Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2015 · 2018. 11. 6. · This report details the background,...

Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2015

Prepared by Navigatus Consulting

for Maritime New Zealand

20 May 2015

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MOSRA15 Final Report.docx

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Prepared by Navigatus Consulting Ltd for:

Maritime New Zealand

Navigatus Consulting Limited

347 Parnell Road

PO Box 137249

Parnell, Auckland 1052

+64 9 377 4132

www.navigatusconsulting.com

Quality Control

Prepared by: Geraint Bermingham

Reviewed by:

Revision Date Authorised By

Name Signature

Initial Draft 15 March 2015 G. Bermingham

Final Draft Rev 1.91 30 April 2015 G. Bermingham

Final Report

20 May 2015 G. Bermingham

Navigatus Consulting for Maritime New Zealand



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Contents 1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 1

2. Background ................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Project aim and deliverables ................................................................................. 3

2.2 Project history ........................................................................................................ 4

2.3 MOSRA15 ............................................................................................................. 5

2.4 MOSRA15 project approach ................................................................................. 5

3. Data sources, assumptions, and limitations ................................................................ 6

3.1 Event probability data sources .............................................................................. 6

3.2 Environmental data sources .................................................................................. 7

4. Analysis methodology ................................................................................................. 8

4.1 Risk determination ................................................................................................. 8

4.2 Model overview ..................................................................................................... 8

4.3 Key developments over MOSRA10 analysis ......................................................... 9

4.4 Spill likelihood at source ...................................................................................... 10

4.5 Oil dispersion from source ................................................................................... 13

4.6 Environmental consequence ............................................................................... 13

5. Framework for displaying risk profile ........................................................................ 17

5.1 Shoreline ............................................................................................................. 17

5.2 Open water .......................................................................................................... 17

5.3 Vessel information ............................................................................................... 19

6. Results ...................................................................................................................... 20

6.1 Type of results available ...................................................................................... 20

6.2 Sector analysis .................................................................................................... 21

6.3 Risk profiles ......................................................................................................... 24

6.4 Shoreline results comparison to MOSRA10 ........................................................ 28

6.5 Scenarios ............................................................................................................ 29

7. Closing ...................................................................................................................... 34

8. Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 35

Appendices

Appendix A – Web based interface

Appendix B – Categorisation of oil types within MOSRA15 model

Appendix C – Wind, current, and temperature


Appendix D – Environmental value and impact

Appendix E – Shoreline environmental ratings

Appendix F – Oil spill probability profiles (high risk shoreline areas)


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1. Executive Summary

Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) periodically commissions a marine oil spill risk assessment to be undertaken. MNZ uses these risk assessments to guide the management of oil spill response planning.

This report details the background, methodology, and results of the most recent marine oil spill risk assessment (MOSRA15). MOSRA15 was carried out by Navigatus Consulting and completed in April 2015. Key findings are presented in the form of map images, tables, and supporting explanations.

MOSRA15 represents the latest evolution of efforts to understand the maritime oil spill risk profile, spanning from 1992 to the present. Each project undertaken has built upon the previous and, while being outwardly similar, MOSRA15 represents a significant advance on MOSRA10.

For example, for the first time MOSRA provides an oil spill risk profile for offshore and vessel activity in the open water around New Zealand. MOSRA15 represents a natural update of information from the previous MOSRA10.

The outputs of MOSRA15 are, in summary:

u Tabular presentation of sector risk profile by vessel types showing % of total national oil spill risk;

u Visualisations and listings of the overall national shoreline risk profile and environmental sensitivity;

u Visualisations of the oil spill risk and environmental sensitivity to oil in the open water surrounding New Zealand (to ~200km from the mainland);

u Graphical displays of oil spill probability for ‘high risk’ shoreline areas and ports; u Visualisations of the national shoreline navigational hazard profile and listings for

each shoreline area; u Visualisations of relevant maritime activity around New Zealand; u A register of environmental and the associated value of features associated with

each shoreline area; and u Visualisations and graphical display of a range of future scenarios associated

with vessel trading and offshore exploration over a 5-year period.

Visualisations of these outputs are presented in the form of images and tables in this report (See Section 6 for the most significant results) and via an interactive website at http://mosra15.navigatusconsulting.com .


MOSRA15 has determined that the overall shoreline risk profile remains similar to that in MOSRA10. However, it is noted that:

u There has been some limited change in the relative risk across maritime sectors. This can be explained in part by changes in activity since the 2005 -2009 dataset, as well as advances in modelling and analysis – specifically consideration of sea currents and open water ecological vulnerabilities;

u The level of risk associated with tanker movement along the Northland east coast is rated as ‘High’, but the absolute level may not be as high as previously calculated. While this can be explained in part by some changes in activity, it is considered that the more advanced modelling of the effect of winds and currents accounts for most of the change seen; and

u The Cook Strait area is rated higher than seen in MOSRA10. This can be explained by the more advanced modelling of wind and current.

The MOSRA15 sector contribution results are shown in the table below:

Sector Contributions Sector Shoreline Impact Basis Open Water Basis Foreign Tankers 60.6% 71.3% Domestic Tankers 19.6% 11.4% Foreign Passenger and Cargo 9.4% 12.7% Domestic Passenger and Cargo Vessels 9.4% 3.1% NZ Fishing Vessels 0.9% 1.5% Production Installations 0.03% 0.11%

The analysis of four potential future scenarios suggests that the overall risk profile is fairly constant regardless of reasonably credible changes in vessel activity over time.

The table below shows the change in overall risk level compared to the current situation (same risk measurement as used in sector analysis).

Scenario Shoreline Impact Basis Open Water Basis

Baseline (MOSRA15 results) -% -%

1: Increased vessel size 21% 21%

2: Increased oil production -0.3% 0.2%

3: Scenarios 1 and 2 together 21% 21%

4: GFC type event -13% -17%

Scenario 1 (an increase in vessel size with a reduction in the number of transits) results in notably higher overall risk compared to the current situation. Scenario 2 (increase in oil production along with the addition of exploration wells) has little impact on overall risk of oil spill. Further analysis for Scenario 2 indicated that exploration activity risk equates to approximately 3% of current offshore risk (shoreline impact basis) and 33% of current offshore risk (open water impact basis). If in 5 years an event similar to the GFC occurred, the overall oil spill risk would decrease by between 10 and 20%.


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2. Background

2.1 Project aim and deliverables

The aim of the Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2015 (MOSRA15) was to provide information and insights that will inform policy, enable development of a future-focused strategy, and support risk-based oil response planning by Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) and other stakeholders.

The main objective of the MOSRA15 project undertaken by Navigatus Consulting for MNZ was the development of a risk model to map oil spill risk, that built and improved on previous models.

MOSRA15 was designed to deliver:

u An accurate picture of New Zealand’s current oil spill risk profile;

u Deliver the capability of the previous MOSRA models but with the added ability to:

w Account for various types of oil;

w Enable sensitivity analysis to:

> Reveal the relative importance of maritime factors and modelling assumptions to inform stakeholder engagement and next-steps planning;

> 'Look ahead' scenarios to reveal the effect of known trends as well as a range of credible future risk profiles;

> Enable trends and future changes within and across sectors to be explored;

w Reflect current environmental values and risk away from the New Zealand shoreline;

w Enable risk based ‘Sector Contribution’ to be determined across the maritime industry (as part of its core capability);

w Furnish relevant information (overview and drill down) for oil spill response planning functions (similar to MOSRA10);

w Aid communication and explanation of the factors that contribute to the relative level of risk around the shoreline, away from the shoreline, and due to various activities.


2.2 Project history

MOSRA15 is preceded by a number of marine oil spill risk assessments, starting with the first national risk assessment undertaken in 1992 (see Figure 2.1). Each model has built on the previous model to ensure earlier developments are utilised, while also developing and improving the model.

2.2.1 MOSRA10

MOSRA10, the last risk model, was built upon MOSRA04 (this was a specific requirement of how the associated analysis was to be built). This requirement gave MOSRA10 strength as it was able to utilise earlier developments, but it also meant some opportunities to advance the methodology could not be taken.

2.2.1.1 Strengths and improvements

The main improvements of MOSRA10 over the models before it are summarised below:

u Extended the methodology by including a function to calculate the level of environmental risk;

u Applied spill probability calculations to individual 20km compliant shoreline cells (based upon a NIWA developed shoreline cell system and superseding a recliner system used by MOSRA04);

u Included consideration of oil-transfer facilities at ports;

u Incorporated a user interface that could explore the effect of changing input factors on calculated risk and probability profiles;

u Included web interface to engage with stakeholders and enable ‘drill down’ into the information displayed;

u Incorporated much greater detail, quality and accuracy of environmental data; and

u Recorded and made available the source of environmental and vessel data (metadata).

Figure 2.1 Summary of national marine oil spill risk assessments


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2.3 MOSRA15

The main limitations of the previous MOSRA10 that have been addressed in MOSRA15 are summarised below:

u Offshore oil production analysis was a 'bolt-on' function (and so change was difficult to model) – now integrated into the core model;

u 'Impact' only occurred at the shoreline (and so was not able to consider far-off-shore risk or fully factor in the effect of off-shore activity and incidents) – open water environment now fully considered;

u Assumed all oil types have the same environmental impact (sinking, floating, dissolving), which is a significant simplification – floating and dissolving now treated separately;

u Did not consider the differing impact of oil types – impact of differing oils now considered;

u Sector analysis was not a built-in capability and was difficult to undertake – sector analysis now a core capability;

u Vessels that do not enter ports were largely invisible (including transfer tankers) – now captured;

u Did not take account of currents – ocean currents now modelled;

u Simplified consideration of shipping distance from shore – shipping movements now based upon AIS data; and

u Assumed and therefore simplified shipping lane locations – now more fully modelled.

2.4 MOSRA15 project approach

The main stages undertaken to develop MOSRA15 are outlined below:

u Develop / build base model - Stage 1 (design);

u Developed offshore environmental model;

u Developed navigational safety risk functionality1;

u Developed and built the base model - Stage 2 (build / test);

u Detailed review and update of environmental shoreline information and ratings;

u Stakeholder engagement;

u Developed scenario model capability;

u Prepared MOSRA15 report.

1 In support of a separate Maritime New Zealand project


3. Data sources, assumptions, and limitations

The MOSRA15 study has the following key limitations:

u The calculated risk profile was built upon the available local and global information. Risk analyses cannot predict specific future events, only possible outcomes over time based on the balance of probabilities. This study was based upon the data made available – either via public sources, or as supplied by stakeholders - and the quality of the findings was determined in part on the quality of that data.

u As is the norm for a study of this type, this project measured risk on two metrics: the probability over time of spill events occurring, and the impact should a spill event occur. In this case, impact was measured on a scale appropriate for the possible range of effects of oil coming ashore on the marine shoreline. Any impact was assumed to be unintended and unacceptable and therefore no acceptance criteria were applied to impact. Although this study is termed a ‘risk assessment’, strictly speaking, risk assessment includes a step of judging the acceptability of risk against identified criteria (ref AS/NZS ISO31000:2009).

u The study was carried out at a level of detail appropriate for a strategic level study. As a result, the range of spill sizes considered was 1 tonne up to 99,000 tonnes and the physical discrimination for impacts was based upon a 20km shoreline distance and 10km hexagonal open water cells.

3.1 Event probability data sources

Table 3.1 below shows the key references used to design the model and determine the probability of each type of potential spill event.

Table 3.1 Sample of main references used for calculating probability of event for each failure event

Failure Event Failure Event Probability Source Shuttle Vessel (PSV) Contact URS -‐ Lenting et al. 2004/ Navigatus 2011 Supply Vessel Contact URS -‐ Lenting et al. 2004 / Navigatus 2011 Fixed Platform Fire/Structural Failure URS -‐ Lenting et al. 2004 / Navigatus 2011 FPSO Fire/Structural Failure URS -‐ Lenting et al. 2004 / Navigatus 2011

All offshore activates Etkin 2014 -‐ Analysis of probabilities of potential blowouts spills from offshore wells and activities (Stantec for Shell)

Historic Analysis of US oil spillage APIP -‐ Etkin 2009

Blowouts International Association of Oil & Gas Producers 2010 -‐ Blowout frequencies

Spills methodologies Bercha Group 2002 -‐ Alternative spill occurrence estimators -‐ Fault tree method

Well Leak/Structural Failure AME Ltd 1998 -‐ PARLOC 96 (HSE) Mott McDonald Ltd 2003 -‐ PARLOC 01 (HSE)

Pipe Fire/Structural Failure AME Ltd 1998 -‐ PARLOC 96 (HSE) Mott McDonald Ltd 2003 -‐ PARLOC 01 (HSE)

Shuttle Tanker Fuel Spill AME Ltd 1998 -‐ PARLOC 96 (HSE) Mott McDonald Ltd 2003 -‐ PARLOC 01 (HSE)


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3.2 Environmental data sources

Table 3.2 below outlines the data sources used for the environmental consequence ratings and their limitations.

Table 3.2 Data sources and limitations for environmental consequence ratings

Value type Sources Limitations Species Distribution information was

predominantly sourced from NABIS (Ministry for Primary Industries) and the Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand 1999-‐2004 (Robertson et al. 2007). Conservation status from most recent published lists (Baker et al. 2010) and (Freeman et al. 2013), and The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds (Te Papa et al. 2014).

Data bias is towards birds and mammals, where data sources are more complete and where interventions efforts are most often directed. In particular, there were several threatened invertebrates for which distribution data were not available. Distribution information was available for most threatened birds, but it is acknowledged there is potential for birds to be incorrectly identified and appear within the atlas in places they are not present. Some of the data are also presented in a spatial scale that was difficult in some areas to correlate with the cell system used in this analysis.

Habitats Predominantly sourced from NABIS (MPI), DOC maps, marine reserve lists, wetland information pages, and tentative world heritage list (DoC).

The habitats included (protected areas) are well known and were able to be accurately correlated with the cell system used in this analysis.

Social, Amenity and Recreation

Due to the nature of the social information, the majority of data were sourced from websites from a range of organisations and associations including AA travel, New Zealand Tourism, Department of Conservation, Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance, New Zealand Marina Operators Association, NZ surf guide, Surfing New Zealand, and Yachting New Zealand. Information was also sourced from books covering all of New Zealand on diving (Enderby & Enderby 2004; Torckler & Torckler 2008), and fishing (Draper et al. 2008).

Social, amenity and recreation values are difficult to measure directly and there are few nationally consistent sources on these values. In the absence of nationally consistent information, a variety of books and websites were used. There may be a degree of bias towards features of interest to tourists, although any data source covering social, amenity and recreation values will be necessarily subjective.

Cultural and Heritage

Mapping the values of New Zealand’s coastal waters (Allen et al. 2009) and NABIS.(Ministry for Primary Industries 2014).

Culture and heritage values are difficult to quantify for the purposes of this analysis, as little information is available on a nationally consistent basis.

Economic Data from MOSRA10 were used as the basis for the analysis with figures updated where possible, and sources added to cover new values for dissolving oils. Data were sourced from published MPI, DoC, NZTE, MoT, Statistics NZ, Aquaculture New Zealand, and Forest and Bird material. New Zealand specific reports were also used (Covec 2008; Enveco Ltd 2010; Murray & McDonald 2010; Irvine et al. 2007; Market Economics Limited 2013; Wyatt 2011; Stimpson and Co. 2007), as well as other international data and journal articles.

Economic benefits of marine-‐related tourism for several national parks were reasonably well established, although limited by non-‐participation of commercial operators in at least one instance. No directly relevant data on the economic effects of delays on commercial shipping were identified and some assumptions were made based on related but not directly comparable data. Fisheries data for marine aquaculture was reasonable well established as the aquaculture sites could be identified from regional plans. The scale of the Fishery Management Areas was an issue as each of the 10 FMAs cover many cells. However, commentary from other sources generally allowed cell locations with the highest value areas to be identified.


Risk scale

Very High

High

Moderate

Low

Very Low

4. Analysis methodology

This section describes the core analysis engine of the risk model used to determine the oil spill risk to New Zealand shorelines and open water areas.

4.1 Risk determination

In MOSRA15, risk2 is determined in the following manner:

Probability of Oil x Environmental Rating = Risk

The probability of oil spill is calculated from the analytical model, which contains the probability of oil being present in a cell and the expected amount of oil in that cell.

The environmental ratings are then combined with probability of oil to calculate overall risk.

Both of these metrics are described in further detail in the following sections. The risk scale developed used the colour scale to the right to visualise the results on a map of New Zealand. Fuller details of the visualisation of risk results are given in Section 6.3.

4.2 Model overview

The model used to determine risk accesses data from a database, displays results on a webpage3, calculates sector contribution, and prepares graphic displays of risk profiles.

The spill likelihood component of the model is largely based on methodology used in MOSRA10 and the later sector analysis, with improvements made based on learnings from these and other projects.

The analysis identifies sources of risk (e.g. vessels, bunkering, wells) and types of events that could lead to marine spills (e.g. collisions, bunkering spills etc.). The analysis estimates the frequencies of these events using general industry research and global accident data, and uses event chain logic to estimate likelihood of a spill following an incident. Given the presence of a risk creating activity, the model calculates the probability of an accident occurring, the probability of a spill resulting, and the overall spill likelihood by spill size and vessel type. Figure 4.1 explains the model’s structure.

The model produces three main outputs: the risk for the New Zealand shoreline; the risk for the open water; and sector contribution. The open water model uses a hexagonal cellular scale while the shoreline, following on from MOSRA10, is divided into 20km long shoreline segments. The frameworks used are described in more detail in Section 5.

2 Strictly speaking, risk assessment includes a step of judging the acceptability of risk against identified criteria, however this was not judged in MOSRA15. 3 More information on the web interface can be found in Appendix A.


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Figure 4.1 Model summary showing main analytical components and data flow

Key features of the analysis engine include:

u Carries out risk analysis for shoreline and open water cells utilising a hexagonal cellular grid;

u Considers wind and current when determining the movement of oil;

u Determines the oil decay separately for 5 different oil types and included the effect of different sea temperatures around New Zealand;

u Results are grouped by floating, dissolving and oil persistency; and

u Drew global routes and activity sourced from automatic identification system (AIS) data.

4.3 Key developments over MOSRA10 analysis

There are a number of key modelling improvements that are made in MOSRA15 when compared to the previous MOSRA10. These include:

u Consideration of the open water cells in addition to shoreline cells;

u 17 vessel types analysed for spill likelihood compared with 8 previously;

u Scenario analysis for changing vessel transits and amounts of oil carried;

u Modelling for explorations wells;

u Effect of current and sea temperature and its effect on the distribution of oil;

u 2009-2014 vessel and transit data;

u Updating environmental ratings; and

u Including navigation hazard values.


4.4 Spill likelihood at source

The first step in calculating oil spill risk is to calculate the likelihood of an incident. This spill likelihood analysis is largely based on the methodology used in MOSRA10.

The model takes an event chain approach to estimating the likelihood of a spill following an incident (Figure 4.2). Given the presence of a risk creating activity, the model calculates the probability of an accident occurring, the probability of a spill resulting from the accident, and the overall spill likelihood by spill size and vessel type.

4.4.1 Vessels

The analysis calculates accident and spill probabilities for vessels by considering accidents resulting from:

u Collisions

u Grounding

u Fire/Structural Failure

u Oil Transfer Incidents (Tankers only) when in port

u Bunkering Incidents (vessels in port only). The effect of navigational hazards for each location is determined and included in the model to adjust the base probabilities for each accident type. Factors that make up the navigational hazard modifier are:

u Activity / Traffic Density – this includes number of vessel movements, oil exploration/drilling and other marine activities.

u Physical Shoreline – considerations includes likelihood of groundings, collisions, ease of navigation using radar etc.

u Environmental Conditions – this includes wind, currents, swell, and lee shore etc. (see Appendix C for further information on wind, current, and temperature).

These factors are rated and combined to form an overall Navigational Hazard rating (see Appendix A). Probabilities for vessels in open water and in port are combined to form the base probability for an incident and resulting spill in an open water cell.

4.4.1.1 Vessel Activity

AIS and other shipping data were used to build a view of shipping lanes, vessel routes, and the numbers of ships on each route. This allowed the analysis of the location and volume of potential oil sources.

Vessel movement

Domestic route information used visualisations from a 3-month period of the AIS. Information on domestic tanker movements was provided by Silver Fern Shipping. For fishing vessels, known activity was used to determine the areas of operation e.g. fishing

Figure 4.2 Event chain analysis for spill likelihood


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vessel routes from ports to known trawling areas. For foreign vessels, routes were plotted between New Zealand ports and from overseas locations to/from New Zealand.

Vessel numbers

Table 4.1 shows the sub-categories that were used for vessels.

Data from the MNZ Navigator database were used to determine numbers of New Zealand registered domestic vessels (by sub-category and homeport) while other sources were used to estimate the typical activities (e.g. ferry transits were modelled based on ferry timetables).

For fishing and trawling areas, the transit numbers were derived from a document titled Fishing Activity: Seabed Trawling (Ministry for the Environment 2010) and used with images derived from MNZ supplied AIS data (3 months).

For foreign vessels, movement numbers were reconstructed based on the Foreign Levy Database, which records each port visit in New Zealand.

4.4.2 Offshore oil extraction

Accident probabilities for offshore activity were calculated for:

u Supple Vessel Contact

u Fixed Platform Fire/Structural Failure

u FPSO Fire/Structural Failure

u Well Leak/Structural Failure

u Pipe Fire/Structure Failure

u Shuttle Tanker Fuel Spill

u Exploration Well Spill.

Accident probabilities for each accident type are based on generally available industry engineering and incident studies (see Table 3.1) together with expert judgement and were subject to the following modifiers:

u Accident exposure rates per year:

w This was based on the number of rigs, wells, flowlines and pipes in a given open water cell (based on publicly available information);

w Level of activity (e.g. shuttle tanker movements); and

w Navigational hazard value.

Table 4.1 Vessel sub-categories

Vessel Sector Vessel Type (GT range) Foreign Tankers Foreign Tankers Foreign Cargo / Passenger

Foreign Container Foreign Cargo and Passenger Foreign Other

Domestic Tankers

Domestic Tankers (Large) Domestic Tankers (Small)

Domestic Cargo and Passenger

Domestic > 12,000 GT Domestic 4,001 -‐ 12,000 Domestic 2,001 -‐ 4,000 Domestic 401 -‐ 2,000 Domestic 201 -‐ 400 Domestic <= 200

Domestic Fishing Fishing 4,001 – 12,000 Fishing 2,001 – 4,000 Fishing 401 – 2,000 Fishing 201 – 400 Fishing <= 200


The combination of these factors leads to the base probabilities of a spill occurring as a result of an incident.

Data on locations and numbers of offshore facilities were based on a number of different sources. The position and number of offshore platforms and FPSOs is based on data from the Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) graphical information system (GIS). New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals provided data for offshore wells. Offshore pipelines were sourced from a combination of LINZ GIS and the Petroleum Basin Explorer supplemented with nautical charts. It was assumed flow lines were attached to each wellhead, except where directional drilling had been employed.

4.4.1 Offshore oil exploration

In addition to current offshore activities, the expected future oil exploration wells are also considered. Accident probabilities are calculated for 6 rigs, in 6 different notional drilling locations and it was assumed they would drill 6 months at a time. These drilling locations are representative of the type of well location that may be chosen by the operator - they are located approximately at the centroid of each licence area. These licence areas were supplied by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) Petroleum and Minerals branch.

As with offshore activities, accident probabilities for exploration wells were based on generally available industry engineering and incident studies together (Etkin 2014; Etkin 2009) and were subject to the following modifiers:

u Accident exposure rates per year

w This is based on the number of wells in the open water cell;

w Level of activity; and

w Navigational hazard value. The combination of these factors leads to the base probabilities of a spill occurring from exploration activities as a result of an incident.


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4.5 Oil dispersion from source

The second step in determining the influence of an oil spill is to determine the oil dispersion in the event of a spill.

Similar to the spill likelihood at source, the model again takes an event chain approach to estimating the dispersion of oil following a spill. Figure 4.3 illustrates this event chain approach.

When a spill event occurs in a marine environment, three key factors influence the dispersion and travel of oil from the source of the spill. These can be categorised as:

u Wind velocity and direction;

u Current velocity and direction; and

u Oil persistence.

4.6 Environmental consequence

The third step in determining risk is to consider consequence. This sub-section describes the methodology used to assess the environmental consequence, and summarises the subsequent inputs into the overall calculation of risk. Fuller detail of the environmental system and ratings can be found at Appendix D.

The entire New Zealand shoreline can be considered important to people local to that area. However, the environmental assessment has to discriminate consequence across differing areas so MOSRA15 can provide useful information about the geographic distribution of impact and (when combined with oil spill probability) risk.

For both floating and dissolving oils, the consequence ratings considers effect (including impact and recovery time), and importance (including uniqueness and distribution). The assessment used publically available information. No fieldwork was undertaken as part of the MOSRA15 project.

4.6.1 Shoreline

For the shoreline, the following effects categories were considered:

u Species

u Habitats

u Social, amenity and recreation

u Culture and heritage

u Economic.

The main data sources used and their limitations are summarised in Section 3.2.

Figure 4.3 Summary of model approach


4.6.2 Open water

For the open water, the following categories were considered:

u Species

u Habitats.

Only the species and habitats categories are included as other categories are not expected to suffer significant effects due to wide distribution of the resource in the open water.

The main data sources for the open water were the National Aquatic Biodiversity Information System (NABIS) information layers obtained from the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) web site. These were loaded in GIS format and converted to match the open water geospatial grid. These layers were then assigned an environmental rating in the assessment stage. Figure 4.4 shows an example of a NABIS layer used in the analysis.

4.6.3 Environmental scale

The scale used in MOSRA15 is based on the scale used in MOSRA10 – for the most part only minor adjustments were made to improve clarity and consistency in ratings.

The overarching scale used for considering environmental consequence is shown in Figure 4.5. The methodology used a semi-quantitative natural order of magnitude scale (similar to a natural logarithmic scale).

As environmental values are subjective and difficult to measure, this scale is helpful as it provides a significant step up between consequences – each subsequent level has to be clearly higher than the previous level. This approach is useful as it aided agreement of level of impact despite being qualitative in nature.

Figure 4.4 Example of NABIS information layer


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The highest rating in a category for a cell drove the overall rating for that cell. Only the highest rating value for each category in a cell was displayed on the output.

Figure 4.5 Overall guidelines for environmental consequence ratings

The species value category can be used as an example of how the scale works. For species the following factors might result in a clear step up or down the scale: the difference between threat ratings (e.g. Nationally Critical birds are a clear step up from Nationally Endangered birds); the importance of a site (e.g. a breeding spot is a clear step up from normal habitat range); or the difference in impact (e.g. dissolving oil are a clear step up from floating oil for invertebrates).

While the other value categories have different overall guidelines and the specific factors considered are different, the same logic and approach applied. The method for each value category is described in more detail in Appendix D.


4.6.4 Environmental inputs into risk calculation

The environmental ratings for the shoreline and open water are combined with oil spill probability to calculate overall risk. The environmental inputs are summarised below.

4.6.4.1 Shoreline

For the shoreline, the environmental ratings for each cell are provided in Appendix E.

4.6.4.2 Open water

Figure 4.6 below shows the overall environmental consequence ratings for open water areas. Labels have been added to show the values that drove the Very High and High rated open water areas. This can be explored in considerably greater detail via the web-interface (http://mosra15.navigatusconsulting.com).

Figure 4.6 Overall environmental consequence ratings in open water cells and value indicators driving the high consequence areas.


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5. Framework for displaying risk profile

Given the large geographical area of the risk profile, the model is based upon a geospatial framework. This enables the location of sources of oil, hazards, transport factors and sensitivity (and, hence, risk) to be properly accounted for in the model.

Although probability is calculated using a quantitative model and risk is determined semi-quantitatively, the sensitivity, presence, and risk is best communicated visually. This allows users to immediately process information as the colour communicates relative level or intensity for the various metrics.

5.1 Shoreline

The shoreline profile uses the system developed for MOSRA10 (~20km shoreline cells). The width (distance from shore) is nominally 10km. The 10km distance was simply to enable visualisation, as opposed to representing the true seaward extent of impact. The actual shoreline-to-open water extent was limited to the potential for oil to effect the littoral environment and immediately associated ecosystems and features.

Figure 5.1 shows an example of how the shoreline framework was applied at the Chatham Islands – the image shows the shoreline risk profile for each of the shoreline cells. That is, the effect of oil spill combined with the likelihood of oil being present (the final step in the analysis).

5.2 Open water

For open water, a separate geospatial framework was required to allow locational information related to environmental sensitivity and risk to be preserved and displayed. This is a framework based on a 10km hexagon. Figure 5.2 shows the hexagonal grid and Figure 5.3 shows how they are displayed in the web output.

The area analysed covers an approximately 400,000 km2 area centred on New Zealand. This area reaches approximately 200km beyond any part of the main islands4.

MOSRA15 did not analyse the whole of the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone (NZ EEZ) due to the complexity of the oil spill analysis (if using a grid big enough to encompass the whole NZ EEZ), vessel activity tending to be limited to specific areas, and as there is a natural reduction in risk with distance from ports and maritime activity.

4 The Latitude and Longitude of the reference point of the area (North West corner) is 32.0167 South, 165.4394 East

Figure 5.1 Example of shoreline risk profile


Figure 5.2 Open water geospatial grid system

Figure 5.4 New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and MOSRA15 area with vessel track information displayed for MOSRA15 area.

Figure 5.3 Example of grid system in practice

Figure 5.4 below indicates the area considered by MOSRA15 compared to the NZ EEZ, with vessel track information displayed. While 63% (by area) of the NZ EEZ was analysed by MOSRA15, an overview analysis undertaken comparing the MOSRA15 area to the whole NZ EEZ area determined the difference in total risk to be less than 1%. This indicates that the majority of significant activities and features, and hence risk, of the NZ EEZ were captured by the MOSRA15 analysis.


19

5.3 Vessel information

As described in Section 4.4, locations of oil sources (vessels / rigs etc.) were modelled to determine the location of potential sources of risk. Images of AIS tracks supplied by MNZ were converted and uploaded to the MOSRA database. These can be viewed via the web interface.

Figure 5.5 shows an example of the AIS information supplied by MNZ. Figure 5.6 shows an example of how AIS information (see Figure 5.5) was reflected in the MOSRA15 model.

Figure 5.5 Example of AIS information image as supplied by MNZ

Figure 5.6 Example of vessel track information in the MOSRA database


6. Results

This results section provides an overview of the findings of MOSRA15. The amount of information available could be overwhelming so only a select few results have been presented in this report. Additional results are available in the appendices and outputs can also be explored in more detail via the web interface.

6.1 Type of results available

As noted before, the MOSRA15 analysis represents a significant development of the MOSRA10 methodology and capability. As a result, there is a considerable expansion of information that can be accessed and considered.

The results considered of most significance are presented in the subsequent sections of this report. These are:

u Sector analysis based on shoreline and (separately) open water risk;

u Shoreline and open water risk:

w New Zealand wide view

w Views of higher risk areas in North and South Islands

u Comparison to MOSRA10; and

u Effect of potential future scenarios.

Further results are available in the appendices:

u Shoreline cell ratings (Appendix E)

u Oil spill risk profiles (Appendix F)

As noted above, full exploration is available via the web interface that can be found at http://mosra15.navigatusconsulting.com/ . Further information on the web interface is available in Appendix A.


21

6.2 Sector analysis

This section describes the estimated oil pollution risk for each marine sector in New Zealand.

Two methods were used in MOSRA15 to determine the sector contributions to New Zealand’s pollution risk: the impact to the New Zealand shoreline-basis; and separately, impact to the open-water-basis. This separation is the result of there being no defined relationship between the relatively well-understood impact of oil on the shoreline and the social value of that, compared to the less well understood impact of oil in the open water area. Also the impact at the shoreline includes species, cultural significance, economics, habitats and social activities, whereas for the open water only species and habitats were considered. This was a major extension over the previous MOSRA projects that only considered the shoreline impact. Results from the two methods are shown in Table 6.1.

6.2.1 Outputs

The sector contribution results are given in the table below. Table 6.1 Oil Pollution Risk Sector Contribution by Marine Sector as determined by the analysis.

Sector Contributions

Sector Shoreline Impact Basis Open Water Basis

Foreign Tankers 60.6% 71.3%

Domestic Tankers 19.6% 11.4%

Foreign Passenger and Cargo 9.4% 12.7%

Domestic Passenger and Cargo Vessels 9.4% 3.1%

NZ Fishing Vessels 0.9% 1.5%

Production Installations 0.03% 0.11%

6.2.2 Discussion of outputs

Overall, the foreign tankers sector contributed the largest proportion to oil spill risk, both for the shoreline and for open water.

When comparing the outputs for the shoreline and open waters, domestic vessels have a higher proportion of shore-line risk compared to in open water. Conversely, foreign vessels have a higher proportion of influence in open water. The shipping lanes of each vessel can explain this result, as domestic vessels operate close to the shoreline and visit a higher number of ports. Foreign vessels, on the other hand, largely transit further from land and so have a greater effect in open water.


6.2.3 Sector comparison to 2012 sector analysis

The sector proportions in the new model differ from previous risk assessments and sector analysis produced in 2012, although it is important to note that the sector analysis is a relative measure.

There have been notable apparent increases in the risk, and hence the percentage contributions, for tankers and to a lesser extent, a lowering for foreign passenger and cargo. Due the relative nature of the sector analysis, the increases in the tanker levels also result in a decrease in the percentage for production installations and foreign passenger and cargo. Additionally, the level of risk created by the current offshore oil and gas production activity is lower than calculated in 2012.

Inspection of the results as well as the many input factors and analysis methodology revealed the following factors are material to the differences observed:

u Cargo compositions: The proportions of tanker cargo oil by type were not available for the 2012 analysis and so assumptions were made. Actual cargo information for the proportion of persistent and non-persistent oil is now known having been supplied by the industry. MOSRA15 includes this information and the relative proportions between the oil types are notably different.

u Temperature and Current:

MOSRA15 models the effect of differing seawater temperature across the New Zealand latitudes as well as the differing ocean drift. This is a significant advance over the MOSRA04/MOSRA10 analysis methodology that did not model current and assumed one water temperature. For some areas, i.e. around the Taranaki Bight, the currents tends to set to the south so spilled oil would tend (on the balance of probabilities) to drift towards Cook Strait.

u Navigational hazard rating: For MOSRA15 an expert panel was used to determine the level of navigational hazard for areas around New Zealand. Factors considered were activity density, physical shoreline characteristics, and environmental conditions. These values were incorporated in the accident probabilities to better model the probability of a spill. MOSRA10, on the other hand, only considered activity level – and in a simpler way.

u Relative proportions of other sectors:

An increase or decrease in risk of other sectors has a notable effect on the relative percentage contributions of other sectors. These changes come from the advanced modelling of navigational hazard values, environmental values, and vessel routes, but most notably from now having actual data on oils being carried by the tankers.


23

Other factors that contribute to the difference are:

u Advances in modelling: Although probably less material to the differences in results, a number of improvements were made in MOSRA15 over earlier analysis. These include:

w Distance from shore: MOSRA10 used a simplification for vessel distance by region.

w Knowledge of ship tracks: AIS data was used in MOSRA15 for determining vessel routes. This was not available to MOSRA04 and 10.

w Types of oil: All oil types have been treated and analysed separately throughout the model. Again, this is an advance over MOSRA 04 and 10.

w Offshore Modelling: Greater detail was used in the model for well leakage by separating out ‘oil’ and ‘gas condensate’ wells and pipelines.

u Updated input values: Updated environmental values and new inputs for shipping routes since previous MOSRA.


6.3 Risk profiles

The images in this section give a visual representation of the shoreline and open water risk results for MOSRA15. The scale to the right shows the colours of cells based on their values.

6.3.1 All New Zealand

The images below show the shoreline (left-hand side) and open water (right-hand side) risk profiles for the North (upper row) and South (lower row) Islands. As can be expected, the profiles generally show higher risk in areas near ports and busy shipping routes.

Figure 6.1 Shoreline and open water risk profile for all of New Zealand

North Island shoreline risk profile

North Island open water risk profile

South Island shoreline risk profile

South Island open water risk profile

General scale Very High

High Moderate

Low Very Low


25

6.3.2 Auckland, Whangarei, Tauranga

Figure 6.2 below shows the shoreline and open water risk profiles for the areas from Whangarei to Tauranga. Again, as would be expected, risk is concentrated at areas of higher activity.

Figure 6.2 Shoreline and open water risk profile for Auckland, Whangarei and Tauranga

Auckland, Whangarei, Tauranga shoreline risk profile

Auckland, Whangarei, Tauranga open water risk profile

6.3.3 Taranaki

Figure 6.3 below shows the shoreline and open water risk profiles for the Taranaki region. While the highest risk area is again at the port, the offshore activity also creates areas of risk. It is notable that the risk created offshore is lower than that created in the port

Figure 6.3 Shoreline and open water risk profile for Taranaki

Taranaki shoreline risk profile

Taranaki open water risk profile


6.3.4 Cook Strait

Figure 6.4 below shows the shoreline and open water risk profiles for Cook Strait. The highest risk areas are at the ports and in Cook Strait itself. This finding differs somewhat to that of MOSRA10, which did not identify this area of heightened risk.

Figure 6.4 Shoreline and open water risk profile for Cook Strait

Cook Strait shoreline risk profile

Cook Strait open water risk profile

6.3.5 Southern

Figure 6.5 below shows the shoreline and open water risk profiles for southernmost part of New Zealand. The higher risk areas are around Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, the Catlins, Invercargill, and Foveaux Strait.

Figure 6.5 Shoreline and open water risk profiled for the southern part of the South Island

Southern shoreline risk profile

Southern open water risk profile


27

6.3.1 Production installations

Figure 6.6 below shows oil distribution from offshore installations and exploration rigs.

Figure 6.6 Oil distribution from offshore installations and exploration rigs

Offshore installations

Exploration rigs


6.4 Shoreline results comparison to MOSRA10

Given that MOSRA10 produced a risk profile for the shoreline only, direct comparison with MOSRA15 can only be made for the shoreline. Note that sector differences are discussed in Section 6.2.3.

Nationally, the most notable change is that areas of high traffic density or activity, and areas where navigational hazards are higher, generally rate higher relative to other areas in MOSRA15 than in MOSRA10. This can be explained by the more advanced consideration of the factors that create navigational risk. The key advances have been:

u More advanced and precise modelling of sea currents: Currents play a dominant role in determining the movement and distribution of an oil spill.

u Modelling of sea temperature: MOSRA04 and 10 assumed one temperature across of the whole of New Zealand. MOSRA15 applies three differing temperatures. Temperature has a significant effect on oil transport following a spill.

u More advanced and precise modelling of the effect of wind.

With regard to specific areas of changed risk profile, the risk level for the east coast of Northland stands out as being generally lower than that calculated by MOSRA10.

The differences in risk level for the east coast of Northland can be explained by:

u More advanced modelling of navigational hazard values;

u Improved knowledge of vessel routes; and

u Changed amounts and types of oils being carried by the tankers.

Figure 6.7 Risk profile for Northland in Mosra10 and MOSRA15 MOSRA10

MOSRA15


29

6.5 Scenarios

The future trends in the marine industry were modelled as part of MOSRA15 to determine the sensitivity of the risk profile to these changing trends. Consideration was given to the changes in vessel size, transit numbers, and port visits which may occur in the next five years to 2020.

The background and basis for the development of the scenario models was sourced from a document titled Future Freight Scenarios Study (Ministry of Transport 2014). The following key trends where considered when developing the four scenarios:

u The average size of vessels serving the New Zealand market has been increasing over time (Consistent with international trends). This affects both large and medium sized vessels. This increasing size is generally coupled with decreasing number of transits in an effort to gain economies of scale.

u Foreign vessels will use key hub ports with domestic vessels and other modes of transport used for completing the cargos transit.

u Some trade consolidation for foreign cargo movements at major ports in both islands, namely Ports of Auckland, Port of Tauranga, Port of Napier, Port of Lyttelton and Port Otago. This is due to physical limitations (channel depth and vessel length) along with economic rational.

u For the near future, the maximum container ship size that may operate to New Zealand would be Panamax or vessels up to 4,500 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU). Underpinning this is the release of a large number of these vessels after the opening of the widened Panama Canal scheduled for 2015, which will allow transit of a new class of Panamax vessels.

u In approximately 10 years there is a small probability that vessels up to 8000 TEU may be making trips to New Zealand.

When modelling the four scenarios listed below, information from the Ministry of Transport document provided guidance on expected increase in vessel size, and what the consolidation of ports would mean for shipping activity. When matched with import and export numbers from Statistics New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand 2015), this provides a means of determining the changes in vessel transits. Changes in oil production have been sourced from the energy and data modelling resource (Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment 2014).

The four following scenarios were modelled to represent projected changing expected in risk over the next five years to 2020.

1) Increased Vessel Sizes and Port Consolidation This scenario considers an increase in vessel sizes and a corresponding decrease in transits (for all vessels except domestic passenger vessels). In addition there is a consolidation of port visits for foreign container vessels.

2) Explorations wells This scenario considers volume and route information that is the same as the baseline data but with a greater level of oil production and the addition 6 explorations rigs operating for approx. 6 months of a given year.


3) Scenario 1 and 2 occurring at once This scenario combines scenario 1 and 2. This reflects the notion that larger vessel sizes could be operating while there is an unrelated increase in oil production along with exploration drilling occurring.

4) Effects of another Global Financial Crisis This scenario reflects the effects of the global financial crisis in 2008-2009 during which vessel transits and oil production decreased due to lower trade.

6.5.1 Overall risk change for scenarios

The change in risk for each different scenario was compared to that of the current modelling (i.e. the MOSRA15 results).

The two tables below show the change in overall risk over the next 5 years for each of the four scenarios. Two different measures of risk were used:

u The first table shows the change in risk level based on volume independent risk (probability x environmental value). This measure is most important when considering the prevention of oil spills.

u The second table shows the change in risk level based on volume dependent risk (total expected oil x environmental value). This measure is most important when considering the size of oil spill and required response resources.

The tables below, showing both measures of risk, display the same trend for each scenario, although the volume dependent risk measure (second table) indicates the greater sensitivity.

Table 6.2 Changes in total risk for each scenario (volume independent risk)

Scenario

Shoreline Impact Basis

Open Water Basis

Baseline (MOSRA15 results) -% -% 1: Increased vessel size 7% 2% 2: Increased oil production -0.2% 0.2% 3: Scenarios 1 and 2 together 7% 3% 4: GFC type event -4.0% -11%

Table 6.3 Changes in total risk for each scenario (volume dependent risk)

Scenario

Shoreline Impact

Basis Open Water

Basis

Baseline (MOSRA15 results) -% -%

1: Increased vessel size 21% 21%

2: Increased oil production -0.3% 0.2%

3: Scenarios 1 and 2 together 21% 21%

4: GFC type event -13% -17%


31

As per Table 6.2 and Table 6.3, Scenario 1 (an increase in vessel size with a reduction in transits) has considerably higher overall risk compared to the current situation. Scenario 2 (increase in oil production along with the addition of exploration wells) has little impact on overall risk of oil spill. If in 5 years an event similar to the GFC occurred, the overall oil spill risk would decrease.

6.5.2 Change in sector contributions

The sector analysis was repeated for each scenario to show how the proportions between each sector change for the different scenarios.

The tables below show the contribution of each sector to overall risk for each scenario for the shoreline (first table) and open water (second table).

Table 6.4 Oil Pollution Risk Sector Contribution by Marine Sector for Scenario

Shoreline Impact Basis Future Sector Contributions for each Scenario

Sector

Baseline (MOSRA15

results) 1: Increased vessel size

2: Increased oil

production

3: Scenarios

1 and 2 4: GFC

type event

Foreign Tankers 61% 64% 61% 63% 59% Domestic Tankers 20% 16% 20% 16% 19% Foreign Cargo and Passenger Vessels 9% 8% 9% 8% 7%

Domestic Cargo and Passenger Vessels 9% 11% 9% 11% 15%

Domestic Fishing Vessels 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Production Installations 0.03% 0.02% 0.05% 0.04% 0.02%

Open Water Basis Future Sector Contributions for each Scenario

Sector

Baseline (MOSRA15

results) 1: Increased vessel size

2: Increased oil

production

3: Scenarios

1 and 2 4: GFC type

event

Foreign Tankers 71% 75% 71% 74% 72% Domestic Tankers 11% 9% 11% 9% 11% Foreign Cargo and Passenger Vessels 13% 11% 13% 11% 10%

Domestic Cargo and Passenger Vessels 3% 4% 3% 4% 5%

Domestic Fishing Vessels 1% 1% 1% 1% 2%

Production Installations 0.11% 0.09% 0.32% 0.27% 0.06%


The graphs below show the change in the contribution of each vessel type compared to the current sector contributions for scenarios (e.g. the scenario contribution minus the baseline contribution as shown in the Table 6.2 and Table 6.3).

For example, the graph below shows the biggest change in sector contribution for shoreline impact would be the increase in the contribution of domestic cargo and passenger vessels under the global financial crisis scenario.

Figure 6.8 Percentage change in contributions of each sector compared to current sector contributions

Overall, the pattern for each scenario is broadly similar to the current proportions of sector contributions (no more than a 5% change in proportion of contributions for any sector).

-‐4% -‐3% -‐2% -‐1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

Foreign Tankers

Domesic Tankers

Foreign Cargo and Passenger

Vessels

Domesic Cargo and Passenger Vessels

Domesic Fishing Vessels

Producion Installaions

Percentage Ch

ange from

Current

Sector Con

tribuE

on

Sector

Shoreline Impact Basis

1: Increase vessel size 2: Increased oil producion

3: Scenario 1 and 2 4: GFC event

-‐4% -‐3% -‐2% -‐1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

Foreign Tankers

Domesic Tankers

Foreign Cargo and Passenger

Vessels

Domesic Cargo and Passenger Vessels

Domesic Fishing Vessels

Producion Installaions

Percentage Ch

ange from

Current

Sector Con

tribuE

on

Sector

Open Water Impact Basis 1: Increase vessel size 2: Increased oil producion

3: Scenario 1 and 2 4: GFC event


33

6.5.3 Scenario results summary

The overall risk and proportion of sector contributions for each scenario are summarised below in comparison to the current situation (i.e. compared to the MOSRA15 results).

1) Increased vessel sizes and port consolidation

w For both the shoreline and open water, overall risk increases under this scenario. The increase in risk is as much as 21% more than the current situation when measured based on total expected oil and environmental value.

w Of the total risk, foreign tankers and domestic cargo and passenger vessels would contribute a slightly higher proportion than under the current situation, while domestic tankers and foreign cargo and passenger vessels would contribute proportionately less.

2) Explorations wells

w For this scenario, the overall risk for both shoreline and open water is very similar to that of the current situation.

w The proportion each sector contributes to risk is also very similar to the current situation.

w Further analysis for this scenario indicates that exploration activity risk equates to approximately 3% of current offshore risk (shoreline impact basis) and 33% of current offshore risk (open water impact basis).

3) Scenarios 1 and 2 occurring at once

w Scenario 3 has very similar results to Scenario 1 (because the added effect of Scenario 2 is small).

4) Effects of another Global Financial Crisis type event

w For both the shoreline and open water, overall risk under this scenario decreases compared to the current situation. When measuring risk using total expected oil and environmental value, risk decreases by 13% for the shoreline and by 17% for the open water.

w Of the total risk, domestic cargo and passenger vessels would contribute a higher proportion than under the current situation, while foreign vessels and domestic tankers would contribute proportionately less.


7. Closing

This report presents the background to, development of, details and results from MOSRA15. The risk profile is presented in further detail at: www.navigatusconsulting.com/mosra15

End of Report


35

8. Bibliography

Allen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand’s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

AME Ltd, 1998. PARLOC 96: The update of loss of containment data for offshore pipelines,

Baker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), pp.101–115. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288330.2010.482970 [Accessed January 8, 2015].

Bercha Group, 2002. Final Report: Alternative Oil Spill Occurrence Estimators and their Variability for the Beaufort Sea – Fault Tree Method,

Covec, 2008. Economic Impact of POAL, Auckland.

Draper, M., Enderby, T. & Enderby, J., 2008. Fishing New Zealand 1st ed., Auckland: Spot X Publications Ltd.

Enderby, T. & Enderby, J., 2004. Diving New Zealand 1st ed. D. Moran, ed., Auckland.

Enveco Ltd, 2010. The Northland Regional Economic Impacts of Aquaculture: Final Report,

Etkin, D.S., 2014. Analysis of probability of potential blowouts and spills from offshore wells and activities: Perspectives on Shelburne Basin venture and exploration drilling project. In Shelburne Basin Venture Exploration Drilling Project. New York: Stantec, p. 72.

Etkin, D.S., 2009. Analysis of US Oil Spillage. American Petroleum Institute Publication, p.356.

Freeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington.

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, 2010. Blowout frequencies. , (434-2), pp.1–20. Available at: papers2://publication/uuid/B4566A3D-187B-43EA-9BBB-FCB61A2815A5.

Irvine, R., Robinson, M. & Carboni, A., 2007. Economic Impact of Aquaculture in the Waikato Region,

Lenting, V. et al., 2004. New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2004, Wellington.

Market Economics Limited, 2013. Economic Impact of the New Zealand Cruise Sector, Auckland.


Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014. NABIS. Available at: http://www.nabis.govt.nz/ [Accessed December 8, 2014].

Ministry for the Environment, 2010. Fishing Activity: Seabed Trawling. , p.8.

Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment, 2014. Oil. Available at: http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors-industries/energy/energy-modelling/data/oil [Accessed March 31, 2015].

Ministry of Transport, 2014. Future Freight Scenarios Study, Wellington. Available at: http://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Research/Documents/Future-Freight-Scenarios-Study.pdf.

Mott McDonald Ltd, 2003. PARLOC 2001: The Update of Loss of Containment Data for Offshore Pipelines,

Murray, C. & McDonald, G., 2010. Aquaculture: Economic impact in the Auckland region, Auckland.

Te Papa, Ornithological Society of New Zealand & Department of Conservation, 2014. New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds. Available at: http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/ [Accessed December 9, 2014].

Robertson, C.J.R. et al., 2007. Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004, Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand.

Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 2009. AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines. As/Nzs Iso 31000:2009.

Statistics New Zealand, 2015. Imports for Overseas Cargo (cif NZ$): New Zealand Port by Country of Origin, Commodity (HS2) and Period. Available at: http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/OECDStat_Metadata/ShowMetadata.ashx?Dataset=TABLECODE7302&ShowOnWeb=true&Lang=en [Accessed March 31, 2015].

Stimpson and Co., 2007. Aquaculture Risk Management Options, Wellington.

Torckler, G. & Torckler, D., 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites, Auckland.

Wyatt, S., 2011. Economic impact of Coromandel aquaculture,

Appendix A - Web based interface

Page A1

MOSRA 15 Appendix

Appendix A Web Browser Interface

This appendix describes the web browser interface used to communicate the complex and extensive information produced by the MOSRA15 analysis.


Page A2

1 Web browser interface Given the advanced form of the MOSRA15 analysis and significant increase in complexity and volume of data, as well as a considerable increase in available information produced, communicating its meaning can be difficult in written form.

A web-browser interface with an interactive graphical display offered the ideal vehicle to communicate the risk profile despite the complexity. The web interface enables enhanced investigation and interrogation of the many features and facets of the analysis and risk profile. The web link is: www.mosra15.navigatusconsulting.com

The interactive web display was initially developed to enable the project team to view and assess both the information used as inputs to the model (environmental information and ratings, navigational hazards, vessels and other sources of oil, location, etc.) and the outputs produced (probabilities, volumes, ratings and risks).

The display allows inspection and immediate access to the information that drives the level of marine oil spill risk for each open water and shoreline area. Although not a defined deliverable of the MOSRA15 project, the web interface enables greater and more customisable viewing of results than the main report can. The interface should be regarded as a valuable and complementary annex to the main report.

1.1 Instructions for use

The web interface is illustrated below (Figure 1.1) to explain the information available. The web interface consists of a map of New Zealand combined with visualisations of the open water and shoreline areas in the left hand frame, with specific information for the selected open water or shoreline cell shown in the right hand frame.

Figure 1.1 Image of MOSRA15 website

http://www.mosra15.navigatusconsulting.com/


Page A3

1.2 Visualisations Available

A number of different visualisations are available via the website. The view can be controlled using the controls indicated in Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3 (see below and over the page). Note that the web interface defaults on opening to show the ‘risk profile’.

Figure 1.2 Explanation of website information (open water cells)

Open water Cells

Visualisations Sub Visualisations

Tab View Description

Risk Rating

Risk

Break down of all risk ratings on the 5-point scale.

The oil spill risk is a relative measure determined from the probability oil is present in cell x open water environmental rating. An overall risk rating for the selected cell is provided along with the risk rating from both floating and dissolving values.

Probability

The probability ratings reflect the probability of oil being present in the selected open water cell. A total probability is provided along with the probability for both floating and dissolving oils. Units are per year.

Expected Oil

The expected oil is a time-weighted measure for the volume of oil expected in the selected open water cell per year. A total value is provided along with that for both floating and dissolving oils independently.

Environmental Ratings

Species information (layers)

Break down of consequence rating for each species (layer).

The ratings show the consequence of floating and dissolving oil for each species (layer) in the cell, based on the oil’s expected impact on each species given oil at that general location.

Navigational Hazard Rating

No sub Visualisations

Break down of the three components of Navigational Hazard Ratings.

The overall Navigational Hazard Value is composed of 3 factors: Activity Density – The qualitative level of

vessel, oil exploration/drilling and other marine activities.

Physical shoreline – Qualitative level of physical hazard that could result in a vessel casualty.

Environmental Conditions – Wind, currents, swell, lee shore etc. that could compromise safe navigation

Oil Sources Route Selection

Number of transits per year by vessel type for the selected cell. Port and offshore infrastructure information is also provided.

This display illustrates the shipping lanes around the New Zealand shoreline and a breakdown of vessels for each lane. The probability of a spill occurring is influenced related to the vessel transits or activity in each cell.


Page A4

Figure 1.3 Explanation of website information (shoreline cells)

Shoreline Cells

Visualisations Sub Visualisations

Tab View Description

Risk Rating

Risk

Break down of all risk ratings on the 5-point scale.

The oil spill risk is a relative measure determined from the probability of oil reaching the shoreline x numerical value assigned to the shoreline’s environmental rating. An overall rating is provided along with the rating from both floating and dissolving values.

Probability

The probability ratings reflect the probability of oil being present in the selected shoreline cell. An overall value is provided along with that for both floating and dissolving oils.

Expected Oil

The expected oil is a time-weighted measure for the volume of oil expected in the selected open water cell per year. A total value is provided along with that for both floating and dissolving oils independently.

Environmental Factor Overall

No sub visualisations.

Break down of environmental consequence ratings into the 5 impact categories (Species; Habitats; Culture and Heritage; Social, Amenity and Recreation; and Economic).

The environmental data shows the rating of the highest environmental consequence rating in each impact category. The ratings assuming both floating and dissolving oil are displayed. The environmental consequence ratings reflect the impact of oil on each value, and the significance of the value at a national level.

Environmental Factor Floating Oils

Environmental Factor Dissolving Oils

Throughout the website, the same colours are used to display the graduated levels of risk, probability, expected oil, environmental values, oil sources and navigational hazard values. The colours are as shown to the right. The exception is in open water, where the Very Low category is blue to reflect the inherent or background risk level in open water.

The navigational hazard scale differs, as this is a ‘hazard’ scale. In this case the individual factors of; ‘Activity Density’, ‘Physical shoreline’, and ‘Environmental Conditions’ (that are combined to form the Navigational Hazard rating (uses the colours and groupings shown on the right hand set of scales.

For the display the outputs from the model (risk, probability and expected oil) the colours are allocated based on the following scales:

Navigational hazard: Ratings based upon an Interval scale employing a squared order of magnitude value system (1, 4, 9, 16, 25) (see Table 1.1)

Environmental value: Rated on an Interval scale based a simplified log-n order of magnitude scale (1, 3, 9, 27, 81)

The display of ‘Risk’, ‘Probability’ and ‘Expected Oil’ employs a customised order-of-magnitude scale. This ensures a useful distribution of colours to be displayed.

General scale

Very High High

Moderate Low

Very Low

Nav hazard scale

Critical Major

Significant Moderate

Minor


Page A5

This relative measure is designed to facilitate decision-making by ensuring a spread across the full range.

Table 1.1 Overall navigational hazard scale and assigned numerical values

1.3 Visualisations example

1.3.1 Risk rating

The risk ratings for open water and shoreline cells as seen via a web browser.

Issue Rating

Description Value Assigned

Critical Expected to lead to a future incident. 25 Major Expected to be a key factor in contributing to an incident. 16 Significant Individually controllable, but in combination with other factors could

contribute to an incident. 9

Moderate A factor that can be managed in normal operations. 4 Minor Well within normal operation to manage or respond to (minor matter). 1


Page A6

1.3.2 Probability oil in cell

The probability of oil being present in both open water and shoreline cells are displayed separately on the website. This split is to avoid overly complex images and also reflects that the open water and shoreline scales are not equated in value.

1.3.3 Expected oil

The time weighted expected oil measure in both open water and shoreline cells are also displayed separately.

Appendix B - Categorisation of oil types within MOSRA15 model

Page B1

MOSRA15 Appendix

Appendix B Categorisation of oil types within the MOSRA15 analysis model

This appendix describes the categorisation of oil types considered within the MOSRA15

model.


Page B2

1 Categorisation of oil types This section is derived from the original MOSRA system of oil categorisation with advances to reflect the more advanced requirements of MOSRA15.

Following the methodology used in the 1998, 2004 and 2010 MOSRA studies, MOSRA15 splits the types of oil handled in New Zealand into five categories that represent the characteristics of each oil type when spilled on water. This categorisation is based on the work of Allen & Dale (1997), which in turn was based on classification systems used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF).

The five categories are presented in Table 1. The ‘Group’, ‘SG’ and ‘Description’ headings were used in the previous MOSRA, “Class” was added to support the Pollution Sector Analysis study in 2012, and ‘Fate’ has been added for the MOSRA15 analysis.

Table 1: Categorisation of Oil Types

Group Specific Gravity

(SG) Description and Examples Fate

4 Class

I <0.8 Light distillates

Gasoline blendstocks

Motor spirit (RMS/PMS), Avgas

Jet A1, kerosene

Maui and Kapuni condensate

Evaporate/Dissolve

Evaporate/Dissolve

Evaporate/Dissolve

Evaporate/Dissolve/Float5

Non

-Per

sist

ent

II 0.8-0.85 Middle distillates

AGO, MGO1, NGO (Navy gas oil)

Evaporate/Dissolve

III 0.85-0.95 Medium-heavy crudes, light fuel oils

LFO2

LCO – Light Cycle Oil (gas oil blendstock)

Lube oils and lube blendstocks

Medium-heavy crudes

Evaporate/Dissolve

Dissolve/Float

Float

Float

Per

sist

ent

IV 0.95-1.0 Fuel oils and residues

HFO, HBFO3

Residues

Float

Float

Float

V >1.0 Very heavy fuel and bunker oils

Bitumen (B18, B45)

Sink

1AGO, MGO – automotive and marine gas oil (diesel) 2LFO – light fuel oil (40 cSt) 3HFO – heavy fuel oil (180 cSt), HBFO (BFO) – heavy bunker fuel oil (380 cSt) 4Dominant fate over a period of 1-3 days in temperate water. Some portion of all spills will evaporate, dissolve and remain as floating residue 5Contains longer chain hydrocarbons and waxes that will remain as a floating residue


Page B3

In order to more accurately categorise the oils carried in New Zealand waters, some variations were made against the SG scale. These include:

All residues were included in Group IV even if the SG was less than 0.95. Residue was ‘topped’ crude oil similar to fuel oil so was best represented by this grouping.

While some crude oils (both local and imported) have high pour points due to their wax content, which can make spill characteristics worse, this was not used to adjust the categorisation. In previous studies, the local crude oils (McKee Blend and Maui F) were classified as Group IV. While their pour points were relatively high, (10-200C) they are lower than some imported crude oils, so were not deemed a special case. Both of the indigenous crude oils have a very low residue percentage, despite the higher pour points.

Gas oil specifications (mainly in terms of cloud point) vary with time of year and delivery location, but this should not significantly affect the fate and behaviour of this product in the event of a marine spill. Marine gas oil (MGO) was not always available in New Zealand, although it is now available at a limited number of locations. Other than sulphur and cold properties, MGO is similar to AGO and therefore should behave in similar fashion in the event of a marine spill.

2 Persistent and non-persistent oils For the purposes of assessing environmental impacts, the persistence of the oil in the marine environment was the main factor. As seen in Table 1, the oils were divided into two classes: persistent and non-persistent.

In general, non-persistent oils are those that are more volatile and will evaporate and/or disperse relatively quickly. They are also generally more toxic to marine life. Persistent oils are denser, more likely to form oil-water emulsions, and are slower to disperse, but generally have a smothering effect rather than being particularly toxic.

Importantly, it should be noted that there is no universally accepted definition of non-persistent/persistent oils although ITOPF has developed the following definition for non-persistent oils:

At least 50% by volume distils at 3400C; and

At least 95% by volume distils at 3700C.

This definition works well with refined products (up to AGO) being classified as non-persistent along with condensates, while all crude oil and heavier products are persistent. This split is similar to that used in shipping contracts where feedstocks and products are classified as white (non-persistent) or black (persistent).


Page B4

3 Fate of spilled oils Non-persistent oils generally dissolve and evaporate with the exception of condensates, which also leave behind long chained hydrocarbons and waxes that float. This is because condensates are natural products, so have a high variety of hydrocarbons ranging from light (short chains) to heavy (long chains).

The persistent oils float with the exception of LFO and the very heavy fuel and bunker oils. LFO acts much like condensates; it partially dissolves and evaporates leaving the remaining longer chain hydrocarbons floating. The very heavy fuel and bunker oils have a high SG causing them to sink in open water.

Figure 3.1 Oil persistence

Oil Class I

Oil Class II

Oil Class III

Oil Class IV

Oil Class V

Persistence (days) 1 2 5 14 30 Half-Life (days) 0.17 0.33 0.83 2.33 5 Percentage Remaining (%) Number of Days after Spill Occurs

100.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 50.00 0.17 0.33 0.83 2.33 5.00 25.00 0.33 0.67 1.67 4.67 10.00 12.50 0.50 1.00 2.50 7.00 15.00

6.25 0.67 1.33 3.33 9.33 20.00 3.13 0.83 1.67 4.17 11.67 25.00 1.56 1.00 2.00 5.00 14.00 30.00

The rate of decay is calculated using a formula derived from a traditional half-life decay equation. General sea temperature is accounted for by proportionally altering the decay depending on the water regions of New Zealand (Atlas, 1981). Consideration of differing temperature was a new development for MOSRA15. This development is important as the speed at which oil decays has an effect on the time the oil can cause issues and how far it can travel.

In the model, the volume of oil decreases at incremental distances from the source. Once the calculated volume of oil has dropped to 0.1 tons (equivalent to the fuel tank of a large road vehicle), it is considered to be non-existent in the area of open water.

1

2𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠

1

2𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑥 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑘𝑝ℎ) 𝑥 24


Page B5

Figure 1: Oil decay curves by ‘Group’

4 Use within MOSRA15

4.1 Fate

MOSRA15 assumes dissolved oil will move with the currents, while floating oil is assumed to move under the influence of both current and wind.

4.2 Toxicity

MOSRA15 assumes dissolving oils will affect the water column and be generally toxic to marine life. Floating oils are assumed not to materially affect the water column but can smother marine life. This was accounted for in the environmental assessment.

4.3 Persistence

The persistence of oil affects the decay rate after spillage. The model makes transport assumptions based upon the type of oil spilt. Figure 3.1 illustrates this decay. A broad allowance is made for water temperature (three bands of water temperature being assumed). Persistence, together with volume spilt, are the dominant factors in determining the extent of a spill.


Page B6

5 References

Allen, A. A., & Dale, D. H. (1997). Oil spill classification: a system for the characterization and documentation of oil slicks. In International Oil Spill Conference (pp. 315–322).

Atlas, R. M. (1981). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an environmental perspective. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 45(1), 180–209. Retrieved from http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/45/1/180.pdf

Lenting, V., Hume, D., Fernando, R., & Chard, J. (2004). New Zealand Marine Oil Spill

Risk Assessment 2004. Wellington.

Appendix C - Wind, current, and temperature

Page C1

MOSRA15 Appendix

Appendix C Wind, current, and temperature

This appendix describes how wind, current and temperature are accounted for in the

MOSRA model and presents example images of wind and current roses.


Page C2

1 Introduction

Both the wind and currents in the open water around New Zealand contribute to the dispersion of an oil spill. Data were collected from Climate Explorer (NIWA, 2015), the New Zealand Tidal Streams Atlas (Hydrographic Office RNZN, 1993), and from an article on oceanic circulation and hydrology around New Zealand (Heath, 1973), which represents the typical distribution of wind or current speed and direction.

For the MOSRA analysis, the open water around New Zealand was allocated into regions representing similar wind or current patterns that were represented by ether a wind or current rose showing the velocity and probability at each of the 16 points of the compass.

The velocity of oil movement is determined from the following proportions of wind and current velocities: V Current x 0.03 V Wind. The velocity of oil was calculated from all the possible combinations of wind and current vectors to produce a probability for the different velocities in all 16 compass directions for each wind and current region.

These velocities and probabilities are used in conjunction with the ‘oil persistence’ to determine the ‘oil movement’ profile.


Page C3

2 Wind, current and temperature conditions

The determination of oil movement once spilt required information for temperature, wind and current in the surrounding open water areas.

The following provides information of the regions used for each.

2.1 Temperature region

The map to the right shows the three different regions specified for temperatures in the open water around New Zealand. The following temperatures have been used for each of the regions:

1) 11°C

2) 9°C

3) 7°C

2.2 Wind region

The map to the right shows the seven different wind regions used for the analysis. Each wind region has a different wind rose (see Section 3.1).

2.3 Current region

The map to the right shows the eight different current regions used for the analysis. Each current region has a different predominant current (see Section 3.2).

Figure 1.1 Condition maps for Temperature, Wind and Current

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

3

2

1

5

6

3 7

8

4

2


Page C4

3 Wind and current rose

The following wind and current roses were used in the model in conjunction with other factors to determine the movement of oil. When combined, the oil velocity is the velocity of current plus 3% the velocity of the wind.

3.1 Wind rose

The wind roses shown below display the recorded wind patterns for each wind region. They show a distribution of both speed and frequency for the wind in 16 directions. The wind roses were constructed from data from the NIWA Climate Explorer database, which has wind roses from points the length of the country.

Wind Region 1 Wind Region 2



Page C5


Wind Region 7


Page C6

3.2 Current Rose

Ocean currents around New Zealand have been shown in a similar way to the wind. Each current affects 3 bearing directions, for example, for Current Region 1, 50% of the current is in the East direction, with 25% in each of the East- Northeast and East- Southeast Directions. The symbol points in the direction of the main current. The speed information has been sourced from The New Zealand Tidal Stream Atlas (Hydrographic Office RNZN, 1993).The directions have been obtained from Heath (1973). Tidal currents have been ignored as they have a negating effect over time.

Current Region 1 Current Region 2



Page C7




Page C8

4 References

Heath, R. A. (1973). Present knowledge of the oceanic circulation and hydrology around New Zealand - 1971. Tuatara, 20(3), 125–140.

Hydrographic Office RNZN. (1993). New Zealand Tidal Stream Atlas. Wellington: GP Publications Ltd.

NIWA. (2015). Wind rose data. Provided by Andrew Tait (NIWA) from Climate Explorer Database.

Appendix D - Environmental value and impact

Page D1

MOSRA 15 Appendix Appendix D Environmental value and impact

This appendix describes the methodology used to assess the environmental consequence for each shoreline and open water cell. The methodology was designed to provide consequence ratings that ensure a full span of consequence so that MOSRA15 provides useful information about the geographic distribution of risk.

Page D2



Page D3

Environmental Value and Impact Contents 1 SUMMARY OF SHORELINE CELLS SCALE ................................................................................. 4

2 SPECIES CONSEQUENCE RATINGS .......................................................................................... 6

3 HABITATS CONSEQUENCE RATINGS ....................................................................................... 9

4 SOCIAL, AMENITY, AND RECREATION CONSEQUENCE RATINGS ............................................ 10

5 CULTURE AND HERITAGE CONSEQUENCE RATINGS .............................................................. 12

6 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCE RATINGS................................................................................... 14

6.1 AQUACULTURE AND SPAT COLLECTION .......................................................................................... 15

6.2 PORTS ..................................................................................................................................... 16

6.3 FISHERIES ................................................................................................................................. 17

6.4 TOURISM ................................................................................................................................. 17

7 OPEN WATER CONSEQUENCE ............................................................................................. 18

8 ADDITIONAL RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 19

8.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCE RATINGS AND COMPARISON TO MOSRA10 ........................ 20

9 ENVIRONMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 21


Page D4

1 Summary of shoreline cells scale

The scales below summarise the value indicators (e.g. diving site, threatened bird etc.) used for each of the five resource categories and how each of these value indicators was rated for shoreline cells.

The overarching scale used in setting these scales is found in the Environmental consequence ratings section of the main report.

Very Low Low Moderate High Very High

Social,

Amenity,

and

Recreation

Diving site, fishing

spot, identified

beach or listed surf

break or surf school

Marina presence, yachting

sailing waters, surf club,

patrolled beach, nationally

significant surf break or >4

star surfing beach, Iconic

landscape

Top NZ sailing spot, sea

kayak hire operator, notable

dive site, >4 star fishing

beach, >4 star swimming or

family beach, 101 must-dos

Culture and

Heritage

Temporary Closure,

taiapure or mataitai,

seafood gathering,

heritage sites

Other locations

(national

significance)

Habitat Other reserve types Marine mammal sanctuary,

marine park

Marine Reserve or

Protected Area, New

Zealand tentative

World Heritage List

Ramsar site

Species Nationally

Vulnerable – range

(invertebrate)

Nationally Vulnerable –

known habitat (bird),

Nationally Endangered –

normal range (Mammal),


range (invertebrate)




breeding spot (bird),

Nationally Critical – normal

range (mammal), Nationally

Critical – range (invertebrate)

Nationally critical –


Nationally

Endangered –


Nationally

Endangered –

‘hotspot’ or breeding

colony (mammal)

Nationally critical

– breeding spot

(bird), Nationally

critical – ‘hot spot’

or breeding

colony (mammal)

Economic Estimated economic

loss of < $3M

Estimated economic loss of

$3M - $9M

Estimated economic loss of

$9M - $27M

Estimated economic

loss of $27M - $81M

Estimated

economic loss of

$81M +

Figure 1.1 Overview of environmental consequence ratings for floating oil


Page D5


Social,

Amenity, and

Recreation

Marina presence, yachting

sailing waters, Fishing

spot, Surf club, patrolled

beach, nationally

significant surf break or >4

star surfing beach, Iconic

landscape

Top NZ sailing spot, sea

kayak hire operator,

Diving site, >4 star

fishing beach, >4 star

swimming or family

beach, 101 must-dos

Notable dive site

Culture and

Heritage

Temporary Closure,

taiapure or mataitai,

seafood gathering,

heritage sites

Other

locations

(national

significance)

Habitat Other reserve types Marine mammal

sanctuary, Marine park

Marine Reserve or

Protected Area, New

Zealand tentative

World Heritage List

Ramsar site

Species Nationally Vulnerable –



normal range (mammal)

Nationally Endangered

– known habitat (bird),



Nationally Critical –

normal range

(mammal), Nationally

Vulnerable – range

(invertebrate)

Nationally critical – known

habitat (bird), Nationally

Endangered – breeding

spot (bird), Nationally

Endangered – ‘hotspot’ or

breeding colony

(mammal), Nationally

Endangered – range

(invertebrate)

Nationally critical –


Nationally critical – ‘hot

spot’ or breeding

colony (mammal),

Nationally Critical –

range (invertebrate)

Economic Estimated economic loss

of < $3M

Estimated economic

loss of $3M - $9M

Estimated economic loss

of $9M - $27M

Estimated economic

loss of $27M - $81M

Estimated

economic loss

of $81M +

Figure 1.2 Overview of environmental consequence ratings for dissolving oil


Page D6

2 Species Consequence Ratings

New Zealand is home to a large number of species, a high proportion of which are endemic and threatened, that have value for ecological, social and economic reasons. The species consequence rating captured the single species in a shoreline cell with the highest consequence rating based on the importance of, and effect of, an oil spill on the species. Multiple threatened species occurring in one cell did not result in a higher cell rating – the ecological diversity of a site was captured in the habitats rating.

The effects of spills on animals and plants are widely described in scientific literature and are summarised on Maritime New Zealand’s website (Maritime New Zealand, 2015). These effects include:

Initial oiling

Internal damage from oil ingestion

Toxic effects

Decreased fertility

Disturbance of ecosystems

Heavy oiling can have a major impact on animals and plants, although recovery (at a population level) usually begins rapidly following removal of the heavy oiling. As knowledge on the effects of oil spills on species has not changed significantly, this assessment relied on the consideration of effects used in MOSRA10 (Navigatus Consulting, 2010). There are few instances of major spills of dissolving oils so effects on animals and plants are less well known. For vertebrates, the effects of dissolving oils were assessed as being one step lower. For invertebrates, the effects were assessed as being one step higher, as dissolving oil can have a major impact on invertebrates, particularly molluscs (Michel, Csulak, French, & Sperduto, 1997; Moore, 2006). Table 2.1 includes further detail on anticipated effects for different species types.

MOSRA15 considered animals and plants at a species level. Consequently, the higher the threat ranking of a species, the higher the consequence ranking. Only threatened species were considered (see Figure 2.1, modified from (Department of Conservation, 2015a)). Due to the large number of threatened species in New Zealand, even ‘At Risk - Declining’ species would have a consequence rating of Very Low or Low, so were excluded from the assessment. This does not negate the animal welfare effect of an oil spill on even one animal, regardless of whether it is threatened. MOSRA15 also excluded species for which reliable distribution information could not be sourced (for instance, some subspecies, and some threatened invertebrates).


Page D7

Figure 2.1 New Zealand Threat Classification System Categories

The rating scale was very similar to that used in MOSRA10. This is because the effects on species have not changed, and the data sources used are in large part the same. Some minor modifications were made to the scale to improve clarity and consistency in the rating. There was some movement in the output due to reclassifications of threat rankings of many species (particularly birds and invertebrates) since MOSRA10 was undertaken.

The ratings for dissolving oil, introduced in MOSRA15, mirror those for floating oils with an adjustment either one step up the scale (for invertebrates) or one step down the scale (for all other animals).

The following table summarises the values and main factors considered in setting the consequence ratings for species. The main sources of distribution data are the National Aquatic Biodiversity System (NABIS) (Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014) for all species, as well as the Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand for birds (Robertson, Hyvonen, Fraser, & Pickard, 2007).


Page D8

Table 2.1 Species environmental consequence ratings

Value Measure Floa

ting

Dis

solv

ing

Main factors considered in assessment

Val

ue In

dica

tor

Birds Breeding spot (Nationally Critical) 5 4

Species considered: Approximately 38 threatened birds are considered. Distribution and threat ranking data sourced from (Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014; Robertson et al., 2007; Te Papa, Ornithological Society of New Zealand, & Department of Conservation, 2014). Effect: When birds are oiled, their feathers lose the ability to trap air and repel water. As a result, they can no longer maintain body temperature and become hypothermic. The birds do not float well and their swimming and foraging ability decreases and they often cannot fly. Ingesting and/or absorption of the oil is highly toxic. Badly oiled birds will usually die and recovery of the population varies. MOSRA15 considered the effect on all birds to be similar, notwithstanding different feeding behaviours (waders, seabirds, etc.). Dissolving oil was considered to have less impact than floating oil. Importance: Bird species with a higher threat ranking were considered more important (i.e. Nationally Critical birds considered more important than Nationally Endangered). Breeding spots were considered more important than the birds’ normal range. For birds that inhabit 5+ consecutive cells, only breeding spots were considered.

Known habitat (Nationally Critical)

4 3

Breeding spot (Nationally Endangered) 4 3

Known habitat (Nationally Endangered)

3 2

Breeding spot (Nationally Vulnerable) 3 2

Known habitat (Nationally Vulnerable) 2 1

Mammals ‘Hot spot’/breeding colony (Nationally Critical)

5 4 Species considered: Maui’s dolphin, New Zealand Sea Lion, and Hector’s dolphin. Distribution and threat ranking data sourced from (Baker et al., 2010; Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014). Effect: There is some evidence of population decline in whales and dolphins following an oil spill – individuals are at risk when surfacing and feeding. Oil has been linked to cancers in some species of marine mammals. MOSRA15 considered the effect on all mammals to be the same. Dissolving oil was considered to have less impact than floating oil. Importance: Due to the widespread distribution of marine mammals, only ‘hotspots’ and breeding colonies are considered. The higher the threat ranking, the more important it is considered (Nationally Critical Maui’s dolphin and New Zealand Sea Lion were considered more important than Nationally Endangered Hectors Dolphin).

‘Hot spot’/breeding colony (Nationally Endangered)

4 3

Normal range (Nationally Critical)

3 2

Normal range (Nationally Endangered) 2 1

Invertebrates Full range (Nationally Critical) 3 4

Species considered: Four threatened invertebrates are considered the species evaluation and are distributed throughout New Zealand (Freeman et al., 2013; Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014). Effect: Some invertebrates are likely to suffer high casualties from heavy oiling (e.g. molluscs, crustaceans), while others can continue to live in the presence of some oil (e.g. bivalves). Dissolving oils are likely to have a greater impact on the invertebrates considered in this analysis than floating oils. There is less information available on the invertebrate species considered than for other species. Due to the uncertainty around effect, invertebrates were rated mainly based on their threat ranking, with dissolving oils rated one step higher than floating oils. Importance: The higher the threat ranking, the more important it is considered. Only full ranges for invertebrates were available so invertebrates were rated lower than other species that had hotspots, breeding spots or normal ranges.

Full range (Nationally Endangered)

2 3

Full range (Nationally Vulnerable) 1 2


Page D9

3 Habitats Consequence Ratings

Habitats are defined here as protected areas1. Habitats were included in the assessment as they capture a number of values that may not be otherwise captured:

Areas of ecological importance (e.g. a large assemblage of species or high density of animals or plants)

Areas protected for a special reason (e.g. to protect the habitat of a species or for their international uniqueness)

Reserves (for conservation, social or science purposes)

Habitats helped to capture the importance of conservation efforts and the unique, distinctive or beautiful environmental values in particular areas, and the natural state of areas. The effect on habitats depended on the particular factors within an area of value, however no significant long term effects were anticipated for any of the habitats considered. All major reserve types and protected areas were considered, including all marine protected areas, coastal protected areas, and areas on New Zealand’s tentative World Heritage list.

The rating scale underwent minor adjustments to improve clarity and consistency in the rating. For instance, marine parks were given a slightly lower rating than previously as marine parks have less protection in place than other marine reserves and protected areas.

The table below summarises the values and main factors considered in setting the consequence ratings for habitats. While the specific impacts of floating oil will be different to dissolving oil, the overall impact was assessed to be similar, resulting in the same rating for each oil type. Table 2.2 Habitats consequence ratings

Value Measure Floa

ting

Dis

solv

ing


Val

ue In

dica

tor

Protected Area Coastal Ramsar sites 5 5

Habitats considered: Distribution data for the habitats considered is sourced from (Department of Conservation, 2006a, 2015b, 2015c, 2015d; Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014). Effect: No significant long term effects expected. Importance: Ramsar sites (protection of wetlands of international importance) and World Heritage sites (outstanding universal value) were considered more important than other protected areas due to their international significance. Marine reserves provide the highest level of marine protection. Marine parks restrict particular activities and can include no fishing areas. Marine Mammal Sanctuaries are designed to protect marine mammals from harmful human impacts. Reserves, conservation / recreation areas, National Parks adjacent to shoreline cell were considered least important.

Marine Reserve or Protected Area

4 4

New Zealand tentative World Heritage Site 4 4

Marine Park

3 3

Mammal or Whale Sanctuary 3 3

Adjacent to other reserve types

2 2

1 Mangroves and Seagrass beds were also considered but were found not to drive any of the cell ratings (due to other species and habitats present in these cells), so they were not formally included in the analysis.


Page D10

4 Social, Amenity, and Recreation Consequence Ratings

For measuring social, amenity and recreational values, MOSRA15 drew from the methodology used in the report Mapping the Values of New Zealand’s Coastal Waters (Allen et al., 2009). This was also used in MOSRA10. Social values are subjective and emergent so mapping them accurately at a national level is difficult.

There is higher uncertainty in social, amenity and recreation than in some other value categories (such as species and habitats). This is because the data used is more subjective. For instance, the data sources singling out particularly important dive sites, must-dos, and top beaches are all necessarily subjective. The overall effect of this subjectivity, and therefore uncertainty, on the MOSRA15 outputs is reduced due to the relatively low ratings for effect on most social, amenity and recreation value indicators.

New Zealand’s entire shoreline is considered socially important at a local level. While an oil spill would be inconvenient and distressing, it would be unlikely to have lasting impacts on social value indicators. For those reasons, most consequence ratings for social value indicators were rated relatively low.

All major types of social, amenity and recreation activities undertaken on New Zealand’s shoreline and shoreline waters were considered. These were boating, diving, recreational fishing, and general beach usage. Shellfish gathering was considered under Culture and Heritage.

The rating scale underwent some minor adjustments to improve clarity and consistency in the rating.

Table 4.1 summarises the values and main factors considered in setting the consequence ratings for social, amenity and recreation.


Page D11

Table 4.1 Social, amenity and recreation environmental consequence ratings

Value Measure Floa

ting

Dis

solv

ing


Val

ue In

dica

tor

Boating

Marina Presence 2 1 Effect: Effects on boating, yachting and kayaking are relatively localised and short term. Floating oil has a greater impact compared to dissolving oils, mainly due to visual effects. Sea kayak hire operators are likely to be in calmer areas, so impact thought to be greater. Importance: Marinas, yacht and boat sailing clubs, and sea kayak hire operators are located throughout New Zealand (New Zealand Marina Operators Association, 2014; New Zealand Tourism, 2014a; Yachting New Zealand, 2014). All are common except the few top NZ sailing spots (New Zealand Tourism, 2014b).

Yacht or boat club sailing waters

2 1

Top New Zealand sailing spot

3 2

Sea kayak hire operator presence

3 2

Diving

Diving site 1 2 Effect: For floating oil, diving is hindered during event and containment operations but effect is relatively minor and short term. For dissolving oil, there may be a more severe effect due to impact on benthic marine life at the site. Importance: There are hundreds of dive sites around the shoreline, and 10 notable dive sites identified (and considered more important than other dive sites) (Enderby & Enderby, 2004; Torckler & Torckler, 2008).

Notable dive sites 3 4

Recreational Fishing

>4 star fishing beach 3 2 Effect: Effects on recreational fishing were expected to be generally low although perceptions of contamination may be present for some time following the spill. Floating and dissolving oils were expected to have similar effects. Importance: Over 1000 fishing spots found throughout NZ shoreline, under ten >4 star fishing beaches (North and South Islands) (Draper, Enderby, & Enderby, 2008; Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance, 2014).

Fishing spot 1 1

General Beach Usage

Surf life-saving club/patrolled beach

2 1 Effect: An oil spill will deter people from visiting beaches for most general uses. Floating oil has a greater impact compared to dissolving oils on these activities, mainly due to visual effects. Surf areas have lower sensitivity to spills as they are typically high energy environments. Low energy environments may have longer-lasting effect on perceptions of landscape. Overall, impacts on general beach usage were expected to be relatively localised and short term. Importance: Large numbers of beaches are patrolled, 5 swimming beaches and 14 family beaches singled out as particularly notable. ~30 shoreline areas on 101 must-dos (areas more than 5 cells in a row were excluded). 20+ nationally significant surf breaks or highly rated surf beaches, many listed surf breaks or surf school areas (AA Travel, 2014; Department of Conservation, 2010; NZ Surf Guide, 2015; Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance, 2014; Surfing New Zealand, 2014). Highly rated, nationally significant, or areas listed on 101 must dos are considered more important than other sites

>4 star swimming beach 3 2

Surf break of national significance

2 1

>4 star surfing beach 2 1

Listed surf break 1 1

Surfing school 1 1

2012 list of 101 must-dos 3 2

>4 star family beach 3 2


Page D12

5 Culture and Heritage Consequence Ratings

The Crown has a duty to actively protect Māori rights and interests under Te Tirīti o Waitangi 2 , which is a founding document of Government in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Consequently, integrating Māori cultural values into this national assessment is necessary but is also potentially fraught due to the issues outlined below.

Generally, the importance of a cultural value is determined by the groups involved in that locale. Groups in different locales may rate similar features differently and consequently there is no nationally consistent rating of cultural values. Additionally, some sites of cultural importance may not be disclosed before an oil spill for fear of disturbance.

Cultural impact assessments regarding the Rena oil spill (prepared by local groups) give some indication of relevant cultural values. All assessments refer to:

Taio (environment) Tikanga (customs and traditions) Kaimoana (seafood), and Mana (prestige)

A majority of the assessments also refer to:

Kaitiaki/Kaitiakitanga (guardianship) Mauri (life force) Rangatiratanga (chieftainship) 3 Specific shoreline features in the locality

These cultural values have been used to help identify the following features of the shoreline to use as proxies for cultural value, given the lack of a nationally consistent data sources.

Taiapure, Mātaitai: The Crown affords these important tools to Māori in recognition of requirements under Te Tirīti o Waitangi and to acknowledge that Māori, as tangata whenua, are entitled to have rangatiratanga over their fisheries. Taiapure, translated literally as "a coastal patch" is an area of special significance to local iwi4 or hapū5, either as a source for kaimoana6 or for spiritual reasons. Mātaitai are similar but are the result of reallocation of resources under the Quota Management System. The Ministry for Primary Industries NABIS service identifies these areas.

Kaimoana: This assessment used a report that maps the values of coastal waters (Allen et al., 2009) to identify kaimoana gathering areas (locations identified by shellfish gathering areas and shellfish water quality monitoring locations). While every part of the New Zealand shoreline has the potential for kaimoana collection, this method allowed only the most heavily used shoreline areas to be identified and indicated as important at a national (rather than local) level.

2 Te Tirīti o Waitangi: The Treaty of Waitangi 3 Rangatiratanga: Chieftainship, self-determination 4 Iwi: Tribe 5 Hapū: Sub-tribe 6 Kaimoana: Seafood


Page D13

Other Locations: Cape Reinga, nearby Spirits Bay, and the Treaty Grounds at Waitangi are identified as being of recognised national cultural value due to their spiritual and historical significance.

The other values (e.g. species, habitats) mapped in this assessment were attributed a consequence rating based on the significance of the value and the likely effect of an oil spill. That process could not be applied to Māori cultural values because both the intrinsic value and the impact of an oil spill on such values are for local people to decide. Consequently, all proxies for Māori cultural values were given a rating of “High” to allow them to be considered in the assessment without making assumptions about the relative importance of one cultural value compared to another.

Thus, the proxies for Māori cultural values influenced the overall assessment of which parts of the shoreline were most sensitive to oil spills. In turn, this will influence the allocation of Oil Spill Pollution Levies (e.g. between commercial shipping, commercial fishing etc.). The total amount of levies is set by other processes. Bringing Māori cultural values into this assessment will ensure those activities that have higher potential consequence for Māori cultural values will pay a greater share of the levy.

This assessment plays no part in the tactical response. Maritime New Zealand is committed to working closely with Māori on matters such as marine oil spills by: working with regional councils to ensure that iwi are consulted on contingency planning and response through regional marine oil spill contingency plans; Involving, as appropriate, iwi authorities and iwi in oil spill responses; and taking steps to address Māori interests identified through these processes.7

The table below summarises the values and main factors considered in setting the consequence ratings for culture and heritage. The proxies for Māori cultural values were given high ratings so they could be considered without making assumptions about the relative importance of one compared to another.

Value Measure Floa

ting

Dis

solv

ing

Main factors

Val

ue In

dica

tor

Cultural sites Other locations (National significance) 5 5

While no significant long term effects were expected, the importance of each cultural site is rated highly. Dissolving oils have greater impact on seafood areas compared to floating oils. 10 taiapure from 3 to 162km2 in size mainly on the east coast of the North and South Islands, 38 mataitai from <1 to 77km2 in North and South Islands. Distribution data from (Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014) and (Allen et al., 2009).

Taiapure 4 4 Mataitai 4 4 S186 Temporary closure 4 4 Seafood gathering area 4 4 Heritage sites Heritage sites 4 4 Coastal heritage sites included. Data sourced from (Heritage New

Zealand, 2015)

7 MNZ (2014): New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy 2015–2019


Page D14

6 Economic Consequence Ratings

MOSRA15 considered those economic features found to be significant in the MOSRA10 analysis:

Aquaculture

Ports

Fisheries

Tourism Recreation and biodiversity economic losses were assumed to be covered under species and habitat ratings. Cleaning and restoration costs were not considered as the Oil Pollution Levy already provides for them.

The highest rating is for a cell loss is 81 million (approximately 0.036% of New Zealand’s nominal GDP). Table 6.1 shows the economic consequence scale for all effects.

Table 6.1 Economic consequence scale

Value Measure Floating / Dissolving All ratings Rank (Scale) Estimated economic loss of $81M + 5 (Very High) Estimated economic loss of $27M - $81M 4 (High) Estimated economic loss of $9M - $27M 3 (Medium) Estimated economic loss of $3M - $9M 2 (Low) Estimated economic loss of < $3M 1 (Very Low)

The methodology used to estimate an approximate economic loss in each cell was determined by the data available. The approach for each value type is outlined in the following subsections.

There was a change in the scale of economic effects to align with scale used in risk calculations. In MOSRA15, the highest rating was an estimated economic loss over $81 million, while in MOSRA10 it was an estimated economic loss over $100 million.


Page D15

6.1 Aquaculture and spat collection

1.1.1.1 Aquaculture

Oil spills can have a severe impact on aquaculture (IPIECA, 2000). Dissolved oils were expected to have a greater effect on aquaculture, as mussels and oysters are filter feeders and salmon accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons due to their high fat content (ITOPF, 2010). Dissolved oils are also more likely enter the water column to reach oysters, mussels and salmon (Lawrence & Hemingway, 2003). The analysis assumed there would be a loss of 24 months revenue for all aquaculture activities for dissolving oils, and 6 months for floating oils. An average output multiplier of 1.8 was used for all aquaculture activities (Enveco Ltd, 2010; Irvine, Robinson, & Carboni, 2007; Murray & McDonald, 2010; Wyatt, 2011). The assumed amount lost would be due to direct loss of crop, or because of concerns about tainting delaying harvesting or resulting in the dumping of crop, or the need for additional processing of crop.

The tables below show how the economic amount associated with aquaculture industries in New Zealand were calculated.

Table 6.2 Economic amount associated with aquaculture industries in New Zealand for floating and dissolving oils

Type Revenue

(annum/ha)8

Total

ha9

Output

multiplier

Impact factor

(years)

Amount for all NZ

Floating10

Dissolving Floating Dissolving

Greenshell mussels $43,000 4747 1.8 0.5 2 $183,708,900 $734,835,600

Pacific Oysters $35,000 750 1.8 0.5 2 $23,625,000 $94,500,000

King Salmon $1,130,000 60 1.8 0.5 2 $61,020,000 $244,080,000

Table 6.3 Example of how economic amount was estimated for aquaculture in a cell below for dissolving oil

Cell name Type Approx. % of total

production in cell11

Amount for all NZ

(Dissolving) ($M)

Amount for cell

($M)

Rating

Parengarenga Harbour Pacific oysters 9% $94.5 8.5 2

Etc.

1.1.1.2 Spat collection

Both floating and dissolving oils are likely to have an impact on mussel spat as it is often located in shallow or intertidal waters (A C Alfaro, Jeffs, Gardner, Breen, & Wilkin, 2011). The mussel industry is highly dependent on wild caught spat (over 80% of mussel spat is wild caught) (Andrea C. Alfaro, 2001).

8 Revenue figures from (Stimpson and Co., 2007) 9 Hectare figures from (Stimpson and Co., 2007) 10 Assumes that lines can be sub-sunken for some farms to reduce effect. 11 Estimated from (Aquaculture New Zealand, 2012) and (Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014)


Page D16

All spat in a cell area were assumed lost and the approximate proportion of the mussel amount (see Table 6.4) was assumed to be lost (one year’s production).

Table 6.4 Example for how amount associated with spat collection in each cell is calculated

Cell name Type Approx. % of total

collection in cell12

Amount for all NZ (1

year) ($M)

Amount for cell

($M)

Rating

Ninety Mile Beach North Greenshell mussels 16% 367 47 4

Etc.

6.2 Ports

The majority of the economic impact of an oil spill at a port arises from commercial cargo delays, with loss of cruise ship passenger expenditure and wage expenses making up a much smaller amount. The Auckland port costs have been used to estimate a cost per million (by value of goods shipped) (Covec, 2008; Market Economics Limited, 2013; Ministry of Transport, n.d.; New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, n.d.). The breakdown of losses assumed for floating oil is outlined in Table 6.5 – these carried through from the MOSRA10 analysis (Navigatus Consulting, 2010).

This Auckland figure was used to estimate the economic loss for other ports, based on nominal value of goods shipped at each port. This approach assumes numbers of cruise ships, passenger and crew expenditure and wages at other ports occurs in the same proportion to the value of goods shipped as at Auckland. The tables below show how the Auckland figure, and other port figures, were calculated. The analysis for dissolving oil did not find the effect of dissolving oil on any port to be above Very Low13.

Table 6.5 Analysis of economic cost to the Port of Auckland for floating oil.

Value goods shipped ($B) Nominal GDP ($B) Overall GDP lost (five days, 3% of goods lost) (%) Loss of goods ($M)

27.5 $226 0.03 11.3

Cruise ship visits in 10 days

Passenger & Crew expenditure per ship ($M) Loss of spending ($M)

2.6 0.67 1.7

Port wages, salaries and expenses (per year) Loss (3 days) ($M)

$111 $0.91

Total loss (Auckland) 13.9

Per million shipped $0.0005

Table 6.6 Analysis of economic cost for other ports.

Port Value goods shipped ($M) Economic loss ($M)

Auckland 27,489 13.9

Tauranga 21,246 10.8

Lyttelton 11,047 5.6

Whangarei 6,479 3.3

All others <3 each

12 Estimated from (Green lipped Mussels, n.d.) 13 The analysis for dissolving oil used the same methodology as for floating oil but assumed one day’s loss of goods at 3%, wages, and cruise ship expenditure.


Page D17

6.3 Fisheries

MOSRA15 considered the following fisheries:

Paua

Oysters

Cockles

Rock lobsters

Snapper As with aquaculture, cockles have an impact factor of 2 (i.e. 2 years) for dissolving oils (Minstry for Primary Industries, 2002). Paua, lobsters, oysters and snapper have a longer impact factor of 4 (Statistics New Zealand, 2003; Walsh et al., 2011). All fisheries have an impact factor of 0.5 for floating oil. The table below shows an example of how the economic amount of a fishery was calculated for a cell.

Table 6.7 Example of how fisheries amount is calculated (dissolving oil)

Area

(code)

Proportion of fisheries

based on catch

Dissolving

factor

Value amount

(all NZ)

Output

multiplier

No. of fisheries

cells in area

Value per

cell

Rating

PAU4 31.5% 4 57 1.8 11 11.7 3

6.4 Tourism

The assessment for tourism impacts uses the same methodology and data as MOSRA10, as this is still the most recent and reliable data available at the detail required for the analysis (Department of Conservation, 2005, 2006b; Navigatus Consulting, 2010). The table below shows how this is calculated.

Pre-Spill Post Spill

Loca

tion

Stay

Visi

tor N

o’s

Prop

ortio

n fr

om

Ove

rsea

s

Spen

d pe

r D

ay

Visi

tors

A

ffect

ed b

y Sp

ill

Ave

rage

R

educ

tion

in s

tay

(day

s)

Dire

ct L

oss

of L

ocal

St

ay ($

m)

Econ

omic

M

ulti-

plie

r

Ann

ual L

oss

($m

)

Pres

ent

Valu

e 10

ye

ars

at 5

%

($m

)

Milford Sound

Over-night 33,000 78% $125 20% 2.8 1.8 2.28 4.1 32

Day 560,000 80% $127 20% 1.6 18.2 2.28 41.5 321

Total 593,000

20.0

352

Doubtful Sound

20%

0.914 2.28 2.1 16

Abel Tasman

148,000 70% $267 20% 1.2 6.7 2.22 14.8 114

Queen Charlotte

35,000 79% $115 10% 2.0 0.6 2.22 1.4 11

14 Assumed to be half of overnight visitors to Fiordland.


Page D18

7 Open water consequence

The assessment for environmental consequence in the open sea found that the only significant resources were species and habitats. This was because other resources, such as economic effects from fishing, were thought to have only minor effects due to the wide distribution of the fishery or other resource.

Table 7.1 below shows the environmental consequence ratings for resources in the sea cells. Table 7.2 modifies these ratings based on how many cells a value measure covers. This adjusts the score for how great the impact will be. The concept was that the potential long-term consequence on a species or habitat depends to an extent on whether it is concentrated or widely dispersed.

Table 7.1 Open sea consequence ratings

Value Measure Floa

ting

Dis

solv

ing

Val

ue In

dica

tor

Birds Nationally Critical – Hotspot, Known breeding spot, normal range 5 4 Nationally Critical – Occasional breeding spot, full range 4 3 Nationally Endangered – Hotspot, Known breeding spot, normal range 4 3 Nationally Endangered – Occasional breeding spot, full range 3 2 Nationally Vulnerable – Hotspot, Known breeding spot, normal range 3 2 Nationally Vulnerable - Occasional breeding spot, full range 2 1 Mammals Nationally Critical – Hotspot, normal range, Known breeding spot 5 4 Nationally Critical - Occasional breeding spot, full range 4 3 Nationally Endangered - Hotspot, normal range, Known breeding spot 4 3 Nationally Endangered - Occasional breeding spot, full range 3 2 Protected - Hotspot, normal range, Known breeding spot 3 2 Protected - Occasional breeding spot, full range 2 1 Invertebrates Nationally Critical – full range 4 3 Nationally Endangered – full range 3 2 Nationally Vulnerable – full range 2 1 Protected – Hotspot, normal range 2 1

Table 7.2 Modifier for open sea consequence ratings

No. of cells layer covers (% of

grid area)

Effect on consequence

score

0–30 (<0.1%) No change

30–300 (0.1% 1%) -1

300-3000 (1% 10%) -2

3000 + (10% ) -3


Page D19

8 Additional results

Some of the environmental results are presented in the main body of the report. The following results provide additional insight into the environmental consequence outputs. Comprehensive results for shoreline cells are provided in Appendix E.

The figures below show the overall ratings for each value category, results for floating oil are shown on the top row, and for dissolving oil on the bottom row. For floating oil, species had the highest proportion of very high ratings, while social, amenity and recreation values have ratings higher than moderate. For dissolving oil, species had lower ratings, while economic had higher ratings when compared to floating oils.

Figure 8.1 MOSRA15 environmental consequence ratings for floating and dissolving oil

Figure 8.2 shows the proportion of each of the environmental values (e.g. species, economic etc.) that drove the overall rating for each shoreline cell.

The figure shows that species drove the rating for the most shoreline cells (i.e. the rating for species was higher than any of the other environmental ratings within that cell), followed by culture and heritage, and habitats. Economic and social, amenity and recreation values drive the least cell ratings.


13%

13%

28%

21%

25%

Species

17%

42%

23%

16%

2%

Habitats

55%

44%

1%

Culture and Heritage

50%

20%

30%

Social, amenity and recreation

88%

2% 6% 3%

1%

Economic

23%

26% 25%

26%

Species

17%

42%

23%

16%

2%

Habitats

55%

44%

1%


40%

53%

7%

Social, amenity and recreation

24%

37%

32%

6% 1%

Economic

Floating Oil

Dissolving Oil

Figure 8.2 MOSRA15 value category driving overall cell rating

Species

Habitats

Culture andHeritage

Social, amenity andrecreation

Economic


Page D20

8.1 Overall environmental consequence ratings and comparison to

MOSRA10

Given the impact of floating and dissolving oils was a new feature for MOSRA; a revised environmental valuation methodology was required. As a result, the profile of ratings across cells in MOSRA15 differed somewhat from that seen in MOSRA10. The difference is shown in Figure 8.3. The key difference is that a higher proportion of cells were rated ‘High’.

Figure 8.3 Overall consequence ratings for MOSRA15 vs MOSRA10

Further detail of the differences is presented in Figure 8.4. The majority of ratings for each value category are either the same rating, or one step up or down the scale.

Figure 8.4 Change in consequence rating for each of the five value categories for each individual cell between MOSRA10 and MOSRA15 (floating oil)

0

50

100

150

200


Floating

Dissolving

Overall

MOSRA10(floating only)

0 50 100 150 200 250

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Ch

ange

in c

on

seq

ue

nce

rat

ing

for

valu

e c

ate

gory

in e

ach

ce

ll

Economic

Social, amenity andrecreation


Habitats

Species

Change in threat status of species (7 cells), new reserve established (4 cells), interpretive difference (1 cell)

Interpetive difference (1 cell), changed or updated source (2 cells).

Scale adjustments (27 cells), change in threat status of species (3 cells), interpretive difference (2 cells), change in economic analysis (1 cell)

Scale adjustments (58 cells), change in threat status of species (26), new Mataitai, sanctuary or reserve (24), changed or updated source (8), change in economic analysis (3 cells), interpretive difference (2).


Page D21

9 Environmental Bibliography

AA Travel. (2014). 2012 Results: 101 Must-Do’s for Kiwis. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/

Alfaro, A. C. (2001). Ecological dynamics of the green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus, at Ninety Mile Beach, Northern New Zealand. University of Auckland.

Alfaro, A. C., Jeffs, A. G., Gardner, J. P. A., Breen, B. A. B., & Wilkin, J. (2011). Green-lipped Mussels in GLM 9. Wellington.

Allen, W., Elmetri, I., Clarke, S., Gibbons, J., Clark, K., Sinner, J., … Taylor, M. (2009). Mapping the values of New Zealand’s coastal waters. 3. Social values. Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Aquaculture New Zealand. (2012). New Zealand Aquaculture: A sector overview with key facts, statistics and trends.

Baker, C., Chilvers, B., Constantine, R., DuFresne, S., Mattlin, R., van Helden, a, & Hitchmough, R. (2010). Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), 101–115. doi:10.1080/00288330.2010.482970

Covec. (2008). Economic Impact of POAL. Auckland.

Department of Conservation. (2005). Regional Economic Impacts of Abel Tasman National Park and Queen Charlotte Track. Time.

Department of Conservation. (2006a). Our World Heritage: A Tentative List of New Zealand Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites. Wellington.

Department of Conservation. (2006b). Regional Economic Impacts of Fiordland National Park.

Department of Conservation. (2010). New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010. Wellington.

Department of Conservation. (2015a). Difference between endangered and threatened. Retrieved from http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/difference-between-endangered-and-threatened/

Department of Conservation. (2015b). DOC Maps. Retrieved January 22, 2015, from http://maps.doc.govt.nz/richmapviewer/index.html?Viewer=DOCMaps

Department of Conservation. (2015c). Marine reserves A–Z: Marine protected areas. Retrieved January 19, 2015, from http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-protected-areas/marine-reserves-a-z/

Department of Conservation. (2015d). NZ wetlands of International Importance: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Retrieved January 22, 2015, from http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-doc/international/ramsar-convention-on-wetlands/nz-wetlands-of-international-importance/

Draper, M., Enderby, T., & Enderby, J. (2008). Fishing New Zealand (1st ed.). Auckland: Spot X Publications Ltd.

Enderby, T., & Enderby, J. (2004). Diving New Zealand. (D. Moran, Ed.) (1st ed.). Auckland.


Page D22

Enveco Ltd. (2010). The Northland Regional Economic Impacts of Aquaculture: Final Report.

Freeman, D., Schnabel, K., Marshall, B., Gordon, D., Wing, S., Tracey, D., & Hitchmough, R. (2013). New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series. Wellington.

Green lipped Mussels. (n.d.). Forest and Bird. Retrieved February 18, 2015, from http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/farmed-seafood-green-lipped-mussels

Heritage New Zealand. (2015). Map. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org.nz/places/map

IPIECA. (2000). Biological impacts of oil pollution: fisheries. IPIECA Report Series (Vol. 8). London.

Irvine, R., Robinson, M., & Carboni, A. (2007). Economic Impact of Aquaculture in the Waikato Region (Vol. 33).

ITOPF. (2010). Effects of Oil Pollution on Fisheries and Mariculture.

Lawrence, A., & Hemingway, K. L. (Eds.). (2003). Effects of Pollution on Fish: Molecular Effects and Population Responses. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Maritime New Zealand. (2015). Oil and its impact on the marine environment. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Environmental/Oil-and-oily-waste/Oil-biological-impact.asp

Market Economics Limited. (2013). Economic Impact of the New Zealand Cruise Sector. Auckland.

Michel, J., Csulak, F., French, D., & Sperduto, M. (1997). Natural resource impacts from the North Cape oil spill. International Oil Spill, 4651, 841–850.

Ministry for Primary Industries. (2014). NABIS. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.nabis.govt.nz/

Ministry of Transport. (n.d.). Freight and the transport industry : Freight volume. Retrieved February 18, 2015, from http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/freighttransportindustry/ft011/

Minstry for Primary Industries. (2002). Cockles ( Coc ).

Moore, J. (2006). State of the marine environment in SW Wales, 10 years after the Sea Empress oil spill. Marine Monitoring Report No:21.

Murray, C., & McDonald, G. (2010). Aquaculture: Economic impact in the Auckland region (Vol. TR 2010/00). Auckland.

Navigatus Consulting. (2010). Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2010: Environmental Consequence Assessment Methodology. Methodology.

New Zealand Marina Operators Association. (2014). All Marinas New Zealand. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp

New Zealand Tourism. (2014a). Kayaking in New Zealand. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/

New Zealand Tourism. (2014b). Top sailing spots in New Zealand. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/


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New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. (n.d.). Statistics. Retrieved February 18, 2015, from https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/invest/statistics/

NZ Surf Guide. (2015). All Surf Locations. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www.nzsurfguide.co.nz/surf_breaks

Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. (2007). Atlas of Bird Distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand.

Statistics New Zealand. (2003). Bluff Oyster Resource. Wellington.

Stimpson and Co. (2007). Aquaculture Risk Management Options. Wellington.

Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. (2014). Top Beaches. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/

Surfing New Zealand. (2014). Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104

Te Papa, Ornithological Society of New Zealand, & Department of Conservation. (2014). New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/

Torckler, G., & Torckler, D. (2008). Top New Zealand Dive Sites. Auckland.

Walsh, C., McKenzie, J., Buckthought, D., Armiger, H., Ferguson, H., Smith, M., … Miller, A. (2011). Age composition of commercial snapper landings in SNA 1, 2009-10. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2011/54. Wellington.

Wyatt, S. (2011). Economic impact of Coromandel aquaculture.

Yachting New Zealand. (2014). Club Directory. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory

MOSRA Appendix

Appendix E Shoreline environmental ratings

This appendix contains the ratings for all value categories for all shoreline cells.

Appendix E - Shoreline environmental ratings

Page E1

Floating Environmental Factor: Very High

Disolvers Environmental Factor: Very High

Floating Environmental Factor: Moderate

Disolvers Environmental Factor: Moderate


Disolvers Environmental Factor: Low



Floating Environmental Factor: Very Low


Cape Reinga #1


CommentsCape Reinga is nationally recognised as a departure point for spirits of the dead on their departure to the afterlife in Hawaiki in Maori mythology.

Habitats

CommentsNew Zealand tentative World Heritage List.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation, 2006. Our World Heritage: A Tentative List of New Zealand Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites, Wellington.

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).

MetadataRobertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of NewZealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia ofNew Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].


CommentsCape Reinga.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014].

Economic

CommentsRock Lobster fisheries.

Page E2










Disolvers Environmental Factor: Very Low

North Cape #2

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Robertson, C. J. R.,Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, TheOrnithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10December 2014].


CommentsDive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd.

Economic



CommentsWhile every part of the New Zealand coastline has cultural significance, no sites of national importance have been identified for this stretch of coastline.


Page E3



Floating Environmental Factor: Low








Parengarenga Harbour #3

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Ministry for PrimaryIndustries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in NewZealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014.Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to North Cape Scientific Reserve and Mokaikai Scenic Reserve.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation, 2015. DOC Maps. Available at: http://maps.doc.govt.nz/richmapviewer/index.html?Viewer=DOCMaps [Accessed January 22, 2015].


CommentsDive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd

Economic

CommentsAquaculture activities. Rock Lobster fisheries. Snapper fisheries.

MetadataAquaculture New Zealand. New Zealand Aquaculture: A sector overview with key facts, statistics and trends.; 2012:22. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. 2014.Available at: http://www.nabis.govt.nz/. Accessed December 8, 2014. Stimpson and Co. Aquaculture Risk Management Options: Produced for Ministry for theEnvironment.; 2007:83.



Page E4











Great Exhibition Bay #4

Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Wrybill and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Ministry for PrimaryIndustries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in NewZealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014.Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Paxton Point Conservation Area and Simmonds Islands Nature Reserve.


Economic

CommentsRock Lobster fisheries. Snapper fisheries.




CommentsFishing spot.

MetadataDraper, M., Enderby, T. & Enderby, J., 2008. Fishing New Zealand 1st ed., Auckland: Spot X Publications Ltd.


Page E5











Rangaunu Bay #5

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for New Zealand Dabchick, Red-billed Gull, and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsKarikari peninsula.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to East Beach Conservation Area, Mangatete Conservation Area and Rangaunu Conservation Area.


Economic





Page E6











Cape Kari Kari #6

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Pied Shag and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).





Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Maitai Bay Recreation Reserve.


Economic





Page E7


Disolvers Environmental Factor: High

Floating Environmental Factor: High








Doubtless Bay #7

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).

MetadataRobertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of NewZealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia ofNew Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]


CommentsSeafood gathering location.

MetadataAllen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand?s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tokerau Beach Conservation Area.


Economic


Page E8











Whangaroa #8

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Northern New Zealand Dotterel, Red-billed Gull, and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ranfurly Bay Scenic Reserve.



CommentsMarina (Whangaroa) and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Marina Operators Association. 2014. All Marinas NewZealand. Available: http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp [5 December 2014]

Economic






Page E9











Cavalli Islands #9


CommentsTop New Zealand dive sites (Rainbow Warrior, Neptunes Gardens).

MetadataTorckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group.

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Pied Shag and range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Motukawanui Island Scenic Reserve.


Economic




Page E10











Taronui Bay #10


CommentsThe Waitangi Treaty grounds is located in this bay, which is a significant historical site for both Maori and Pakeha and a focus for national remembrance each year.

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Northern New Zealand Dottereland range of O'Shea's tree bryozoan (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Taronui Bay Recreation Reserve.



CommentsMarinas (Kerikeri Inlet, Opua) and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Marina Operators Association. 2014. All Marinas NewZealand. Available: http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp [5 December 2014].

Economic



Page E11











Bay of Islands #11

Species




CommentsTe Puna Mataitai Reserve established in 2013 and Waikare Inlet Taiapure established in 1998.

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. Gazetted Mataitai Reserves. Available: http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/Management/Mataitai/Gazetted+M%C4%81taitai.htm [8December 2014]. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]


CommentsTop New Zealand dive sites (Cathedral Cave, Canterbury Wreck, Putahataha Island), Bay of Islands and Cathedral Cove, and top New Zealand sailing spot

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand.Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ [2December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsBlack Rocks Scenic Reserve, Moturua Island Scenic Reserve and other reserves.


Economic

CommentsAquaculture activities.


Page E12











Whangaruru #12




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whangamumu Scenic Reserve.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Brown Teal (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic



Page E13











Mimiwhangata #13


CommentsMarsden Bank Temporary Closure.

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsMimiwhangata Marine Park.

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [19 January 2014].

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal, Pied Shag and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E14











Whananaki #14





CommentsTop New Zealand dive site (Twin Wrecks), top beach for swimming (Matopouri Bay), and sea kayak operator.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group. Surf Life Saving NewZealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Otito Scenic Reserve.


Economic



Page E15











Taiharuru #15




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ocean Beach Recreation Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Whangarei Heads) and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's fourregions and 74 clubs. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014].

Species

CommentsHabitat for Northern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic


Page E16











Whangarei Harbour #16

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Grey Duck and range of Large-egged boccardiella (Nationally Critical).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of birddistribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department ofConservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsWhangarei Harbour Marine Reserve.






CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Ruakaka), Marina (Marsden Cove, Whangarei, Riverside Drive), and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Marina Operators Association. 2014. All Marinas NewZealand. Available: http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp [5 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74clubs. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014].

Economic

CommentsPort activities. Rock Lobster fisheries. Snapper fisheries.

MetadataCovec. Economic Impact of POAL. Auckland; 2008:17. Market Economics Limited. Economic Impact of the New Zealand Cruise Sector. Auckland; 2013:43. Ministry ofTransport. Freight and the transport industry_: Freight volume. Available at: http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/freighttransportindustry/ft011/. Accessed February18, 2015. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. Statistics. Available at: https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/invest/statistics/. Accessed February 18, 2015.


Page E17











Bream Bay #18

Species







CommentsTop New Zealand dive sites (Taranga Island, Sail Rock).

MetadataTorckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group. Surfing NZ. 2014.

Habitats



Economic


Page E18











Mangawhai #19

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for New Zealand Fairy Tern and Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsGoat Island Marine Reserve.



CommentsTop New Zealand Dive (Goat Island).

MetadataTorckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group. Surfing NZ. 2014.

Economic





Page E19











Mokohinau Islands #20

Habitats

CommentsTawharanui Marine Reserve.



CommentsTop New Zealand dive site (Groper Island).


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Petrel (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic




Page E20











Aiguilles Island #21

Habitats

CommentsHauraki Gulf Marine Park.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsGreat Barrier Island beaches.


Economic





Page E21











Little Barrier Island #22

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding habitat of Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic




Page E22











Craddock Channel #23


CommentsTop New Zealand dive site (Twin Peaks) and Great Barrier Island beaches.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group.

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal, Pied Shag and Red-Billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic






Page E23











Great Barrier East #24

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal, Pied Shag and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).





Economic




Page E24











Tawharanui Peninsula #25

Species



Habitats




CommentsMatakana Coast.


Economic





Page E25











Okupu #26

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).





Economic




Page E26











Cape Barrier #27

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel (Nationally Vulnerable).





Economic





Page E27











Hibiscus Coast #29

Species



Habitats




CommentsTiri Tiri Matangi, and top family friendly beach (Orewa beach).

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find aBeach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).

Economic





Page E28











East Coast Bays #30

Habitats

CommentsLong Bay Okura Marine Reserve.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal, Caspian Tern and Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable) and range of Large-egged boccardiella (Nationally Critical).



CommentsRangitoto Island, Tiri Tiri Matangi, and sea kayak operators (Whangaparoa, Rangitoto Island).

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Div

Economic





Page E29











Waitemata Harbour #31

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Grey Duck (Nationally Critical) and range of Large-egged boccardiella (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsMotu Manawa-Pollen Island and Te Matuku Marine Reserve.



CommentsUmupuia Beach Temporary Closure.



CommentsRangitoto Island, Mission Bay, Waiheke Island beaches, top New Zealand sailing spot, sea kayak operators.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014].

Economic

CommentsPort activities. Aquaculture activities. Rock Lobster fisheries. Snapper fisheries.


Page E30











Waiheke #32

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern and Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsWaiheke Island beaches and sea kayak operators.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic





Page E31











Firth of Thames #33

Habitats

CommentsFirth of Thames/Tikapa Moana Ramsar Site.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation, NZ Wetlands of International Importance: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Available at: http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-doc/international/ramsar-convention-on-wetlands/nz-wetlands-of-international-importance/ [Accessed January 22, 2015].

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull and Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).



CommentsSea kayak operators.

MetadataNew Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic





Page E32











Coromandel Harbour #34

Economic



Habitats



Species




CommentsSea kayak operators and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].




Page E33











Colville Bay #35

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Northern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Vulnerable).





Economic





Page E34











Cape Colville #36

Habitats



Species






Economic





Page E35











Te Anaputa Point #37

Habitats



Species






Economic





Page E36











Great Mercury Island #38

Habitats



Species





MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Economic





Page E37











Whangapoua Harbour #39

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern, Flesh-footed Shearwater, Pied Shag and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsNew Chums Beach and sea kayak operator.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014], New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic





Page E38











Whitianga #40

Habitats

CommentsTe Whanganui A Hei (Cathedral Cove) Marine Reserve.


Species




CommentsTop family friendly beach (Hot Water Beach) and Hahei Beach.


Economic






Page E39











Pauanui #41

Species




CommentsTop New Zealand dive site (Honeycomb, Nudibranch Wall, McGregor Rock, Stingray Reef, Lens Reef), top family friendly beach (Tairua Beach).

MetadataTorckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find aBeach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014)

Habitats



Economic




Page E40











Whangamata #42

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Northern New Zealand Dotterel and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsTop swimming beach (Whangamata beach).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014)

Economic





Page E41











Waihi Beach #43




Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Flesh-footed Shearwater, Pied Shag and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable)



CommentsSea kayak operator.

MetadataNew Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Economic


Page E42











Tauranga Harbour #44


CommentsTe Maunga o Mauao Mataitai Reserve established in 2008 (Mt Maunganui and part of Tauranga Harbour).


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Stilt (Nationally Critical).



CommentsSea kayak operator and dive site.


Economic

CommentsPort activities. Rock Lobster fisheries. Snapper fisheries.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Margret Jackson Wildlife Management Reserve.



Page E43











Mount Manganui #45

Species




CommentsTe Maunga o Mauao Mataitai Reserve established in 2008 (Mt Maunganui and part of Tauranga Harbour).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. Gazetted Mataitai Reserves. Available: http://www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Maori/Management/Mataitai/Gazetted+M%C4%81taitai.htm [8December 2014]. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014].


CommentsTop family friendly beaches (Mount Maunganui, Omanu beach) and sea kayak operator

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 20). New ZealandTourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Motuotau Island Scenic Reserve.


Economic


Page E44











Papamoa #46


CommentsMaketu Taiapure established in 1996.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of New Zealand Fairy Tern (Nationally Critical).



CommentsTop swimming beach (Papamoa beach) and sea kayak operator.

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach.Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Waihi Estuary Wildlife Management Reserve.


Economic



Page E45











Otamarakau #47


CommentsMaketu Taiapure established in 1996.


Species






Economic


Habitats

CommentsNo sites of particular importance have been identified along this stretch of coastline.

MetadataN/A

Page E46











Matata #48

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Matata Wildlife Refuge Reserve.


Economic





Page E47











Whakatane #49




Species




CommentsTop beach for fishing (Thornton Bar) and sea kayak operators

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014). NewZealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Moutohora (Whale Island) Wildlife Management Reserve.


Economic


Page E48











Opotoki #50

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull (Nationally Critical).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of birddistribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department ofConservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]





CommentsSea kayak operator


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Uretara Island Scenic Reserve, Ohope Spit Wildlife Refuge Reserve and others.


Economic



Page E49











Hawai #51







Economic


Species

CommentsNo significant species were identified along this stretch of coastline.

MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E50











Omaio Bay #52







Economic


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A


Page E51











Te Kaha #53


CommentsRaukokore Mataitai Reserve established in 2005.





Economic


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E52











Whangaparoa Bay #54


CommentsRaukokore Mataitai Reserve established in 2005.


Species

CommentsHabitat for Australasian Bittern (Nationally Endangered).





Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Oruaiti Beach Recreation Reserve.


Economic



Page E53











Ruahakoakoa #55

Species







CommentsTop New Zealand dive site (Lottin Point) and sea kayak operators.

MetadataTorckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic

CommentsRock Lobster fisheries

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E54











Hicks Bay #56




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Hicks Bay Conservation Area.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Ngati Porou) and dive site.

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]. Moran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland:Spot X Diving NZ Ltd.

Economic



Page E55











East Cape #57




Species




CommentsDive site and iconic landscape.

MetadataAllen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand?s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Moran, D, Enderby J & T.2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd.

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic

CommentsNo significant economic activities.

Page E56











Ruatoria #58




Species




CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E57











Waipiro Bay #59





CommentsDive site


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E58











Tokomaru Bay #60

Species







CommentsDive site


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E59











Tolaga Bay #61





CommentsTop beach for fishing.


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E60











Waihau Bay #62




Species




CommentsTop beach for fishing (Waihau Bay).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E61











Whangara #63

Habitats

CommentsTe Tapuwae o Rongokako Marine Reserve.



CommentsTe Tapiui Mataitai O Hakihea Reserve established in 2011.



CommentsDive site.


Species


MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E62











Poverty Bay #64




Species




CommentsTop family friendly beaches (Midway beach, Waikanae).


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E63











Maraetaha River #65

Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A






Economic


Page E64











Pukenui Beach #66


CommentsHorokaka Mataitai Reserve and Toka Tamure Mataitai Reserve Established in 2012.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical).



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E65











Mahia East #67

Species




CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Mahia Peninsula).


Habitats


MetadataN/A



Economic


Page E66











Mahia South #68

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull and Shore Plover (Nationally Critical).




MetadataAllen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand?s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Moran, D, Enderby J & T.2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd

Habitats


MetadataN/A



Economic



Page E67











Ahuriri Point #69

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull and Shore Plover (Nationally Critical).




MetadataAllen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand?s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Moran, D, Enderby J & T.2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd

Habitats


MetadataN/A



Economic


Page E68











Mahia West #70

Species




CommentsTe Hoe Mataitai Reserve established in 2012.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Long Point Conservation Area.





Economic



Page E69











Whakaki #71


CommentsYachting sailing waters.

MetadataYachting New Zealand, 2014. Club Directory. Available at: http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory [Accessed December 8, 2014].

Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A



Economic


Page E70











Wairoa #72

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whakamahi Lagoon Wildlife Reserve and Ngamotu Lagoon Wildlife Reserve.


Economic








Page E71











Mohaka #73

Economic





Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A



Page E72











Waipatiki #74


CommentsMoremore Mataitai Reserve established in 2005.



CommentsDive site and yachting sailing waters.

MetadataYachting New Zealand, 2014. Club Directory. Available at: http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory [Accessed December 8, 2014]. Moran, D, Enderby J & T.2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd

Economic


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A


Page E73











Bay View #75


CommentsMoremore Mataitai Reserve established in 2005.


Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ahuriri Estuary Conservation Area.



CommentsMarina (Napier) and dive site.


Economic


Page E74











Napier/ Hastings #76

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Cape Kidnappers Gannet Protection Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Clubs (Marine Parade, Westshore) and dive site.


Economic



Page E75











Ocean Beach #77

Species







CommentsTop swimming beach (Waimarama beach).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E76











Kairakau Beach #78




Species



Economic



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A


Page E77











Paoanui Point #79




Economic



CommentsDive site.


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E78











Porangahau #80

Species



Habitats

CommentsTe Angiangi Marine Reserve.



CommentsPorangahau Taiapure established in 1997.


Economic



CommentsDive site.



Page E79











Mangaorapa #81


CommentsPorangahau Taiapure established in 1997.


Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Wrybill (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E80











Cape Turnagain #82




Economic


Species




CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A


Page E81











Owahanga #83




Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Reef Heron (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E82











Mataikona #84

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A




Page E83











Castle Point #85

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Castlepoint Scenic Reserve.



CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Castlepoint).


Economic




Page E84











Waimimi #86

Species



Economic



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Riversdale).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]

Habitats


MetadataN/A




Page E85











Flat Point #87

Economic


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A




CommentsNo significant social, amenity or recreation sites have been identified along this stretch of coastline.

MetadataN/A

Page E86











Pahaoa #88




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Pahaoa Scientific Reserve.


Economic



CommentsDive site.



Page E87











Manurewa Point #89




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tora Recreation Reserve.


Economic



CommentsDive site


Page E88











Cape Palliser #90




Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable)


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Stonewall Scenic Reserve and Kupe's Sail Rock Recreation Reserve.



CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Cape Palliser)


Economic



Page E89











Palliser Bay East #91


CommentsPalliser Bay Taiapure established in 1995.


Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Putangirua Pinnacles Scenic Reserve and Coastal Cliffs Conservation Area.


Economic



CommentsDive site.


Page E90











Palliser Bay West #92




Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Caspian Tern (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Lake Wairarapa Wetland Conservation Area and Ocean Beach Conservation Area.


Economic



CommentsDive site.



Page E91











Taputeranga #93

Habitats

CommentsTaputeranga Marine Reserve.





Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical) and breeding spot for Reef Heron (Nationally Endangered) and Banded Dotterel and Brown Teal and Red-billedGull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsTop NZ dive sites (Yungpen Wreck, Siren's Reef).


Economic


Page E92











Wellington Harbour #94


CommentsSeafood gathering location and Pencarrow Lighthouse - New Zealand's first permanent light.


Species

CommentsRange of Large-egged boccardiella (Nationally Critical).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Ministry for PrimaryIndustries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014].


CommentsTop family friendly beaches (Scorching Bay, Lyall Bay) and sea kayak operators (Days Bay).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Eastbourne Domain.


Economic



Page E93











Cook Strait South (North Island) #95

Species



Economic



CommentsDive site.


Habitats


MetadataN/A



Page E94











Cook Strait South (South Island) #220

Species



Habitats

CommentsMarine Mammal Sanctuary Clifford and Cloudy Bay



CommentsDive site.


Economic





Page E95











Port Underwood #96

Economic



Habitats

CommentsMarine Mammal Sanctuary Clifford and Cloudy Bay.


Species

CommentsNormal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., &Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society ofNew Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]


CommentsDive site.




Page E96











Cloudy Bay #97

Species



Habitats




CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Rarangi).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014].

Economic





Page E97











Awatere #98

Habitats



Species


MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014].

Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E98











Cape Campbell #99

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Critical).


Habitats



Economic





CommentsSurf location.

MetadataNZ Surf Guide, 2015. All Surf Locations. Available at: http://www.nzsurfguide.co.nz/surf_breaks [Accessed January 28, 2015].


Page E99











Wharanui #100

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Chancet Rock Scientific Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E100











Kekerengu #101

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Critica) and breeding spot for Banded Dotterel (Nationally Vulnerable). Normal range of Hector's Dolphin(Nationally Endangered)


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A







Page E101











Clarence River #102

Habitats

CommentsOhau Point New Zealand Fur Seal Sanctuary.


Species



Economic







Page E102











Hapuku #103


CommentsTe Waha o te Marangi Mataitai and Mangamaunu Mataitai established in 2014.


Habitats

CommentsTe Rohe o Te Whanau Puha/Kaikoura Whale Sanctuary.


Species






Economic



Page E103











Kaikoura #104

Habitats

CommentsHikurangi Marine Reserve. Te Rohe o Te Whanau Puha/Kaikoura Whale Sanctuary.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation, 2015. Marine reserves A?Z: Marine protected areas. Available at: http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/marine-and-coastal/marine-protected-areas/marine-reserves-a-z/ [Accessed January 19, 2015]. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [19 January 2014].


CommentsOaro Mataitai estabished in 2014 and Te Taumanu o Te Waka a Maui established in 2014.


Species




CommentsTop beach for fishing (Kaikoura beach).


Economic


Page E104











Claverly #105

Species




CommentsOaro-Haumuri Taiapure established in 2014.


Habitats

CommentsTe Rohe o Te Whanau Puha/Kaikoura Whale Sanctuary.



CommentsDive site.


Economic



Page E105











Waiau River #106




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area Pacific Ocean Foreshore Gore Bay.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Yellow-eyed Penguin (Nationally Vulnerable) and normal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., &Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society ofNew Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Economic





Page E106











Napenape #107




Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area Pacific Ocean Foreshore Napenape.


Economic






Page E107











Mt Montserrat #108

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Pied Shag, White-flippered Penguin and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Motunau Island Nature Reserve.



CommentsDive site.


Economic




Page E108











Ashley River #109

Species



Habitats

CommentsBanks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary.


Economic








Page E109











Waimakariri River #110

Species



Habitats




CommentsTop beach for surfing (Taylor's Mistake), Surf Life Saving Clubs (Spencer Park, Taylor's Mistake, Waikuku Beach), and patrolled beaches in summer (Pines Beach,Woodend beach).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Find a SLS Club in NZ. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/organisation/find-a-club/find-a-sls-club-in-nz/ [4 December 2014].Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach.Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).

Economic




Page E110











Christchurch #111

Species

CommentsHotspot' for Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered) and Dwarf white lamp shell (Nationally Critical).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Baker, C. et al., 2010.Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014].


CommentsKoukourarata Mataitai Reserve established in 2000.


Habitats




CommentsTop family friendly beach (New Brighton) and sea kayak operators.


Economic




Page E111











Pigeon Bay #112




Species

CommentsHotspot' for Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats




CommentsDive site.


Economic

CommentsAquaculture activities. Rock Lobster fisheries.


Page E112











Le Bons Bay #113




Species



Habitats




CommentsDive site.


Economic



Page E113











Pompeys Pillar #114

Habitats

CommentsPohatu (Flea Bay) Marine Reserve and Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary.





Species




CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E114











Akaroa Harbour #115

Habitats

CommentsAkaroa Harbour Marine Reserve and Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary.



CommentsAkaroa Harbour Taiapure established in 2006.

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]

Species

CommentsHotspot' for Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered), known habitat of Nationally Critical Salvin's Mollymawk, and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Baker, C. et al., 2010.Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlasof bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, andDepartment of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].


CommentsAkaroa Harbour and sea kayak operators.


Economic




Page E115











Kaitorete Spit #116


CommentsTe Kaio Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.


Species



Habitats



Economic





Page E116











Rakaia River #117

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel, Caspian Tern and Pied Shag (Nationally Vulnerable) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of birddistribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand.

Habitats



Economic








Page E117











Seafield #118

Habitats



Species

CommentsNormal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered). Range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Economic







Page E118











Ashburton #119

Species

CommentsNormal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered). Range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Baker, C. et al., 2010.Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlasof bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, andDepartment of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]

Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A


Page E119











Hinds #120

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered), known habitat for Wrybill (Nationally Vulnerable) and normal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area Pacific Shore Waterton.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E120











Rangitata River #121

Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Wrybill (Nationally Vulnerable). Normal range of Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered). Range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Baker, C. et al., 2010.Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlasof bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, andDepartment of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]

Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A







Page E121











Temuka #122

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Spider Lagoon Conservation Area and Washdyke lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary Reserve.


Economic







Page E122











Timaru #123

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered), breeding spot for Banded Dotterel (Nationally Vulnerable) and normal range of Hector's Dolphin (NationallyEndangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area Pareora Rivermouth.





Economic





Page E123











Wainono Lagoon #124

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Stilt and Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Wainono Lagoon Conservation Area.


Economic







Page E124











Waitaki River #125

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Stilt (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Robertson, C. J. R.,Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, TheOrnithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to River Conservation Reserve Waitaki River.


Economic








Page E125











Richmond #126

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Stewart Island Shag (Nationally Vulnerable) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A

Page E126











Oamaru #127

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Bushy Beach Scenic Reserve.



CommentsDive site.


Economic





Page E127











Hampden #128


CommentsMoeraki Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki Scenic Reserve.



CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E128











Shag Point #129


CommentsMatanaka - the first farm in Otago.

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered) and breeding spot for Caspian Tern and Yellow-eyed Penguin (Nationally Vulnerable).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington.Ministry for PrimaryIndustries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in NewZealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014.Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Matakaea Recreation Reserve.



CommentsDive site.


Economic



Page E129











Waikouati #130


CommentsEast Otago Taiapure established in 1999.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Stilt and Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).



CommentsTop New Zealand dive sites (Aramoana Mole, Otakau Wall).


Economic

CommentsCockle fisheries

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. Cockle (COC). Available at: http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=7&tk=100&ey=2013. Accessed February 18, 2015.

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Brinns Point and Aramoana Recreation Reserve.


Page E130











Otago Harbour #131

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull and New Zealand Sea Lion (Nationally Critical) and range of Dwarf white lamp shell (Nationally Critical).



CommentsEast Otago Taiapure established in 1999.


Economic

CommentsCockle fisheries

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. Cockle (COC). Available at: http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=7&tk=100&ey=2013. Accessed February 18, 2015.


CommentsDive site and sea kayak operators.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available:http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014.]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua Recreation Reserve.



Page E131











St Kilda #132

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).

MetadataFreeman, D. et al., 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 9: Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2013, Wellington. Robertson, C. J. R.,Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, TheOrnithological Society of New Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Sandymount Recreation Reserve and Allans Beach Recreation Reserve.



CommentsSurf school, Surf Life Saving Club (St. Kilda, St Clair Beach), and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Available:http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving NewZealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014].

Economic




Page E132











Brighton #133

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for New Zealand Sea Lion (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Green Island Nature Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Brighton).


Economic





Page E133











Taieri #134

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Kuri Bush Recreation Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E134











Tokomariro River #135

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Chrystalls Beach Scenic Reserve.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Stewart Island Shag (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Kaka Point).


Economic





Page E135











Clutha #136

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Puerua Wildlife Management Reserve.


Economic







Page E136











Catlins East #137

Species




CommentsPuna-wai-Toriki (Hays Gap) Mataitai Reserve established in 2008.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to False Islet Recreation Reserve.



CommentsYachting sailing waters and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. Yachting New Zealand, 2014. Club Directory. Available at:http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory [Accessed December 8, 2014].

Economic



Page E137











Tahakopa Bay #138

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Purakaunui Bay Scenic Reserve.



CommentsNationally significant surf break (Papatowai - Otago) and dive site.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation. 2010. Schedule 1: Surf Breaks of National Significance, in New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010. Wellington, NZ: Department ofConservation. Moran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd.

Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Yellow-eyed Penguin (Nationally Vulnerable)




Page E138











Chaslands Mistake #139


CommentsWaikawa Harbour Mataitai Reserve established in 2008.


Species

CommentsHotspot' for Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsCatlins Marine Mammal Sanctuary.


Economic



CommentsDive site.



Page E139











Catlins South #140

Habitats



Species



Economic



CommentsSurf school and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Available:http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December 2014].



Page E140











Toetoes Bay #141




Habitats



Economic


Species




CommentsDive site.



Page E141











Awarua #142

Habitats

CommentsWaituna Lagoon Ramsar Site.



CommentsMotupohue Mataitai Reserve established in 2014.


Species






Economic



Page E142











Muttonbird Islands #143

Species


MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [6 January 2015].


CommentsPikomamaku Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.



CommentsTop NZ dive site (Banker Islets, Kanetetoe Island).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Rakiura National Park.


Economic



Page E143











Paterson Inlet #144

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for NZ Sea Lion (Nationally Critical).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [6 January 2015]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of birddistribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department ofConservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsUlva Island - Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve.



CommentsTe Whaka a Te Wera Mataitai Reserve established in 2004.


Economic




CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Paterson Inlet).


Page E144











Tikotitahi Bay #145


CommentsHoromamae Mataitai Reserve and Kaihuka Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Scenic Reserve - Eastern Rakiura.


Economic


Species




CommentsDive site.



Page E145











Kopeka River #146

Habitats



Economic


Species







MetadataN/A

Page E146











Seal Point #147

Habitats



Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Yellow-eyed Penguin (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.





Page E147











Port Pegasus #148

Species



Habitats



Economic



CommentsDive site.




Page E148











South West Cape #149

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for NZ Sea Lion (Nationally Critical).

MetadataMinistry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [6 January 2015]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., & Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of birddistribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society of New Zealand, and Department ofConservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats



Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E149











South Red Head Point #150

Habitats



Economic


Species







MetadataN/A

Page E150











Mason Bay #151

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for South Georgian Diving Petrel and Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Critical).


Habitats



Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E151











Codfish Island #152

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for South Georgian Diving Petrel and NZ Sea Lion (Nationally Critical).

MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [6 January 2015]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., &Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society ofNew Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats



Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E152











Foveaux Strait #153

Economic

CommentsBluff oyster fisheries. Paua fisheries.

MetadataStatistics New Zealand. Bluff Oyster Resource.; 2003:6.


CommentsOreti Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.


Species



Habitats




CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Oreti) and dive site.



Page E153











Riverton #154


CommentsOreti Mataitai Reserve established in 2010.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Banded Dotterel and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic




MetadataDraper, M., Enderby, T. & Enderby, J., 2008. Fishing New Zealand 1st ed., Auckland: Spot X Publications Ltd. Yachting New Zealand, 2014. Club Directory. Available at:http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory [Accessed December 8, 2014].

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Page E154











Longwood #155




Species



Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





Page E155











Te Waewae Bay East #156




Species



Habitats

CommentsTe Waewae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary.


Economic





Page E156











Te Waewae Bay West #157




Species



Habitats

CommentsTe Waewae Bay Marine Mammal Sanctuary.


Economic




MetadataN/A


Page E157











Knife & Steel Harbour #158

Habitats




CommentsWaitutu Mataitai Reserve established in 2014.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Brown Teal (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic




MetadataN/A

Page E158











Solander Islands #159

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Fiordland crested Penguin (Nationally Endangered).


Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E159











Kakapo Hill #160

Habitats



Species



Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E160











Preservation Inlet #161

Habitats

CommentsTe Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve.


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Salvin's Mollymawk (Nationally Critical) and breeding spot for Fiordland Crested Penguin (Nationally Endangered).


Economic



CommentsDive site.





Page E161











Chalky Inlet #162

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Fiordland Crested Penguin (Nationally Endangered).


Economic



CommentsDive site.




Page E162











Dusky Sound #163

Habitats

CommentsTaumoana (Five Finger Peninsula) Marine Reserve.



CommentsTop NZ dive sites (Waikare Wreck, Cook's Garden, Abbo's Rock, Shag Point).


Species



Economic





Page E163











Resolution Island #164

Habitats

CommentsMoana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm) Marine Reserve.


Species



Economic



CommentsDive site.




Page E164











Dagg Sound #165

Habitats



Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Stewart Island Weka (Nationally Vulnerable).








Page E165











Doubtful Sound #166

Habitats

CommentsTaipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) and Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm) Marine Reserve.



CommentsTop NZ dive site (Te Awaatu Channel), Doubtful Sound, and sea kayak operators.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic

CommentsTourism. Rock Lobster fisheries.

MetadataDepartment of Conservation. Regional Economic Impacts of Abel Tasman National Park and Queen Charlotte Track.; 2005:1?25. Department of Conservation. RegionalEconomic Impacts of Fiordland National Park.; 2006:1?25.

Species


MetadataN/A



Page E166











Nancy Sound #167

Habitats

CommentsKahukura (Gold arm) Marine Reserve.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A







Page E167











Caswell Sound #168

Habitats



Economic


Species


MetadataN/A






Page E168











Bligh Sound #169

Habitats

CommentsHawea (Clio Rocks) and Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound) Marine Reserve.


Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Stewart Island Weka (Nationally Vulnerable).






MetadataN/A


Page E169











Milford Sound #170

Habitats

CommentsPiopiotahi Milford Sound Marine Reserve.


Economic



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Fiorldand Crested Penguin (Nationally Endangered).



CommentsTop NZ dive site (Penguin Cove, Greenstone Bay, St Anne Point), Milford Sound, and sea kayak operators.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014].Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]



Page E170











Martins Bay #171

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Fiordland National Park.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A







Page E171











Big Bay #172

Habitats

CommentsHautai Marine Reserve.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A

Page E172











Cascade Point #173

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Arawhata.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A


Page E173











Jackson Bay #174

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Arawhata.



CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Jackson Bay Fishing Village).


Economic




Page E174











Waiatoto #175


CommentsOkuru/Mussel Point Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Okuru-Waiatoto.


Economic



CommentsDive site.



Page E175











Haast Beach #176

Habitats

CommentsTauparikaka Marine Reserve.



CommentsTauperikaka Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Economic


Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Australasian Crested Grebe (Nationally Vulnerable).





Page E176











Paringa #177

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Fiordland Crested Penguin (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Cook River to Haast River.


Economic








Page E177











Bruce Bay #178


CommentsManakaiana/Hunts Beach Mataitai Reserve and Mahitahi/Bruce Bay Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Cook River to Haast River.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A




Page E178











Gillespie's Beach #179

Species

Comments'Hotspot' for Hector's Dolphin (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Westland / Tai Poutini National Park.


Economic








Page E179











Waiho River #180

Habitats

CommentsWaiau Glacier Coast Marine Reserve.


Species



Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E180











Okarito Lagoon #181

Habitats




CommentsOkarito Lagoon Mataitai Reserve established in 2012.


Species



Economic






Page E181











Saltwater Lagoon #182

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for White Heron (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Saltwater Lagoon Scenic Reserve.






MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E182











Pukekura #183

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - lanthe Forest.






MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E183











Donoghues #184

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Mikonui River Mouth.


Species


MetadataN/A






Economic


Page E184











Hokitika #185

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Kokatahi / Hokitika Riverbed.



CommentsDive site.


Species


MetadataN/A



Economic



Page E185











Kumara Junction #186

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Taramkau Riverbed.







Economic


Page E186











Greymouth #187

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Rapahoe Range Scenic Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Kotuku) and dive site.


Species


MetadataN/A



Economic



Page E187











Rewanui #188




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Eleven Mile Creek.



CommentsDive site.


Species


MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E188











Paparoa #189

Habitats

CommentsPunakaiki Marine Reserve.





Species




CommentsPunakaiki (Pancake Rocks).


Economic



Page E189











Charleston #190

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Paparoa National Park.



CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E190











Westport #191




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Recreation Reserve - Cape Foulwind.



CommentsIconic landscape (Cape Foulwind) and dive site.

MetadataAllen, W. et al., 2009. Mapping the values of New Zealand?s coastal waters. 3. Social values, Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZAccredited Surf Schools. Available: http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December 2014].

Economic



Page E191











Waimangaroa #192




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Waimangaroa River Mouth




MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E192











Waimarie #193




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Karamea Bluff Ecological Area.





Economic



Page E193











Te Namu #194

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Little Wanganui River.





Economic


Page E194











Karamea #195

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Conservation Area - Kongahu.







Economic



Page E195











Caldervale #196

Habitats

CommentsKahurangi Marine Reserve.


Species




CommentsIconic landscape (Heaphy track).




Economic


Page E196











Kahurangi Point #197

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Kahurangi National Park.






MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E197











Paturau River #198


CommentsAnatori Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to North West Nelson Forest Park.





Economic


Page E198











Whangunui Inlet #199

Habitats

CommentsTe Tai Tapu (Westhaven) Marine Reserve.



CommentsAnatori Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Australasian Bittern (Nationally Endangered).





Economic



Page E199











Cape Farewell #200


CommentsKaihoka Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Scenic Reserve - Kaihoka.





Economic


Page E200











Farewell Spit West #201

Habitats

CommentsFarewell Spit Ramsar Site.


Species




CommentsIconic landscape (Farewell Spit).




Economic



Page E201











Farewell Spit East #202

Habitats



Species








Economic


Page E202











Port Puponga #203

Habitats

CommentsFarewell Spit Ramsar Site.


Species






Economic





Page E203











Collingwood #204




Economic

CommentsMussel spat collection. Cockle fisheries.

MetadataGreen lipped Mussels. Forest and Bird. Available at: http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/farmed-seafood-green-lipped-mussels. Accessed February 18, 2015. Stimpson andCo. Aquaculture Risk Management Options: Produced for Ministry for the Environment.; 2007:83.

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Scenic Reserve - Collingwood.



CommentsFishing spot. Yachting sailing waters.

MetadataDraper, M., Enderby, T. & Enderby, J., 2008. Fishing New Zealand 1st ed., Auckland: Spot X Publications Ltd. Yachting New Zealand, 2014. Club Directory. Available at:http://www.yachtingnz.org.nz/clubs/club-directory [Accessed December 8, 2014].

Page E204











Waitapu #205

Species






Economic

CommentsMussel spat collection.



CommentsAbel Tasman National Park, Top NZ sailing spot.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand.Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014]

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Abel Tasman National Park.



Page E205











Abel Tasman #206

Species



Habitats

CommentsTonga Island Marine Reserve.





Economic




CommentsAbel Tasman National Park, Top NZ sailing spot.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand.Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014]

Page E206











Motueka #207

Species



Economic




CommentsKaiteriteri beach and sea kayak operators.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Motueka Sandspit.





Page E207











Nelson #208

Species



Economic




CommentsTop family friendly beach (Tahunanui).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whakapuaka Raupo Swamp.




Page E208











Delaware Bay #209

Habitats

CommentsHoroirangi Marine Reserve.



CommentsWhakapuaka (Delaware Bay) Taiapure established in 2002.


Economic



Species




CommentsDive site and yacting sailing waters.



Page E209











Oananga Bay #210

Economic



Species




CommentsTop NZ sailing spot (Marlborough Sounds).

MetadataNew Zealand Tourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Okiwi Bay and Moncrieff Scenic Reserve.




Page E210











D'Urville Island West #211

Species

CommentsBreeding spot and known habitat for New Zealand King Shag (Nationally Endangered).





Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to D'Urville Island Scenic Reserve.


Economic






Page E211











Squally Cove #212




Habitats



Economic



Species


MetadataN/A



Page E212











Admiralty Bay #213

Species



Economic






Habitats






Page E213











Stephens Island #214

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Takapourewa Nature Reserve.


Economic




Page E214











Pelorus Sound #215

Species



Economic





MetadataNew Zealand Marina Operators Association. 2014. All Marinas New Zealand. Available: http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp [5 December 2014]. New ZealandTourism. 2014. Top sailing spots in New Zealand. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/top-sailing-spots-in-new-zealand/ [2 December 2014].

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tennyson Inlet Scenic Reserve and many others.





Page E215











Forsyth Bay #216

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Southern New Zealand Dotterel (Nationally Critical) and breeding spot for New Zealand King Shag (Nationally Endangered).


Economic






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Chetwode Island Nature Reserve.




Page E216











Queen Charlotte Sound #218

Species

CommentsBreeding spot and known habitat for New Zealand King Shag and Reef Heron (Nationally Endangered).



CommentsTop NZ dive sites (Double Cove, Dale's Fish Drift), Queen Charlotte Sound, and sea kayak operator.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014].

Economic

CommentsAquaculture activities. Tourism.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Blumine Island Scenic Reserve.





Page E217











Long Island #219

Habitats

CommentsKokomohua (Long Island) Marine Reserve.


Species



Economic








Page E218











Cook Strait North (North Island) #221




Economic



CommentsDive site


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A


Page E219











Cook Strait North (South Island) #217

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Red-billed gull (Nationall Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Arapawa Island Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E220











Mana Island #222




Species

CommentsRange of Large-egged boccardiella (Nationally Critical) and breeding spot for Brown Teal and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Mana Island Scenic Reserve and Pauatahanui Wildlife Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Titahi Bay), Marina (Mana) and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. New Zealand Marina Operators Association. 2014. All Marinas NewZealand. Available: http://www.nzmarinas.com/marinalist.asp [5 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74clubs. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014].

Economic



Page E221











Paraparaumu South #223

Species



Habitats

CommentsKapiti Marine Reserve.






CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Paekakariki) and dive site.


Economic


Page E222











Paraparaumu North #224

Species



Habitats

CommentsKapiti Marine Reserve.






CommentsTop NZ dive site (Hole in the Wall).

MetadataSurfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Available: http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore, NZ: Penguin Group.

Economic



Page E223











Waikawa #225




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Waikawa Conservation Area.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A




Page E224











Manawatu Estuary #226

Habitats

CommentsManawatu Estuary Ramsar Site.





Species

CommentsKnown habitat of New Zealand Fairy Tern and Shore Plover (Nationally Critical).


Economic



CommentsSurf Life Saving Clubs (Foxton, Levin-Waitarere).



Page E225











Rangatikei River #227




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tawhirihoe Scenic Reserve.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Palmerston North).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]

Species


MetadataN/A

Economic


Page E226











Whangaeu River #228

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whitiau Scientific Reserve.


Species








Economic



Page E227











Whanganui #229





CommentsTop beach for fishing (Kai Iwi Beach).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whitiau Scenic Reserve.


Species



Economic


Page E228











Waitotara #230

Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tapuarau Lagoon Conservation Area.







Economic



Page E229











Patea #231




Species



Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Victoria Conservation Area.



CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E230











Hawera #232

Species






Habitats


MetadataN/A




Economic



Page E231











Manaia #233




Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A


CommentsBeach.


Economic


Page E232











Opunake #234





CommentsTop swimming beach (Opunake beach).


Species


MetadataN/A

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E233











Rahotu #235




Species



Habitats


MetadataN/A




Economic


Page E234











Cape Egmont #236




Species




CommentsNationally significant surf break (Stent Road ? Backdoor Stent ? Farmhouse Stent).

MetadataDepartment of Conservation. 2010. Schedule 1: Surf Breaks of National Significance, in New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010. Wellington, NZ: Department ofConservation.

Habitats


MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E235











Oakura #237

Species



Habitats

CommentsTapuae Marine Reserve and West Coast North Island Marine Mammal Sanctuary.






CommentsTop family friendly beach.


Economic


Page E236











New Plymouth #238

Species



Habitats

CommentsNga Motu/Sugar Loaf Islands Marine Protected Area.



CommentsTop family friend beaches (Fitzroy beach, East End beach).




Economic



Page E237











Urenui #239

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Black Stilt ( Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsWest Coast North Island Marine Mammal Sanctuary.



CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Waitara).




Economic


Page E238











Tongaporutu #240

Habitats

CommentsParininihi Marine Reserve.


Species








Economic



Page E239











Awakino #241

Habitats



Species


MetadataN/A






Economic


Page E240











Ngarupupu Point #242


CommentsMarokopa Mataitai Reserve established in 2011. Seafood gathering location.


Habitats



Species


MetadataN/A



MetadataN/A

Economic



Page E241











Marokopa #243


CommentsMarokopa Mataitai Reserve established in 2011.


Habitats



Species


MetadataN/A




Economic


Page E242











Kawhia Harbour #244


CommentsKawhia Aotea Taiapure established in 2000.


Species



Habitats




CommentsDive site and iconic landscape (Kawhia Harbour).


Economic



Page E243











Aotea Harbour #245


CommentsAotea Harbour Mataitai Reserve established in 2008. Kawhia Aotea Taiapure.


Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern and New Zealand Dabchick (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic


Page E244











Raglan #246

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Reef Heron (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats








Economic



Page E245











Otehe #247

Habitats



Species

CommentsNormal range of Maui's Dolphin (Nationally Critical).



CommentsDive site.




Economic


Page E246











Port Waikato #248

Species

CommentsHotspot for Maui's Dolphin (Nationally Critical).


Habitats




CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Sunset Beach).




Economic



Page E247











Te Awhitu South #249

Species

CommentsHotspot for Maui's Dolphin (Nationally Critical).


Habitats




CommentsSurf Life Saving Club (Kariaotahi).




Economic


Page E248











Te Awhitu Peninsula #250

Species

CommentsHotspot for Maui's Dolphin and breeding spot for Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).

MetadataBaker, C. et al., 2010. Conservation status of New Zealand marine mammals (suborders Cetacea and Pinnipedia), 2009. New Zealand Journal of Marine and FreshwaterResearch, 44(2), pp.101?115. Ministry for Primary Industries. NABIS. Available: www.nabis.govt.nz [8 December 2014]. Robertson, C. J. R., Hyvonen, P., Fraser, M. J., &Pickard, C. R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand 1999-2004. Wellington: The Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Te Papa, The Ornithological Society ofNew Zealand, and Department of Conservation. 2014. Available: New Zealand Birds Online: The Digital Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Birds [10 December 2014].

Habitats




CommentsDive site.




Economic



Page E249











Manukau Harbour #251

Species



Habitats








Economic


Page E250











Piha #252

Species



Habitats




CommentsTop beach for surfing (Piha beach), several beaches (including Piha, North Piha, Bethells beach, and Kare Kare) that have surf life saving clubs, and dive site.

MetadataMoran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot X Diving NZ Ltd. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Available:http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving NewZealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealandand State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).



Economic



Page E251











Muriwai Beach #253

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable) and normal range of Maui's Dolphin (Nationally Critical).



CommentsTop beach for surfing (Muriwai beach), Surf Life Saving Club (Muriwai) and dive site.

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Surf Life Saving New Zealand's four regions and 74 clubs. Available:http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/media/420976/2014_slsclubmapfinal.pdf [4 December 2014]. Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find a Beach.Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014). Moran, D, Enderby J & T. 2004. Diving New Zealand. 1st Edition. Auckland: Spot XDiving NZ Ltd.



Economic


Page E252











Rangitira Beach #254

Species



Habitats








Economic



Page E253











Kaipara Entrance #255

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for New Zealand Fairy Tern and Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).


Habitats








Economic


Page E254











Rototuna #256

Species



Habitats



Economic








Page E255











Kopuru #257


CommentsShellfish gathering location.


Habitats



Economic


Species


MetadataN/A




Page E256











Baylys Beach #258




Habitats




CommentsPatrolled beach in summer (Baylys Beach).

MetadataSurf Life Saving New Zealand. 2014. Find a SLS Club in NZ. Available: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz/organisation/find-a-club/find-a-sls-club-in-nz/ [4 December 2014].

Economic


Species


MetadataN/A


Page E257











Omamari #259




Habitats



Species



Economic





Page E258











Waipoua #260




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Taha Moana Scenic Reserve.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A





Page E259











Hokianga Harbour #261

Species




CommentsShellfish gathering location and Clendon House - Heritage New Zealand place.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Te Pouahi Conservation Area.


Economic





Page E260











Whangape Harbour #262

Species






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Whangape Conservation Area.


Economic




MetadataN/A


Page E261











Tauroa Peninsula #263




Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ahipara Conservation Area.


Economic


Species


MetadataN/A




Page E262











Ahipara Bay #264

Species






Economic




CommentsNinety mile beach and top beach for fishing (Ahipara beach).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ahipara Recreation Reserve.



Page E263











Waipapakauri Beach #265




Economic




CommentsNinety mile beach.


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Waipapakauri Beach Conservation Area.


Species



Page E264











Ninety Mile Beach South #266

Economic






Species



Habitats


MetadataN/A




Page E265











Ninety Mile Beach North #267

Economic




CommentsNinety mile beach, Top beach for fishing (The Bluff Beach).

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014].Surf Life Saving New Zealand and State Insurance. 2014. Find aBeach. Available: http://www.findabeach.co.nz/top-new-zealand-beaches/ (2 December 2014).

Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Te Arai Conservation Area.


Species





Page E266











Cape Maria Van Dieman #268

Economic






Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Te Paki Recreation Reserve.


Species






Page E267











Kaipara Harbour #269

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Black Billed Gull, New Zealand Fairy Tern and Grey Duck (Nationally Critical).





Economic

CommentsSnapper nursery.


Habitats






Page E268











King Group #273

Habitats



Species

CommentsBreeding site for Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic





Page E269











Wharekauri #275

Species

CommentsBreeding site for Chatham Island Oystercatcher (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Tangepu Conservation Area.


Economic

CommentsPaua fisheries. Rock Lobster fisheries.





MetadataN/A

Page E270











Kaingaroa Harbour #276

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Ocean Mail Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E271











Hanson Bay North #277

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered) and known habitat of Lesser Knot (Nationally Vulnerable).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A

Page E272











Hanson Bay South #278

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered) and known habitat of Lesser Knot (Nationally Vulnerable).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Taia Historic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E273











Cape Fournier #279

Species

CommentsKnown habitat of Chatham Island Shag (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Thomas Mohi Tuuta (Rangaika) Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E274











Pitt Island #280

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Antipodes Albatross, Chatham Island Oystercatcher, Chatham Island Shag, Pitt Island Shag and Shore Plover (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Waipaua Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A


Page E275











Houruakopara #281

Species

CommentsRange of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A

Page E276











Cape L'Eveque #282

Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Magenta Petrel (Nationally Critical) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A


Page E277











Petre Bay South #283

Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Antipodes Albatross, Chatham Island Oystercatcher, Chatham Island Shag, Pitt Island Shag and Magenta Petrel (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsAdjacent to Henga Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E278











Petre Bay North #284

Species

CommentsKnown habitat for Shore Plover (Nationally Critical ) and range of Giant spionid worm (Nationally Endangered).


Economic


Habitats


MetadataN/A





MetadataN/A


Page E279











Maunganui Beach #285

Species

CommentsBreeding site for Chatham Island Oystercatcher, Chatham Island Shag, and Pitt Island Shag (Nationally Critical).


Habitats

CommentsCannon - Peirce Scenic Reserve.


Economic






MetadataN/A

Page E280











Poor Knights Island #290

Habitats

CommentsPoor Knights Island Marine Reserve.



CommentsPoor Knights Island, Top NZ dive sites (Northern Arch, Barren Arch, Middle Arch and Bernie's Cave, Jan's Tunnel, Blue Maomao Arch and Labrid Channel, Tie Dye Arch),Surf school, sea kayak operator

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Surfing NZ. 2014. Surfing NZ Accredited Surf Schools. Available:http://www.surfingnz.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=104 [2 December 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. NorthShore, NZ: Penguin Group. New Zealand Tourism. 2014. Kayaking. Available: http://www.newzealand.com/int/kayaking/ [2 December 2014]

Species



Economic





Page E281











White Island #291

Habitats

CommentsTe Paepae Aotea (Volkner Rocks) Marine Reserve.



CommentsTop NZ dive sites (Spanish Arch, Homestead Reef), White Island.

MetadataAA Travel. 2012. 101 Must-Do's For Kiwis. Available: http://www.aatravel.co.nz/101/results/. [1 Dec 2014]. Torckler G & D. 2008. Top New Zealand Dive Sites. North Shore,NZ: Penguin Group.

Species





Economic


Page E282











Mayor Island #28

Habitats

CommentsTuhua (Mayor Island) Marine Reserve.


Species

CommentsBreeding spot for Caspian Tern, Pied Shag and Red-billed Gull (Nationally Vulnerable).



CommentsDive site.


Economic





Page E283

Appendix F - Oil spill probability profiles (high risk shoreline areas)

MOSRA15 Appendix Page F1

MOSRA15 Appendix Appendix F Oil Spill probability profiles (High Risk Shoreline Areas)

Page F2

This page is intentionally blank



Contents 1.

MOSRA15 APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX F OIL SPILL PROBABILITY PROFILES (HIGH RISK SHORELINE AREAS) 1

CONTENTS 3 1.

INTRODUCTION 4 2.

SHORELINE CELL #18 – BREAM BAY 5 3.

3.1 FOREIGN TANKERS 5

3.2 DOMESTIC TANKERS LARGE 6

3.3 DOMESTIC TANKERS SMALL 7

SHORELINE CELL #31 – WAITEMATA HARBOUR 8 4.


4.2 FOREIGN CONTAINER 9

4.3 FOREIGN CARGO AND PASSENGER 10


4.5 DOMESTIC TANKERS SMALL 12

4.6 DOMESTIC 400 TO 2000 13

4.7 DOMESTIC 200 TO 400 14

4.8 DOMESTIC LESS THAN 200 15

SHORELINE CELL #45 MOUNT MANGANUI 16 5.


5.2 FOREIGN CONTAINERS 17


SHORELINE CELL #93 TAPUTERANGA 19 6.



6.3 DOMESTIC GREATER THAN 12000 21

SHORELINE CELL #208 NELSON 22 7.

7.1 FISHING 4000 TO 12000 22

7.2 FISHING 2000 TO 4000 23

7.3 FISHING 400 TO 2000 24

7.4 FISHING 200 TO 400 25

7.5 FISHING LESS THAN 200 26

SHORELINE CELL #220 COOK STRAIT SOUTH (SOUTH ISLAND) 27 8.



8.3 DOMESTIC GREATER THAN 12000 29


Page F4

Introduction 2.

The following graphs have been produced for a selection of shoreline cells that were determined to be of ‘high risk’. These cells cover six areas around the New Zealand shoreline. The location and associated data can be inspected by selecting each cell on the interactive website.

For each selected ‘high risk’ shoreline cell a selection of relevant vessel types are displayed. The two types of graphs shown in each case are:

Probability Oil is Present in Cell for Vessel Type The first graph for each selected shoreline cell shows the probability of each class of oil being present in that shoreline area caused by a spill from that vessel type. The y axis shows the probability of oil being present in the area for a spill greater than (or equal to) the spill size indicated on the x axis. This gives the graph its distinctive shape of decreasing probabilities of a given volume or greater of oil being present in the shoreline area with increasing spill sizes.

Expected Oil – Time Weighted Volume per year for Vessel Type The second graph for each selected shoreline cells shows the expected oil in the shoreline cell from a spill involving the highlighted vessel type. ‘Expected oil’ is a time-weighted measure for the volume of oil predicted in the selected shoreline area (in units of per year), measured in tonnes. The y axis shows the expected oil in that area at each spill size range indicated on the x axis. The total amount of oil in the shoreline cell in terms of volume is weighted to spills of greater sizes occurring from the indicted vessel type.



Shoreline Cell #18 – Bream Bay 3.

3.1 Foreign Tankers

Probability Oil is Present in Cell for Vessel Type

Expected Oil – Time Weighted Volume per year for Vessel Type


Page F6

3.2 Domestic Tankers Large





3.3 Domestic Tankers Small




Page F8

Shoreline Cell #31 – Waitemata Harbour 4.

4.1 Foreign Tankers





4.2 Foreign Container




Page F10

4.3 Foreign Cargo and Passenger




Page F12

4.5 Domestic Tankers Small





4.6 Domestic 400 to 2000




Page F14

4.7 Domestic 200 to 400





4.8 Domestic Less than 200




Page F16

Shoreline Cell #45 Mount Manganui 5.

5.1 Foreign Tankers





5.2 Foreign Containers




Page F18






Shoreline Cell #93 Taputeranga 6.

6.1 Foreign Tankers




Page F20






6.3 Domestic Greater than 12000




Page F22

Shoreline Cell #208 Nelson 7.

7.1 Fishing 4000 to 12000





7.2 Fishing 2000 to 4000




Page F24

7.3 Fishing 400 to 2000





7.4 Fishing 200 to 400




Page F26

7.5 Fishing less than 200





Shoreline Cell #220 Cook Strait South (South Island) 8.

8.1 Foreign Tankers




Page F28






8.3 Domestic Greater than 12000



Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment 2015 · 2018. 11. 6. · This report details the background,...

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