was gazetted, the right was repealedand have resulted in the families seeking for compensation. Under Section 41 of the WildlifeConservation Enactment 1997, offenders risk being fined up to RM50, 000 or five years' jail,or both upon conviction.2

The recovery of the Sabah Turtle Islands populations has beenattributed to the foresight of the state government to ban turtle egg consumption and sale andto afford protection to the Turtle Islands in the 1970s.

For Sarawak, under the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998, all marine turtles or anyrecognizable part or derivative thereof are listed under totally protected animals, whereby anyperson who kills, captures, sells, offers for sale or claims to be offering for sale, imports,exports, or is in possession of, except in accordance with the permission in writing of thecontroller for scientific or educational purposes or for the protection and conservation of such

1 Interview with DOF, Putrajaya, Encik Zabawi Saat, Licensing and Management Unit, 8 July 2008.

2 Daily Express, Malaysia. 5 October 2008.



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totally protected animals, shall be guilty of an offence. Under section 29 (1) subsection c, thepenalty is imprisonment for two years and a fine of RM25,000.

The interviews with officials from the state Department of Fisheries in Johor, Pahang andPenang, the departments buys all the eggs collected by the licensed collectors for thedepartment’s hatcheries, and at the same time they also discourage the public fromconsuming turtle eggs.

2.2 The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Managementof Sea Turt les in Malaysia

The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles in Malaysiawas promulgated in a launch in 2008. The action plan aims to strengthen conservationmeasures and enhance the management of sea turtles in Malaysia. A total of 16 priorities

were set .The four priorities that are closely connected to this study are highlighted below inBox 2.1 (DOF 2008).

Box 2.2: List of relevant priori ties from the National Plan of Action.

The continuing trend of marine turtle egg consumption especially in Peninsular Malaysiademonstrates the need to revise the legislation in all states and to raise awareness amongstthe public in order to conserve marine turtles in Malaysia. The suggestion that a totalprotection of all turtle eggs involving a total ban on turtle egg consumption and sales shouldbe implemented but this would need joint-effort and cooperation from all the stategovernments since it falls under their jurisdiction. To materialise these efforts, a standardizedlegislation is an important priority.

Priority 1. National ban on commercial sale of turt le eggs.

Priority 3. All states to harmonise their legislation according to the new legislation

of sea turtles.

Priority 13. Enhance public awareness, information and education program to allstakeholders specially to facilitate participation of local communitiesin conservation programs.

Priority 14. National ban on consumption of turtle eggs and other turtle products.



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3. Overview of study methodology and survey

The field surveys and interviews focused on gathering the socioeconomic profile of eggconsumers and outlining the trade routes of turtle eggs. As highlighted in the first draft report,the following approaches were undertaken using both field surveys for primary data and key

informant interviews to gather background information of the study areas. A review ofnewspaper articles and internet sources were undertaken to enhance the findings ofsecondary data on trade routes. Table 3.1 provides the summary of approaches and targetrespondents of the study.

Table 0.1: Summary of approaches and targeted respondents

Activi ty Object ives Tools orapproaches

Targetedrespondents

1 Socioeconomicsurvey

Understanding thesocioeconomic profileand perception of

consumers

Face to faceinterviews

Turtle eggconsumers

2 Survey on t raderoutes

Identifying markets,trade routes andsources of eggs

Face to face,telephone/ mailinterviews andliterature review

Egg collectors,sellers, keyinformants, govtagencies

3.1 Selection of study sites

3.1.1 Study sites: Turtle egg consumers

The preliminary scope of the study involved collecting and analyzing information on marineturtle egg consumption in selected areas such as Terengganu, Pahang, Melaka, and eastcoast of Johor, Sabah and Sarawak. In the process of outlining and planning the fieldsurveys, the study team discussed various options for the choice of study sites. This wasaimed to obtain a maximum impact based on the available budget for the study. With theagreement of WWF-Malaysia, the study team focused the field surveys in the state ofTerengganu for the socioeconomic surveys of egg consumers where the consumption ofeggs is widespread and eggs are openly sold in markets. Terengganu has been reported tobe a popular state for selling turtle eggs (Zahaitun 2004). This would provide a more in-depthunderstanding of turtle egg consumption patterns, background profile and perceptions of eggconsumers.

After a reconnaissance survey, the study team identified the following areas for in-depthsocioeconomic surveys. The sites were chosen due to their proximity to Pasar Payang, themain market selling turtle eggs in the state located in Kuala Terengganu. The study sitesincluded Kampung Duyung Wan Su, Kampung Duyung Kecil, Kampung Duyung Sekolah,Kampung Kelab Air, Kampung Pantai Batu Rakit, Kampung Tanjung, Kampung Losong Feri,Kampung Dato Amar, Kampong Losong Atap Zin and Kampung Losong Pasir.



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The map shows the location of the study areas.

Figure 3.1: Map of study sites.

3.1.2 Study sites: Turtle egg trade routes and source

In order to map the trade routes of turtle egg sale, the study team interviewed egg sellers andcollectors as the two main target groups. The study focussed the efforts on Terengganu.There reasons for this are because Terengganu is a key state that has a high demand forturtle eggs and trade, Budget limitations were also a factor on the choice., In view of Melakaas an important nesting site for hawksbill turtles in the country and the existence of a WWF-Malaysia field project, a rapid field survey was also conducted there, targeting licensed eggcollectors and resort operators.

Turtle eggs are known to be sold at the Pasar Payang market in Kuala Terengganu. Inaddition, they are also known to be sold at the following areas - Geliga (market and keropokstalls), Pasar Chukai, Pasar Paka, Pasar Dungun, Pasar Marang, Pasar Chabang Tiga,Pasar Batu Enam, Pasar Jertih and including keropok stalls along the coast of Terengganu 3.Since 2005, all major nesting sites in Pulau Redang and Perhentian have been declared asturtle reserves by the State Government of Terengganu. Hence, the collection of turtle eggs isprohibited on these islands.

Turtle egg sellers and collectors at the respective sites below were interviewed (see Table3.2).

3 Personal communication, former Chief, Turtle and Ecosystem Marine Research Center, En.

Kamarruddin Ibrahim, 2008.

Losong

Pulau Duyong

Batu Rakit



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Table 3.0.2: Study s ites in Terengganu and Melaka

Interviews Study sites

Egg sellers Pasar Payang, Pasar “Gate” Dungun, Pasar Chukai, PasarJertih, Pasar Besar Dungun

Egg collectors inTerengganu

Pantai Kijal, Pantai Kemasek, Pantai Kerteh, Penarik,Sempadan, Kuala Dungun, Kuala Abang, Tahu Tiga,

Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Baharu Utara, Kuala Tok Char

Egg collectors inMelaka

Kg. Air Itam Pantai, Tanjung Bidara, Kg. Padang KamuntingMasjid Tanah, Kg. Tanjung Dahan Kuala Sg. Baru, TanjungKling, Kg Telok Gong.

In Melaka, only licensed egg collectors are allowed to collect eggs to be sold to theDepartment of Fisheries for hatchery and conservation purposes. However, it has been notedthat the illegal collection and trade of turtle eggs is still widespread. The field survey in Melakaconcentrated on interviewing egg collectors to identify the potential illegal egg trade andidentify tourist sites that are selling turtle eggs. Findings from interviews with key agencies ofother states such as Sabah and Sarawak and a review of the literature and newspaper

reports is presented to enhance the findings on the turtle egg trade routes.

Appendix 1 provides a list of egg collectors for the state of Terengganu, Pahang, Melaka andJohor obtained from the DOF of the respective states.

3.2 Survey Questionnaires

Three survey questionnaires were designed for the different target groups in Terengganu.These included survey questionnaires for the following (see Appendix 2 for thequestionnaires):

a) Marine Turtle Egg Consumption Household Survey, Terengganu 2008,b) Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Terengganu 2008 andc) Marine Turtle Egg Sellers Survey, Terengganu, 2008.

Pre-testing of the three survey questionnaires was conducted from 4-8 August 2008 inTerengganu. The questionnaires were further refined based on the pre-testing exercise andfeedback from the interview sessions. Questions and sentences that were not easilyunderstood by respondents were modified and improved. Overall, the questionnaires weretailored so that they were short and concise to improve the effectiveness of the interviewingsessions.

Questionnaires for the Melaka survey have been refined through consultations with the WWF-

Malaysia project officers based in Melaka. The questionnaires developed for the Melaka fieldsurveys are as follows (see Appendix 3 for the questionnaires):

a) Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka, 2008 andb) Resort Operators Surveys on the Sale of Marine Turtle Eggs, Melaka, 2008.

3.3 Selection and training of field enumerators

The study team conducted interviews with students from University Malaysia Terengganu andyouths from the local communities to assess their suitability as enumerators; this was aimedat having the appropriate persons with knowledge of the local dialect to carry out the surveys

and also help reduce travelling costs. Training sessions were undertaken before the launch ofthe main survey. An explanation of the questionnaires and demonstrations were conducted inorder for the interviewers to have a full understanding of the aims of the questions, ways tonote down the responses and protocols for conducting the interviews. The first household



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interview by each interviewer was conducted under the observation of the trainer. Furtherguidance was given until the interviewers were confident and proficient to conduct theinterviews on their own. The completed questionnaires were checked by the surveysupervisor or the trainer periodically to make sure the information was collected based onproper guidance. The surveys in Melaka were implemented by the TRAFFIC officer withlogistics assistance from WWF-Malaysia Melaka field executants.

3.4 Implementation of field surveys, data entry and analysis

The main survey on turtle egg consumers was launched on 23 August 2008. The main part ofthe data collection was completed by 17 September 2008. Subsequently, another field surveywas conducted to interview turtle egg collectors and sellers from 22 – 26 of September 2008.Field supervisors were elected to oversee the implementation of the field surveys inTerengganu and to monitor the progress and communicate with the study team. The fieldsurvey for Melaka was conducted in December 2008. The interviews for Melaka wereconducted through face to face and telephone sessions.

Data was entered into excel spreadsheets and converted into SPSS files for frequency

analysis and tabulation. The results are presented below in Section 4 and 5.



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4. Consumer profile: Key findings and observations

4.1 Marine turtle egg consumer surveys About 396 households were visited in Pulau Duyung, Losong and Bukit Rakit , and 245

households (61.9 per cent) stated they had consumed turtle eggs before. The followingdiscussion is based on this 245 respondents who have consumed turtle eggs. The totalnumber of households by the respective study areas are reflected in Table 4.1.

Table 0.1 Total number of households by study areas

Study areas Total household numbers

Pulau Duyung (includes Kampung Duyung Wan Su,Kampung Duyung Kecil, Kampung Duyung Sekolah)

408

Batu Rakit (includes Kampung Kelab Air, KampungPantai Batu Raikit, Kampung Tanjung)

416

Losong (includes Kampung Losong Feri, KampungDato Amar, Kampong Losong Atap Zin and KampungLosong Pasir)

389

Total 1213 (or 1178?)

The overall socioeconomic profile of the household surveys of turtle egg consumers, theirconsumption patterns and perception on turtle populations and conservation measures aresummarized below.. Based on this background information, further analysis is carried out toprovide a better understanding of the profile and socio-economic demographics turtle egg

consumers.

4.1.1 Socioeconomic profi le

A total of 245 people were interviewed under this survey on marine turtle egg consumption. All (100 per cent) the respondents covered by this survey were Malays. Table 4.1 providesan overview of the socioeconomic profiles of the respondents. In terms of gender, 52 per centof the respondents were males and 48 per cent were females. Over half (53 per cent) of therespondents were within the age group of 20 to 49, generally regarded as the moreeconomically active age group. About 36 per cent of the respondents had completedsecondary education (SPM), 13 per cent with lower secondary education qualification(SRP/PMR) and 27 per cent had primary education. Some 6 per cent, 7 per cent and 3 per

cent of the respondents had certificate, diploma and graduate-level education respectively. Inall, over 93 per cent of the respondents had attended some form of formal education whileabout 7 per cent were illiterate.

Over 53 per cent of the respondents were employed in the job market, while around 1 percent was unemployed. Some 45 per cent of the respondents were not active in theemployment market as they were pensioners, students, housewife, etc. About 8 per cent ofthe respondents were farmers and about 7 per percent worked as government servants while7 per cent were involved in small businesses or retail sales.

Some 46 per cent of the respondents had monthly household income of less than RM1,000;29 per cent earned between RM1,001 to RM2,000; 15 per cent received between RM2,001 to

RM3,000 and about 9 per cent took home RM3,000 and above. This shows that almost half ofthe respondents’ household income is below the state average for Terengganu which wasRM1,984 in 2004 (Economic Planning Unit, 2004).



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The average household statistics for the state of Terengganu was around 4.5-5 in 2004(Economic Planning Unit, 2004). The survey shows that the average household size of therespondents interviewed coincided with the state average at 5.

Table 0.2: Socioeconomic profiles of egg consumers

Characteristics Frequency Per centGender 245 100.0

Male 127 51.8Female 118 48.2

Age 245 100.0Under 20 9 3.720-29 44 18.030-39 36 14.740-49 49 20.050-59 60 24.5

Above 60 47 19.2

Education4 245 100.0None 17 6.9Primary school 67 27.3SRP/PMR 32 13.1SPM 88 35.9Certificate 15 6.1Diploma 18 7.3Degree 8 3.3

Occupation 245 100.0

Farmer/agriculture worker 19 7.8Government servant 17 6.9Small business owner/retail sales 16 6.5Self employed 13 5.3Technician 9 3.7Clerical 9 3.7Construction worker 8 3.3Shop and market sales worker 8 3.3Teaching post 5 2.0Factory worker 4 1.6Professional and manager 3 1.2Others 20 8.2

Unemployed 3 1.2Do not work (e.g. pensioner, student, housewife) 111 45.3

Household income 245 100.00-1,000 113 46.11,001-2,000 72 29.42,001-3,000 37 15.13,000 and above 23 9.4

Average household size 5

4 Classification follows Department of Statistics Census 2000. Certificate includes certificates obtainedfrom any trade and technical skills institution college or polytechnic prior to a degree qualification.Diploma includes diplomas obtained from college or polytechnic prior to a degree qualification. Degreeincludes all levels of first degree or advanced diploma or its equivalent.



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4.1.2 Consumption patterns and behaviour of marine turtle eggconsumers

In order to identify the main consumers of marine turtle eggs and to understand theirconsumption pattern, this survey focussed solely on those that had consumed eggs before.In other words, of the 396 households approached by the survey team, 245 had experienced

eating marine turtle eggs in the past. Hence, the results of the survey reflect the responses ofthe 245 households interviewed. Table 4.2 highlights the consumption pattern and behaviourof turtle egg consumers. Close to one-fifth (18 per cent) of the respondents consumed it fairlyrecently, i.e., during the month or one month before this interview was conducted. Over aquarter of them (25 per cent) ate turtle eggs a year ago and more than half (57 per cent) tookit a few years ago.

However it appears that marine turtle egg was not part of the regular diet of most of therespondents as around 81 per cent of them consumed only one to two times last year or inthe previous year. Only approximately 4 per cent of the respondents revealed that onaverage they ate marine turtle eggs almost five or six times last year/previous year. Theaverage consumption was 1.8 (s.d. 0.9) last year. Almost half (47 per cent) of the

respondents replied that they usually took one egg at a time while slightly over one-third (35per cent) of them took two eggs in one sitting. The average number of eggs eaten at one timewas 1.8 (s.d. 1.0). In all, 82 per cent of the respondents took 1 to 2 eggs at a time.

The findings suggest that the majority of the consumers in the study areas do not eat marineturtle eggs on a regular basis and when they do, they take only a small quantity at one time.Such consumption pattern is supported by respondents’ replies on the quantity of eggs theypurchased. Over half (57 per cent) and about one-third (33 per cent) of the respondentsbought between 1 to 5 eggs and between 6 to 10 eggs at one time, respectively. Less thanone per cent of them bought more than 20 eggs in one go. The average eggs bought at onetime among the respondents was 7.1 with a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 30 eggs.

Eating turtle eggs seems to be not just an individual affair (33 per cent) and experience butinvolves other members of the family as well (67 per cent). It is quite common that spousesand children of the respondents consume eggs together. Other family members thoughrelatively less common include parents and brothers and/or sisters of the respondents.

The most common reason cited by the respondents on why they consumed marine turtleeggs was ‘delicacy’. Since it is a delicacy, or ‘fine food’, understandably the egg was notconsumed in a regular manner or in large quantity. There is also the issue of affordability.One marine turtle egg could cost around RM2.50 in Kuala Terengganu. Given this pricelevel, it might be too expensive for the egg to be part of regular diet as over 75 per cent of therespondents received household income of no more than RM2,000 per month. The second

most common reason was ‘just like it’, followed by ‘source of protein’ and ‘out of curiosity’ forfirst timers.

Contrary to the common perception, tradition, medication, cravings and aphrodisiac reasonsappear to be not the main reasons why people consume the egg as only a small number ofthe respondents indicated thus.

Table 0.3: Consumption patterns and behaviour of tur tle egg consumpt ion

Consumption patterns and behaviour Frequency Per cent

Last consumed eggs 245 100.0

This week 2 0.8Last week 7 2.9Last month 34 13.9



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Last year 62 25.3Few years ago 140 57.1

Number of times consumed eggs previous year 241 100.0 1-2 times 194 80.53-4 times 38 15.85-6 times 9 3.7 Average times consumed eggs 1.8 (s.d. 0.9)

Number of tur tle eggs eaten at one time 242 100.0 1 114 47.12 84 34.73 22 9.14 12 5.05 8 3.36 2 0.8 Average eggs eaten at one time 1.8 (s.d. 1.0)

Total eggs bought at one time 218 100.01-5 125 57.36-10 71 32.611-15 6 2.816-20 14 6.4 Above 20 2 0.9 Average eggs bought at one time 7.1 (s.d. 4.9)

Family members consuming tur tle eggs 242 100.0

Self 80 33.1Including other family members 162 66.9

Reasons for consuming turtle eggs

As medication 12 4.9Delicacy 178 72.7Source of protein 51 20.8

Curious 25 10.2

Aphrodisiac 6 2.4“Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 104 42.4

Tradition 3 1.2Others 17 6.9

Analysing the total eggs bought at one time by gender, age group, education and incomeshows the following (Table 4.3):

• In general, males and females bought eggs in similar proportions.

• The majority of respondents below 30 and above 50 bought between 1-5 eggs in totalat one time whereas a higher percentage of respondents between the 30-49 agegroups bought more eggs at one time.

• There is no clear pattern of the purchase of eggs at one time with the level ofeducation though a higher percentage of respondents with certificate and abovequalification bought 6-10 eggs at every one time compared to the other groups wherethe majority bought 1-5 eggs.

• Higher income groups tend to buy more eggs at one time compared to the lowerincome groups.



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Table 0.4: Cross tabulation of total eggs bought at one time with gender, age group,education and income group

Total eggs bought at every one time

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 > 20 Total n

GenderMale 58.9% 31.8% 1.9% 7.5% 0.0% 100.0% 107

Female 55.9% 33.3% 3.6% 5.4% 1.8% 100.0% 111Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

Age GroupBelow 30 58.8% 35.3% 2.0% 3.9% 0.0% 100.0% 5130-49 48.8% 41.3% 2.5% 6.3% 1.3% 100.0% 80 Above 50 64.4% 23.0% 3.4% 8.0% 1.1% 100.0% 87Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

EducationPrimary school/no schooling 58.8% 29.4% 2.9% 8.8% 0.0% 100.0% 68Secondary school 59.8% 30.4% 2.7% 5.4% 1.8% 100.0% 112Certificate and above 47.4% 44.7% 2.6% 5.3% 0.0% 100.0% 38Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

Income GroupBelow RM1,000 60.8% 28.9% 2.1% 6.2% 2.1% 100.0% 97RM1,000-RM2,000 63.6% 30.3% 4.5% 1.5% 0.0% 100.0% 66RM2,001-RM3,000 50.0% 40.6% 0.0% 9.4% 0.0% 100.0% 32 Above RM3,000 36.4% 40.9% 4.5% 18.2% 0.0% 100.0% 22Total 57.6% 32.3% 2.8% 6.5% 0.9% 100.0% 217

4.1.3 Marine turtle egg consumers’ perception on turtle population

Generally marine turtle egg consumers in Kuala Terengganu are aware that marine turtlepopulations are dwindling (Table 4.4). Over 90 per cent of the respondents were aware of thistrend while only about 10 per cent claimed to have no knowledge about it. However, itappeared that not all of them were really convinced that marine turtle egg consumptioncontributed towards turtle population decline. When asked about the reasons for thepopulation decline, most of the respondents replied that it was a result of turtles being caughtin fishing nets/fishing activities. The second most common answer was habitat destruction.Consumption of marine turtle eggs only came in third. A small percentage of the respondentsperceived that foreign fishermen could be the cause. A small fraction of respondents is of theopinion it was due to turtle migration.

Table 0.5: Consumers’ perception on turtle populations

Consumers’ perception Frequency Per cent

Aware that turt le population is declining 244 100.0

Yes 220 90.2No 24 9.8

Main reasons for turtle declineHabitat destruction 210 85.7 Consumption of eggs 93 38.0 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities 224 91.4

Others (e.g. foreign fishers, migration etc.) 18 7.3

The statistical chi-square test shows that there is no difference in knowledge of turtlepopulation declining between male and female (Table 4.5). 97.6 percent of the age group of



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30-49 said that they know the turtle population is declining. The percentage of eldest group(age 50 and above) who knows turtle population is declining is less than the younger group.The chi-square test shows that there is difference in knowledge of turtle population decliningacross the age group.

The chi-square test also demonstrates that there is difference in knowledge of turtlepopulation declining across the education group. 100 percent of the certificate holder and

above know the turtle population is declining whereas only 82.1 percent of the respondentswith primary school or no schooling know the turtle population is declining.

Table 0.6: Chi-square tests on turt le population decline with gender, age group andeducation

Do you know the turtlepopulation is declining?

Yes No Total n

Gender 1 Male 92.9% 7.1% 100.0% 126

Female 87.3% 12.7% 100.0% 118Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244

Age Group 2 Below 30 90.6% 9.4% 100.0% 5330 - 49 97.6% 2.4% 100.0% 8550 and above 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% 106Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244

Education 3 Primary school/ no schooling 82.1% 17.9% 100.0% 84Secondary school 92.4% 7.6% 100.0% 119

Certificate and above 100.0% 100.0% 41Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244

Note 1: Not significant at α = 0.05Note 2: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.007Note 3: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.004

Table 4.6 provides an overview of the response to the knowledge of declining populationsand increase in price of eggs. Majority (63 per cent) of the respondents expressed that theywould stop eating marine turtle eggs if they knew that egg consumption contributes towardsthe dwindling of marine turtle population. But more than one-third (37 per cent) of therespondents said they would continue consuming the eggs even though such appetite couldcause the decline of marine turtle populations.

They cited a few reasons to justify their continued appetite for marine turtle eggs. Firstly, eggconsumption would not cause population decline; secondly, perhaps in support of the firstreason, marine turtle eggs were still easily available; and thirdly, marine turtle eggs containmore nutrients. A small number of the respondents cited that they would continue eatingeggs as they are delicious and because they like the taste of it. Only a few said that theywould continue eating due to tradition. Others indicated the availability of the eggs or if boughtby others and two respondents noted that they would continue eating due to pregnancycravings.

Nevertheless, most of the respondents appeared to be price sensitive. About 82 per cent ofthem would stop consuming marine turtle egg should its price double from the current rate ofaround RM2 to RM4. A relatively small percentage of the respondents (18 per cent)expressed otherwise. But even this group of the respondents would cut down the intake onmarine turtle egg should the price doubled as indicated by over 73 per cent of them. Section



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3.1.6 includes a further analysis of the characteristics of respondents that would continue toconsume eggs even if price doubled.

Table 4.7: Response to knowledge of declining populations and increase in price ofeggs

Responses Frequency Per cent

Will continue consuming eggs even if aware of itscontribution to turtle decline

245 100.0

Yes 91 37.1No 154 62.9

Reasons for continuing to eat eggs

Turtle eggs contain more nutrients 18 7.3

Turtle egg consumption is not one of the causes ofpopulation decline

45 18.4

Turtle eggs are still easily available 24 9.8 Delicious 15 6.1

“Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 11 4.4Tradition 4 1.6 Available (given by others) 9 9.9

Pregnancy cravings 2 2.2

Will continue consuming even if price doubled 245 100.0Yes 45 18.4No 200 81.6

Will continue consuming as much even if price doubled 45 100.0Yes 12 26.7No 33 73.3

4.1.4 Source of eggs

Only a small number of the respondents confirmed that they bought turtle eggs directly fromegg collectors, indicating there are intermediaries along the supply chain (Table 4.7). One ofthe major intermediaries is obviously the marine turtle egg sellers at the local markets, as asignificantly larger number of the respondents revealed that they bought turtle eggs from localmarkets (pasar). Among those that bought turtle eggs from pasar , an overwhelmingly 91 per

cent said they bought them from Pasar Payang, the main local market in Kuala Terengganu.Trailing far behind is another local market named Chabang Tiga (about seven per cent). Mostof the respondents that bought from licensed egg collectors purchased them near the localbeaches.

A modest number of the respondents indicated that they purchased the eggs from othersources. About 5 per cent of the respondents stated they obtained turtle eggs fromrestaurants and 6 per cent from family and friends while 1 per cent collected the eggsthemselves. There were records that eggs were obtained from offshore islands ofTerengganu such as Pulau Redang and Perhentian (4 per cent of the respondents mentionedthese islands).

It is worth noting that some of the respondents indicated that they obtained their marine turtleegg supplies from sources outside of Terengganu, i.e., about two per cent of them said they



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got the supplies from Sabah and Sarawak and one per cent of the respondents sourced turtleeggs from Indonesia.

The findings suggest that marine turtle egg collectors (mostly part-timers) usually sell theirharvests to egg sellers (mostly hawkers who sell more than just marine turtle eggs) at thelocal markets in Kuala Terengganu. Pasar Payang is notably the major local distributioncentre of the egg. Local restaurants have also been noted as one of the market

intermediaries, though it is not clear if they source the eggs directly from egg collectors orfrom egg sellers or both. Among the local restaurants, Mat Binjai in Kuala Terengganu wasrepeatedly mentioned by some of the respondents. This is no surprise as this particularrestaurant is well known among the locals and tourists for selling turtle eggs as part of thedish.

Though not prevalent, the survey results have shown that turtle eggs were sourced frommarine turtle reserves on Terengganu offshore, such as Pulau Redang and Perhentian. Theresults also support the perception that some of the marine turtle eggs from Sabah andSarawak as well as from Indonesia have found their way into the markets in Terengganu.

Table 4.8: Sources of eggs

Sources of eggs Frequency Per cent

Places to Buy Turtle Eggs Market (pasar ) 196 80.0Egg Collector 23 9.3Others 44 1.7

Name of markets/placesPasar Payang 178 90.8Batu Enam 2 1.0

Chabang Tiga 13 6.6Dungun 4 2.0Others (Pasar Panir, Bukit Besar,Rantau Abang) 4 2.0

OthersPulau Redang and Perhentian 10 4.1Family members 5 2.0

Friends 10 4.1

Restaurant (e.g. Mat Binjai) 12 4.9Self-collected 3 1.2

Sabah, Sarawak 5 2.0Indonesia 2 0.8

4.1.5 Communication avenues and interests in protecting marine turt les

The respondents ranked television as the most common communication avenue that theydepended on for news and updates, followed by newspapers (Table 4.8). Mosque talks andvillage talks were also ranked as common communication avenues. Radio (99 percent ofthose who recorded other sources) was also an important avenue. A high percentage (97 percent) of the respondents had never been exposed to any kind of turtle conservationawareness activities/materials prior to this survey. Only three per cent of the respondentshave had such an exposure before. Some examples of turtle conservation activities cited bythe respondents include beach clean-up activities and turtle courses. The types of



24

conservation programs that appealed most to the respondents were communityprograms/activities, followed by ecotourism activities and research activities. A small portionof the respondents viewed knowing about fishing regulations as a useful conservation tool forthe communities. About 44 per cent of the respondents cited that they are not interested inconservation programmes.

Table 0.9: Communication avenues and interests in conservation initiativesCommunication avenues and interests Frequency Per cent

Main communications avenuesNewspaper 198 80.8Watch TV 241 98.4Internet 51 20.8Village Talks 114 46.5Mosque Talks 150 61.2Others (e.g. radio, friends etc) 126 51.4

Exposure to turt le conservat ion act ivi ti es 245 100.0

Yes (e.g. beach clean-up, turtle courses) 8 3.3No 237 96.7

Interests in conservation programmesCommunity programs/activities 128 52.2

Research activities 91 37.1

Ecotourism activities 107 43.7

Others 6 2.4

No 108 44.1

The consumers responded positively to the idea of local community involvement in

conservation and education and awareness building as the two most effective ways to reduceturtle egg consumption (Table 4.9). A proportion of the respondents suggested banning turtleegg consumption while a small number of them highlighted the need for enforcement andincreasing the price of turtle eggs to reduce turtle consumption. Some respondents had noopinion on the subject and did not agree to the reduction of turtle egg consumption.

Table 0.10: Suggestions to reduce tur tle egg consumption

Suggestions Frequency Per cent

More education and awareness 209 85.3

Ban of turtle egg consumption 69 28.1

Local community involvement in conservation 205 83.7Enforcement 3 1.2

Increase price of turtle eggs 6 2.4

Others 5 2.0

No opinion 17 6.9

Do not agree to reduce turtle egg consumption 6 2.4

4.1.6 Further analysis: Consis tent and one-off consumers

Based on the background survey findings above, further analysis was carried out to obtain

the profiles and characteristics of consumers who are consistent turtle egg consumers andthose who are one-off consumers. This provides a better understanding of which groupswould respond to various types of information



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Consistent egg consumers are defined as respondents who would continue eating turtle eggseven though the price of the eggs are doubled. Most of these respondents (except two) wouldalso continue eating turtle eggs even if they knew that turtle egg consumption is one of themain reasons contributing to the decline of turtle population. One-off turtle egg consumers arethose who eat eggs out of curiosity. Their motivation to eat turtle eggs is not tied to moresignificant reasons such as the egg consumption for medicinal purposes or as a traditionalcustom. Hence, they may be more willing to change their behaviour if they are a recipient of

effective communication and education programmes. The analysis will cover the features ofthe groups’ socioeconomic characteristics before presenting the results of their behaviour andperceptions.

More females (11.9 per cent) than males would consume eggs out of curiosity (Table 4.10).Similarly, the younger age groups (22.6 per cent) are also more likely to consume eggs out ofcuriosity. In general, those who have a higher level of education and those with income lessthan RM1,000 were more likely to consume eggs out of curiosity.5 More males (40.9 percent)than females (33.1 percent) will continue consuming eggs even if they are aware of how itcontributes to the decline of turtles. (Table 4.11). The oldest group will continue consumingeggs compared to the younger groups of respondents, even if they know how their behaviouraffects the turtle population. However the chi square test shows there is no statisticaldifference across the gender and age group in consuming eggs.

Table 4.0.11: Cross tabulation of respondents that would consume eggs out ofcuriosity by gender, age group, education and income level

Consume eggs out of curiosity n

Gender

Male 8.7 11Female 11.9 14Total 10.2 25

Age Group

Below 30 22.6 1230 – 49 4.7 450 and above 8.4 9Total 10.2 25

EducationPrimary school/no schooling 7.1 6Secondary school 10.1 12Certificate and above 16.7 7Total 10.2 25

Income Group

Below RM1,000 14.3 16RM1,000-RM2,000 8.3 6RM2,001-RM3,000 8.1 3 Above RM3,000 0.0 0Total 10.2 25

The chi-square test shows that there is difference in egg consumption patterns based on

education levels.. The percentage of non educated or primary schooling group that will

5 Chi-square tests were not carried out due to the limited sample within the group of respondents that

consumed eggs out of curiosity.



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continue consuming eggs is higher than the other groups even if they aware of how it affectsturtle populations. Though the chi-square tests do not show any statistical difference betweendecision to consume and income groups, higher percentages of the lower income groupwould continue consuming turtle eggs.

Table 0.12: Chi-square tests - decision to cont inue consuming eggs even if aware of its

contr ibution to turtle decline with gender, age group, education and income levelsWill continue consuming eggs

even if aware of itscontribution to turtle decline

Yes No Total n

Gender 1 Male 40.9% 59.1% 100.0% 127Female 33.1% 66.9% 100.0% 118Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Age Group 1

Below 30 28.3% 71.7% 100.0% 5330 - 49 36.5% 63.5% 100.0% 8550 and above 42.1% 57.9% 100.0% 107Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Education 2 Primary school/no schooling 48.8% 51.2% 100.0% 84Secondary school 31.7% 68.3% 100.0% 120Certificate and above 29.3% 70.7% 100.0% 41Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Income Group 1

Below RM1,000 43.8% 56.3% 100.0% 112RM1,000-RM2,000 25.0% 75.0% 100.0% 72RM2,001-RM3,000 40.5% 59.5% 100.0% 37 Above RM3,000 39.1% 60.9% 100.0% 23Total 37.3% 62.7% 100.0% 224

Note 1: Not significant at α = 0.05Note 2: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.023

Most of the males will continue consuming eggs compared to females even if the pricedoubled,(Table 4.12). Most of the oldest group will not continue to consume turtle eggs ifprice doubled. This may due to the fact most of them are retired and their income is limited.The percentage of respondents with certificate and above who will continue consuming eggs

even if the price doubled ,is relatively high compared to other groups. This may due to thefact that the income of this group is higher than the other groups as reflected by percentagedistribution among income groups though the chi-square test shows no statistical difference.

Table 0.13: Chi-square tests – decision to continue consuming eggs even if pr icedoubled wi th gender, age group, education and income levels

Will continue consuming eggseven if price doubled

Yes No Total n

Gender 1

Male 20.5% 79.5% 100.0% 127Female 16.1% 83.9% 100.0% 118Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245



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Age Group 1 Below 30 20.8% 79.2% 100.0% 5330 – 49 22.4% 77.6% 100.0% 8550 and above 14.0% 86.0% 100.0% 107Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245

Education 1

Primary school/no schooling 16.7% 83.3% 100.0% 84Secondary school 18.3% 81.7% 100.0% 120Certificate and above 22.0% 78.0% 100.0% 41Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245

Income Group 1 Below RM1,000 15.2% 84.8% 100.0% 112RM1,000-RM2,000 15.3% 84.7% 100.0% 72RM2,001-RM3,000 27.0% 73.0% 100.0% 37 Above RM3,000 30.4% 69.6% 100.0% 23Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 244

Note 1: Not significant atα

= 0.05

Tables 4.13 to 4.16 highlight key behaviour and perception of consistent consumers (103respondents). An extra column is provided to show the percentages compared to the overallrespondents (245 respondents). In terms of reasons for egg consumption among consistentconsumers (Table 4.13), the properties of turtle eggs as a delicacy was one of the mainreasons for 78 per cent of respondents followed by 47 per cent that just liked the taste, similarto the overall respondents. About 9 per cent of the consistent consumers consume turtle eggsdue to their medicinal properties compared to 5 per cent of the overall respondents.

It is important to note that most of the consistent consumers continue eating eggs eventhough they are aware that turtle populations are on the decline because they are not

convinced that turtle egg consumption is one of the main reasons for the decline (48.4 percent) and also because they observed that turtle eggs are still easily available (26.4 per cent).

Table 4.14: Reasons for egg consumption among consistent consumers

Consistent consumers Overallrespondents

Reasons for consuming turtle eggs Frequency Per cent Per cent

As medication 9 8.7 4.9

Delicacy 80 77.7 72.7

Source of protein 13 12.6 20.8

Curious 1 1.0 10.2 Aphrodisiac 3 2.9 2.4

“Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 48 46.6 42.4

Tradition 2 1.9 1.2

Exclusive and delicious 2 1.9 0.8

Pregnancy cravings 3 2.9 1.2

Reasons for continuing consumpt ionTurtle eggs contain more nutrients 17 18.7 19.8

Turtle egg consumption is not one of thereasons for population decline 44 48.4 49.5

Turtle eggs are easily available 24 26.4 26.4

Tradition 4 4.4 4.4



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Delicious 15 16.5 16.5

"Suka-suka" ("just like it") 11 12.1 12.1

Available (given by others) 9 9.9 9.9

Pregnancy cravings 2 2.2 2.2

About 75 per cent of the consistent consumers purchase turtle eggs from the market while theremaining 16 per cent purchase from egg collectors and other sources (23.3 per cent). Theseother sources include restaurants especially Mat Binjai (7.8 per cent), family members6 andfriends (5.8 per cent), Sabah and Sarawak (3.9 per cent), self-collected7 (2.9 per cent), PulauRedang (1.9 per cent) and Indonesia (1.9 per cent). Out of those who purchased turtle eggsfrom markets, an overwhelming 89.6 per cent purchased from Pasar Payang. The othermarkets mentioned included Batu Enam, Chabang Tiga, Dungun, Rantau Abang and BukitBesar.

Table 0.15: Source of eggs among consistent consumers

Consistent consumers

Sources of eggs Frequency Per cent

Places to Buy Turtle Eggs

Market (pasar ) 77 74.8

Egg Collector 16 15.5

Others 24 23.3

Name of markets/places

Pasar Payang 69 89.6

Batu Enam 2 2.6

Chabang Tiga 2 2.6

Dungun 4 5.2

Others ( Bukit Besar, Rantau Abang) 3 3.9

Others

Pulau Redang 2 1.9

Family members & friends 6 5.8

Restaurant (e.g. Mat Binjai) 8 7.8

Self-collected 3 2.9

Sabah, Sarawak 4 3.9

Indonesia 2 1.9

Similar to the overall respondents, the main communication avenue for almost all of theconsistent consumers is through television (97 per cent). It is interesting to note that about 83per cent of the hard core consumers considered mosque talks as one of their maincommunication avenues compared to the overall response among the total respondents (61per cent). In addition, village talks and radio were considered important communicationavenues as highlighted by 68 and 61 per cent of the consistent consumers respectively.

More consistent consumers seem to be interested in conservation activities compared to theoverall respondents. These were observed for community programs, research and eco-

tourism activities.

6 One respondent stated that he obtains turtle eggs from his father who is an egg collector. 7 One respondent stated that he collects turtle eggs from Pulau Bidong.



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Table 0.16: Communication avenues and interests in conservation among consistentconsumers


Communication avenues and interests Frequency Per cent Per centMain communications avenues

Newspaper 77 74.8 80.8

Watch TV 100 97.1 98.4

Internet 22 21.4 20.8

Village Talks 70 68.0 46.5

Mosque Talks 85 82.5 61.2

Radio 63 61.2 42.9

Others (friends, societies) 2 1.9 8.6

Interests in conservation programmes

Community programs/activities 64 62.1 52.2

Research activities 47 45.6 37.1

Ecotourism activities 57 55.3 43.7

Others 4 3.9 2.4

No 34 33.0 44.1

When asked for their suggestions on ways to reduce turtle egg consumption, only 18 per centof the consistent consumers agreed to the ban of turtle egg consumption compared to 28 percent among overall respondents. Local community involvement in conservation and education

and awareness programs were some of the important initiatives that they suggested. About 4per cent stated that they do not agree to the banning of turtle egg consumption as they wouldwant to continue eating eggs while 11 per cent had no opinion. (AA’s comment: Why?)

Table 0.17: Suggestions to reduce turt le egg consumption among consistentconsumers


Suggestions Frequency Per cent Per cent

More education and awareness 77 74.8 85.3

Ban of turtle egg consumption 1918.4

28.1Local community involvement in conservation 84 81.6 83.7

Enforcement 2 1.9 1.2

Increase price of turtle eggs 4 3.9 2.4

No opinion 11 10.7 6.9

Do not agree to reduce turtle egg consumption 4 3.9 2.4



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5. Trade routes and profiles of egg collectors and sellers:

This section will capture findings on the potential trade routes of turtle eggs in Malaysia andsurrounding countries. It included a review of newspaper and internet sources and at thesame time interviews with relevant agencies. Interviews with turtle egg collectors and sellers

especially at the chosen sites in Terengganu and Melaka provide important verification of theliterature review on the trade routes. This section will summarize the overall findings of thisresearch.

5.1 Overview based on newspaper, internet sources andinterviews

This section aims to provide an indicative overview of the trade routes of turtle eggs based onreview of newspaper reports and internet sources from 2000. Relevant information was alsovalidated through interviews with various agencies such as the Sabah Parks, SarawakForestry Corporation and DOF Malaysia, Putrajaya.

This Section highlights the illegal turtle egg trade routes that have been reported betweenMalaysia-Indonesia and Malaysia-Philippines.

The major trade routes identified are:Southern Philippines - Sabah Route

a) West Kalimantan - Sarawak Routeb) Sabah/Indonesia/Philippine - Terengganu Routesc) Natuna Region - Malaysia and Singapore Routes

5.1.1 Southern Phil ippines - Sabah Route

Some of the turtle eggs legally harvested in the Philippine Turtle Islands, namely Boan,Langaan, Lihiman, Great Bakkungan, Taganak were said to be smuggled into Sandakan,Sabah for sale in the local markets there.8 There was also report suggesting that the supplyof fresh turtle eggs usually came from Tabanak, one of the islands across the Philippineborder.9 Among the usual landing sites known for turtle eggs smuggled from the Philippinesinclude the shore of Kampung Forest area. 10 Other landing points included SungaiKanibungan river mouth in the Pitas district in north Sabah.11

Turtle egg smuggling and selling activities were said to be carried out during night time byforeigners and IMM13 holders (a pass issued to Filipino refugees displaced by war in thePhilippines to enable them to stay in Sabah).12 Speedboats were used to transport turtleeggs from southern Philippines to Sabah. Turtle eggs were usually placed in gunnysacks orplastic bags during the transportation process.13 Most of the illegal turtle egg sellers wereforeigners and IMM13 holders.14

8 Under the Administrative Order No. 33, Series of 1982, Ministry of Natural Resources of the

Philippines, egg collection is strictly prohibited at the Baguan Island Marine Turtle Sanctuary (one ofthe six the Philippine Turtle Islands). However, 60% of the egg production in the five other PhilippineTurtle Islands is legally harvested for local trade and consumption (source:http://www.oneocean.org/ambassadors/track_a_turtle/hazards/) (assessed 23 December 2008).9 Daily Express, Malaysia, 29 December 2004

10 Daily Express, Malaysia, 27 September 2008 and The Star, Malaysia, 3 November 2008

11 The Star, Malaysia, 20 September 200712

Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 June 200313

Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 November 2008 and 3 June 200314

Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 November 2008



31

Illegal egg collections are known to occur around Sandakan, Semporna and Jambonganwhile some claim that eggs have been smuggled in from Philippines too 15. Locals, mainly ofFilipino descendent are thought to be the main egg collectors and sellers in Sabah and thesources of eggs are suspected from Turtle Islands and Semporna. Sandakan is the chosendestination for turtle eggs because of its proximity to the maritime boundary with thePhilippines 16 and the existence of a sizeable turtle egg consuming population there.Customers indicated include local housewives as well as those coming from outside the

municipality.17 The common outlets for illegal turtle egg sellers include the Sandakan centralmarket,18 the Old Slipway19 and Jalan Pryer.20

Sandakan may not be the final market for all the turtle eggs. There was an incidence in whichthe airport police at Sandakan Airport seized 14 boxes of turtle eggs onboard a cargo plane.21 Turtle eggs have been found being smuggled from east coast of Sabah, probably fromSandakan, into the Filipino Market located in downtown Kota Kinabalu using four-wheel drivevehicles.22 Most illegal turtle eggs sellers at the Filipino Market were said to be foreigners andIMM13 holders, who might once be active at a market in Kota Belud in north western part ofSabah.23 Consumers from as far as Brunei have been reported to have bought turtle eggsfrom the Filipino Market in Kota Kinabalu. Turtle eggs from Kota Kinabalu were suspected to

have been smuggled into Brunei.

24

But there was no report suggesting that those eggsoriginated from southern Philippines.

5.1.2 West Kalimantan - Sarawak Route

Illegal trade are known to occur in the Kuching Division especially border trading towns. Thecollectors and sellers are known to be residents of neighbouring country in Indonesia thatbrought in turtle eggs illegally. The smuggling of turtle eggs have been foiled at airports onvery few occasions. 25 Turtle eggs were reportedly smuggled from West Kalimantan(Indonesia) into Sarawak (Malaysia) via the Tebedu (Sarawak) - Entikong (West Kalimantan)border crossing. In early 2001, over 2600 turtle eggs were confiscated by the MalaysianCustoms officers at the border crossing on two separate occasions from express busestravelling from Pontianak to Kuching.26

ProFauna Indonesia, an Indonesian NGO working for the protection of wild animals and theirhabitats, in its study funded by World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) revealedthat trade of hawksbill eggs happens freely at Entikong with an average of about 48,000 eggssold per month. The study pointed out that most of the turtle egg buyers at Entikong wereMalaysians. The price tag for one egg was RM1. Egg traders in Entikong were said to beaware of the stringent law enforced by the Malaysian Government to check turtle eggsmuggling.27

The study suggests that smuggling of turtle eggs between Kalimantan and Sarawak

happened mostly by sea and the major entry point in Sarawak was Tanjung Datu, the

15 Interview with Sabah Parks, Mr. Paul Basintal and Mr. Ludi Apin, 10 July 2008.

16 The Star, Malaysia, 20 September 2007

17 Daily Express, Malaysia, 29 December, 2004

18 Daily Express, Malaysia, 5 October 2005

19 Daily Express, Malaysia, 10 July, 2007

20 Daily Express, Malaysia, 21 April, 2008

21 Daily Express, Malaysia, 21 May 2003

22 Daily Express, Malaysia, 25 June 2004

23 Daily Express, Malaysia, 25 June 2004

24 Borneo Bulletin, Brunei, 18 June 2008

25 Interview with Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Mr. Oswald Braken Tisen, 14 July 2008.

26 Michael Megang, National Parks and Wildlife Division, Sarawak Forest Department, “InternationalTrade in Wild Flora and Fauna: Case Studies from Tebedu, Sarawak”( http://www.mered.org.uk/Hornbill/michael.htm) (accessed 23 December 2008)27

Ibid



32

westernmost point of the state. Turtle eggs were shipped via border route such as Temajuk inthe Sambas District of West Kalimantan before being delivered by sea to Melano at TanjungDatu. The shipment method was said to be simple, i.e. putting the eggs in open boxes toensure constant supply of fresh air throughout the journey. 28 During the study, a visit to theground by a TRAFFIC researcher also found that illegal egg trade was also happening inSerikin, a border town near Kuching, Sarawak and Kalimantan. This was confirmed byseizures done by the Sarawak Forestry Corporation.

5.1.3 Sabah/Indonesia/Phil ippines – Terengganu Routes

Over the past two years, there were several news reports suggesting that turtle eggs sold inTerengganu were smuggled from Sabah, Indonesia and the Philippines.29 It was reported thatagents were involved in the supply of eggs from outside Terengganu and that most markettraders there preferred to sell smuggled eggs.30 Some egg sellers in Terengganu that wereinterviewed validated that they obtained eggs from Sabah via middlemen. Turtle eggs thatoriginated from Sabah are usually cheaper compared to eggs obtained from the islands andmainland Terengganu.

Green turtle eggs, believed to be from Sabah and the Philippines, were sold at three mainmarkets in Terengganu, namely at the Pasar Payang, Simpang 3 and Batu 6 markets. It wasbelieved that turtle eggs from Sabah and the Philippines were smuggled to PeninsulaMalaysia either by courier or post. The lack of restriction in the sale of turtle eggs inTerengganu, except for the Leatherback turtle eggs, was said to have encouraged smugglersto sell the eggs in the State.31

Though there was also information from the egg sellers in Terengganu that some of the eggsthat were claimed from Sabah was also believed to be from the Philippines. However, noreport verified this information.

5.1.4 Natuna - Malaysia and Natuna - Singapore RoutesTurtle eggs collected from the Natuna Region, Riau Province in Indonesia were also sold toMalaysia and Singapore.32 However, information on this route is scant.

5.1.5 Kuala Lumpur - Chow Kit Market

Based on the feedback from WWF-Malaysia to conduct a survey of Chow Kit Market, a visit tothe wet market was carried out on 10 January 2009. 10 stalls were interviewed to find outwhether turtle eggs were available. In general almost all of them could not provide anyinformation on the sale of turtle eggs in the market. Three stalls selling eggs (chicken, duck,

goose and quail) mentioned that they do not know while two stalls selling vegetables had noinformation. Two stalls selling traditional Malay medicine were also approached but do notknow about the sale of turtle eggs in the market, similarly with two other stalls selling fruits.Only one stall that sell vegetables mentioned that he saw turtle eggs for sale around three tofour years ago and said that the best place to go is Terengganu for turtle eggs. The rapidsurvey of the wet market could not ascertain if turtle eggs were sold at Chow Kit wet market.

28 ProFauna Indonesia, “Hawksbill Trade in Indonesia” (http://www.profauna.or.id/English/hawksbill-

trade.html) (accessed 23 Dec 2008) 29

Daily Express, Malaysia, 26 September 2006 and BERNAMA, 16 April 200830 Daily Express, Malaysia, 26 September 200631

BERNAMA, 16 April 200832

ProFauna Indonesia, “Hawksbill Trade in Indonesia” (http://www.profauna.or.id/English/hawksbill-trade.html) (accessed 23 Dec 2008)



33

5.2 Survey of Terengganu egg col lectors

Surveys of turtle egg collectors33 and egg sellers were conducted in Terengganu to get anidea of the trade routes for turtle eggs. The section on egg collectors present a brief profile,characteristics of egg collection patterns, markets for eggs and perception of egg collectors. As highlighted in the section on selection of study sites, the following areas were covered forthe interviews with egg collectors: Pantai Kijal, Pantai Kemasek, Pantai Kerteh, Penarik,Sempadan, Kuala Dungun, Kuala Abang, Tahu Tiga, Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Baharu Utaraand Kuala Tok Char.

From the responses, the following areas were recorded to be areas or beaches where theturtle egg collectors interviewed operated: Pantai Kijal, Pantai Kerteh, Pantai Kemasek,Sempadan, Jambu Bongkok, Tahu Tiga, Kuala Abang, Kuala Tok Char, Kuala Baharu Utara,Teluk Batu and Kuala Dungun. Turtle egg collectors that were interviewed are highlightedwith an asterisk (*) in Appendix 1.

5.2.1 Profile of egg collectors

A total of eleven egg collectors were interviewed. Ten (or 91 per cent of the total) of themwere males and one (9 per cent) was female (Table 5.1). Seventy per cent of the collectorswere within the age group of 30 to 59 years, generally considered as economically activepopulation, while the remaining 30 per cent were above 60 years old. The results show thatthe egg collectors are generally from the more senior generation group with 60 percent being50 and above. Only one out of ten egg collectors collects turtle eggs as his main job. Thirtyper cent of them were also farmers or agriculture workers, reflecting perhaps turtle eggcollection was a form of off-farm employment to them. Some 20 per cent of the respondentswere also small business owners or involved in retail sales; 20 per cent were drivers; 10 percent were factory worker; 10 per cent were laborer and the rest were in a non-specifiedoccupation in the private sector.

Generally, the egg collectors interviewed were not financially well off. Half (50 per cent) ofthem had monthly household income of less than RM1,000 and the other half (50 per cent)had between RM1,001 to 2,000 suggesting that turtle egg collection is a means tosupplement their household income. Eight out of 11 egg collectors provided responses forcontribution of turtle egg collection to their income. Out of the eight respondents, onerevealed that he did not earn from turtle egg collection as he did not bid for a license that yearand another case that reported earning RM1, 700 a month from egg collection was treated asan outlier. Of the remaining six egg collectors, 67 per cent earned RM200 and less per monthwhile around 16 percent earned RM300 and around 16% earned around RM400. On averagethe egg collectors earned around RM280 from turtle egg collection per month. Assuming that

the average monthly household income of the respondents is around RM1, 000, eggcollection would contribute around 28% of their household income for the months that eggcollection is undertaken.

Table 0.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg co llectors

Characteristics Frequency Per cent

Gender 11 100.0Male 10 91.0Female 1 9.0

Age 10 100.0

30-39 1 10.040-49 3 30.0

33 Only licensed egg collectors were interviewed.



34

50-59 3 30.0 Above 60 3 30.0

Percentage collect ing turt le eggs as main job 10 100.0 Yes 1 10.0No 9 90.0

Occupation 11 100.0Farmer/Agriculture worker 3 30.0Factory worker 1 10.0Small business owner/retail sales 2 20.0Labourer 1 10.0Driver 4 20.0Private sector 10 10.0

Household income 10 100.0 0-1,000 5 50.01,001 - 2,000 5 50.0

How much does egg collection contribute to hhincome

6 100.0

RM 200 and below 4 66.7RM 400 1 16.7RM 500 1 16.7

5.2.2 Characteristics of egg collectors

Egg collection had been a long-term part-time profession for many of the respondents (Table

5.2). Sixty per cent of them had actually been involved in the profession for at least 10 years,with some (20 per cent of the total) of them for as long as 25 years to 40 years. This reflectsthe lifelong involvement of the respondents in turtle egg collection.

The desire to earn extra income was the main reason behind marine turtle egg collection, asmost number of the respondents indicated thus. The second most important reason citedwas ‘interest’. Family tradition and own consumption were not among the most importantreasons. This confirms the earlier suggestion that the decision to collect turtle eggs is ameans to supplement their income. Collection of marine turtle eggs could go on for up to fiveto six months in a year, as confirmed by 75 per cent of the respondents. One-fifth (25 percent) of the respondents performed such activity for a combined period of three months last

year/previous year.

About 43 per cent of the collectors collected less than 10 turtle nests per year while 43percent collected between 11-20 turtle nests. Only one respondent (14 per cent) collectedeggs from 30 nests a year. In the past, the egg collectors used to leave a few eggs in thenests to encourage regeneration of young turtles. However this practice was abandoned asturtle eggs became scarce and when demands for eggs increased. On average, an eggcollector would collect around 13 nests in a year.

It is a common belief among the collectors that a young turtle would produce around 70 eggsper nest while an older turtle would produce around 100 eggs per nest. Hence the locallanguage known in identifying number of eggs collected are closely linked to the number of

‘young or old’ nests collected. Three respondents (27 per cent) noted that they collectedyoung nests last year (altogether 9 young nests) while four respondents (36 per cent)respondent that they collected old nests (total of 23 old nests).



35

Table 0.2: Characterist ics of egg collectors and collections

Characteristics Frequency Per cent

Years as egg collectors 10 100.01 – 5 4 40.06 -10 1 10.011 – 20 3 30.0

21 – 30 1 10.031 – 40 1 10.0

Main reasons for being egg collectorsFamily tradition 2 18.2Important source of income 7 63.6Own consumption 2 18.2Interested 6 54.5Near to turtle nesting beach 1 9.1

Months collecting turtle eggs 8 100.03 2 25.0

5 3 37.56 3 37.5

Total nests collected last year 7 100.06 2 28.67 1 14.313 2 28.617 1 14.330 1 14.3

5.2.3 Markets for turtle eggs

It appeared to be a common practice for the egg collectors to sell turtle eggs to egg sellers atthe markets or to friends and relatives (Table 5.3). It was also common for them to sell turtleeggs to the DOF. But rarely did they collect turtle eggs for own consumption. There were norespondents who sold turtle eggs to middle men. The markets which the respondents wouldsell the eggs to are Pasar Payang, Pasar Chukai, Pasar Dungun and Pasar Kemaman. Twoof the respondents sold 100 per cent of the total eggs collected to the markets while one sold50 per cent and another respondent sold around 80 per cent. The price range for the eggssold was around RM1.30 to RM2.20 with an average price of RM1.70 per egg.

For egg collectors that sold eggs to their friends and relatives, the eggs were mostly sold topeople in the same community and villages usually in small numbers at around 5-10 per centof the total eggs collected. Only one respondent sold 100 per cent of the total eggs collectedto friends and relatives. The price range was around RM2-RM2.50 per egg. Out of the sevenrespondents that sold turtle eggs to the DOF, around 70 per cent sold to the hatchery inRantau Abang while two respondents sold the eggs to the DOF in Rhu Sepuluh at the pricerange of RM1.30 to RM4 with an average of RM2.5 though the official price set by the DOFfor green turtles is RM1.70. Three respondents sold around 90 per cent of the eggs collectedto the DOF while two respondents sold 20-50 per cent of the eggs they collected to DOF.

Even though observations by WWF-Malaysia field executants at some markets show thatthere is price fluctuation (RM2.50 during nesting season and RM4 off-nesting season),around 78 per cent of the respondents indicated that prices of marine turtle egg do not varybetween peak season and low or non-season. There may be two possible explanations to



36

this finding. Firstly, this group of egg collectors did not have a good knowledge on the currentdemand and supply situations of marine turtle eggs hence they were not responsive to theprevailing market forces and price changes. Secondly, the seasonal fluctuations in marineturtle egg prices in domestic market might have been offset by cross-border/internationaltrading of the commodity especially at Pasar Payang. That is, an assumption could be due tothe fact that shortages of marine turtle eggs in the domestic market were filled by suppliesfrom other states or countries thus keeping the prices stable. Conversely, surpluses (if any)

on the domestic front were exported which again helped to check the downward movement ofthe prices. However, some 22 per cent of the respondents indicated that they experiencedseasonal price changes. Though most of the egg collectors did not provide the specificmarkets that they sold the eggs they collected to, one of the respondents that indicatedseasonal price changes sold the eggs that were collected to Pasar Payang.

Every year, the DOF will tender out licenses to egg collectors hence the price for eachcollection site may differ. The price of marine turtle egg collection license paid by therespondents seemed to vary widely. Some 33 per cent of them replied that the license costthem RM50 to RM65. At the other end of the spectrum, about 17 per cent said the licensecost them RM1, 280. Out of the 11 egg collectors interviewed, five (45.5 per cent) of them didnot provide any answer to the question.

Table 0.3: Markets for turt le eggs and price

Markets and price Frequency Per cent

Eggs sold to:Egg sellers at the market/s 5 54.5Friends and relatives 7 63.6DOF 7 63.6Own Consumption 1 9.1

Price change between seasons 9 100.0

Yes 2 22.2No 7 77.8

Price for license 6 100.050 1 16.765 1 16.7400 2 33.3500 1 16.71,280 1 16.7

5.2.4 Perception of egg collectors

More than half (55 per cent) of the respondents believed that the turtle population in theirareas had decline compared to 10 years ago (Table 5.4). However 27 per cent said thepopulation in their areas had increased. More than 18 per cent said the population size intheir areas remained unchanged. Scientific data from Terengganu shows a declining trend ingeneral for turtle nestings. The discrepancies in views among the collectors especially for thethree respondents that noted an increase in population could indicate localized phenomenonon the respective beaches or difficulty to accept the reality of declining population.

Close to 88 per cent of the respondents expressed that they are unwilling to change to analternative job should they be offered an alternative job. This demonstrates the closeattachment they have to turtle egg collection as a side job. Only one respondent was willing tochange to an alternative job (13 per cent).



37

Marine turtle conservation programs that appealed most to the respondents were researchactivities (e.g. on turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary), followed byecotourism programs that involve turtle conservation.

Table 0.4: Perception of egg collectors

Perception Frequency Per cent

Turtle population compared to 10 years ago 11 100.0

Increased 3 27.3Decreased 6 54.5Not changed 2 18.2

Willing to change jobs given an alternative job ifgiven a choice

8 100.0

Yes 1 12.5

No 7 87.5

Interests in conservation programsResearch activities 7 63.6

Ecotourism programs involving turtle conservation 5 45.5

No 1 9.1

As only one respondent was interested to change to an alternative job if given the chance,detailed cross tabulation with their socioeconomic profile were not presented. A crosstabulation with age showed that the respondent from the younger age group of 30-49 waswilling to change to an alternative job (Table 5.5).

Table 0.5: Cross tabulation between interest to change to an alternative job with agegroup

Change to analternative job

Age Group Yes No Total n

30-49 33.3% 66.7% 100.0% 350-59 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% 3 Above 60 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2Total 12.5% 87.5% 100.0% 8

5.3 Survey of Terengganu egg sellers

The survey covered 13 marine turtle egg sellers in Kuala Terengganu. They were mostlyhawkers selling snacks, food, vegetable, fruits and kitchen necessities. One of them was ashop owner selling snacks and souvenir. Turtle eggs were only one of several items that theysold at their stores.

Most respondents revealed that their clients were repeat customers buying for ownconsumption (Table 5.6). Visitors from other states were the second major buyers, followedby those who bought in bulk for resale. Though less prominent, visitors from other countries?

were also among their clients. Some of these visitors could be tourists.

Table 0.6: Types of consumer groups



38

Consumer groups Frequency Per cent

Repeat customers for own consumption 11 84.6Visitors from other states 10 76.9Visitors from other countries 2 15.4Customers who buy in a bulk for resale 4 30.8

Marine turtle eggs seemed to be in short supply in the Kuala Terengganu area (Table 5.7).Over 92 per cent of the egg sellers interviewed confirmed that the market demand for marineturtle eggs outpaced the supply. Only about 8 per cent of the respondents indicatedotherwise. The situation may explain why one marine turtle egg could fetch up to RM2.5 whilethe buy-back price set by the DOF is RM1.70 per green turtle egg.

Table 0.7: Demand for turtle eggs

Demand for turt le eggs Frequency Per cent

Supply more than demand 1 7.7Demand more than supply 12 92.3

Total 13 100.0

Egg supplies were relatively adequate a decade ago. Forty per cent of the sellers interviewedrevealed that, on average, they were able to secure from their suppliers 10,000 to 20,000eggs each year a decade ago. Table 5.8 provides a comparison of turtle eggs supplied adecade ago, compared to five years ago and last year. Twenty per cent of the sellersobtained an average supply of between 20,001 to 30,000 eggs per year and another 20 percent managed to source more than 30,000 eggs per year on average.

However, the supply of marine turtle egg appears to be on the downward trend in recentyears. About 43 per cent of the sellers interviewed indicated that on average they receivedless than 10,000 eggs from their suppliers annually five years ago. The figure increases to

46.2 per cent if only last year’s average supply is taken into account.

Nevertheless, some 23 per cent of the respondents were still able to secure more than30,000 eggs last year. This may be a reflection which, compared to their counterparts, thisgroup of sellers might have more established marine turtle egg sourcing networks. Taking intoaccount the results from the surveys on marine turtle egg consumers and collectors underthis study which revealed that some of the marine turtle eggs sold in the local markets inKuala Terengganu might originate from outside the state, one may draw a preliminaryconclusion here that the source of eggs could originate from other states (especially Sabahand Sarawak) and even from neighbouring nations (particularly Indonesia).

Table 0.8: Average turtle eggs supplied Average turt le eggs supplied Frequency Per cent

10 years ago 5 100.0 < 10,000 1 20.010,000 - 20,000 2 40.020,001 - 30,000 1 20.0 Above 30,000 1 20.0

5 years ago 7 100.0< 10,000 3 42.9 10,000 - 20,000 1 14.3

20,001 - 30,000 2 28.6 Above 30,000 1 14.3

Last year 13 100.0



39

< 10,000 6 46.2 10,000 - 20,000 3 23.1 20,001 - 30,000 1 7.7 Above 30,000 3 23.1

In addition to the survey of egg sellers, some background interviews were carried out at

Pasar Buah Dungun, Pasar Chukai Kemaman, Pasar Jertih and Pasar Besar Dungunshowed there were around 5-6 stalls in each of the markets that sold turtle eggs. Thesemarkets are located outside of the city areas in small towns. About eight turtle egg sellerswere interviewed informally without a survey form. None of the respondents interviewed notedany price difference during nesting and non-nesting seasons. The average price ranged fromRM3.75 to RM3.90. It is interesting to note that the price of turtle eggs are more expansive inthe smaller towns compared to the big market in Kuala Terengganu. There were reports ofeggs from Sabah being sold in the markets at around RM2.50 to RM2.80. Sabah eggs madeup around 10 per cent of the total eggs sold in the markets.

For Pasar Buah Dungun and Pasar Besar Dungun, the respondents noted that 90 per cent of

the eggs were obtained from licensed egg collectors while the remaining 10 per cent werefrom middlemen. As for Pasar Jertih, 80 per cent of the eggs were obtained from middlemenand 20 per cent of the eggs were provided by villagers. This demonstrates that eggs areharvested illegally by non-licensed collectors such as villagers in the nesting areas. All therespondents reported that only eggs from Sabah were sold during non nesting seasons.During nesting seasons the total eggs sold were around 30-40 eggs while the number of eggssold would drop to around 20 during non-nesting seasons. The egg sellers reported that mostof the turtle eggs from Sabah were distributed by middlemen while the distribution of localeggs was mainly from licensed egg collectors.

5.4 Melaka egg collectors and resort operators

WWF-Malaysia has a site office in Melaka working on the conservation of hawksbill turtlesand painted terrapins. The study benefited from the inputs from the field executants on thedevelopment of the study design, questionnaire and logistics assistance in Melaka. The list ofegg collectors were provided by the DOF in Melaka whilst the list of chalet operators withinthe vicinity of nesting areas was provided by WWF-Malaysia field executants. A total of 44chalets and resorts were recorded in the inventory.

The study also interviewed DOF Melaka and obtained some background information on turtleconservation and management in the state. 34 The licensing system in Melaka is reflectedunder the Melaka State Rules that has been implemented since 1992. Licenses are issued tolocals who reside in the area in order for it to be easy for DOF to patrol and collect the eggs.The main terms and conditions of the licensing agreements include the following:

• Licenses are non-transferable

• 100% of the eggs collected must be sent to the DOF hatchery for incubation

• The application would be open if a current licensed egg collector withdrew or passedaway

• Only one or two persons are allowed on one stretch of beach or area as too many onthe same area would bring rise to social conflicts.

In general, there is no limit to the number of quantity of eggs collected as all eggs collectedmust be sent to hatchery for incubation. The only regulation imposed is on the number ofcollectors on a particular beach. 35 So far, there are no cases of non-compliance by egg

34 Interview with DOF Melaka, Mr. Robert Leong Ho Fook, 12 January 2009.

35 Though 100 per cent of the eggs collected need to be sent to DOF, there has been request for one

or two eggs for local cultural beliefs such as medicinal purposes or pregnancy cravings.



40

collectors and DOF had never revoked a license. Egg collectors are given a briefingespecially during the early stage of the nesting season on how to handle eggs withcooperation from WWF-Malaysia to assist them in providing the briefing and monitoring.RM1.30 is offered for the purchase of an egg. Another mode is through the Fishers Association that facilitates faster payment at the price of RM1.15 per egg.

Around 50 per cent of the money used to purchase eggs for the hatchery was allocated by

the Federal Government. Often funds are not sufficient and the department seeks othersources of funding especially from the State Government. In terms of poaching, usuallyvillagers come across nests while fishing and collect it and sell to DOF or licensed collectors.Local and cultural sensitivity is considered an important virtue whereby those caughtcollecting eggs illegally are usually advised not to collect them instead of strong penalties withthe view of engaging them as stakeholders in the future. The department is faced withenforcement constraints with the existing 4 staff on the ground. WWF-Malaysia also providesassistance in terms of monitoring. However these efforts are still insufficient. The officialpenalty for anyone caught poaching is RM500. So far there have been no cases that hadbeen prosecuted.disparity

5.4.1 Interviews with Melaka egg col lectors

This section summarizes the results from the interviews with Melaka egg collectors. Out ofthe 17 licensed egg collectors listed by the DOF Melaka, the study interviewed about 40 percent of the total numbers (i.e. 7 respondents). 36 All the respondents interviewed were maleswith the majority (i.e. 71 per cent) above 50 years old. Only two out of the seven respondentscollect turtle eggs as their main occupation. The remaining were involved in agriculturerelated work (3 respondents) while the remaining two worked as a technician and a barber. Interms of their monthly household income, three of the respondents earned less than RM1,000 while the remaining four (i.e. 57 per cent) earned between RM1, 000 to RM2, 000. Thisreflects that the respondents are generally from the lower income group. The average

household size of the respondents is 5.5 (s.d. 2.19).

Most of the egg collectors have been collecting turtle eggs for a long time. The minimumyears spent collecting eggs were 8 years, with a maximum of 30 years and average of 15years (s.d. 8.14). On average, the collectors spent 9 months (s.d. 3.25) collecting eggs lastyear. Three out of the seven respondents collected eggs all throughout the year. The mainmonths for collecting eggs were during April to August/September. The income earned fromcollecting eggs annually ranged from RM1, 250 to RM2, 000 a year. When divided with thenumber of months each respective egg collector worked last year, the average income thategg collecting contributed to their household income was RM237 per month. Assuming anaverage household income per month of RM1, 000 would mean egg collecting contributedaround 24% of the total monthly household income. Five out of the seven respondents (i.e. 71

per cent) indicated that they collected turtle eggs primarily because it provides an importantsource of income. One other respondent noted that he collected eggs to save turtlepopulations. The respondents reported that they collected around 9 to 106 clutches of nestsin 2007. If the maximum 106 nests collected in 2007 were to be considered as an outlier, theaverage nests collected that year would be around 18.7 (s.d. 8.18). All of the sevenrespondents stated that they sold the eggs collected to DOF Melaka as required by law.

All the respondents also agreed that poaching exists in their areas. The beaches mentionedwhere poaching occur according to the respondents are Padang Kamunting, Kem Terendak,Kem Sg. Udang, Teluk Belanga, Pantai Tanjung Tahan, Pantai Meriam Patah, PantaiTanjung Serai, Pantai Hailam, Pulau Upeh, Pantai Teluk Gong and Pantai Pasir Gembur.

36 While the size of the respondents (i.e 7) is too small for any meaningful statistical analysis or full

tabulation, when possible, frequencies and percentages are provided for an approximaterepresentation.



41

They encountered poachers between 1 to 7 times a week during nesting season and between1 to 4 times in a week during non-nesting season while they were patrolling the beaches. Oneof the egg collectors highlighted that usually the poachers are in the area to fish and theywould return the eggs to the licensed egg collectors when their poaching activity had beendiscovered. The egg collectors reported that around 1 to 5 clutches of eggs were poachedduring nesting season and 1 to 2 clutches of eggs were poached during non-nesting seasons.Four of the respondents noted that the poachers would sell the turtle eggs directly to

customers to the surrounding areas in Melaka such as Tanjung Bidara and PadangKamunting and outside areas. Two respondents reported that eggs are sold to Kuala Lumpur.The respondents also noted that the poached eggs would be sold to friends and relatives andalso to middlemen. Three respondents quoted that the poached eggs would be sold forRM1.30 each while two other respondents quoted RM0.80 and RM2.00 respectively. All therespondents noted that the price of eggs during nesting and non-nesting season to be thesame.

Presently, the egg collectors pay RM5 for an annual license. All of respondents were willing topay a higher price for licenses, ranging from RM12.50 to RM50 with an average of RM19.60(s.d. 13.6). They reported that the main condition of the license was that it was non-transferable and only permanent residents residing in those nesting areas could apply. Whenasked why turtle eggs are favoured even though they are at least four times more expensivethan chicken eggs, six of the respondents (86 per cent) thought one of the reasons could befor pregnancy cravings while there were four answers that noted people consumed turtleeggs out of curiosity. Other reasons mentioned were due to medicinal properties (tworesponses), delicious (one response) and for aphrodisiac properties (one response)37.

Five out of the seven respondents noted that village folk would stop eating turtle eggs if theywere aware of the scientific evidence to show that turtle eggs have the same nutritional valueas chicken eggs. There was no response for the remaining two egg collectors. There weremixed opinion on the population of turtles in the area compared to 10 years ago. Fourrespondents thought that turtle populations were declining while two reported increasing

population and one recorded no change in population numbers. When asked the mainreasons for decline, all of the respondents that noted declining populations mentioned thatturtles were being caught in fishing nets. There were two responses that attributed habitatdestruction especially due to the construction of retention walls along the coasts. Oneparticular answer referred to a certain group of army personnel that would eat turtle eggs.

All of the respondents would not change jobs if given an alternative as most of them arecomfortable with egg collection and are not willing to change to a new sector. There was onerespondent that thought egg collection is an important income source that could not bereplaced while there were two responses that stated the motivation to collect eggs was tosave turtle populations. All of the egg collectors were interested to be involved in researchand conservation activities while there was one response on the interest to be involved in

eco-tourism programs involving turtle conservation. One respondent added that he would beinterested in sharing his experience as an egg collector with the public in the hope that theywould be compelled to save turtle eggs and turtles.

5.4.2 Interviews with Melaka resort operators

The chalets and resorts within the vicinity of turtle nesting areas are mainly medium to smallscale. Interviews with chalet and resort operators in Melaka were done through face to faceand telephone interviews. Out of the 44 chalets and resorts recorded in the list, the studycontacted 21 operators.38 From the 21 operators that were interviewed, five operators supply

37 Multiple response question.

38 Attempts were made to interview the Kemunting Beach Resort but they were not contactable.



42

turtle eggs to their customers while the remaining 16 mentioned that they do not offer turtleeggs to their visitors.

The following table (see Table 5.9) highlights the number of operators by location and thenumber of operators interviewed. Appendix 4 provides the list of operators in the area withthose contacted and also those that sold turtle eggs highlighted with * marks.

Table 0.9: Number of resort and chalet operators by location and number of operatorscontacted

Location Number of operators Operators contacted

Padang Kemunting 17 8

Kampung Hailam 6 3

Pengkalan Balak 1 0

Sg. Tuang 6 4

Telok Gong 4 2

Kuala Linggi 4 0

Meriam Patah 2 1

Tanjung Bidara 4 3Total 44 21

All five of the operators that supplied turtle eggs required advance notice sometimes up toone to two weeks for them to source for turtle eggs. One of the operators in Kg. Hailamreported that egg sellers would approach them to ask if they would be interested to purchaseturtle eggs. Turtle eggs are usually sold directly to the visitors or cooked by the operators inaccordance to the request of their customers. Generally, the price range recorded for theprice of an egg ranged from RM1.00 - RM1.20 during the nesting season and RM1.50 – RM2.00 during non-nesting seasons though in general, the operators highlighted that turtle eggsduring non-nesting seasons are difficult to obtain. When asked how many eggs theircustomers would normally buy at one time, the operators could not ascertain the average

number of eggs as it depended mainly on the request of the customers. One operatormentioned that sometimes the request would be around 10 eggs or more while anotherrecorded not more than 10 per transaction.

All of the customers who requested turtle eggs are visitors from out of town. The operatorsreported that locals generally obtain turtle eggs directly from egg collectors (possibly non-licensed). The operators also revealed that the eggs were obtained from the villages and allof them stated that none of the turtle eggs sold were obtained from outsiders indicating thatturtle eggs sold by chalet and resort operators generally are from the local nestingpopulations.



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6. Key findings and concluding remarks

This study has provided a better understanding of the three main attributes that would affectthe preferences and behaviour of stakeholders in consuming, selling and collecting turtleeggs. At the same time, the study also attempted to provide a better picture of the trade

routes especially within Malaysia through verifications from field surveys and interviews. Thesections below highlight key observations followed by recommendations.

Volume of eggs traded

6.1 Marine turtle egg consumers

The key findings related to marine turtle egg consumers especially in Terengganu are asfollows:

1. In the study area, marine turtle egg consumption seems to take place in all walks oflife, irrespective of gender and cuts across all age groups, professions, educationlevels and income levels. Most consumers eat marine turtle eggs as a delicacy and forpleasure and less so as a source of protein or for tradition, medication andaphrodisiac reasons. A first timer eats marine turtle eggs out of curiosity.

2. Most turtle egg consumers sourced turtle eggs from markets (91 per cent of thosewho bought turtle eggs from markets obtained them from Pasar Payang). There wererespondents that obtained turtle eggs from family and friends (6 per cent), restaurants(5 per cent stated Mat Binjai), Redang and Perhentian Islands (4 per cent), Sabah andSarawak (2 per cent) and Indonesia (1 per cent).

3. The turtle egg consumers are aware of the declining trend in marine turtle population

but not all of them agree that marine turtle egg consumption is the main contributingfactor. Many of them attributed the decline to fishing activities and habitat destructionbut less on consumption of marine turtle eggs. Nonetheless, a majority of them wouldstop consuming if they knew that such appetite would adversely affect the marineturtle population. This signifies that there is still room for policy and managementintervention to reduce such consumption.

4. Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption mainly focussed on awareness buildingprograms through conventional communication avenues that the consumers arefamiliar with such as television, mosque talks and village talks and radio. Othereffective measures suggested include turtle conservation programs and ecotourismactivities with strong community involvement. These measures are favoured by the

consumers surveyed. Given that consumers in the study area have low level ofexposure to turtle conservation programs, the return of intervention in the initial periodof the awareness programs could be high. An important consideration would be todevelop a multi-approach initiative involving communication, education andawareness strategy, highlighting key messages regarding turtle egg consumption andtrade with relevant stakeholders.

5. Consumers of marine turtle eggs in the study area are generally price sensitive, evenamong the hard-core consumers. Hence, legislative measures that can lead to upwardmovement of marine turtle egg prices shall be considered. However, implementationof such measures shall be complemented by measures that curb illegal cross-bordertrading of eggs as price hike on the local front will likely encourage egg smuggling

activities.



44

6. Consistent egg consumers were defined as respondents who would continue eatingturtle eggs even though the price of the eggs doubled or those who would continueeating eggs even if they knew that turtle egg consumption is one of the main reasonscontributing to turtle population decline. 37 per cent of the respondents would continueeating turtle eggs even if they were aware egg consumption would lead to turtledecline while 18 per cent would continue eating eggs even price doubled. The majorityof consistent egg consumers are men above 50. The results showed that the

percentage of non educated or primary schooling group that will continue consumingeggs is higher than the other groups even if they aware of its contribution to turtledecline. A chi-square test showed that there is difference in consuming eggs acrosseducation group while there is no statistical difference across gender, age and incomegroups in cases where the respondents would continue to eat turtle eggs even if theyare aware of its contribution to population decline.

7. Consistent consumers were found to eat turtle eggs because it is a delicacy (78 percent) while 47 per cent just liked the taste. A smaller percentage ate turtle eggs for itsprotein (13 per cent) and medication properties (9 per cent) and aphrodisiac (3 percent) and pregnancy cravings (3 per cent) reasons.

8. One-off turtle egg consumers were defined as those who ate turtle eggs out ofcuriosity and would be more willing to change their behaviour with suitable informationand awareness materials channelled to them. More females than males and theyounger age groups would consume eggs out of curiosity. In general, those whoattained higher education levels were more likely to consume eggs out of curiosity.

6.2 Trade routes

1. Marine turtle egg collectors are generally from the more senior age groups who have

been into the profession for many years. Turtle egg collection is generally a part time job and the collectors are low income earners. They collect turtle eggs to supplementtheir household income. Family tradition and own consumption are not the majorreasons why they collect turtle eggs. In Terengganu it was estimated that turtle eggcollection would contribute roughly 28 per cent of the monthly household income whileit was around 23 per cent in Melaka.

2. On average, a marine turtle collector collects around 13 nests per year in Terengganuwhile in Melaka the estimated average was 18 nests per year. All the collectorsreported selling the turtle eggs to DOF as required by law in Melaka while inTerengganu; the collectors usually sell their harvests directly to egg sellers at the localmarkets in Kuala Terengganu. Pasar Payang appears to be the main distributioncentre of marine turtle egg in Kuala Terengganu. Other local markets that they sell toinclude Pasar Chukai, Pasar Dungun and Pasar Kemaman. Sellers at these marketsare mostly hawkers selling snacks, food, vegetable, fruits and kitchen necessities andturtle egg is only one of several items that they sell.

3. In Terengganu, marine turtle egg collectors also sell to friends and relatives in thesame community as well as to the hatcheries of DOF. Another important player in themarine turtle egg supply chain is local restaurants such as Mat Binjai in KualaTerengganu. There is no report of involvement of middleman in all those transactions.Interviews with resort and chalet operators in Melaka showed that about 24 per cent ofthe operators supplied turtle eggs to their visitors from out of town. Some of the

operators would serve turtle eggs for breakfast when requested. The operators wouldget turtle eggs mainly from egg collectors that are possibly non-licensed. Theyilluminated that the locals would not obtain turtle eggs through them as they wouldknow to obtain from those who supplied eggs.



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4. The price of turtle eggs in Terengganu and Melaka differ. The price offered by DOF

received for incubation in Terengganu for green turtles is RM1.70 per egg while inMelaka it is RM1.30. In the markets, the price of a turtle egg could range from RM2.50to RM4.00 depending on the season and availability while in Melaka, it was reportedthat the transactions involving chalet operators ranged from RM0.80 to RM2.00. InTerengganu the price of licenses depend on a bidding system while the cost of a

license in Melaka is RM5 for collection from 1 January to 31 December.

5. Though not rampant, marine turtle egg collectors appear to be active in some of themarine turtle sanctuaries offshore of Terengganu, where marine turtle egg collectionhad been banned under state legislation. There were also reports of marine turtleeggs from outside especially Sabah being sold at local markets in Kuala Terengganu.

6. On the demand side, the most significant group of buyers of marine turtle eggs inTerengganu are local people buying for own consumption. Some of them are regularconsumers. Visitors from other states represent the second most important buyers,followed by those who bought in bulk for resale.

6.3 Framework of stakeholders

Based on the overall findings, the study offers a framework that outlines backgroundinformation on key stakeholders and target groups to guide the development ofcomprehensive conservation and awareness programs (Figure 6.1). This facilitates the betterunderstanding of the background, characteristics, behaviour and perception of key targetgroups. Undertaking this process would provide the platform for better decision making andprioritising valuable resources towards developing effective education and awarenessprograms. The main stakeholders identified in the framework include, turtle egg consumers,collectors, sellers, illegal egg collectors, other suppliers and the general public. While it is

beyond the scope of the study, policy makers at both state and federal levels are reflected inthe framework as an important stakeholder in realising the goals of turtle conservation,especially in implementing the NPOA on sea turtles. Each target group would require differentinterventions with various levels of engagement. The returns to investments from allocatingresources to various interventions would also differ from stakeholder to stakeholder. For thepurposes of this study, key features of the stakeholders from the study (mainly on turtle eggconsumers, collectors and sellers) are elaborated below.



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Figure 6.1: Framework of stakeholders for developing tur tle related education andawareness campaigns

• Consumers: The study has characterised the main groups of consumers asconsistent consumers and one-off consumers. Consistent consumers are generallythose who would continue eating turtle eggs even though the price of the eggs aredoubled and they knew eating turtle eggs would reduce turtle populations. It isinteresting to note majority of those defined as consistent consumers would eat turtleeggs mainly because it is a delicacy and because they like the taste of it. There werefewer that ate turtle eggs because of medicinal purposes, aphrodisiac or pregnancyreasons as generally thought. In Terengganu, though television remains the mostpopular mean of communication avenue, other options such as mosque and villagetalks and radio also surfaced as important avenues.

One-off turtle egg consumers are those who eat eggs because they are curious aboutit.. Their motivation to eat turtle eggs are not tied to more significant reasons such as

medication or traditions. Appropriate awareness measures can be tailored to suitthese two groups.

• Egg collectors: They are predominantly made up of those who collect eggs tosupplement their household income. There were two respondents in Melaka thatnoted their main reason to be egg collectors was to collect eggs for conservation.Measures can be explored to see how the capacity of those motivated byconservation can be built and how they can be a role and influence to egg collectorswho collect mainly due to income. Complementary programs that would be able tosustain income of egg collectors need to be considered. In particular, managementtools such as direct conservation payments are increasingly explored. An example of a conservation measure involving egg collector was implemented on

the Rendova Island in the Solomon Islands. These efforts have seen an almostcomplete halt to turtle harvest which were previously completely harvested forconsumption. The incentive involves payments to a turtle monitor, villager who found

Education &awareness campaigns

Policymakers &

Consumers

Egg collectors

Egg sellers

Othersuppliers

Public

Illegal eggcollectors

Consistent CuriosityFederal State

Income Conservation

Restaurants Chaletoperators

StallsMiddleperson



47

the nesting turtle and also the community fund when any nests monitored by thevillagers hatch (Ferraro and Gjertsen 2008).

• Illegal egg collectors: Though it was beyond the scope of the study to characterizeillegal egg collectors, relevant questions to egg collectors or state agencies noted thatillegal egg collectors could generally be made up of those who collect turtle eggsillegally upon stumbling upon turtle nests and those that actively search for turtle

nesting to be sold to available customers. The means of transferring illegallyharvested turtle eggs to egg sellers/consumers need to be better understood for moretargeted actions to be taken. The route reported to transfer eggs from Sabah throughcourier and air transfers need to be further investigated. Other routes such as cross-border illegal trade between Philippines and Malaysia or Indonesia and Malaysia havebeen noted but require verification as it was beyond the scope of this study. Crossborder interventions would require cooperation with governments or players such asNGOs of neighbouring countries to strengthen monitoring and enforcement efforts.

• Egg sellers: These include middle men who have higher capital to purchase turtleeggs in bulk and those who would sell turtle eggs at their stalls as one of the many

products. Appropriate awareness measures can be effectively targeted at PasarPayang because an overwhelming number of consumers interviewed in the surveypurchase turtle eggs from Pasar Payang and also some consumers continue eatingturtle eggs because it is readily available. However, the sale of turtle eggs are usuallyfuelled by demand and also those that supply turtle eggs to them. While it may bebeneficial to address egg sellers from an awareness and education program point ofview, it may not be as high priority compared to egg consumers and middle persons oregg suppliers.

• Other suppliers: The survey found a restaurant, Mat Binjai in Terengganu popularlyknown among the locals and tourists serve turtle eggs as part of the menu. Resort orchalet operators have also been noted to sell turtle eggs to visitors in Melaka. While

consumers are mainly the driving force, appropriate awareness measures used toengage the restaurant and resort/chalet operators could bring transformation to thementality of consuming turtle eggs especially among tourists and ideally bring theawareness message to their visitors or consumers who visit them for turtle eggs in thefuture. The Turtle and Rehabilitation Group of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu has anactive program engaging resort operators to be part of the campaign againstconsumption of turtle and terrapin eggs. As of July 2008, 11 resorts in Terengganuhad joined the “Say No to Turtle and Terrapin Eggs’ campaign. 39

• Public: In general, the public refers to the public at large (villagers in the area, urbansocieties and communities from other states). Various groups can be targeted for long

term effectiveness and support for sea turtle conservation activities – for examplethrough the youths or school children which has been implemented by DOF andWWF-Malaysia. Corporate companies can be targeted for their role in corporate andsocial responsibility (CSR) measures especially when conservation programs lack theresources to have massive marketing measures in delivering conservation messagesto stop eating turtle eggs. Specifically, CSR efforts could provide such resource andexpertise. Apart from television, the newspapers and radio were highlighted asimportant communication avenues. Working with the Malay media would be useful toreach out to the consumers that are mainly made up of Malays. Besides thesemainstream communication avenues, mosque and village talks that are more targetedat the local level had also been identified as important communication avenues.

39 The News Straits Times, Malaysia, 29 July 2008.



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Appendix 1: Areas allowed for licensed egg collection anddetails of egg col lectors

A) Areas al lowed for l icensed egg col lectionTerengganu: (21 sites)

Kemaman1. Kijal2. Kemasek3. Tg Batu4. Pantai Kerteh5. Penarek

Dungun6. Kuala Paka7. Kuala Dungun

8. Tg Sura9. Kuala Abang10. Tahu Tiga11. Pulau Tenggol

Marang12. Jambu Bongkok13. Pulau Kapas

Besut14. Keluang15. Tg Kanan

Setiu16. Kuala Baru Utara17. Mengabang Sekeping

Kuala Terengganu18. Mengabang Cicar19. Mengabang Tapang Besar20. Kuala Tok Char21. Pulau Rhu

Melaka: (17 sites)

1. Pulau Upeh2. Tg Kling,3. Kem Terendak,4. Tg. Bidara,5. Balik Batu,6. Pasir Gembur,7. Padang Kemunting,8. Sg. Tuang,9. Telok Gong,10. Teluk Belangga,11. Kg. Tengah,12. Kuala Linggi,13. Meriam Patah,14. Tg. Serai,



49

15. Sg. Kertah,16. Tg. Dahan17. Pengkalan Balak

Johor: (4 sites)

1. Pulau Mertang

2. Pulau Mensirip3. Pulau Harimau4. Pulau Simbang5. Pulau Lima

Pahang: (8 sites)

1. Pulau Sri Buat2. Pulau Mertang3. Teluk Penut4. Pasir Mentawak5. Telok Saing6. Teluk Munjur7. Tanjung Bunut8. Kg. Genting

B) Number and details of egg collectors (collection sites in brackets)

Terengganu – 13 licensed egg collectors(Note – collectors in terviewed marked with *):

1. Yusof bin Muda (Pantai Kijal)*

No 10, Kampong Madang, Jalan Baru Belakang SMKBAS, 24200 Kemasek, Kemaman

2. Ismail bin Besar (Pantai Kemasek)*No 4, Kpg Pantai Tanjung, 24200 Kemasek, Kemaman

3. Othman bin Embong (Telok Batu)*No 511-1, Kampung Teluk Kalong, 24000 Kemaman.

4. Awang Bani bin Mohd Nor (Pantai Kerteh)*No 540-2, Kampung Gelugor, 24300 Kerteh, Kemaman.

5. Suhaidi bin Yusuf (Penarik)

No 3, Kpg Gelugor, 24300 Kerteh, Kemaman

6. Daud bin Ismail (Sempadan)*No 260, Kpg Cacar, 23100 Paka

7. Mohamad Napi bin Abd Razak (Kuala Dungun)*(represented by Mohd Aziz Hitam)No 2-A, Jalan Pantai, Tanah Lot, 23000 Dungun

8. Muhammad bin Abu Bakar (Kuala Abang)*No 85, Kampung Kuala Abang, 23050 Dungun

9. Razali bin Abdullah (Tahu Tiga)*No 139, Kampung Baru Kuala Abang, 23050 Dungun



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10. Mohamad bin Musa (Jambu Bongkok)*Kampung Telaga Air, Jambu Bongkok, 21610 Marang

11. Ramli bin Ismail (Kuala Baharu Utara)*Kampong Gong Batu, 22050 Permaisuri, Setiu

12. Jamaldin bin Sidek (Mengabang Sekeping)

Kampong Penarik, 22120 Setiu

13. Nordin bin Yahya (Kuala Tok Char) (Kak Mah)*Kg Bari Besar, Wakil Pos Merang, 21010 Kuala Terengganu

Melaka: 17 licensed egg collectors(Note – collectors in terviewed marked with *):

1. Haron Bin Safar (Kem Terendak, Pdg. Kemunting, Sg. Tuang)*2. Ab Hamid Bin Sahat (Telok Belanga, Kuala Sg. Baru)3. Ahmad Bin Razak (Kuala Sg. Baru, Kg. Tengah)4. Musa Bin Muid (Tg. Dahan, Kuala Linggi)5. Mohd Ali Bin Maan (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling)6. Md. Amin Bin Zin (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling)7. Abd. Razak Bin Haron (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling)8. Abu Bakar Bin Jaapar (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling)*9. Mohd. Amin Bin Puasa (Tg. Bidara)*10. Sabtu Bin Zakaria (Tg. Dahan, Kuala Linggi)*11. PNK Melaka Barat (no sites given)12. Zainal Bin Mohammad Amin (Kem Terendak, Kuala Sg. Baru)*13. Masnah Binti Rahman (Tg. Bidara)14. Shariff Bin Aman (Sg. Tuang, Telok Belanga)*15. Omar Bin Eden (Tg. Bidara)

16. Musa Bin Had (Pdg. Kemunting, Pg. Balak, Sg. Kertah)17. Rosni Bin Mahon (Pdg. Kemunting, Pg. Balak, Sg. Kertah, Sg. Tuang, Telok Gong,Telok Belanga)*

Johor: 4 licensed egg collectors

1. Normat Bin Othman (Kg. Tanjung Balang, Pulau Tinggi)2. Wan Musa Bin Mustapha (No. 58. Kampung Air Papan, Mersing)3. Zawawy Bin Muhammad (Lot 53, Kg. Triang, Endau)4. Ibrahim Bin Yaakob (Kg. Buau, Pulau Pemanggil, Mersing)

Pahang: 2 licensed egg collectors

1. Mohd Annuar (Pulau Sri Buat dan Pulau Mertang) Add : Kg. Juara, Pulau Tioman

2. Wan Musa (Teluk Penut, Teluk Saing, Teluk Munjur, Mentawak) Add : Air Papan Mersing



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Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaires for Terengganu

Questionnaire 1: Household survey questionnaire

Marine Turtles Eggs Consumption Household Survey 2008

Kajian Isirumah Mengenai Pemakanan Telur Penyu 2008

Name of respondent : _________________Nama responden

Address of respondent : _________________ Alamat responden

Name of interviewer : _________________Nama penemuduga

Starting time : _________________Masa bermula

Ending time : _________________Masa berakhir

Date : ________________________Haribulan

Good morning [afternoon] !

My name is [_____]

The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Consumption HouseholdSurvey to get a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers and collectors. Thestudy will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing the households, turtle eggs collectors and sellers, and you have been selected just by

chance for this household surveys. Al l the informat ion you provide wil l be str ic tly conf ident ial .

The interview will take about 10-15 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end ofthe interview.

Selamat Pagi [Petang]

Nama saya ialah [_____]

WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu Kajian Isirumah MengenaiPemakanan Telur Penyu di Malaysia yang bertujuan untuk lebih memahami profil mereka yang memakan telurpenyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Kajian ini akan menyumbang sebagai input untuk bahankomunikasi dan kesedaran

Kami menemuramah isirumah, pengutip telur penyu dan penjual telur penyu, dan anda adalah di antara yangtelah terpilih untuk kajian isirumah ini.

Segala maklumat-maklumat yang anda bekalkan akan dianggap sebagai sulit.

Temuramah ini akan mengambil kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberi anda cenderamata pada akhirtemu ramah.



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1. When was the last time that you consumed marine turt le egg?` Bilakah kali terakhir anda memakan telur penyu?

1 This week

Minggu ini

3 Last month

Bulan lepas

5 Few years ago

Beberapa tahun lepas

2 Last week

Minggu lepas

4 Last year

Tahun lepas

6 Never (If never, stop the interview,thank the respondent)

Tidak pernah (Jika tidak pernah,temuduga tidak perlu diteruskan danucapkan terima kasih kepadaresponden)

Section B: Turtle eggs consumption

Seksyen B: Pemakanan telur-telur penyu

2. How many times did you consume turtle eggs last year/previous year ? __________________ timesBerapa kali anda memakan telur penyu tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya?__________kali

(Note to interviewer: If ate last year, please delete previous year, if ate previous year, pleasedelete last year).

3. How many turtle eggs do you usually eat at one time? _____________________ eggs

Berapakah bij i telur yang biasa anda makan dalam satu kali? __________________ bij i telur

4. Who else in your family consumes turtle eggs?

Siapakah di kalangan ahli keluarga anda yang memakan telur penyu?

1 Father

Ayah

3 Spouse

Pasangan

5 Grandchildren

Cucu

2 Mother

Emak

4 Children

Anak-anak

6 Others, please specify ______

Lain-lain, sila jelaskan ________

5. Where or from whom do you buy turtle eggs?

Di mana at au daripada siapa anda dapat membeli telur penyu?

1 Pasar (name___________________)

Pasar (nama ___________________)

3 Others, please specify

Lain-lain, sila nyatakan___________________

2 Egg collector (from kampung)

Pemungut telur (dari kampung mana _____________)

6. How many eggs do you normally buy at one time ?

Berapakah biji telur yang biasa anda beli dalam satu-satu masa? ______________

7. Why do you consume tur tle eggs? (tick one only)

Apakah sebab utama anda makan telur penyu? (tanda satu sahaja)

1 As medicationUntuk perubatan

3 Source of proteinSumber protin

5 Aphrodisiac Aprodisiak

2 DelicacyDelikasi

4 Curious (for first timer)Ingin mencuba (bagipertama kali)

6 Others (please specifyLain-lain (sila nyatakan ________)

SECTION A: Filter question

SEKSYEN A: Soalan “ fil ter”



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8. Do you know that the turtle population is declining?

Adakah anda tahu populasi penyu semakin berkurangan?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

9. Would you continue to eat turtle eggs if you knew that turtle eggs consumption i s one of the

causes of its decline?Adakah anda akan terus makan telur penyu jika anda tahu bahawa pemakanan telur penyu adalah salah

satu sebab yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu?

1 Yes (please go to question 10)Ya (sila pergi soalan 10)

2 No (please go to question 11)Tidak (sila pergi soalan 11)

a. If Yes, why? (you may choose more than one answer)

Jika Ya, kenapa? (anda boleh memilih lebih dari satu jawapan)

1 Turtle eggs contain more nutrientsTelur penyu mempunyai lebih khasiat

3 Turtle eggs are still easily availableTelur penyu masih mudah didapati

2 Turtle eggs consumption is not one of the causesof turtle population declinePemakanan telur penyu bukan salah satu sebab

yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu

4 Others (please specify)Lain-lain (sila jelaskan: _____________)

10. If the price of a turtle egg was doubled from around RM2 to RM4, would you st ill eat them?

Adakah anda akan terus makan telur penyu j ika harga telur penyu telah berganda dari RM2 ke RM4?

1 Yes (please go to question 12)Ya (sila pergi soalan 12)

2 No (please go to question 13)Tidak (sila pergi soalan 13)

a. If yes, would you still eat as much as now?

Jika ya, adakah anda masih akan memakannya sebanyak seperti sekarang?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

Section C: Perception

Seksyen C: Pendapat

11. What do you think are the main reasons for turt le decline?

Apakah sebab-sebab utama yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu?

1 Habitat destruction

Kemusnahan habitat

3 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities

Terperangkap dalam pukat/aktiviti perikanan

2 Consumption of eggs

Pemakanan telur

4 Others (please specify)

Lain-lain (sila jelaskan ___________________)

Section D: Socioeconomic characteristics

Seksyen D: Ciri-ciri socioeconomic

12. Ethnicity of respondent:

Keturunan/ethnik responden:

1 Malay

Melayu

2 Chinese

Cina


Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:_______________)



54

13. Gender of respondent:

Jantina responden:

1 Male

Lelaki

2 Female

Perempuan

14. Age of respondent:Umur responden:

1 Under 20

Dibawah 20

3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60

Atas 60

15. What is the highest level of education that you have completed? (Please check one)

Apakah tahap pendidikan tertinggi yang anda capai? (Sila tandakan satu)

1 None

Tiada

5 Certificate

Sijil

2 Primary school

Sekolah rendah

6 Diploma

3 SRP/PMR 7 Degree

Ijazah

4 SPM 8 Postgraduate

Sarjana

16. What kind o f job do you have?

Apakah jenis pekerjaan anda?

1 Farmer/Agricultural worker

Petani/Pekerja bidang pertanian

6 Technician

Pekerja teknik

2 Shop and market sales worker

Pekedai dan pekerja bidang pemasaran

7 Construction workerl

Kerja binaan

3 Clerical

Kerani

8 Unemployed

Menganggur

4 Factory worker

Pekerja kilang

9 Don’t work (pensioner, student, housewife etc.)

Tidak bekerja (pesara, pelajar, suri rumah dansebagainya.)

5 Small business owner/ Retail sales

Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualan runcit


Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:____________________)

17. What is the level of your household income?

Apakah tahap pendapatan keluarga anda?

RM per month

RM sebulan

RM per month

RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 7 6,001 – 7,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 8 7,001 – 8,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 9 8,001 – 9,000

4 3,001 – 4,000 10 9,001 – 10,000

5 4,001 – 5,000 11 10,001 – 20,000

6 5,001 – 6,000 12 Greater than 20,000Lebih daripada 20,000



55

18. How many people comprise your current household (including yourself)?

Berapakah jumlah isi rumah anda buat masa ini (termasuk anda)? __________________________

Section E: Communication avenues and in terest in learning and protecting the marine turtles

Seksyen E : Medan komunikasi dan minat pembelajaran dalam melindungi penyu

19. What are the main communication avenues that you depend on for news or updates?

Apakah medan komunikasi yang anda gunakan untuk mendapat berita atau informasi terkini?

1 NewspaperSuratkhabar

4 Village talksCeramah di kampung

2 Watch tvMenonton tv

5 Mosque talksCeramah di masjid

3 Internet 6 Others (please specify)Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:____________________)

20. Have you been exposed to any turtle conservation awareness activities/materials before this?

Adakah anda terdedah dengan mana-mana aktiviti-aktivit i/bahan-bahan kesedaran dalam pemuliharaan

penyu sebelum ini?

1 Yes (Please specify what type) Ya (Sila nyatakan kejenisan ___________________)

2 NoTidak

21. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation programmes?

Adakah anda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemuliharaan seperti yand disenaraikan di

bawah?

1 Community programs / activities (such as beach cleanup) Program / aktiviti bersama komuniti (seperti membersihkan pantai)

2 Research activities (such as turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary) Aktiviti penyelidikan (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjaga sanktuari penyu)

3 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservationProgram eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu


Lain-lain, sila nyatakan_______________________________________________________ 5 No

22. What are the ways that you think we can reduce the consumption o f turtl e eggs?

Pada pendapat anda, bagaimanakah ki ta dapat mengurangkan pemakanan telur penyu?

1 More education and awarenessMenambahkan pendidikan dan kesedaran

2 Ban of turtle egg consumptionMengharamkan penggunaan/ pemakanan telur-telur penyu

3 Local community involvement in conservationPenglibatan komuniti tempatan dalam pemuliharaan

4 Others, please specifyLain-lain, sila nyatakan: __________________________________________

5 No opinion

Thank you!!! This is the end of the questionnaireTerima kasih!!! Ini adalah soal selidik yang terakhir



56

Section F: Interviewer Debriefing Questions

Seksyen F: MAKLUM BALAS PENEMUDUGA

1. Was the person who answered the questions irr itated or nervous during the interview?

Adakah orang yang menjawab soalan-soalan semasa temuduga kurang senang atau gugup?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

2. Do you think that it was easy for the respondent to answer the questions concerning Section B?

Pada pendapat anda, adakah mudah untuk responden untuk menjawab soalan-soalan di Seksyen B?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

2 NA/MissingTidak berkenaan

3. Do you think that it was easy for the respondent to answer the questions concerning SectionC?

Pada pendapat anda, adakah mudah untuk responden untuk menjawab soalan-soalan di Seksyen C?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

2 NA/MissingTidak berkenaan

4. Was the person who answered the questions looking bored or tired during the interview?

Adakah orang yang menjawab soalan-soalan semasa temuduga tersebut kelihatan bosan atau letih?

1 YesYa

2 NoTidak

5. Are you certain that the interviewee was answering the questions honestly and truly?

Adakah anda pasti orang yang ditemuduga itu menjawab soalan-soalan dengan jujur dan benar?

1 2 3 4 5 VeryUncertainSangat tidak pasti

ModeratelyUncertainKurang Pasti

NeutralNeutral

ModeratelyCertain Agak Pasti

VeryCertainSangat Pasti

6. Who else was listening wh ile you conducted this interview with the respondent? (Check all thatapply)

Ada sesiapa yang mendengar perbualan anda semasa temuduga dengan responden? (Sila semak yang

mana berkenaan)

1 No oneTiada

4 Other adultsDewasa

2 SpousePasangan

5 ChildrenKanak-kanak

3 Other adult family members Ahli-ahli keluarga dewasa yang lain

6 Other (specify) ________________________Lain-lain (jelaskan)_______________________



57

Questionnaire 2: Egg collectors questionnaire

Marine Turt les Eggs Collectors Survey

2008

Name of respondentNama responden

: ______________________ Starting timeMasa bermula

: __________________

Address of respondent Alamat responden

: ______________________ Ending timeMasa berakhir

: __________________

Name of interviewerNama penemuduga

: ______________________ DateHaribulan

: __________________

Section A: Socioeconomic characteristics

SEKSYEN A: CIRI-CIRI SOSIOEKONOMI

1. Gender of respondent:Jantina responden

1 Male

Lelaki

2 Female

Perempuan

2. Age of respondent:

Umur responden:

1 Under 20

Dibawah 20

3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60

60 ke atas

Good morning [afternoon].

My name is [_____].

The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Collectors Survey inMalaysia. to get a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle eggcollectors. The study will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing turtle eggs collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected just by chance.

All the information you provide wi ll be str ic tly conf ident ial .


Selamat Pagi (Petang)Nama saya ialah [_____].

WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu kajian mengenaipenggutip/pemungut telur penyu di Malaysia. Tujuan kajiselidik ini adalah untuk memahami profil mereka yangmenggunakan/memakan telur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Keputusan dari kajian ini akandigunakan untuk penyediaan bahan-bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran

Kami menemuramah pengutip telur, penjual dan juga pengguna, dan anda adalah di antara yang telah terpilih.

Semua maklumat yang diberikan adalah sulit.

Temu ramah ini akan mengambil masa kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberikan cenderahati pada andadi akhir temu ramah ini.



58

3. Is turtle egg collection your main job?

Adakah pe ngutip telur penyu ini pekerjaan utama anda?

1 Yes

Ya

2 No

Tidak

4. What other types of jobs do you have?

Apakah pekerjaan lain yang anda lakukan?



7 Manager

Pengurus


Pekedai dan pekerja bidangpemasaran

8 Contruction worker

Pekerja binaan

3 Clerical

Kerani

9 Unemployed

Menganggur

4 Factory worker

Pekerja kilang



5 Technician

Juruteknik

11 Others (please specify: )

Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:___________________)


Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualanruncit



RM per month

RM sebulan

RM per month

RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 5 4,001 – 5,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 6 5,001 – 6,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 7 Greater than 6,000

Lebih daripada 6,000

4 3,001 – 4,000

6. How much does egg collection contribute to your montly income ?

Berapa banyakkah pungutan telur menyumbang pada pendapatan bulanan anda? ________

Section B: Egg Collection

SEKSYEN B: KUTIPAN TELUR

7. How many years have you been an egg collector?

Sudah berapa lamakah anda menjadi pengut ip telur? _______________________

8. What is the main reason for you to collect eggs?

Apakah sebab utama anda mengutip/memungut telur?

1 Family tradition

Tradisi keluarga

2 Important source of income

Sumber pendapatan yang penting



59

3 Own consumption

Kegunaan sendiri

4 Others (pl specify)

Lain-lain (Sila jelaskan:____________________________________________)

9. How many months did you collect turt le eggs last year/previous year? ____________________months

Berapa bulan anda mengutip telur penyu pada tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya? _____________bulan

10. How many young and old turtle nests did you collect last year/previous year?

Berapa banyak sarang baru dan lama yang anda kutip tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya?

_______________ young turt le nests (sarang penyu baru)

_______________ old tur tle nests (sarang penyu lama)

(Note: If col lected last y ear, please delete previous year, if co llected pr evious y ear, please delete last year).(Nota: Jika dikutip tahun lepas, sila potong tahun sebelumnya, jika dikurip tahun sebelumnya, potong tahun lepas)

Section C: Markets for eggs

SEKSYEN C: PASARAN UNTUK TELUR

11. What is the percentage of eggs that you send/sell to the follow ing and the respective price?

Apakah peratusan telur -telur yang anda hantar / jual kepada penerima berikut dan harga yangdikenakan

To

Kepada

Place

(if necessary)

Tempat (jika perlu)

Percentage (%)

Peratus (%)

RM/egg RM/telur

1 Egg sellers at the market/s

Penjual telur di pasar

2 Middle man

Orang tengah

3 Friend and relatives

Rakan dan saudara mara

4 DOF

Jabatan Perikanan

5 WWF

6 Own consumption

Kegunaan sendiri

N/A N/A

7 Others_______________Lain-lain _______________

Total

Jumlah

100%

12. Does the price change during peak season and low/non-season?

Adakah harga telur berubah di antara musim puncak dan bukan musim?

1 Yes, ______ during peak season (choose higher or lower)

Ya, _______semasa musim puncak (pilih tinggi atau rendah)

2 No

Tidak

13. How much do you pay for the license to collect turtle eggs? RM

Berapakah anda bayar untuk mendapatkan lesen mengut ip telur penyu? RM _____________



60

14. Do you think the population of turtles in your area have _________ compared to 10 years ago?

Pada pandangan anda adakah populasi penyu di kawasan anda telah _____________berbanding 10 tahun lalu?

1 Increased

Meningkat

2 DecreasedMenurun

3 Not changed

Tiada perubahan

15. If given a chance to change to an alternative job instead of collecting eggs, would you bewilling to change?

Jika anda diberi peluang untuk bertukar ke pekerjaan lain selain mengutip telur, sud ikah andauntuk berubah?

1 Yes

Ya

2 No

Tidak

a. If yes, what would you choose?

Jika ya, apakah yang anda pili h?

1 Small business/retail/sales

Perniagaan kecil-kecilan/borong/penjualan

5 Conservation related

Mengenai konservasi

2 Construction sector

Sektor pembinaan

6 Community related

Mengenai kemasyarakatan

3 Farming /fisheries

Pertanian/perikanan

7 Others

Lain-lain ____________________

4 Factory relatedMengenai perkilangan

b. If no, why?

Jika tidak, kenapa?

1 Important income that cannot bereplaced

Pendapatan penting yang tidak bolehdiganti

3 Too comfortable with egg collection, not willing tochange to a new sector

Serasi dengan mengutip telur, tidak mahuberubah

2 Family tradition

Tradisi keluarga

4 Others

Lain ____________________

16. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation p rogrammes? Adakahanda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemeliharan seperti yang disebutkan?

1 Research activities (such as turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary)

Aktiviti penyelidikan (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjaga sanktuari penyu)

2 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservation

Program eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu


Lain-lain, sila nyatakan_______________________________________________________

4 No

Tidak

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire.Terima kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat.

SECTION D: PERCEPTION

SECTION D : PENDAPAT



61

Questionnaire 3: Egg seller survey questionnaire

Marine Turtles Eggs Sellers Survey2008

\

Name of respondentNama responden

: ______________________ Starting timeMasa bermula

: __________________

Address of respondent Alamat responden

: ______________________ Ending timeMasa berakhir

: __________________

Name of interviewerNama penemuduga

: ______________________ DateHaribulan

: __________________

Interviewer to record: type of shop (only selling turtle eggs or other things as well)

_______________________Penemuduga diminta untuk mencatatkan: Jenis kedai (hanya menjual telur penyu atau beserta denganbarangan lain) ______________________________________

Section A: Egg Customers

SEKSYEN A: PENGGUNA/PELANGGAN

1. Who usually buy turtle eggs from you?

Siapakah yang selalunya membeli telur-telur penyu daripada anda?

1 Repeat customers for own consumption

Pelanggan yang berulang, yang membeliuntuk kegunaan sendiri

4 Customers who buy in bulk for resale

Pembeli yang membeli secara banyak danmenjual semula

Good morning [afternoon].

My name is [_____].

The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Sellers Survey in Malaysia. toget a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle egg collectors. Thestudy will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing turtle eggs collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected just by chance.

Al l the informat ion you provide wil l be str ic tly conf ident ial .

The interview will take about 5 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end of theinterview.

Selamat Pagi [Petang]

Nama saya ialah [_____]

WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu Kajian Mengenai Penjual TelurPenyu di Malaysia yang bertujuan untuk lebih memahami profil mereka yang memakan telur penyu/penjualtelur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Kajian ini akan menyumbang kepada input bahan komunikasi dankesedaran.

Segala maklumat yang anda bekalkan akan dianggap sebagai sulit.

Kami menemuramah pengutip telur penyu, penjual telur penyu dan pengguna dan anda adalah di antara yangtelah terpilih untuk kajian ini.

Temuramah ini akan mengambil kira-kira 5 minit dan kita akan memberi anda cenderamata pada akhir temuramah.



62

2 Visitors from other states, e.g

Pelawat dari negeri lain seperti ___________


Lain-lain, sila jelaskan____________

3 Visitors from other countries, from (Pelawat dari negara lain, dari ________________________)

Section B: Sale of eggs

SEKSYEN B: PENJUALAN TELUR

2. How is the turt le eggs demand in the market?

Bagaimanakah permintaan telur penyu di pasaran?

1 Supply more than demand

Pembekalan lebih daripada permintaan

2 Demand more than supply

Permintaan lebih daripada pembekalan

3. What was the average turtle eggs that was supplied to you on an annual basis?

Apakah kadar purata telur penyu yang dibekalkan kepada anda pada setiap tahun?

Number of eggs

Bilangan telur

a. 10 years ago (i.e. 1998)

10 tahun lalu (i.e. 1998)

________________

b. 5 years ago (i.e. 2003)

5 tahun lalu (i.e. 2003)

________________

c. Last year (i.e. 2007)

Tahun lepas (i.e. 2007)

________________

4. How many eggs do you sell in a day?

Berapa biji telurkah yang anda jual dalam sehari?a. During nesting season ______________________ eggs

Semasa musimpenyu bertelur ______________biji

b. Non-nesting season ______________________ eggs (if sell only during nesting season,please note NA – not applicable)

Bukan musim penyu bertelur _________________biji (ji ka dijual semasa musim penyu telur, sila letak NA –Tidak berkaitan)

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire.

Terima Kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat



63

Appendix 3: Survey Questionnaires for Melaka

Questionnaire 1: Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka,2008

Marine Turt le Egg Collectors SurveyKajiselidik Pengutip Telur Penyu

2008

Name of respondentNama responden :

Starting timeMasa bermula

:

Address of respondent Alamat responden :

Ending timeMasa berakhir

:

Name of interviewerNama penemuduga :

DateTarikh

:

SECTION A: SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICSSEKSYEN A: CIRI-CIRI SOSIOEKONOMI

17. Gender of respondent:

Jantina responden:

1 Male

Lelaki

2 Female

Perempuan

18. Age of respondent:

Umur responden:

1 Under 20 3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59

Good morning [afternoon], My name is [_____].

WWF-Malaysia in partnership with TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey inMalaysia to better understand the profile of local turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle egg collectors. Thestudy will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing turtle egg collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected to participate. Al l the information you provi de wil l be strict ly conf ident ial .


Selamat Pagi (Petang), Nama saya [_____].WWF-Malaysia dengan kerjasama TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu kajian mengenai pemungut telurpenyu di Malaysia. Tujuan kajiselidik ini adalah untuk memahami profil mereka yang menggunakan/memakantelur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Keputusan yang diperolehi daripada kajian ini akanmenyumbang kepada penyediaan bahan-bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran

Kami sedang menemuramah pengutip, penjual dan juga pengguna telur penyu, dan anda adalah di antara yangterpilih.

Semua maklumat yang diberikan adalah sulit.Temu ramah ini akan mengambil masa kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberikan cenderahati pada anda diakhir temu ramah ini.



64

Dibawah 20

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60

60 ke atas

19. Is turtle egg collection your main job?

Adakah mengutip telur penyu pekerjaan utama anda?

1 Yes

Ya

2 No

Tidak

20. What other types of jobs do you have?

Apakah pekerjaan lain yang anda lakukan?



7 Manager

Pengurus


Pekedai dan pekerja bidang

pemasaran

8 Construction worker

Pekerja binaan

3 Clerical

Kerani

9 Unemployed

Menganggur

4 Factory worker

Pekerja kilang



5 Technician

Juruteknik

11 Others (please specify: )

Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:_____________)


Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualanruncit



RM per month

RM sebulan

RM per month

RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 5 4,001 – 5,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 6 5,001 – 6,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 7 Greater than 6,000

Lebih daripada 6,000

4 3,001 – 4,000

22. How much does egg collection contr ibute to your annual income ? ___________

Berapa banyakkah pungutan telur menyumbang kepada pendapatan tahunan anda? _______

7. How many people are there in your current household (including yourself)? _________Berapakah jumlah isi rumah anda buat masa ini (termasuk anda)? _________________

SECTION B: EGG COLLECTION

SEKSYEN B: PENGUTIPAN TELUR

8. How many years have you been a turt le egg collector?

Sudah berapa tahunkah anda menjadi pengutip telur penyu?



65

9. What is the main reason for you to collect eggs?

Apakah sebab utama anda mengutip/memungut telur?

1 Family tradition

Tradisi keluarga

2 Important source of income

Sumber pendapatan yang penting

3 Own consumption

Kegunaan sendiri


Lain-lain (Sila jelaskan:________________________)

10. How many months did you col lect tur tle eggs last year? ___________________ months

Berapa bulan anda mengutip telur penyu tahun lepas? _____________bulan

11. Which months? From ________________to _____________________________

Dari bulan____________________ hingga bulan __________________________

12. How many turtle egg clutches did you collect last year (2007)?

Berapa sarang telur penyu yang anda kutip tahun lepas (2007)?

SECTION C: MARKET FOR EGGS

SEKSYEN C: PASARAN UNTUK TELUR

13. Where do you sell the turtle eggs that you collect? ____________________________________________

Di manakah anda menjual telur penyu yang d ipungut?

14. Are the turt le eggs used in any other way?

Adakah telur penyu digunakan untuk kegunaan lain?

1 Own consumption, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? _________________________

Kegunaan/pemakanan persendirian, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kalisetahun?_____________________________________

2 For friends and relatives, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? ____________________

Untuk rakan dan saudara mara, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kalisetahun?______________________________________________________

3 Sold to middle men/chalet operators, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? ____________

Dijual kepada orang tengah/pengurus ‘chalet’, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kalisetahun?_______________________ (interviewer please select either middle men or chalet operators)

4 Others ______________________, how many per eggs per week and how often in a year? __________

Kegunaan lain _________________, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kali setahun?_______

15. Are there poaching activiti es in your area?

Adakah aktiv it i pungutan telur penyu tanpa lesen ber laku di kawasan anda?

1 Yes

Ya

2 No

Tidak

16. Where are the eggs usually poached?_____________________ which beach



66

Pantai manakah kes pungutan telur tanpa lesen kerap berlaku?

17. How often do you encounter poachers while patrolling the beach in a week?

Berapa kali seminggu anda menemui/terserempak dengan pemungut telur tanpa lesen semasaanda meronda pantai?

__________________________ times a week during nesting season

_____________________________ kali seminggu semasa musim bertelur

__________________________times a week during non-nesting season

___________________________kali seminggu semasa bukan musim bertelur

18. Please estimate how many clutches of turtle eggs poached in one week

Sila anggarkan bilangan sarang telur penyu yang dikutip tanpa lesen dalam seminggu

Clutches of Eggs poached/week_____________________during nesting season

Bilangan sarang seminggu _______________________ semasa musim bertelur

Clutches of Eggs poached/week ____________________during non-nesting season

Bilangan sarang seminggu _________________________ semasa bukan musim bertelur

19. Where are the poached eggs sold? How? How much?

Dimanakah telur yang dikutip tanpa lesen dijual? Bagainama dan apakah harga?

To

Kepada

How and where?

Bagainama dan dimana?

RM/egg RM/telur

1 Middle man

Orang tengah

2 Friends and relatives

Rakan dan saudara mara

3 Resort operators

Pengurus chalet

4 Others_______________

Lain-lain

20. Is the market price for turtl e eggs different during nesting season compared to off nestingseason? Adakah harga pasaran telur penyu berbeza semasa musim bertelur berbandingbukan musim bertelur?

1 Yes, _________ during peak season(choose higher or lower)

Ya, ___________semasa musim bertelur(pilih tinggi atau rendah)

2 No

Tidak

21. Are you willing to pay a higher price compared to RM5 for the egg collecting license?

Adakah anda sanggup membayar leb ih dar ipada RM5 untuk lesen mengut ip telur penyu?

1 If Yes, how much? RM _______________

Jika Ya, berapa?

2 No

Tidak

22. What’s the terms and condi tions of the li censes? ____________________________ Apakah syarat pelesenan? _________________________________



67

24. Why are turt le eggs favoured even though they are at least 4 times more expensive thanchicken eggs?

Mengapakah telur penyu masih digemari, walaupun harganya adalah 4 kali ganda telur ayambiasa?

1 As medication/health

Untukperubatan/kesihatan

3 Source of protein

Sumber protein

5 Aphrodisiac

Menguatkan tenaga batin

2 Delicacy/delicious

Delikasi/Sedap

4 Curious (for first timer)

Ingin mencuba (bagipertama kali)

6 For pregnant women

Wanita mengandung yang mengidam

7 Others (please specify

Lain-lain (sila nyatakan ______________)

25. Currently there is scientific evidence to show that tur tle eggs have the same nutriti onal valueas chicken eggs. Do you think vil lage folk would stop eating turt le eggs if they were aware ofthis?

Kajian saintifik terkini mendapati kanduangan nutrien di dalam telur penyu adalah samadengan kandungan nutr ien di dalam telur ayam biasa. Pada pendapat anda, adakah orangkampung akan berhenti memakan telur penyu sekiranya mereka mengetahui perkara ini?

1 Yes

Ya

2 No

Tidak

26. If No, why? (you may choose more than one answer)Jika Tidak, mengapa? (anda boleh memilih lebih dari satu jawapan)

1 Local tradition is difficult to change

Tradisi tempatan sukar diubah


Lain-lain (sila jelaskan:

_________________________________)

2 Turtle eggs are still easily available

Telur penyu masih mudah didapati

27. Do you think the population of tu rtles in your area has ____________ compared to 10 yearsago?

Pada pandangan anda adakah populasi penyu di kawasan anda telah ___________berbanding10 tahun yang lalu?

1 Increased

Meningkat.. go to Q29

2 Decreased

Menurun.. go to Q28

3 Not changed

Tiada perubahan.. go to Q29

28. What do you th ink are the main reasons fo r turtl e decline? (only for those who said turtlepopulation declined)Pada pendapat anda, apakah sebab utama bilangan penyu kian menurun?

1 Habitat destruction

Kemusnahan habitat

2 Poaching and consumption of eggs

Pengutipan tanpa lesen dan pemakanan telurnya

3 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities

Tersangkut di dalam pukat/ aktiviti perikanan

4 Others (pl specify ___________________________________)

Lain-lain (sila jelaskan)

SECTION D: PERCEPTIONSECTION D : PENDAPAT



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29. If given a chance to change to an alternative job instead of col lecting turt le eggs, would yoube willing to change?

Jika anda diberi peluang untuk bertukar ke pekerjaan lain selain mengutip telur penyu,sudikah anda bertukar?

1 Yes… go to Q30

Ya

2 No… go to Q29a

Tidak

a. If no, why?

Jika tidak, mengapa?

1 Important income that cannot bereplaced

Pendapatan penting yang tidak bolehdiganti

3 Too comfortable with egg collection, not willing tochange to a new sector

Serasi dengan mengutip telur, tidak mahuberubah

2 Family tradition

Tradisi keluarga

4 Others

Lain ____________________

30. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation programmes? Adakah anda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemeliharan sepert i yangdisebutkan?

1 Research and conservation activities (such as turtle population status and taking care ofturtle sanctuary)

Aktiviti penyelidikan and konservasi (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjagasanktuari penyu)

2 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservation

Program eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu


Lain-lain, sila nyatakan _________________________________

4 No

Tidak

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire.Terima kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat.



69

Questionnaire 2: Resort and Chalet Operators Survey on Saleof Marine Turt le Eggs, 2008.

1) Can I get turtle eggs here?2) How do you serve turtle eggs? (for breakfast, as per request, sell directly)3) What is the price of an egg? Is the price usually the same during nesting or

non-nesting seasons?4) Who usually comes here to buy eggs?5) How many eggs do they normally buy in one go? Do you sell in bulk. Is there

more demand than supply or more supply than demand for turtle eggs?6) Where do you get the eggs from?

a. from local villagers - where.. can we go visit the kampong?b. From outsiders? (from Sabah? Philippines?) How do they send the

eggs to you?



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Appendix 4: List of chalets and resorts in relatednesting areas in MelakaNote:

Operators that supply turtle eggs are marked with ***Operators that were interviewed and do not supply turtle eggs are marked with *

No. Chalet/ Address Manager/Contact Number Location

1 Muara Bidara ResortPdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

En MansorTel: (06)3847971

PadangKemunting

2 Chalet Deruan Ombak*Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Minhat b. BahudinTel: (06)3847628

(013)3885715

PadangKemunting

3 Ismah Chalet*Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

En IsmailTel: (06)3848141/3846897Fax: (06)3848140www.ismahresort.com [email protected]

PadangKemunting

4 Asyraf Chalet*Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Abd RazakTel: (06)3843255

(012)3945451

PadangKemunting

5 Mawar ChaletPdg Kemunting,

78300, Masjid Tanah

Hjh Rokiah Binti BahomanTel: (06)3849225

PadangKemunting

6 Chalet Hjh Barok***Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Zuraida Bte MatTel: (06)3845640

PadangKemunting

7 Darul Darul AslahPdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tn Hj Ibrahim b. LemanTel: (06)3842469

(012)2208159

PadangKemunting

8 Putra Sayang Resort***

Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Datuk Yunos

Tel: (06)3848946

Padang

Kemunting

9 Kenangan Chalet*Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Cikgu ZulTel: (06)3844811

(013)6035064

PadangKemunting

10 Chalet Hjh Som*Jln Tok Bakar, P. Balak,Pdg Kemunting,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3844055 PadangKemunting

11 Chalet Sri ImpianPengkalan Balak,

Pn Hjh. Jariah AbdullahTel: (06)5565855

PadangKemunting

http://www.ismahresort.com/

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.ismahresort.com/



72


Pengkalan Balak,78300, Masjid Tanah

24 Chalet Sri Pangkalan Balak*

Jalan Persisiran Pantai,Kg Sg Kerteh,78300, Masjid Tanah

Hj Bakau

Tel: (06)3847564(012)6238564

Sungai

Tuang

25 Attar Villa***Jalan Persisiran Pantai,Kg Sg Kerteh,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (012)6141610(02)96703141(02)63653496

SungaiTuang

26 Chalet Keluarga SriJalan Persisiran Pantai,Kg Sg Kerteh,

78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3842704(019)3362776

SungaiTuang

27 Atie IraJalan Persisiran Pantai,Kg Sg Kerteh,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3849165 SungaiTuang

28 Chalet Permata*Jalan Persisiran Pantai,Sg Tuang,78300, Masjid Tanah

Cikgu Hj AbdollahTel: (06)3842423

(013)6204507

SungaiTuang

29 D’ Nelayan*Jalan Persisiran Pantai,Kg Sg Tuang,78300, Masjid Tanah

Azalina Abdul Karim (013)6963600Tel: (06)3848787Fax:(06)3851878

SungaiTuang

30 Harmorni Chalet*Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru,78200, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3843397(013)6311929

Teluk Gong

31 Chalet Triplet Cottage*Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru,

78200, Masjid Tanah,Melaka.

Tel: (06)3841401 Teluk Gong

32 Istana Beach ResortKg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru,78200, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (016)6305500 Teluk Gong

33 Damar Suria ResortKg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru,78200, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3842255Fax:(06)3841199www.damarsuriaresort.com [email protected]

Teluk Gong

34 Kembang Sejati ChaletLot485, Kg. Balik Bukit

Tel: (012)6218945 Kuala Linggi

http://www.damarsuriaresort.com/



http://www.damarsuriaresort.com/



73


Kuala Linggi78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

35 KM Chalet

Kg. Balik BukitKuala Linggi78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

Tel: (06)3878033

(012)6544639

Kuala Linggi

36 Rizalan ChaletKg. Balik BukitKuala Linggi78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

Tel: (012)920989(012)6697499

37 Inapan SamuderaKM 52, Kg. Balik BukitKuala Linggi

78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

En. Nurulhalim Bin HassimTel: (06)3876913

(013)6212116

Website: http://asia.geocities.com

Kuala Linggi

38 Chalet KeluargaMeriam Patah,Kuala Linggi, 78200

Tel: (06)6112207(012)6115344

MeriamPatah

39 Nuriesah Chalet*Meriam Patah,Kuala Linggi, 78200

Tel: (012)6288680(013)6657257

MeriamPatah

40 Cindai Chalet*Batu22, Kg Balik Bukit,

Tanjung Bidara,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3847595/3844078 TanjungBidara

41 RC ChaletBatu23, ½,Tanjung Bidara,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3844772(03)55484115(012)3143274

TanjungBidara

42 Mutiara Chalet*Batu23, ½, Kg Balik Batu,Tanjung Bidara,

78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3512049/3845350(012)6113230

TanjungBidara

43 Samudera Bidara Resort***Jalan Samudera,Kg Balik Batu, Tg Bidara,78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3853245/3853825Fax:(06)3853642E-mail:[email protected]

TanjungBidara

44 Tanjung Bidara Beach Resort78300, Masjid Tanah

Tel: (06)3842990Fax:(06)3842995E-mail: [email protected]

TanjungBidara

http://asia.geocities.com/





http://asia.geocities.com/



74

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