MARINE HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS - SOESTMARINE HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS Keeling et al. 2005 Trends in...
Transcript of MARINE HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS - SOESTMARINE HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS Keeling et al. 2005 Trends in...
MARINE HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS
Keeling et al. 2005 Trends in Ecology and Evolution vol 20 p.670-676
heterotrophic
mixed
Eukaryote groups
highlighting marine bacterivorous
groups
• Flagellates (pico, nano, micro)
• Ciliates (micro)
• Amoeboid (nano to macro)• Phaeodaria
silica skeleton
• Acanthareastrontium sulfate
• Foraminifera (1 mm) calcium carbonate shell
PROTISTAN PREDATORS
Picophagus flagellatus (Roscoff Plankton Group)
Symbiomonas scintillans (Roscoff Plankton Group)
HETEROTROPHIC PICOEUKARYOTES
1 µm
0.5 µm
0.2 - 2 µm
Mastigonemes
D. J. Patterson
Tamara Clarke
Patterson & Fenchel 1990 MEPS 62: 1-19
D. J. Patterson
Massisteria marinaCafeteria roenbergensis (Bicosoecids)
Heterokonts
HETEROTROPHIC NANOFLAGELLATES
2 - 20 µm“HNAN”
HETEROTROPHIC NANOFLAGELLATES
2 - 20 µm“HNAN”
Bodo saltans (Bodonid)
D. J. Patterson
Paraphysomonas imperforata (Chrysomonad)
2 µm 0.5 µm
Siliceous scales
Heterokonts
Monosiga (Choanoflagellate)
Choanoflagellates are closest protistan relative to animals
HETEROTROPHIC NANOFLAGELLATES
2 µm 1 µm
5 µm
1 µm
2 µm 2 µm
Unikonts
MICROZOOPLANKTON (20-200 µm)
Dictyocysta mitra (J. Dolan)
Strombidium inclinatum (Modeo et al. 2003 J. Euk.
Microbiol.)
Laboea strobila (Agatha et al. 2004 J. Euk. Microbiol.)
5 µm20 µm
Fabrea salina (Photoreception and
sensory transduction group -
Pisa)
Tintinnid Oligotrich Heterotrich
CILIATES
Trichodina spp.
Peritrichia
http://fishparasite.fs.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Trichodina/Trichodina.htmlPicture by Gerd Gunther, courtesy 2008 Olympus BioScapes Digital Imaging Competition
HJ Clark 1866 Am J Sci
Collected at: http://skepticwonder.fieldofscience.com/2010_06_01_archive.html
MICROZOOPLANKTON (20-200 µm)
CILIATES
• Some are very small and classified as nanoflagellates
• Most are microplankton (>20 µm)
• Some heterotrophic, some autotrophic, or mixotrophic
• May be armored (cellulosic thecal plates) or naked
• Many bizarre shapes and one huge one up to 2 mm!
• Many bioluminescent
MICROZOOPLANKTON (20-200 µm) DINOFLAGELLATES
MICROZOOPLANKTON DINOFLAGELLATES
40 to 60% of described species non-pigmentedMany with pigments are mixotrophic
Gyrodinium uncatenum
Noctiluca scintillans
Gyrodinium (Sherr & Sherr)
http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/smallworld/2008/id2008-walz.html
Bernd Walz
Robert Brons
Shells of silica or strontium sulfate
AcanthareaPhaeodaria
MICROZOOPLANKTON Amoeboid Protists in the Rhizaria
Globigerinella
Calcium carbonate shell
Foraminifera
MICROZOOPLANKTON Amoeboid Protists in the Rhizaria
PROTIST FEEDING MODES
•Filter
•Raptorial
•Diffusive
BEHAVIORAL VARIABILITY
FLAGELLATE FEEDING
Boenigk & Arndt 2002 after Zhukov 1993
Filter
Interception
Raptorial
FLAGELLATE FEEDING CURRENTS
1 µm
Pseudobobo tremulansMonosiga sp.
mastigonemes1 µm
• No Mouth - Ingest particles mostly by phagocytosis.
What do they eat?-bacteria-phytoplankton-zooplanton
• Digest particles in food vacuole inside the cell (in some cases, outside the cell)
PROTIST FEEDING
PhagocytosisHeterotrophic
Protist Prey
Digestivevacuoles
http://mcbi.ouhsc.edu/clarkelab/phagocytosis_movies/Clarke_Movie1.mov
Dinoflagellate Feeding Modes
Phagocytosis Peduncle Pallium
Prey Handling
MIXOTROPHY
• There is spectrum of capabilities for photosynthesis among protists that consume prey.
• Some are permanent, obligatory
• Some persistent
• Some are transient
MIXOTROPHIC FLAGELLATES
Prymnesium (Prymnesiophyte)Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyte)
Thomas, C.R. (ed.) (1997)1 µm
KLEPTOPLASTY BY A FORAM
KLEPTOPLASTY
Myrionecta rubraA ciliate steals chloroplasts from its prey ( a cryptomonad)
Geminigera cryophila
Text
Serial Kleptoplasty!