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28ºCongressoInternacionaldeTransporteAquaviário,ConstruçãoNavaleOffshoreRiodeJaneiro/RJ,19-21deoutubrode2020

MarineLNGMarketinArgentina

Ing.RaúlPodetti,Asoc.ArgentinadeIngenieríaNaval,BuenosAires,Argentina,podettiraul@gmail.com

Ing.CarlosCasares,InstitutoArgentinodePetróleoyGas,camcasares@yahoo.com.arSummaryAdding up the complementary experience of both authors (Casares in Gas Industry and Podetti inMarine Industry) it is presented here a summary of their work-in-progress research available atwww.industrianaval.com.ar,aspartofthe“ShipbuildingCollection”.The paper is structured into five parts with respect to Marine LNG in Argentina: Global Context,Demand,Supply,VolumesandInvestments.“GlobalContext”providesaninternationaloverviewofthemarineuseofLNGandafewlocalcases.“Demand”startsbyidentifyingthepresentvolumeofMarineDieselandFueloilsdemandedbytypetraffic, shipandmarketatmainports. Thisdata,alongwithother information is used toestimatepotentialandprojecteddemandthatispresentedinaMarineLNGDemandMap.“Supply”partdefinestheconceptofaMarineLNGVirtualGasPipeline,combiningtrucksandbargestoaccessportsandareasofNEA,ParaguayandBrazil,presentingthecorrespondingSupplyMap.“Volumesand Investment” finalchaptersquantify theserequirementsbyportanddemandmarket,developingadetailednumerical analysis for theNEA case from theResistenciaNodeof thisnewlydefinedsupplynetwork.

1.IntroductionThe use of LNG is probably the most importantbreakthrough in marine propulsion since thetransitionfromcoalfuelboilerstodieselenginesinearlyyearsofpastcentury.Inthiscase,theglobalchangeisdrivenby:

- environmentalgrowingconcerns- economicbenefits- newdiscoveriesoflargegasreserves,and- advances in technology both in marine

enginesaswellas in the liquefactionandstorageofnaturalgas.

EventhoughtherearesomecasesofLNGpoweredshipssincemidlastcentury,itsusewasconfinedtothe LNG carriers that took advantage of boil-offgas. Thepresentmarine LNGuse growthwas themost convenient market response to theinternational regulations that set fix dates tomaximumlevelsofemissionsofpollutantgases.AsmoreandmoreinternationalvesselsadoptLNG,the ports of call must adapt their bunkeringservices tooffer LNGaswell asDiesel. This is therequirement of ship operators to Argentine portauthorities, mainly for cruises and containershipsthataretheearlieradoptersofLNG.Inthecaseofbulk carriers (the largest type of vessels callingargentineports)thisadoptionisstillverylowdue

to the uncertainty of LNGavailability at all ports intheirchangingroutes.OtherlocalmarketsforLNGare fishing vessels, porttugs, dredges and pushersused in the waterway. Thislastmarket is connected toanother large demand for(residential and industrial)LNG in North East area of Argentina, and inParaguayandcloseregionofBrazil.Inthesecases,themarineimpactisinLNGtransportbybarges.2.WorldContextforMarineLNGSomewhatoveradecadeago,LNGbegantogaininimportanceasamarinepropulsionfuelasaresultofthestipulationsoftheInternationalConventionfor the Prevention of the Pollution from Ships ofthe International Maritime Organization (IMO-MARPOL, Annex VI), the principal internationalagreement on maritime environmental issues.Amongothermeasures, itproposedthereductionofSulfurOxide(SOx)emissionstomaximumlevelsof4.5%by2012andof0.5%asoftheyear2020.

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However, it also determined certain geographicalareas with special pollution protection measuresbasedon theirhigh trafficorecological condition.They are designated as Emission Control Areas(ECAs) and include the coasts of the U.S., theCaribbean, the North Sea and the Baltic, wheremuch more demanding maximum levels areinstituted:1.5%(2010)and0.1%(2015).Inordertocomplywiththeseregulations,theuseof LNG emerged as the most convenientenvironmental and economic solution, which inturnimpliedinvestmentsinmodificationsorintheconstructionofnewLNG-poweredshipsaswellasin port infrastructure to supply the fuel. Theinternational cases that achieved success werethose thatmanaged to overcome the “chicken oregg” dilemma through public-private efforts thatmade harmonious development possible: inbunkering infrastructure that ensured LNGavailabilityatports,andareduction inthecostofmarine LNG-powered propulsion which enabledshipownerstoinvestinLNGpoweredvessels.An ever-increasing number of ships are adoptingLNG as propelling fuel, it being estimated that bythe year 2025 they might reach 2,000 large-sizeunits(OECDJapan,2018)asshowninFigure1,

Figure1-NumberofLNGpoweredshipsProjection

Argentina isn’t entirely absent from this newpropulsivemode: the ferryFrancisco (BUQUEBUS)was one of the world’s first applications of LNG,and local designs are now being developed forpusher tugs (ARPS, Consulmar, Tandanor) for theParaná Paraguay waterway and for an argentinepolar vessel (UTN) with minimum environmentalimpact,awardedbytheSocietyofNavalArchitectsandMarineEngineers(SNAME).

Figure2–FranciscoFastFerry(Buquebus)

Figure3–LNGPoweredAntarcticShipDesign(UTN)

Figure4–LNGPoweredPusherDesign(Consulmar)

3.DemandofMarineLNGinArgentinaTheaim is toestablishanestimateof thevolumeandprofileofcurrentdemandformarineLNGanditsprojectionfor2040.This starts out with an analysis of current (2019)bunkering volume per type of vessel and port,which provides baseline data for the projections.With this information, an estimate is made forpotential demand for marine LNG by regions,which is transferred onto a map of demandsummarizing the data. Lastly, there is a summaryofconsolidateddemandandseveralconclusions.3.1.CurrentBunkeringVolume(2019)Delving into the statistics published by theArgentine National Energy Secretariat (S. EnergíaData, 2019), it has been possible to assemble aseries of tables and graphs that summarize thenecessary information. The methodology appliedconsisted in taking the monthly statisticalinformationforthelastfullyearwithoutCOVID-19effect;i.e.,thetwelvemonthsof2019.The 12most significant portswere examined andthevolumeofbunkeringwasseparatedintothreetypesoffuel:DieselOil(2,2Band3);FuelOil,and70/30 Mix, and also into two types of traffic(CabotageandInternational).Sevensectorsofdemandinterestweredefined:Parana Paraguay Waterway (PPW): Pusher tugsandself-propelledcraftalongthatwaterway.PortServices:Towingtugs,dredgers,beaconcraft.Bulk Carriers out of ports (BC): Bulk carriers thatload fuel in the Common Area of Rio de la Plataafter loading bulk cargo in the Rosario-Santa Fe(Rosafé)portsarea.

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CargoshipsinHarbor(CS):Containerships,ro-ros,bulk carriers, tankers and general freight vesselsthatbunkerattheportswheretheyoperate.Fishing craft: Fishing vessels that load fuel at theAtlanticportwheretheyoperateTourism: Cruise ships, ferries, catamarans andpassengercraft.

Other: Navy ships, coast guard vessels, offshoresupport,etc.The followingTable summarizes thecombinationsofPort,Traffic,TypeofFuelandSectorofDemand.

Table1–BunkeringVolumeinArgentinePorts

Thefirstconclusionisthatthethreetypesoffuelsanalyzed have a similar participation in the total,butaverydifferentonewhenlookedataccordingto traffic, which for the greater part (67%) isinternational.

Figure5–BunkeringbyTypeandTraffic

Next, in accordance with each port’s operatingprofile,percentagesofbunkeringuseareassignedtothedifferentdefinedsectorsofdemandThis percentage allocation makes it possible toestimate the bunkering volumes per activity asshownbelow, indicating that the servicingofbulkcarriers at the roadstead requires some 560,000liters per year, which represent 49% of the total,followed by cargo ships in port (310,000 liters,27%), fishing craft (126,000 liters, 11%), PPW

(68,000liters,6%),tourism(53,000liters,4%),portservicesandothers(34,000liters,3%).

Table2-%ofUseofBunkeringbyDemandMarket

Andlastly,agraphispresentedwiththebunkeringvolumeshandled at eachport, showing,within it,thecolorsofthemainactivityserviced.Thus, almost exclusively from La Plata, thecountry’s maximum bunkering demand (51%) isprovided for,which ismainly for thebulk carriersattheCommonArearoadstead.

GO FO 70/30

CORRIENTES 0,1% 1,2 0,4

SANLORENZO 5% 56 7,4 5,7

PTOSENTRERIOS 0,0% 0,4 0,4

ROSARIO/STAFE 0,2% 1,8 0,9

SANNICOLAS 0,1% 1,5 0,4

ZARATE-CAMPANA 16% 179 22,8 0,5 31,8

CABA 7% 83 8,2 4,2 11,6

DOCKSUD 1% 11 3,8 1,3

LAPLATA 51% 583 42 5 59

MARDELPLATA 7% 83 81,6

BAHIABCA-WHITE 3% 32 26,8 3,1

PTO.MADRYN 0,4% 5 4,5

COMODORO 0,4% 4 4,1

PTO.DESEADO 3% 40 38,3

USHUAIA 6% 69 18,1

TOTAL 1.151 259 17 105GO FO 70/30

381

CABOTAGE

BUNKERINGPORT

ThousofLiters/Yr(2019) BYTYPEOFOILANDTRAFFICCABOTAGE

GO FO 70/30 WPP PORT BC CARGO FISH. TOUR. OTHER

0,4 0,4 1,2 -

35,0 8,3 53,5 2,8

0,4 -

0,9 1,7 0,1 0

1,1 1,0 0,1 0,4

31,1 12,1 80,7 5,4 3,6 170

23,6 24,1 11,8 4,2 4,2 62,6 8,3 4,2

3,0 0,1 2,9 0,6 0,6 0,6 8,8 - 0,6

11 314 153 5,8 560 17,5 - -

1,7 1,7 8,3 69 1,7 2,5

1,4 1,0 1,0 30,0 0,3 - 1,0

0,3 - 0,9 3,9 0,1 -

- 0,7 3,3 - 0,0

1,4 0,4 - 39 - 0,4

51,1 0,7 10 10 42,9 4,8

162 359 249 68 21 560 310 126 53 13 GO FO 70/30 WPP PORT BC CARGO FISH. TOUR. OTHER

770 6% 2% 49% 27% 11% 5% 1%

INTERNATIONAL

BYTYPEOFOILANDTRAFFICINTERNATIONAL BYDEMANDSECTOR

259

162

17

359

105

249

- 200 400 600 800

CABOTAGE

INTERNATIONAL

GO FO 70/30

WPP PORT BC CARGO FISH. TOUR. OTHER

CORRIENTES 100%

SANLORENZO 95% 5%

PTOSENTRERIOS 100%

ROSARIO/STAFE 95% 3% 2%

SANNICOLAS 70% 5% 25%

ZARATE-CAMPANA 3% 2% 95%

CABA 5% 5% 75% 10% 5%

DOCKSUD 5% 5% 5% 80% 5%

LAPLATA 1% 96% 3%

MARDELPLATA 2% 10% 83% 2% 3%

BAHIABCA-WHITE 3% 93% 1% 3%

PTO.MADRYN 18% 80% 2%

COMODORO 1% 18% 80% 1%

PTO.DESEADO 1% 98% 1%

USHUAIA 1% 15% 15% 62% 7%

%OFUSEBYDEMANDSECTORBYPORT

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ItisfollowedbytheZárate-Campanaportcomplex(16%),thePortsofBuenosAiresandMardelPlata(7%each),Ushuaia(6%),SanLorenzo(5%),PuertoDeseado(3%)andtherest(3%).

This information will be employed as the basicinputforthenextsectionofanalysis.

Figure6–BunkeringbyPort

Figure7–BunkeringbyMarketSector

3.2.DemandforMarineLNGbyRegionsNext,demandforLNGisdividedintothefollowingsectors: Argentine Northeast (NEA, in its Spanishacronym),WPP, Bulk Carriers at Roadstead, Shipsat BUE (Buenos Aires province) Ports, Ships atPatagonianPortsand,lastly,demandoriginatinginParaguay+Brazil.NEA: Although this involves demand for non-marine purposes, it is important to take it intoaccountinstudyingmarineLNG,forthreereasons:-The larger scale within the same area as WPPmakesinvestingeasierandreducesLNGcosts.-Whenthisdemandachievesasufficientvolumeitwillmake sense to supply it inmultimodalmode,carryingoutthelonger-distancetransportbyriver,whichwill generateanewdemand forvessels forthatservice.-The development of LNG in the areawill ensuretheavailabilityofsupplyforthePPW.Estimates are provided for current and potentialdemand in the provinces ofMisiones, Corrientes,Chaco and Formosa, excepting Resistencia sincethere is a natural gas pipeline that reaches that

city. In order to establish the volume of demand,two sources are employed. On one hand, themethodology developed in studying the NEAnatural gas pipeline (Risuelo, 2010), and on theother, the estimates presented inMay 2019 (GasNEAPlan2019).Adapting the former methodology to currentvalues,thefollowingrationaleemerges:theareainquestion has a population of the order of 4.7million inhabitants, 1.88 million of whom live inlargecitiesofmorethan50,000inhabitants,which,considering 3.5 persons/household, representssome 537,143 households. These households arebeingsupplied inefficientlywithLPGwhicharrivesfromSaltaprovinceorsouthernSantaFeprovinceby truck in bulk or already in canisters. Aconsumption of the order of 225 kg LPG/year-householdisestimated,whichimpliesaresidentialconsumption of some121million kg of LPG/year.This consumption per inhabitant is low atnationwide level, the reason being that in NEAvirtually the sole use of the natural gas isresidentialandforcookingpurposes.

0,4

1,2

1,5

1,8

4

5

11

32

40

56

69

83

83

179

583

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

PTOSENTRERIOSCORRIENTESSANNICOLAS

ROSARIO/STAFECOMODORO

PTO.MADRYNDOCKSUD

BAHIABCA-WHITEPTO.DESEADOSANLORENZO

USHUAIAMARDELPLATA

CABAZARATE-CAMPANA

LAPLATA

BunkeringByPortThous.Liters/Yr(2019)

13

21

53

68

126

310

560

- 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

OTHERS

PORTSERVICES

TOURISM

WPP

FISHING

CARGOVES.ATPORTS

BULKCARRIERS(BC)

BunkeringByDemandThous.Liters/Yr(2019)

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Considering some12,000 kcal/kg for the LPG, theabove value represents 1,450,000 million kcalannually which, in turn, when divided by 9,300kcal/m3, leads to a demand of 156millionm3 ofnaturalgasayearforresidentialuse.Takingintoaccountthatcookingisoftheorderof25% of potential demand we obtain a finalestimate of 624 million m3 of natural gas/year,which, upon being divided by 600 m3 of naturalgas/m3 of LNG, gives us a final consumption of1,039,000m3ofLNGannually.Thisvalueobtained isverysimilar to theestimateoflastyear’sGASNEAMasterPlan(GASNEA,2019),of1,076,000m3ofLNGannually.The Paraná Paraguay Waterway (PPW): Thisformidableriverinefreewaywithalengthof3,500km links Porto de Cáceres in the state of MatoGrosso (Brazil) with Nueva Palmira (Uruguay) atthemouthoftheParanáRiver.Between1988andthepresent,thevolumeoffreighthassignificantlyincreased (from less than 1 million t/yr to morethan 21). This transport is very sensitive to cost,since the freight is for the most part of bulkcommoditieswithlowunitcost(soyandironore),andfuelrepresentsahighpercentageofthevalueof this freight, so that the possibility of replacingone fuel with another of lower cost becomesattractive.Additionally,theshipspassveryclosetopopulation centers so that the reduction inenvironmental contamination offered by LNGshouldbeahighlyimportantfactor.Although there are some self-propelled vessels,the majority of the freight moves under thepushingsystememployingconvoysofbargeswithahigh-powerpushertug.ArecentspecificstudyonfuelonthePPW(OLADEBID, 2020)mentions that this traffic consumesanannual 80,000 m3 of fuel. This should be animportant reference value but no agreementwasfound between the values reported in that studyandthepublishedstatistics(S.EnergíaData,2019)even though they appear to originate from thatsame source. Nor is there concurrence with thecriterionemployedintheOLADE/BIDstudysinceitmakesseveralsimplifications,suchas:- that of extrapolating the value for one solemonth(June)toconsiderannualconsumption;- that of not considering the fuel consumed bytraffic on theParaná-Paraguay riversHidrovía butloadedatotherports(Corrientes,Zárate-Campana,City of Buenos Aires and Dock Sud, for example),which,albeitoflowermagnitude,alsoparticipatesinthistotalvolume.Considering the percentage participation of theseother,“secondary”portsinPPWconsumptionand

then adding the consumption for the twelvemonthsof2019avalueisreachedthatappearstobemoreaccurate:67,800m3annually.Takingtheratioof1.8m3ofLNGforeachm3ofD.O.orF.O.,currentpotentialdemandontheWPPisestimatedat122,000m3ofLNG/year.BulkCarriersatRoadstead(BC):Theproductionofsoy that flows down the PPW is unloaded,processedand stored in theRosaféareabetweenthe cities of Rosario and Santa Fe, whichconcentratesoneoftheworld’shighestcapacitiesfortheprocessingofgrain.Internationaltransportiscarriedoutbylarge“bulkcarrier” vesselswith a loading capacity of around60,000 t each, although, due to the draftlimitationsintheaccesscanalfromtheRiverPlateto those ports, they usually depart at just part oftheir loading capacity, having to round it up atotherportswithoutthosedraftrestrictions.Before leaving the area, those ships, whichtransport thecountry’s largest volumeofexports,ordinarilyloadfuel.Althoughtheywouldprefertodo so at the same port at which they load thegrain, they do not do it there as it would lowertheirgrain-loadingcapacitybecauseof theabove-mentioneddraftrestriction.For that reason, the fuel-loading service(bunkering)forthosevessels iscarriedout“attheroadstead,” afloat in the Common Area betweenKm37and57ofRiode laPlata.Taking, then,thedata extracted from the statistics in S. ENERGIADATA (2019) the value is of 560,000 m3 which,given the ratio of 1.8 m3 of LNG/m3 of D.O. orF.O., leads to a current potential demand of1,008,000m3LNG/year.Ships at Ports of Buenos Aires Province: Inadditiontothelargebulkcarriersthataresuppliedat the roadstead, which we have just analyzed,thereisalargevarietyofothervesselsthatrequirebunkering at diverse ports in Buenos Airesprovince. Among the principal ones are cruiseships, ro-ros, container ships, general freightvessels, fishing crafts, oil tankers and others.Additionally, the ports in the Bahía Blanca areaalsoservicelargebulkcarriers.According to the statistics in S. Energía Data(2019), these ships operating at the ports of BAprovince consume some 389,000m3 of diesel oilandfueloilperyear.Thedistribution isof50%atZárate-Campana,25%at theCityofBuenosAires-DockSud,andanother25%betweenMardelPlataandBahíaBlanca; considering the ratioof 1.8m3of LNG/m3ofD.O. or F.O., this showsapotentialdemandof700,000m3LNG/year.

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Figure8–MarineLNGDemandMapinArgentina

ShipsatPatagonianPorts:Aswellasthosealreadymentioned, there are other ships operating atPatagonian ports, such as cruise ships, fishingvessels, harbor tugs, patrol craft, touristcatamarans, etc. According to the statisticsobtained in S. Energía Data (2019), the potentialdemand for LNG according to the distribution ofthis consumption is believed to be as follows:Ushuaia: 124,000 m3 LNG/year (Tourism: 62%,

FishingandFreight:15%each,Other:8%);PuertoDeseado: 72,000 m3 LNG/year (Fishing: 98%);Madryn and Comodoro Rivadavia: 8,000 m3LNG/year each (Fishing: 75%). This consumptionmight increase in the future with the demandoriginatinginoffshoreactivities.Paraguay and Brazil: In the same way ascommentedon inthecaseofNEA, thesevolumesof regional demand generate opportunities for

LNGPOTENTIALDEMANDINARGENTINEPORTSANDNEAREGION

NEA4,7 MMinhabitantsiNEA(30%in6largestcitiesw(over50Minhabs)

40% 1,88 MMinhabsexcludingResistenciathatalreadyhasgalpileline(2019)537.143 homesatNEA(2020) 3,5 inhabs/home

121 MMkgLPG/Years 225 KgofLPG/Year-Home

1.450.286 MMkcalories/year(12,000kcal/kgLPG)156 MMm3ofNatGasforresidentialuse(9,300Kcal/m3)624 MMm3ofNaturalGas,considering 25% (Residential/Totalpotential)

A 1.039.631 m3LNG/year adaptedfrom(RISUELO,2010)

572.000 m3NaturalGas/d Pot.DemandMisiones (GASNEAPLAN2019)516.000 m3NaturalGas/d Pot.DemandCorrientes(GASNEAPLAN2019)280.000 m3NaturalGas/d Pot.DemandFormosa (GASNEAPLAN2019)

550.000 m3NaturalGas/d Pot.DemandChaco (GASNEAPLAN2019)150.000- m3NaturalGas/d MinusdemandofResistenciacity

1.768.000 m3NaturalGas/d PotentialdemandinNEA2.947 m3LNG/day

B 1.075.533 m3LNG/Year(*) 250.124 m3LNG/year-millionofinhabitans

PPW (pushboats)67.800 m3ofGO+FO (S.ENERGIADATA2019)

1,8 m3GNL/m3G.O+F.O122.040 m3LNG/Year

BULKCARRIERS (S.ENERGIADATA2019)

560.000 m3ofGO+FO1,8 m3GNL/m3G.O+F.O

1.008.000 m3LNG/Year

BUEPORTS (S.ENERGIADATA2019)

389.000 m3ofGO+FO1,8 m3GNL/m3G.O+F.O

700.200 m3LNG/Year

PATAGONIA (S.ENERGIADATA2019)

124.000 m3LNG/Year Ushuaia72.000 m3LNG/Year Deseado16.000 m3LNG/Year Madryn+Comodoro

PARAGUAY+BRASIL7 MMinhabitantsinParaguay32 MMinhabsinclosebybrazilianstates(MatoGrosso,Paraná,SantaCatarinayRíoGrandedoSul)

26% 1,82 MMinhabsofParagauayistheobjectivemuniversebytaking26%oftotalpopulationofParaguay13% 4,16 MMinhabsofParagauayistheobjectivemuniversebytaking26%oftotalpopulationofParaguay(*) 250.124 m3LNG/Year-millioninhabitantesistheNEAobtainedparameter

455.226 m3LNG/Year potentialdemandfromParaguay1.040.516 m3LNG/Year potentialdemandfromBrazil

C 1.495.742 m3LNG/Year TotaldemandforParaguayandBrazil (similartotheGASNEA2019estimate)

D 1.520.000 m3LNG/Year TotaldemandforParaguayandBrazil (GASNEAPLAN2019)

Circles´ssizerepresentthe

projectedDemandVolumen.

GREEN:2020,RED:2030;BLUE:2040

NEA:AMulhmodeVirtualGasPipelinebybarge/truckcouldsupplydemandintheNorthEastprovincesofArgenhnawithoutgas.

WATERWAY(PPW):LNGpoweredpusherswillreplaceDO,withposihveimpactinfreightcostandenvironmentalbenefits.

BULKCARRIERS:WhentheselargeshipsstartshikingtoLNGtheywillbeservicedfromLaPlataportofBuenosAiresalloatatzonacomun

BUEPORTS:ContainershipsandCruiseswillstartdemandingLNGatmainportsofBUE.

PARAGUAY+BRASIL:AMulhmodeVirtualGasPipelinebybarge/truckcouldsupplydemandinParaguayandtheclose-byareasofBrasilwithoutgas.

PATAGONIA:Criuses,FishingBoatsandspecialvesselswillstartdemandingLNGatPortsofPatagonia,mainlyUshuaiaandDeseado.

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marineLNGbecauseoftheimprovementsincostsdue to a larger scale; because of the demand fornew vessels for transporting it by river, andbecauseof thegreateravailabilityofLNGatportsontheParaguayandParanárivers.In order to perform a first overall estimate ofpotential demand from Paraguay and from thesectorofBrazil close to theArgentineprovinceofMisiones, a population universe of 39 millioninhabitants isconsidered, subdividedas follows:7million in Paraguay, 11 in the Brazilian state ofParaná,11inthatofRioGrandedoSul,7inthatofSantaCatarinaand3inthatofMatoGrosso.This universe is reduced to 26% for Paraguay andto 13% for Brazil, by reason of the existence ofotheralternativesourcesofsupplyofnaturalgas.TakingthesameratioofpotentialdemandforLNGperinhab.-yearthatemergedfromtheanalysisforNEA, and that was validated in general terms(250,124 m3 of LNG annually/million inhab.), apotential demand is arrived at of the order of455,000 m3 LNG/year for Paraguay and of1,040,000m3LNG/yearforBrazil.Thesevaluesareverified (andareprovencorrect)by the governmental estimate presented inGASNEA Plan (2019) which shows a consolidatedfigure of 2.5MMm3 of natural gas/day which isequivalentto1,520,000m3LNG/year.3.3.SummaryofConsolidatedDemandThe consolidated figure for the analyzed areas ofpotentialdemandreachesatotalof4,614,000m3LNG/year, which is almost three times themaximum production capacity of the floatingliquefaction plant (Tango) set up by national oilcompany YPF in Bahía Blanca (2019) to exportnatural gas fromVacaMuerta basin, transformedintoLNG.It is necessary here to distinguish among thedifferent dynamics of these sectors to enable aprofilingofthelong-termprojectionforaperiodofnot less than 20 years, during which a certainconsolidationistobeexpected.Overall, as is the case of the broached analysis,threetemporalcutsareconsidered,separatebyadecadeineachcase.For each sector mentioned, the current (2020)potential demand is analyzed and a projection ismade for expectations for 2030 and 2040,estimating two percentages: % growth of the

universeconsideredand%expectedincorporationofpotentialconsumptionofLNG.For the NEA, a (population-based) growth indemand of 2.5% annually is projected and aneffectivedemand(2020)isassumedoftheorderof10%, inpartialreplacementofLPGandsomenewindustrial uses. For the following decades, it isestimated that a 50% and 70% coverage ofpotential demand may be reached by reason ofLNG’sbenefitscomparedtootheroptions.In the case of the PPW, current demand is non-existent, but if ship owners are incentivized andthey manage to overcome the investment (andfinancing)difficulties to convert/buildpusher tugspoweredbyLNG,anadoptionrateof40%and80%might be expected for the next two decadesrespectively.Meanwhile,theannualgrowthofthesectorisestimatedat5%.The number of BC at the roadstead shouldexperiencethesamegrowthasthoseontheWPP(5%) and although demand for LNG is still non-existent there is a worldwide trend towards anincreaseinitsadoptionasafuelforlargeships.Asthese vessels haven’t yet shown signs of startingoutonthis trend,aslowadoption isprojected,ofonly 10% and 40% of effective demand for thecomingdecades.ThenumberofshipsatBUEPortsareestimatedtogrow at an annual 3% rate and their effectivedemand for LNG (currently non-existent) isprojected at 20% and 80% for the two decadesahead.InthecaseofdemandinPatagonia,theriseinthenumberofcraftisestimatedatanannual2.5%andtheprojectionforLNGdemandisof30%and70%inthenexttwodecades.As regards external demand, in the previouslydefined universe of Paraguay and Brazil, it isforeseen, by virtue of the fact that it is aninternationaltradeinwhichotherfactorsoperate,that the pace of penetration will be slower andmorelimitedthaninNEA.Thus,itisestimatedthatrealdemand iscurrentlyof10%andthat itwouldriseto40%and60%inthedecadesahead,duringwhich a population-based growth of 2.5% isestimated.Inthisway,theprojectionisofatotaldemand,inm3 of LNG annually, of the order of 257,000currently; 1,906,000 by 2030; and 4,677,000 in2040.

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Table3–SummaryofPotentialandProjectedDemandofLNG

3.4.ConclusionsonMarineLNGDemandFrom this analysis of demand, the followingconclusionsemerge:-Current demand for LNG is of only 6% of itspotentialandisconcentratedintheNEAregionasa solution for household consumption in thatregion.-For the coming two decades it is projected thatdemandwouldbeof41%(2030)and101%(2040)oftheestimatedcurrentpotential.-The highest potential (32%) is identified in theregional export of LNG for residential andindustrialuseinParaguayandintheBrazilianareaclosesttoMisionesandCorrientesprovinces.-In second place in order of potential importancearelandbasedconsumptioninNEA(23%)andbulkcarriers (22%), should this kind of vessels beconverted to LNG in the future as other kinds ofshipsarealreadydoing.-Cruise ships, container ships and service craftwhicharealreadybeginningtoconverttoLNGarethenext sector of demand (15%) and lastly comefishingvesselsandthoseforotherPatagonianuses(5%)andpushertugsonthePPW(3%).4.MarineLNGSupplyinArgentinaThe aim is to establish an approximation ofthe systemofmarine LNG supply to cater to

the defined demand. Presented firstly is theConceptual Scheme and Map of Supply tocoveralltheabove-mentioneddemand.Next,ananalysisisperformedontheVolumesand Investments in the Liquefaction Nodesand lastly the summary and conclusions areoffered.4.1.ConceptualSchemeThe broached conceptual proposal is thesystem known as a “virtual gas pipeline,”similar to the one used in the case of theBuquebus river transport company to supplytheferryFrancisco,combining,whensuitable,terrestrialtransportwiththeriverinemodetoreducecostsortomeetthedemandofashipoutsideport.Although other sources might be available,such as biogas, for example, only a supplyfrom the natural gas pipeline is consideredsince it is theoption that’smost reliable andeconomical as well as being currentlyavailable.The following figure (LNG Galileo) shows thesysteminsixstages:

SUMMARY%año 2020 2030 2040 2020 2030 2040

NEA 2,5 1.076 23% 108 672 1.210 10% 50% 75%PPW 5,0 122 3% 0 73 195 40% 80%BULKCARRIERS 5,0 1.008 22% 0 151 806 10% 40%BUEPORTS 3,0 700 15% 0 182 896 20% 80%PATAGONIA 2,5 212 5% 0 80 223 30% 70%

NATIONALDEMAND 3.118 68% 108 1.158 3.330

PARAGUAY 2,5 455 10% 46 228 410 10% 40% 60%BRAZIL 2,5 1.041 23% 104 520 936 10% 40% 60%

LNGFOREXPORT 1.496 32% 150 748 1.346 Thous.m3LNG/Yr

REGIONALTOTAL 4.614 100% 257 1.906 4.677 Thous.m3LNG/Yr

6% 41% 101%

Thous.m3LNG/Yr

DEMANDPROJECTION

Thous.m3LNG/Yr

2020POTENTIAL %ofProjected/Potential

9

Figure8–MarineLNGDemandMapinArgentina(AdaptedfromGalileo)The Source ofNatural Gas in our casewouldbe intakes fromnearbynatural gaspipelines.TheLiquefaction,whichwouldbecarriedoutat Liquefaction Nodes (LNs), namely plantswithsmall-scaleliquefactionmodulesthatareaddedasdemandincreases.LNsareproposedat the ports nearest demand where naturalgaspipelinesareavailable,fromwhichthegascanbetakenforliquefactionatcenterswithacapacitytoscaleupwithincreasingdemand.Storage at Origin is in principle proposed inISO modular tanks, located within the samepremisesastheLNs.Transport is carried out with trucks and/orvesselsaccordingtoeconomicconvenienceoroperationalneed,inISOtanks.Storage at Destination is likewise proposedwithmodularISOtankslocatedatthevarioussites of land-based demand. ISO tanks couldalso be placed on board ships fueled withLNG, but the trend is towards havingpermanentlyattachedtanksthatarespeciallydesignedtooptimizetheutilizationofspace.Vaporization or Regasification is the processfor reconverting LNG into natural gas forresidentialorindustrialuse,andiscarriedoutateach finalpointclose toconsumption,andonlyasrequiredsinceitsstorageis600timesmorevoluminousthanthatofLNG.SixbasicLiquefactionNodesareproposedformarine LNG. These would be at Resistencia,Rosafé, Northern BUE, Southern BUE,PatagoniaandUshuaia.

4.2MapofLNGSupplyTheLocationMapoftheseLNsisshowninthenext figure, indicating the following types ofshipsinvolved:River LNG carriers, which serve the largevolume-long distance transport requirementscomplementing with trucks. They can moveISOtanksorcarryLNGinbulk.TherewouldbeapotentialforthemontheWPP.Pusher tugs, which are the type in greatestuseontheWPPtomovetheconvoysofbulk-carryingandcontainerbarges.Bulk carriers, which transport grain exports(soy being the most significant) from theRosafé area ports and need to bunker at theCommon Area roadstead in Rio de la Plata.Some of them also operate out of BahíaBlanca,inasmallerproportion.Cargo vessels (mainly container ships), whichoperateatportsclosetotheBuenosAires.Cruise ships, which in the summer seasonoperate from the port of Buenos Aires andfromUshuaia.Fishing vessels, with the principal operatingports inMardelPlata, andalso inNecochea,Puerto Madryn, Comodoro Rivadavia, PuertoDeseadoandUshuaia.Other ships, among which are passengerferries and patrol, offshore support, tourismandantarcticcrafts.

GasSource Liquefac/on Storageat

OriginTransportbyTruck/Barge

StorageatDes/na/on Vaporiza/on

10

Figure9–MarineLNGSupplyMapinArgentina

4.3.MapofLNGonthePPW(expanded)The following map determines a zone of majoropportunities for LNG supply, indicating themainelementsofthesystemconsideredinthisanalysisboth for the area close to theRiver Plate and forthat of the Littoral provinces, NEA, Paraguay andpartofBrazil. Themapencompasses themajorityof theWPP, from the River Plate up to Corumbá(Brazil), where the last marine LNG supply pointwouldbelocated.

The proposed Liquefaction Nodes (LNs) areindicatedaswell as the supplypoints for LNG formarine propulsion and the Distribution Nodes(DNs) where the LNG would arrive in ISO tankseither overland or by river when the volumejustifies it. From those points, the overlanddistributionissuggestedtoindustrialorresidentialconsumptioncenters,asthecasemaybe.AlsoindicatedaretheexistingnaturalgaspipelineswhichfeedtheterminusesofResistenciaandPasode los Libres/Uruguayana, as well as the more

MARINELNGSUPPLYINARGENTINEPORTSANDNEAREGIONLiquefactionNodesareshownintheMapattheirlocationsfromwhereitissuppliedLNGbytruckandorship.Shiptypesoperatingateacharea/portarealsoshown.

RESISTENCIATheGasPipelineendsatResistencia,whereoneofthemostacCvenodesshouldbeestablishedtosupplyNEAandParaguay+Brasildemands.

ROSAFEANodecouldbebetweenRosarioandSnatafetosupplythepushboatsthatmovethebargesconvoysontheWaterway.

BUENORTHShipsoperaCngclosetoBuenosAirescityandNorthofBUEshouldbesuppliedfromaoneortwonodes.OneshouldbeinLaPlataandasecondonetothenorth

BUESOUTHShipsoperaCnginthesouthofBUEshouldbesuppliedfromoneortwonodesinMardelPlataand/orBahiaBlanca,asdemandrequiresso.

PATAGONIAShipsoperaCnginPatagoniashouldbeservicedfromNodesinMadryn/ComodoroandDeseadoUSHUAIA

ThegaspipelinetoUshuaiashoudincreaseitsvolumetosupplythecruiseshipsandothervesselsoperaCngintheextremesouth

EXPANDEDMAP

11

southerly ones of Rosafé and BUE. In the case ofBrazil,themapshowsthegaspipelinefromBoliviaand the LNG maritime terminal in Porto Alegre,withavastareaofBrazilneighboringonMisionesandCorrientesprovincesremainingtobesupplied.

Although it liesbeyond thescopeof thispaper, itwouldbeimportanttocarryoutamarketsurveyofpotential demand in the neighboring region ofBrazil(statesofMatoGrossodoSul,Paraná,SantaCatarinaandRioGrandedoSul)sinceitrepresentsthearea’sgreatestpotential.

Figure10–MarineLNGatthePPWExpandedMap

5.VolumesandInvestmentsinLNThenextanalysisisthatofsupplyforeachoftheseLNs, which have different logistics and aim atcombinations of the diverse markets examinedpreviously(DemandforMarineLNG).Theobjectivehere is to arrive at an estimate of the Volume ofLNG to be supplied and of the necessaryInvestment on liquefaction and storage at sourceand during transport, assuming that both arecarriedoutwith40´ISOtanks.Forpurposesofsimplification,thereportdoesnotgo into operations at destination points withregardtoadditionaltransportfordistribution,andtoregasification.Following this, each Liquefaction Node (LN) isanalyzed separately, supply systems, volumesandrequiredinvestments,withouttakinganLNinPasode los Libres into account for reasons ofsimplificationandonthebasisofregarding itasacomplement to LN Resistencia, since both wouldmeet the samedemand.Amoredetailedanalysis

should include it because certain areas ofCorrientes, Misiones and Brazil would best besupplied from there. Another reason for addingPasode losLibreswouldbeforsecuritypurposes,since the possibility of supply from multipleLiquefactionNodes increasestheoverall reliabilityofthesystem,whichisacrucialcriterionforthesetypeofprojects.5.1.LNResistenciaThis is the largest and most complex LN since itservesthreedifferentmarkets:demandfromNEA,from the WPP and for export to Paraguay andBrazil(nearMisionesandCorrientes).The following map shows the proposed logistics.The area close to the city of Resistencia, whichcontainstheterminusofthegaspipelineclosesttotheareaofinterest,isproposedasthelocationofthe LN,with its liquefactionmodules and storagetanks which would increase in tandem with thescaleofdemand.

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Resistencia

LN:LIQUEFACTIONNODE

DN:DISTRIBUTIONNODE

MARINELNGCONSUMPTION

GASPIPELINELNGTRANSP.BYTRUCK/BARGE

LNGTRANSPBYTRUCK

LNGMARITIMETERMINAL

12

From there, trucks would operate with ISO tanksloadingLNGatanapproximatepaceof1truckperhour/loading site. During a first stage, it isconsidered that these trucks would carry out thetransport to the Distribution Nodes (DNs), but asscale increasingly allows it, part of that transportcould be by river barges. In reality this is asimplified scheme since a truck with LNG wouldsurely not limit itself to reaching Posadas, forexample, but would go on to supply other citiessuchasOberáorApóstoles,inMisiones.Sincethesupplyofnaturalgasmustbeassured itwas chosen to assume that, at least initially, thesystem for transporting LNG would be on ISOtanks. This allows trucks or barges to be usedinterchangeably across this entire network. Thus,therewouldalwaysbeasupplyoption inthefaceofanunusuallylowerwaterlevelthatwouldmakeriverine transport impossible, or if highways arecutorthereisatruckers’strike.Inaddition,bufferLNG storage tanks should be foreseen at criticalconsumptionsites.To the East, following the Paraná River, theproposed distribution nodes (DNs) are thefollowing:Corrientes (C), which in turn could supply thesouthern part of the province of the same namewith its own distribution chain, beingcomplementedbyPasodelosLibres.

Posadas (P), which is supplied for its ownconsumption, forthatof thecentralandsouthernparts of the province of Misiones, and for twoforeign consumption areas: that of southernParaguay,throughEncarnación(E)andthatofthesectorofBrazilclosest totheUruguayRiver.Withregardtothisarea,thoughtshouldalsobegiventothepossibilityofitbeingsuppliedbyanLNatPasodelosLibres–Uruguayana,attheterminusoftheMercosur gas pipelines, which could also be anoption for supplying Goya (Corrientes) andPosadas.Iguazú (I), to meet its own consumption needs,those of northern Misiones, and foreignconsumption in eastern Paraguay through CiudaddelEste(CE)andinavastsectorofBrazilthroughFozdoIguaçu(F). IncaseofsupplyingIguazú,CdEandFozdoIguaçuwithISOtanksbyriver,itwouldbe necessary to solve the port operations issuesincethosecitieslackadequateharborfacilities.Towards the North, following the Paraguay River,DNswouldbethreeinnumber:Formosa (F), in turn supplying demand in theprovinceofthesamename.Asunción(A),distributingtotheareaofcentralandnorthernParaguay.Corumbá(Brazil),notindicatedonthismap,attheentrancetotheupperareaoftheWPP.

Figure11–SupplySchemefromResistenciaNode

5.2.VolumesofLNGbyNodeThenextanalysisisthatoftheVolumeofpotentialdemand of the three markets (NEA, WPP andBrazil+Paraguay) to be supplied from NLResistencia; thiswill also be discriminated byDN,adding Resistencia as another one in itself, tosupply the rest of the province of Chaco fromthere.

ThefollowingtablecontainsthecalculationofthepotentialVolumeofNLResistenciainaMarketvs.DistributionNodematrix.Withregardto themarket it isassumedthat30%oftheLNGdemandedbytheWPPwillbesuppliedfrom here (the rest from Rosafé), these suppliesbeing divided into the indicated percentagesamong the four ports of Barranqueras(Resistencia),Asunción,CorumbáandPosadas

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R

A

C

F

P

E

C F

I

13

ThepotentialdemandfromParaguayandfromtheneighboringareasofBrazilismetaccordingtothedistributionindicatedinthetable.NEA’s potential market is likewise supplied fromthisLNintheproportionindicatedforeachDN.

This leads to the potential annual demand of2,608,000 m3 of LNG from NL Resistencia asdiscriminatedbyDN.

Table4–ResistenciaNodeVolumebyMarketSector

The following table firstly summarizes thisinformation on Potential Demand by Node/Market, and in the second section poses theprojectedvolumestobesuppliedtoeachnodeforeachmarketoverthecourseofthenext20years,

considering the defined % of growth and thecapturingofpotentialconsumption.In a similar fashion the volume corresponding totheotherNodesarealsoestimated,obtainingthefollowingTablesandgraphs.

Table5–ResistenciaNodePotentialandProjectedDemand

Figure12–MarineLNGVolumeProjected

VOLUMENBYNODE&MKT

1.076 Th.m3LNG/YearMARKETSECTOR>> PPW

BAR ASU COR POS PGY BRA POS IGZ FOR CTS CHAThousm3 35% 45% 15% 5% 30% 70% 22% 7% 14% 28% 29%

NODE LNG/Yr 13 16 5 2 455 1041 237 75 151 301 312

RESISTENCIA 325 13 312CORRIENTES 301 301FORMOSA 151 151POSADAS 850

MISIONES 28% 2 23750% BRASIL 61% 52020% PARAGUAY 11% 91

IGUAZÚ 676MISIONES 11% 75

49% BRASIL 75% 51020% PARAGUAY 13% 9160% ASUNCIÓN 290 16 2731% CORUMBA 16 5 10

2.608 13 16 5 2 455 1.041 237 75 151 301 312 Th.m3LNG/Year

37 1496EXPORT NEA30%

Resistencia

Resistencia

Thousm3 NEA PPW P+B NEA PPW P+B NEA PPW P+B

LNG/Yr NEA BRA PGY HID 10% 0% 10% 50% 40% 40% 75% 80% 60%

RESISTENCIA 12% 325 312 0 0 13 31 0 0 195 8 0 351 21 0

CORRIENTES 12% 301 301 0 0 0 30 0 0 188 0 0 339 0 0

FORMOSA 6% 151 151 0 0 0 15 0 0 94 0 0 169 0 0

POSADAS 33% 850 237 520 91 2 24 0 61 148 1 306 266 3 550

IGUAZÚ 26% 676 75 510 91 0 8 0 60 47 0 300 85 0 541

ASUNCIÓN 11% 290 0 0 273 16 0 0 27 0 10 137 0 26 246

CORUMBA 1% 16 0 10 0 5 0 0 1 0 3 5 0 9 9

2.608 1.076 1.041 455 37 108 0 150 672 22 748 1.210 59 1.346

41% 40% 17% 1%%ANNUALGROWTH: 2,5 5,0 2,5 2,5 5,0 2,5

257 1.442 2.615

DEMANDBYNODE/MKT2020 2030 2040

PROJECTEDDEMANDBYNODEANDMARKETPOTENTIALDEMAND2020

VOLUMEThm3LNG/Yr 2020 2030 2040

NEA 108 672 1.210

PPW 0 73 195

BULKCARRIERS 0 151 806

CRUC+CARG 0 262 1.119

NATIONAL 108 1.158 3.330

BRA+PGY 150 748 1.346

TOTAL 257 1.906 4.677 0

300

600

900

1.200

1.500

2020 2030 2040

PROJECTEDDEMANDBYMARKET(TH.m3LNG/Yr)

BRA+PGY

BULKCARRIERS

NEA

CRUC+CARG

PPW

14

Table6–MarineLNGProjectedinallNodes

Thisshowsthelargesizeofforeigndemand,whichwould be met from the ports of Posadas, Iguazúand Asunción. Demand from NEA is the next insize,followedatsomedistancebythatofthelargecruiseships,freightersandbulkcarriers.The WPP, for its part, does not generate such asignificant impact on the volume of demand forLNG.TheportshandlingthelargestvolumeswillbethoseofNEAandNorthernBUE.

Figure13–MarineLNGVol.ProjectedSupplybyPort

5.3.InvestmentsofLNGbyNodeWithout getting into the detailed calculation, thesummary of the investments required on eachnode are summarized in the same fashion as thevolumes.In order to get to these figures, severalbibliographicreferenceshavebeenstudied.Among them: De Las Heras, 2013; Fraga, 2018;IAPG$GNL;Iglesias,2016;IGULNGasFuel,2015; IGU SSLNG 2015; Lang $LNG, 2009; LopezBendezu, 2010; Semolinos, 2011; Tapia, 2007;

White $LNGvsPIPE, 1995 ;World Bank, 2015 andZhang$LNG,2011

Figure14–MarineLNGProjectedInvestmentinSupply5.4.ConclusionsonMarineLNGSupplyThe planned supply scheme divides supply intoseveral Nodes that make it possible to maintainmedium-to-low scales of operation and transportoverrelativelyshortdistances.Thissysteminturnallowsastaggeredresponsetodemandandthedistributionofinvestmentineachregiontotheextentthatthetrendsindemandaregraduallyconfirmed.The investment considered covers the headingscorrespondingtoliquefactionandtotheISOtanksfor storage and transport, which account for themajority of the investment since the part thatcorresponds to regasification comes under thepurview of each ship or of each specific on-landconsumption.TheestimatedlevelsofinvestmentareverylowinrelationtotheimpactthatmarineLNGhasontheeconomy,developmentandtheenvironment.Inorder tomeetdomesticdemand theestimatedlevels of investment range from 124MMUSD for

VOLUMEThm3LNG/Yr BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA

RESISTENCIARESISTENCIA 0 31 0 195 8 351 21CORRIENTES 0 30 0 188 0 339 0FORMOSA 0 15 0 94 0 169 0POSADAS 61 24 306 148 1 550 266 3IGUAZÚ 60 8 300 47 0 541 85 0

ASUNCIÓN 27 0 137 0 10 246 0 26CORUMBA 1 0 5 0 3 9 0 9

TOTALRESISTENCIA 150 108 748 672 22 1.346 1.210 59

ROSAFE 51 8 137 4059 177

BUEDS-LP 144 137 766 672280 1.438

SURPBA 46 22446 224

PATAGONIA 80 22380 223

TOTAL 150 108 748 672 73 151 262 1.346 1.210 195 806 1.119

BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA BR+PG NEA PPW BC CR+CA

257 1.906 4.677

2020 2030 2040

2020 2030 2040

257 1.442 2.615

0 250 500 750 1.000 1.250 1.500

RESISTENCIACORRIENTESFORMOSAPOSADASIGUAZÚ

ASUNCIÓNCORUMBA

ROSAFE

BUEDS-LP

BUESOUTH

PATAGONIA

Th.m3LNG/Yr

2040

2030

2020

INVESTMENTMilionUsd 2020 2030 2040

NEA 14 69 99

PPW 0 9 19

BULKCARRIERS 0 17 72

CRUC+CARG 0 29 100

NATIONAL 14 124 291

BRA+PGY 20 87 127

TOTAL 34 210 4180

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2020 2030 2040

PROJECTEDINVESTMENTBYMARKET(MMUSD)

BRA+PGY

BULKCARRIERS

NEA

CRUC+CARG

PPW

15

the projection for the year 2030 to 291MMUSDforthatfortheyear2040.To cover regional export demand, the investmentwould be of the order of 87 MMUSD for theprojection for the year 2030 and of 127MMUSDforthatfortheyear2040.6.ConversionTable

7.BibligraphicReferencesDE LAS HERAS, 2013 – Julián Gregorio de Las Heras,“Análisis Comparativo deGasoductos Virtuales frente aotras Alternativas de Abastecimiento Energético” –ProyectoFinaldeIngenieríaIndustrial,ITBA2013.

FRAGA,2018–DenisMartinsFraga - “Amovimentacaode GNC e GNL em pequeña escala” - Universidade deSanPablo, InstitutodeEnergíaeAmbiente–ProgramadePos-GradoemEnergía,SanPablo,2018.

GALILEOGNL–FolletosyPresentacionesinstitucionales

GASNEA PLAN, 2019 – “Plan Estratégico (2019-2023)Desarrollo del Gas en el NEA”, Presentación oficial deGASNEA,Mayo2019

IAPG$GNL–“EconomíadelGNL”iapg.org.docgas/4.pdf

IGLESIAS, 2016 – Lorena Iglesias Albacete, GabrielaVidjen – “Micro and mini LNG solutions for smallvolumesofassociatedgas”–LNG18,Australia,2016

IGU LNG AS FUEL, 2015 – IGU Program Commitee D2LNGasFuelWorkReport-WorldGasConference2015-InternationalGasUnion,Paris,2015.

IGUSSLNG2015–IGUProgramComiteeD3SmallScaleLNG - World Gas Conference 2015 - International GasUnion,Paris,2015.

LANG $LNG, 2009 – Marcul Lang, Marc Schler –“Consider Mid Scale LNG to monetize Natural Gas” –Linde Engineering Division, Linde AG, www-igu.org,2009

LOPEZBENDEZU,2010–MarkoAntonioLopezBendezu– “EvaluaciónTécnicoEconómicade lasAlternativasdeTransporte de Gas Natural” – Segundo EncuentroLatinoamericano de Economía de la Energía, Chile,marzo2009yGNLaRevistadelGasNatural2010.

OECDJAPAN,2018–“FuellingMaritime ShippingwithLiquefiedNaturalGas-TheCaseofJapan”InternationalTransportForum,OECD,2018

OLADE BID, 2020 – Jorge Ciaccarelli, GordonWillmsmeier, “Análisis de Substitución de combustiblesdelsistemadetransportefluvialdelaHidrovíaParaguay-Paraná”–InformeTécnico,OLADE/BID,marzo2020-

RISUELO, 2010 – Fernando Risuelo – “Análisis de laInfraestructura de Gas Natural en la RepúblicaArgentina”–ÁreadePensamientoEstratégico-CámaraArgentinadelaConstrucción,julio2010.

S.ENERGIA DATA, 2019 – Estadísticas 2019 deVolúmenesdeHidrocarburosdelaSec.deEnergíadelaNación.RepúblicaArgentina,2019

SEMOLINOS, 2011 – Pablo Semolinos, Gunnar Olsen,AlainGiacossa–“LNGasMarineFuel:Challenges tobeovercome”–17InternationalConferenceandExhibitiononLNG,Houston,Abril2013

TAPIA, 2007 –Hugo Tapia, Claudio Torres –“Abastecimiento de Gas Natural” – PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Chile, Departamento deIngenieríaléctrica,Mayo2007

WHITE $LNGvsPIPE, 1995 – N. White, Arthur D Little,“Economics of LNG and Pipeline Gs Export from GCC -The Future of Gas : A global Challenge” – First DohaConferenceonNaturalGas,Doha,March1995

WORLD BANK, 2015 – “Mini / Micro LNG forcommercialization of small volumes of associated gas”-WorldBankGroup,Energy&Extractives,October2015

ZHANG $LNG, 2011 - Jinrui Zhang , Hans Meerman,AndréFaaij,RenéBenders– “Comprehensive reviewofcurrent natural gas liquefaction processes on technicaland economic performance” - Applied ThermalEngineeringJournal,2011

MMBTU m3Nat.GAs m3LNG TonLPG

1MMBTU 27,8 0,048 0,021

1m3NatGas 0,036 0,002 0,00075

1m3LNG 20,8 585 0,440

1TonsLPG 47,6 1.330 2,273