Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012
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Transcript of Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012
Marine Energy in the UKState of the Industry Report 2012March 2012
www.RenewableUK.com
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Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. A Year in Policy 3
3. Financing and Funding 73.1Privateandpublicfundingrequirements 73.2EnhancedRenewablesObligationBanding 83.3Infrastructureandinnovationinvestment 8
4. Project status 104.1Projectcasestudies 10
5. Device types 255.1Tidal 265.2Wave 33
6. UK and abroad 396.1UKposition 396.2Globaldevelopments 416.3Export 416.4Import 41
7. Industrial Partnerships 42
8. Future Challenges 44
9. Getting Involved 45
10. End Notes 46
Acknowledgements:
RenewableUKandBVGAssociatesaregratefultothefollowingcompaniesfortheirco-operationwiththisstudy:ABB,Alstom,AquamarinePower,
AtlantisResourcesCorporation,AW-Energy,AWSOceanEnergy,E.ONClimateandRenewables,FredOlsen,HammerfestStrom,KawasakiHeavy
Industries,MarineCurrentTurbines,Minesto,OceanPowerTechnologies,OpenHydro,PelamisWavePower,PulseTidal,Rolls-Royce,Scottish
PowerRenewables,ScotRenewables,Seatricity,Siemens,TidalEnergy,TidalGeneration,VoithHydro,WaveDragon,Wello.
Authors:
BVG Associates: SeanMatthews,JennyAdams&BruceValpy
RenewableUK: DavidKrohn
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1. Introduction
In2011itbecameclearthatthewaveandtidalenergyindustryintheUKhadreachedatippingpoint.Asitdecisivelymovedtowardscommercialviabilitytheindustryofferedvastimprovementsinitsvalueproposition,drivenbyasurgeindeploymentandademonstrabletrackrecord.Asaresultwenowhaveproposalsforthefirstwaveandtidalarraysandthefrontrunningdevelopersarelookingtodevelopmulti-megawattprojects.
Increasedvisibilityofprojectpipelinesandimprovedlevelsofknowledgewithinthesectorhavederiskedprojects,indicatingapathwaytoprofitability.Theflowofmanufacturingcapabilityintotheindustrythroughtheinvolvementofmajororiginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs)hasvastlyimprovedthecredibilityoftheindustryandwenowhaveseveralindustrialpartnershipsdevelopingtheforemostprojects.Theinvolvementofmajorenergyutilitiesisfurtherevidenceofprogressaswenowhaveendcustomersintimatelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentprocess.
Theincreasedattractivenessoftheindustrytoinvestorsislargelyduetogovernmentsupportandseveralhighprofiledemonstrationsofcommitment.Withtheprovisionofincreasedrevenuesupport,asheraldedinthe2011consultationonRenewableObligationCertificate(ROC)rebanding,andupfrontcapitalsupportoffered,DECCisworkinghardtounlockprivatesectorinvestment.TheScottishGovernmenthasbeenequallyengagedandhasprovidedtheScottishRenewableObligationregimetocomplimenttheupfrontcapitalsupportofitsown.Theharmonisationoftherevenuesupportregimesformarineenergyisverywelcomebutitisvitalthatthegovernmentcontinuestodiscusswaysofensuringthatthevariousfundingstreamsarebothcoordinatedandcomplementary.
Thenextgenerationofdevicesismakinganincreasinglymeaningfulcontributiontotheindustryintermsofknowledgeandexperienceacquisition,asnewconceptsarecontinuallybeingvalidated.Therearearangeofdeveloperswithsub-scaledevicesbeingtested,helpingtofuelcostreduction,driveinnovationandcontributetowardsthereliabilityofdevices.Notonlydotheselatestdevicesprovidenewwaysofutilizingtheimmenselyvariedconditionsofthemarineenvironment,theyprovidefurtherimpetustotheindustrybycreatingmarketpressureanddrivingtheleaderstoincorporatecostsavingmeasures.
InFebruary2012,theEnergyandClimateChangeselectcommittee,madeupofinfluentialMPs,releasedtheirreportentitled“TheFutureofMarineRenewables”whichurgestheUKGovernmenttoactdecisivelytoensurethattheUKreapsthefullbenefitsdeliveredbythewaveandtidalsector.Attheheartoftheirreportistherecognitionthattheglobalindustrycouldbeworth£3.7billiontotheUKby2020.ThechancetoproviderealvaluetotheUK,generateBritishjobsandcatalyzethelowcarbonindustrialrevolutionarethekeymotivationsbehindthepositivepoliciesthatwehaveseenfromgovernment.
ThepositivefindingsoftheMarineEnergyStrategicEnvironmentalAssessment,backedupbytherecentstudiesbyindustryandacademia,indicatethatthereisnosubstantiveenvironmentalimpedimenttothedevelopmentoftheindustry.However,werecognizetheimportanceoftacklingemergingissuesandwillcontinuetoengagewithenvironmentalandacademicgroupsbuildingknowledgeofenvironmentalissues.
Theplanningsystemiscomplexanditisvitalthatclarityisprovidedinatimelyandthoroughway.Marine
Scotland’sandMarineManagementOrganisation’smovetoanevidencebasedapproachiswelcome,butitshouldnotbeimplementedinawaywhichcouldlengthentheprocessingtimesforapplications.Thatsaid,thesignsfromtheMMOhavebeenpositiveandMarineScotlandhasmadeprogressinconsentingprojects,approvingthelargestTidalStreamprojectintheworldsoforin2011atIslay.
Notingthesedevelopments,itisclearthattheWaveandTidalenergyindustryispoisedtotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesprovidedbytheUK’smarinelegacy.TheUK’sscience,technologyandengineeringcapabilityareideallysuitedtoharnesstheenergyresourcesinourwatersandthegovernmenthasputtherequisitesupportivepoliciesinplace.Itisnowuptoallinvolvedtotakethenextstepsinitsdevelopmentandmovetowardsdeploymentatscale.Withdeploymentactivitysurgingin2011andsettocontinueitsmomentumin2012,thesectorisgoingfromstrengthtostrengthandisstartingtodeliveronitsimmensepotential.
Throughoutthisreportthediscussionofthetidalindustryislimitedtothatfortidalstreamdevicesandexcludesconsiderationoftidalrangeprojectsortechnology.
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2. A Year in Policy
Thelastyearhasseenaconsiderableamountofpolicyactivity,asthesectorlandscapewasfundamentallyreshapedbythereviewoftheRenewablesObligationregimeandtheprovisionofupfrontcapitalsupportfromgovernment.Thesurgeindeploymentandtheinfluxofhighprofilecompaniesintothesectorhasgeneratedwiderinterestinwaveandtidaltechnology,withthesectorenjoyingaheightenedprofileinthemediaasaresult.
Governmenthasprovidedaseriesofpositivesignalstoindustry,culminatinginthereleaseof“TheFutureofMarineRenewablesintheUK”reportbytheEnergyandClimateChangeCommitteeinFebruaryof2012.ThispanelofMPsbroughttogetherarangeofevidencefromacrosstheindustrytogiveasummaryoftheactivityintherecentpastandproposeafuturepathwayforthedevelopmentoftheindustry.TheyrightlyrecognizedthatthefundingofthefirstarraysisacrucialenablertocapturingtheindustrywithinBritainanddeliveringtheeconomicopportunitiesitholdsfortheUKeconomy.
AmongsttheirmosthelpfulconclusionsarerecommendationstoDECC(DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange)tourgentlyprovideclarityovertheElectricityMarketReformmechanism,improvetheallocationandmanagementofupfrontcapitalsupportfundsandheightentheambitionofthedeploymenttargetsoftheindustryasoutlinedinDECCRenewablesRoadmap.Thereportwaswidelyperceivedasbringinglogicalandbalancedargumentstobearontheissueofwaveandtidalenergydevelopment,urgingindustrytoimproveitscostreductiontargetsandworktogethertoincreaseinformationsharing.
Furthermore,theCommitteeidentifiedgridconstraints,environmentalconcernsandalackofclarityovertheplanningprocessastheprimarynon-financialbarrierstothedevelopmentoftheindustry.ThedesiretoeliminatethesebarriersisinlinewithRenewableUKobjectivesandiswelcomedasademonstrationofsupportfromahighlevelofficialpanel.
2.1 Financing the future
2.1.1 The Renewable Obligation Regime
Themovetoward5RenewableObligationCertificates(ROCs)foreachmegawatthourproducedbywaveandtidalenergyinstallations,proposedinDECC’sRenewablesObligationBandingReviewConsultationinOctober2011,waswelcomedbytheindustry.Thismeasuresignalsgovernmentcommitmentandsupportforthesector,whileenablingthenextstageofcommercialdevelopment.Alevelof5ROCsprovidesmediumtermcertaintytoinvestorsandanenhancedrevenuestreamforthefirstcommercialprojects.
Thepromiseof5ROCsisamajorelementcontributingtowardstheincreasingconfidenceinthesectorbutitcarriesaninherentrequirementforcostreduction.Theindustryneedstodemonstratethatthecostofenergywillfalltoasustainableleveltocatalyselargescaledeployment.
2.1.2 The Electricity Market Reform
TheElectricityMarketReform(EMR)waslaunchedin2010,withtheWhitePaperfollowingin2011.Theinitiativewaswelcomedbytheindustry.However,governmentintroducingclarityassoonaspossibleonthesupportiveEMRregimewasdeemedabsolutelyessential.Earlyvisibilityoverthelevelofsupportwillensurecontinuedinvestorconfidenceandengagement.
Indeed,theswitchtotheContractforDifferencewithaFeedinTariff(CfDFiT)mechanismhasthepotentialtoprovidelongtermstabilitytothemarketandincentivizedeveloperstoreducecosts.TheCfDFiTwouldseta“strikeprice”orasetpriceforelectricityfromwaveandtidalenergy,atasustainablelevellinkedtotheactualcostofproducingelectricityfromtheenergyoftheocean.
TheCfDFiTmechanismwouldthusrewardcostreductionsasthemarginbetweenthestrikepriceandthecosttothedeveloperwouldincrease.Whilethebandingapproachtakentosupportthedevelopmentofmarineenergyinthe
ROCregimewouldbecarriedoverintotheEMR,theemphasisoncostreductionisimportantasitdrivesthemarineenergyindustrytostriveforcostparitywithmoreestablishedenergygenerationtechniques.
TheEMRisakeypolicyforthegrowthoftheindustryasitholdsthepotentialtoprovidethelongtermcertaintytheindustryneedstodevelop.WhiletheROCregimeiscrucialforthemediumtermdevelopmentoftheindustry,theEMRwillbeinplaceduringacrucialperiod(post2017)fortheindustry.ItishopedthatthemechanismwillbuildonthemomentumgainedfromtheROCregimeandconsolidatetheUK’sgloballead.However,toogreatareductioninthesupportlevelwouldjeopardizeourfirstmoveradvantageandputtheBritishindustryatthreat.Whilewerecognizetheneedtoprovidevaluetotheconsumersofelectricityandatimelineforcostreduction,webelievethatanyreductioninthelevelofsupportshouldbelinkedtothelevelofdeploymentachievedandthusthecontinueddemonstrationofsuccessfulelectricitygeneration.
2.1.3 Marine Energy Array Demonstrator – Department of Energy and Climate Change
DECChasprovided£20millionpoundsfromitsLowCarbonInnovationFundtodevelopwaveandtidalenergyprojectsintheUnitedKingdom.TheMarineEnergyArrayDemonstrator(MEAD)fundaimstodevelopthefirstcommercialarraysbyenablingleadingdeveloperstomovefromsingledevicetestingtoarrayprojects.TheMEADfundiscrucialtothedevelopmentoftheindustryasitclosesthefundinggapforthecapitalintensivefirstarraysandprovidestheopportunitytodeveloptheknowledgeandcapabilityoftheindustry.Importantly,thefundislimitedto25%ofthetotalcapitalneededtodevelopaproject,inlinewithEuropeanUnionstateaidlaws.
2.1.4 Marine Renewables Commercialization Fund – Scottish Government
TheScottishGovernmenthasrecognizedtheopportunityinitscoastalenvironmentandhasputanarraysupportscheme
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inplace.The£18millionMarineArrayCommercialisationFund(MRCF)isgearedtowardsdevelopingthecommercialviabilityoftheindustryandissettoputtheindustryonthepathwaytoprofitability.Itsmainobjectiveistoprovideasteppingstonetounlockingthepotential1.6GWPentlandFirthandOrkneyWatersleasinground.TheMRCFrepresentsastepchangeinScottishfundingandisverymuchalignedtorequirementsofindustry.FurtherfundingforthedevelopmentofinfrastructurecriticaltothedevelopmentoftheindustryissettoconsolidateScotland’scurrentleadingpositionandremoveconstraintsaroundthecapacitytodeliverprojects.
2.1.5 Funding innovationResearchanddevelopmentplaysakeyroleindevelopingdevicessuitablefortheharshandincrediblyvariedmarineenvironment.Itreducescostsbydevelopingsolutionstothedifficultiesofoperatingundertheseaandbringingforwardconceptsthatenableheighteneddeployment.Improvedknowledgehelpstomitigatetheimpactsofmarineenergyinstallationsandeliminatetheremainingbarrierstothecommercialisationoftheindustry.
TheUKisaleaderintheareaofinnovationandthedevelopmentofthemarineenergyindustriesprovidesanopportunitytotakeadvantageofitsexcellentacademicandengineeringcapabilities.Traditionally,theUKhasfailedtocommercialisepromisingtechnologiesandallowedothercountriestobenefitfromadvancesithasmadeinthepre-commercialphase.ThegovernmentisdeterminedthatthisshouldnothappentomarineenergyandhasprovidedarangeofinitiativesaimedtowardretainingthebenefitoftheadvancestheUKhasmadeupuntilthispoint.
TheTechnologyStrategyBoardisakeyplayerinthisareaandit’smostrecentfundingcall,“MarineEnergy-SupportingArrayTechnologies,”targetscrucialareaswiththepotentialforsignificantcostreduction.Furthermore,itsOffshoreRenewablesCatapultishelpingtheindustryvaulttheinnovationgapbycoordinatingtheR&Dagenda,aligningtheoutputsofacademiawiththerequirementsofindustryandproviding
amechanismforconnectingthevariouspartsofthevaluechain.TheongoingcontributionoftheCarbonTrust,EnergyTechnologiesInstituteandtheenterprisebodies,amongstothers,shouldnotbeunderestimatedandprovidekeystrategicdirectiontotheinnovationagenda.
2.1.6 The Green Investment BankWhenthegovernmentinitiallylaidoutitsvisionfortheGreenInvestmentBank,itpointedtowardstherevolutionaryroleitwouldplayincatalyzingthelowcarbonindustrialrevolutionbysupportingearlystagetechnologies.AstheGIBhasdeveloped,ithasbecomeclearthatitwillbeginprovidingdebtfinancingonapurelycommercialbasis.Thischangeintheoriginalvisionforthebankhascompromisedtheabilityforittohavearealimpactonbringingmarineenergyprojectstomarketbefore2016.Thiswasconfirmedinthewrittenministerialstatement,wheremarineenergywasnotidentifiedasaprioritysector.ItisimportantthattheGIBprovidesastrongermessagetoinvestorsanddemonstratesthegovernment’scommitmenttosupportingthispromisingsector.RenewableUKplanstocontinueeducatingofficialsatBISandelsewhereoftheimportanceinrecognizingthehugepotentialofmarinetechnologyasadvocatedbytheindependentCommitteeonClimateChange.
2.2 Removing the barriers to deployment
2.2.1 Strategic Environmental Assessment
In2010,DECCextendedthescopeofitsStrategicEnvironmentalAssessment(SEA)toincludethewaveandtidalindustries.Aimedatenablingdevelopmentthroughtheeradicationofbarriers,theSEAprocessisavitalcomponentofthedrivetofullyunderstandthemarineenvironmentandthepotentialimpactsthatmarineenergyextractioncouldhave.TheSEAreportwasdevelopedbasedonextensiveanalysisanda12weekpublicconsultationonthefindings,whichclosedonthe12thofMay2011.Followingthepublicationofthepost
consultationreportinOctober2011,DECCconcludedthatthereare“nooverridingenvironmentalconsiderationstopreventtheachievementofourdraftplanofleasing…waveandtidalinstallations.ThustheSEApavesthewayforfutureleasingroundsofmarineenergyandlaysoutasuitableplanforinteractionwithotherusersofthemarineenvironment.Itreiteratestheneedtoimplement...appropriatemeasuresthatprevent,reduceandoffsetsignificantadverseimpacts…”Thisapproachtoachievingastreamlineddevelopmentprocessenablesmitigatingactionsproportionaltotheimpactsofsmallarraysandsingledevicesintheshorttomediumtermandaframeworkforidentifyinganddealingwithmoresignificantimpactsastheindustryexpands.Furthermore,theenvironmentalreporthighlightsthatsitingandconsentingprocessesforoffshorerenewableenergydevelopmentsmustremainflexibletoallowfortechnologicalinnovation,includinganymitigationmeasures.
2.2.2 Marine Planning
TheMarineManagementOrganisationandMarineScotlandaremakingconsistentprogresstowardsatransparentandequitableconsentingprocess.Crucially,theswitchtoanevidencebasedapproachwillhelptoensurethatconsentingfacilitatestherightkindsofdevelopmentsintherightareas.Itisimportantthattheybasetheirdecisionsonsoundscienceandneedtoremainmindfulofthepotentialdelaytoprojectsandplacingunnecessarybarriersinthepathofdevelopment.Itisvitalthatallactorsmaintainastakeintheprocessasthemarinespatialplanningframeworkgetsredesigned.
TheredefinitionofsustainabledevelopmentinBritishlaw,theHabitatsRegulationsAppraisalandtheimplementationofMarineConservationZonesandMarineProtectedAreascangoalongwaytoprotectingthewealthofthemarineenvironment.However,careneedstobetakentoensurethattheseimportantinitiativesdonotinhibitthegrowthoftheindustrybyaddingunnecessaryandexorbitantcostsontoprojectsthatwillcontributesignificantlytothecarbonreductionagenda.
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2.2.3 Grid and transmission charging
ThelocationoftheUK’smarineenergyresourcesposesachallengeasthetransmissionnetworkhashistoricallybeenbuiltouttowardsthermalpowerstationsratherthanareasofhighrenewableresource.Furthermore,thecurrenttransmissionchargingregimepenalisesenergyinstallationsfarfromthecentresofpopulation.Whilethemainlandhasawelldevelopedgrid,theislandsarepenalisedandcanfacetransmissionchargesupto7timesmoreexpensivethanthoseonmainlandBritain.Arebalancingofthechargingregimeisrequiredtofacilitatetheexpansionoftherenewablesindustry.
OfgemhasengagedtheentireenergyindustrythroughitsProjectTransmiT,whichisattemptingtomaketransmissionchargesfairerandlessskewedtowardstraditionalenergygenerationtechnology.ProjectTransmiTisexpectedtoissueproposalsinthespringandRenewableUKhasinputintothese.However,itremainstobeseenwhatchargingregimeProjectTransmiTwillrecommendfortheislands,andcertainlyRenewableUKbelievestherewillbefurtherworktobedoneregardingtheoffshorechargingregime.
Plansforseveraloffshoreinterconnectorcablesarewelcome,withimprovedcablingconnectingthedifferentcountriesandregionsoftheUnitedKingdom.ThesubseaWesternandEasternHVDCcablesor“bootstraps”aresettorevolutionizeoffshoreenergygenerationwithimprovedtransmissionoptionstoallpartsoftheUK.
Additionalinternationalinterconnectorswillbewelcomeastheyenableinternationaltradeinelectricity,therebyallowingenergytoflowfromwhereitismosteconomicallyproducedtowhereitismostneeded.TherecentlyconfirmedFrance–Alderney–Britainconnectionisplannedtoallowanadditional4GWofinterconnectorcapacityandholdsinterestingpossibilitiesforthesharingofenergyresources.
2.3 Facilitating framework
2.3.1 The Role of the Crown Estate
TheCrownEstateplaysacrucialroleinsupportingdevelopmentofwaveandtidalprojects,whichprimarilyconsistsofleasingprojectsitesinUKwaters.Todate,ithasleased33sitesforprojectsofarangeofsizesandpurposes,fromengineeringtestanddemonstrationfacilitiesforsingleprototypesthroughtocommercialprojectsiteswithseveralhundredmegawattspotentialcapacity.CurrentlyunderwayisatidalstreamenergyleasingroundintheRathlinIslandandTorrHeadstrategicareaoffNorthernIreland,whichhaspotentialfor200MWofprojects.
Aswellasprovidingleases,TheCrownEstateworkscloselywithdeveloperstoactivelysupporttheprojectdevelopmentprocess.Ithascommittedtoinvest£5.7min‘enablingactions’toaccelerateandde-riskdevelopmentoftheflagshipPentlandFirthandOrkneywatersschemes;isencouragingbestpracticeinhealthandsafety;andundertakinganinitiativetoimproveknowledgesharing.Laterin2012,TheCrownEstateisplanningtorunanindustryconsultationonfuturewaveandtidalleasing,informedbynewanalysisofthescaleanddistributionofwave,tidalstreamandtidalrangeresourcesacrosstheUK.
Significantly,TheCrownEstateistakingstepstomakeiteasierforsmallfirmstoenterthewaveandtidalindustrybyreducingtherequirementforparentcompanyfinancialguarantees.ForprojectsthathavealreadywonrightsinthePentlandFirthandOrkneywaters,theoptionisnowavailableforparentcompanyguaranteestobereducedfrom£25Millionto£5Million.
2.3.2 World leading testing facilities
Ourtestingfacilitiesareacrucialelementoftheindustryandprovideawayfordeveloperstobringforwardtheirdevelopmenttrajectories.TheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre,theNationalRenewableEnergyCentreandtheWaveHubprovideanurseryfortheadvancementofdevicesandtheenvironmenttoidentifyanderadicate
problemspriortoarraydeployment.Theimplicationsforcostreductionandprovingofconceptsshouldnotbeunderestimatedasourtestingfacilitiesenableustoremainattheforefrontofthesecrucialareas. 2.3.3 Marine Energy Parks
TheMarineEnergyParkinitiativeprovidesafocusforindustryandinvestmentbycoordinatingtheactivitiesinagivenregion.Areaswithconcentrationsofcapabilityandsupplychaincompanieswillbenefitfromimprovedintegrationofthevariouslevelsofgovernment,andtheheightenedprofile,thattheMarineEnergyParksenable.TheSouthWestMarineEnergyParkwaslaunchedinBristolonthe23rdofJanuaryandanotherisplannedfortheOrkneyWaters.
2.3.4 Marine Energy Programme Board and Marine Energy Group
TheMarineEnergyProgrammeBoardisanimportantengagementmechanismwhichenablesDECCtoconsultindustryonthemostimportantissuesfacingtheindustry.RecentactivityhasincludedthestructuringoftheMEADfund,collationofindustrypositionsandthedevelopmentofthemarineenergyparks.
ThisScottishgovernmentMarineEnergyGroupprovidesasimilarforumforthosedevelopingprojectsinScottishWatersandhasdoneimportantworkinshapingtheMRCFandprovidingcoherencytothefundinglandscapeasawhole.
2.3.5 Deployment targets and the DECC Renewables Roadmap
DECC’sRenewableenergyroadmapindicatesthat300MWofmarineenergywillbeinstalledby2020.Developerappetitehasbeenatalevelofaround1.6GW,whichisasignificantlymoreambitioustarget.Thediscrepancybetweenthetargetslaidoutintheroadmapandindustrypositionstatementspromptedtheselectcommitteetocallfora“morevisionaryapproach”toboostconfidenceinthesector.
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2.4 Key policy requirements
Thepolicyframeworkunderpinningsustainablegrowthintheindustryhasbeenputinplacebutchallengesremain.Uncertaintyisthebiggesthindrancetothegrowthoftheindustryandconfidenceintheabilityoftheindustrytodeliverneedstobeenhanced.Whilegovernmenthasshowndedicationinsupportingtheindustry,thereareseveralareasthatrequireimmediateactiontosecurethelongtermviabilityoftheWaveandTidalEnergyindustry.
RenewableUKasksthegovernmentto:
• EnableinvestmentandcostreductionforasustainableindustrybyprovidingurgentclarityandanappropriatestrikepricelevelintheElectricityMarketReform.
• Supportthedevelopmentofthefirstarrayswithcorrectlytargeted,coordinatedandappropriatefundingstreams.
• Takepositiveandproactiveactiontominimisekeyprojectriskssuchasunderwritingcosts,gridinfrastructurelimitationsandenvironmentalconstraints.
• Supportinnovationtoensurecontinuedimprovementsinreliabilityandcosts.
WiththeseactionsthegovernmentcansecurethedevelopmentoftheindustrywithintheUK,deliveringrealeconomicbenefitandcatalyzingthelowcarbonindustrialrevolution.Byimplementingasupportive,coherentandlongtermstrategyitcanbuildconfidenceintheindustryandhelpunlocktheprivatefinancingthatwillberequiredtodrivecommercialdevelopment.
Withtheindustrialpartnersbuildingmomentumandeliminatingriskintheirprojects,itisvitalthatweseizeontheopportunitywearepresentedwithanddrivetheUnitedKingdomintoafuturepoweredbyourownresourcesandingenuity.Welookforwardtorepresentingtheindustrysettorevolutionisethewaytheworldgenerateselectricity.
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3. Finance and Funding
Significantcapitalsupportfundswereutilisedbythewaveandtidalindustryin2011fromsourcessuchastheEnergyTechnologiesInstitute(ETI),theCarbonTrust,theTechnologyStrategyBoard(TSB),theWATERSfundfromScottishEnterpriseandtheSouthWestRegionalDevelopmentAgency.TheMarineRenewablesDeploymentFundendedinMarch2011afterproviding£19.5millionoffunding,whichfocussedondevelopingdevicesandinfrastructureforseatesting.
In2011,SiemensincreaseditsownershipshareofBristol-basedMarineCurrentTurbinesfrom10to45percent,beforeannouncingitsintentiontotakea90percentshareinFebruary2012.Alstomalsomovedtotakea40percentequityshareinEdinburgh-basedAWSOceanEnergyandAndritzhasincreaseditsstakeinHammerfestStrømfrom33.3percentto55.4percent;thecompanywillnowoperateasAndritzHydroHammerfest.TheseinvestmentssitalongsidepreviousinvestmentbyABBinAquamarinePowerandRollsRoyceinTidalGeneration,forexample.
Therehavealsobeensuccessesinattractingfundingforprojectdevelopment.BarclaysCapitalinvestedover£3millioninAquamarineandMorganStanleytooka45percentshareintheMeygenprojectconsortiumtodeveloptheInnerSoundinthePentlandFirth.Utilitiescontinuetobroadentheirinvolvementplayingaprojectdevelopmentrole,partneringdevicemanufacturersthroughouttheproductdevelopmentphaseandofferingacollaborativeapproachwithothersintheindustry.AnexampleofthiscollaborationisthesharedmaintenanceagreementbetweenPelamisandbothScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ONClimateandRenewablesfortheirEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)testprojects.
Thekeychallengefortheindustrynowissuccessfullydeployingandoperatingsmallarraysofdevices.The
decisiontoawardfiveRenewablesObligationCertificates(ROCs)perMWhgeneratedfrombothwaveandtidalacrossUKprojectsenablessuchsmall-scaleprojects,akeysteptowardsacommerciallycompetitiveindustry.Thischallengeisalsoreflectedinmorerecentfundingprogrammes,suchastheMarineEnergyArrayDemonstratorprogrammefromDECC,andannouncedfundingfromETIandTSB.
PreviousresearchfromRenewableUKhasindicatedthat£1ofpublicmoneyinvestedinthesectorhasunlocked£6ofprivateinvestment.Publicsupportofthesectorremainscrucialatthisstagebut,astheindustrygrowsandcostsfall,alowerlevelofsupportwillberequiredtocapturetheeconomicbenefitsthesectorwillyield.Thesizeoftheopportunityisvastandthe“ChannelingtheEnergy”reportidentifiesanannualvaluetotheUKof£3.7billionby2020.ThepotentialtodevelopprojectsinUKwaterscouldproviderealeconomicbenefittooureconomy.Inaddition,thesectorhasthepotentialtocreateupto10,000UKjobsby2020.Ourexistingmarineenergysupplychainandmarineengineeringcapabilityissettoformthefoundationoffuturejobsascapitalinvestmentdrivesdemandforconstruction,installationandmaintenanceservices.
3.1 Private and public funding requirements
Thecapitalandoperatingcostsforwaveandtidalprojectsdeployedinhighenergyoffshoreareasaresignificant.Thereisasignificantchangeinfundingrequirementsbetweensmall-scale,laboratoryandtanktestingofdevicesandfullscale,gridconnectedseatrials.Figure3.1indicatesinvestmentrequirementsfrombothprivateandpublicsourcesofaround£5billiontoachievea500MWtotalinstalledcapacitywithinitialsmallprojectslikelytohavehighercostsperMW.ItalsoindicatespotentialcapitalcostprojectionsonaperMWbasis;thesearebasedonworkcompletedfortheChannelingtheEnergyreportbyRenewableUK.
Utilityandlargeindustrialorganisationinvolvementinthewaveandtidalsectorisjustifiedbythepotentialforlongtermreturnsfromcost-effectiveenergygenerationatcommercialscale,withsignificantpotentialforsectorgrowth.
Figure 3.1: Cumulative Project Funding Requirements. Source: BVG Associates.
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3.2 Enhanced Renewables Obligation banding
AsanindicatoroftheGovernment’slong-termcommitmenttothewaveandtidalindustry,followingaperiodofuncertainty,itwasproposedinOctober2011thatthenumberofROCsallocatedperMWhgeneratedfromwaveortidalenergydevicesinEnglandandWaleswillincreasetofivefrom1April2013.ThesamemultiplewillalsobeimplementedinNorthernIreland,movingtheofferingfromtwotofiveROCs.TheresultwillbeconsistencyacrossUKandincreasedmarketattractiveness,creatingsignificantlymorepotentialsitesthatareeconomicallyviable.OnlytheSROCmultipleforwavepower,alreadyatfive,hasnotincreased.
ItisrecognisedthatthislevelofsupportmakesUKthemostattractivemarketforwaveandtidalpowerintheworld.
TheindustryhascalledontheGovernmenttobuildoncurrentconfidencelevelsandclarifythesupportthatwillbeavailablethroughtheElectricityMarketReform(EMR)programme.Thismaximisethechanceofsustainableandefficientmovementtowardscompetitiveindustrialscaledeploymentthroughlongterminvestment.Theprinciplesandlevelsofsupportundertheproposedfeedintariffschemefrom2017onwardswillrequirediscussionandagreementlatestduring2013tomaintainconfidenceinthesector.
3.3 Infrastructure and innovation investment
Fundingisneededforbothprojectimplementationandresearchanddevelopment.Astheindustryfocusshiftstomultipledevicearrays,sowillthefundinglandscape.Table3.1liststhefundingprogrammesfordeviceandsmallscalearrayinstallationsthatarelikelytobeavailableinUKduring2012,whileTable3.2listscurrentresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesmorefocussedonnextgenerationtechnologyinnovations.
Theinfrastructurefundingprogrammeshavebeenformulatedthroughindustryconsultationtoreflectkeyareasoffocusforthenextstageofdevelopment.Commontopicsincludeprojectinfrastructurethatisnon-devicespecific,suchaselectricalcablingandsubseaequipment,foundationandmooringtechnology,deploymentandoperationalproceduresandportandvesselrequirements.
TheUKisoneoftheleadingglobalcentresforresearchanddevelopmentinmarineenergytechnology.Keytestingandresearchiscarriedoutatsuchfacilitiesas:
• EuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)inScotland,providinggridconnectedtestberthsforfullscalewaveandtidaldevicesandscalesitesforpre-prototypedevices.
• TheNewandRenewableEnergyCentre(NaREC)inNorthEastEngland,providingfacilitiessuchastanktestingandadrivetraintestrig
• SouthWestMarineEnergyPark’swavearrayoffshoretestsiteWaveHub,andtheoff-gridscaletestfacilityFabTestinFalmouth.
9
Fund Scope Funder
LowCarbonInnovationFund:Marine
EnergyArrayDemonstrator
£20millionfundfocusedonthe
developmentofarrays.Thefundwillbe
usedtosupporttwoprojectstesting
devicesinarrayformations.
DECC
Takingwaveenergyto10MW
Aninvestmenttoimprovethecost
competitivenessandlong-termviability
ofwavepower.
ETI
Lowcosttidalstreamarrays
Aninvestmenttosupportdesignand
demonstrationofacommercialscale
tidalstreamarray.
ETI
Marineenergy:Supportingarray
technologies
£10.5minvestmentininnovationsthat
canmeetthechallengesposedbyarray
deployment.
TSB,ScottishEnterprise
andNaturalEnvironment
ResearchCouncil(NERC)
SaltirePrize
£10millionfortheteamthatachievesthe
greatestvolumeofelectricaloutputin
Scottishwatersovertheminimumhurdle
of100GWhoveracontinuoustwoyear
period,usingonlythepowerofthesea.
ScottishDevelopment
International
WATERS2
£6milliontopromoteresearchand
developmentactivitiesinScotland,
focusingonbringingwaveand
tidalpowerdevicestocommercial
application.
ScottishEnterprise
MarineRenewables
Commercialisationfund
£18milliontosupportthedevelopmentof
prototypedevicesforuseincommercially
viablearrays.
TheScottishGovernment
EuropeanNewEntrants’Reserve(NER)
300Fund
€4.5bntotalNER300fundswillbe
providedtovariousenergytechnologies
includingwaveandtidalenergyprojects.
Upto50percentfundingisprovidedfor
projectsthatwillgenerategridconnected
powertocoverprojectimplementation
costs.
EuropeanCommission
Table 3.1: Infrastructure and Innovation Investment
Table 3.2: Current Publicly Funded Research & Development Activities
Programme Scope Organisations
SuperGenUKCentreforMarineEnergy
Research(UKCMER)
Alarge,collaborativeresearch
programme,itinvolvestheRobert
GordonUniversity,EdinburghUniversity,
Heriot-WattUniversity,Lancaster
UniversityandStrathclydeUniversity.
Academicsareworkingalongside20
nationalandinternationalmarineenergy
andelectricitysupplycompaniesto
tacklechallengesofsustainablepower
generationandsupply.
TheSustainablePower
GenerationandSupply
Initiative(SUPERGEN
Marine)
7thFrameworkproposalforEUResearch
(FP7)
AnEUwidecollaborativeresearch
programmefocussedonawiderange
ofactivities,includingwaveandtidal
energy.
EuropeanCommission
Variousresearchprogrammes
UKERChasdevelopedtoolstohelp
policymakersandresearchersreview
thecurrentstatusofUKenergy
researchanddevelopment,andidentify
thekeyresearchchallenges.
TheUKEnergyResearch
Centre(UKERC)
10
4. Project Status
In2011,theUK’sgridconnectedcapacitygrewfrom2.9MWin2010to5.6MWin2011,anincreaseofover90percent.Initialphasesofdeploymentarealsounderwayforanotherfourdevices.Itisanticipatedthat2012willseethegridconnectionofsevennewdevicesatEMECandthefirstdeploymentinRamsaySound,givingananticipateddoublingofgridconnectedcapacitytoreachatotalcapacityofover11MW.
In2011wesawthefollowingdevicesconnectedtothegridatEMEC:
• HammerfestStrøm(nowAndritzHydroHammerfest)HS10001MWtidaldeviceattheFallofWarnessberth.
• AtlantisResourcesAR10001MWtidaldeviceattheFallofWarnessberth.
• PelamisP20.75MWwavedeviceattheBilliaCrooberth.
• Inadditiontothis,thefollowingdevicesmadesignificantprogresstowardsgridconnection.
• AquamarinePowercompletedtheoffshoreinstallationworkfortheir0.8MWOyster800wavedevice.
• ScotRenewablescarriedoutatestdeploymentontheir0.25MWSR250floatingtidaldevice.
• VoithHydrobeganfoundationinstallationfortheir1MWCleanCurrenttidalturbine.
• Asecond0.75MWPelamisP2wasdeliveredreadyfordeployment.
In2012,weexpecttosee(atleast)thefollowing:
• ThedevicescurrentlyprogressingconstructionworkatEMECtobegingeneratingpowertothegrid.
• AquamarinePowertocompletefabricationworkfortheirseconddeviceatEMEC,anOyster801unit.
• TidalGenerationwillreplacetheir500kWunitwiththeir1MWtidaldevice,aspartoftheETI-supportedREDAPTproject.
• SeatricityandWellowillinstalltheirwavedevicesattheBilliaCrootestsiteinEMEC.
• TidalEnergywillcompletethefirsttidaldeploymentinWelshwaterswiththeDeltastream1.2MWdeviceinRamseySoundoffPembrokeshire.
TheacceleratingprogressindevelopmentandimplementationofwaveandtidalprojectsisshowninFigure4.1Thereisnowahealthypipelineofprojectsleasedandinplanning.
4.1 Project Case Studies
Thefollowingpagesfeatureprojectsthatarecurrentlyoperationalorduetobecomeoperationalin2012.Allprojectsaregrid-connectedandfeaturefullscaledevicesthatarelikelytomakeupthesmallscalearraysofthecomingyears.Eachcasestudyexaminesthebackgroundoftheproject,itsdevelopmenttimescale,devicetobeused,keylearningobjectives,detailsofkeysuppliersandcontractsletandfundingsources.Ultimately,alloftheseprojectsaremovingtowardsrealisingreductionsincostofenergytoenabledeploymentandoperationonacommercialbasis;specificlearningobjectivesinclude:
• Refininganddevelopingdesignthroughdeployingsecondgenerationequipmentandcomponentsfortesting.
• Collectinglongtermperformanceandreliabilitydatatoinformtechno-economicmodelsandtechnologydevelopment.
• Developingandtriallingcost-effectiveandsafeinstallationmethodologies.
• Increasingunderstandingandmonitoringofenvironmentalimpactstoinformplanningprocessforfuturedeployments.
• Identifyingcost-effectivemethodsforoperatingandmaintainingoffshoreassetsthroughbothdesigndevelopmentandinnovationinworkingpractices.
Figure 4.1: Status of Known Projects by Year. Source: BVG Associates.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Cum
ulat
ive
cap
ital
co
st (£
bn)
Total installed capacity (GW)
3.1 5.25.14.1
0
3
6
9
12
0
10
20
30
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Num
ber
of
pro
ject
s
Operational ContractingConsent granted Consent applied forAgreement for lease Cumulative installed
Cum
ulat
ive
inst
alle
d c
apac
ity
(MW
)
Concept
Tank tested
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Multi device array
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
AWS-III
Bolt
Ocean CurrentTechnology
Oyster 800
PB150
Pelamis P2
Penguin
Wave Dragon
Wavegen LimpetConcept
Tank tested
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Multi device array
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
AR1000
Deep Green
Deltastream
HS1000
Open-CentreTurbine
Pulse-Stream 100
Seagen
SR250
TGL
TISEC
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
4
8
12
16
20
0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0
Cap
ital c
ost
(£m
/MW
)
Cum
ulat
ive
cap
ital c
ost
(£b
n)
Cumulative cost rangeIndustry high capital costIndustry low capital cost
Total installed capacity (MW)Concept
Tank tested
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array deployment
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tidal leader
Tidal trend
Wave leader
Wave trend
11
Project Case Studies
Device description
Horizontalaxis,pitchregulated,threebladedturbine,installedinlinewiththeflowwithnoyawingsystem.Thedeviceisseabedmountedusingagravitybasedfoundation.
Background
TheHS300prototypeinNorwayhascompleted17,000hoursoftesting,accumulatedproductionof1.53GWhwith10,000hoursofordinaryproduction,operatingat98%availability.Thishasledtotheinstallationofafullscalepre-commercialdevice,incooperationwithScottishPowerRenewables,whichwillbefullyoperationalinearly2012andfacilitatetestingandproductcertification.
Learning
ExperiencegainedininstallationsusingabargeandconstructionvesselinsevereenvironmentalconditionswhichwillbevaluableexperiencewhentheSoundofIslayarrayisdeveloped.MaintenancerequirementsandtechniqueshavebeenlearntfromtheoperationoftheHS300whichwillbeappliedtothisproject.
Supply chain
Localcontenthasbeenusedonthisproject,includingusingArnishYard,nearStornoway,Lewis,fortheconstructionofthesubstructure.Converteamsupplierofkeyelectricalsystems.
Next steps
TheEMECinstallationwillleadtoproductcertificationofthedeviceandfurthertesting.AndritzHydroHammerfestwillworkalongsideScottishPowerRenewables,installingarraysatitsleased10MWIslaysite,startingin2013forcompletionin2014(consentgrantedbyMarineScotlandin2011)and95MWDuncansbyHeadsite.
Funding sources
AndritzHydrorecentlyincreaseditsshareholdingtoamajoritystakeat55.4percent.TheprojecthasbeenmainlyequityfinancedbuthasalsoreceivedfundingfrompublicsourcesincludingCarbonTrustMRPFfunding,minorR&DfundingfromScottishEnterpriseandfromInnovationNorway.
Andritz Hydro Hammerfest: HS1000 deploymentDevice manufacturer:AndritzHydroHammerfestDevelopment company:AndritzHydroHammerfestLocation:FallsofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:1MWDevice:HS1000Installation date:December2011MWh to March 2012:Confidential
12
Device description
Oysterisanearshorewave-poweredpumpwhichpusheshighpressurewatertodriveanonshorehydro-electricturbine.Thepumpisabuoyanthingedflapwhichisalmostentirelyunderwaterandpitchesbackandforthduetowavemotion.
Background
ThisprojectisdesignedtodemonstratethefeasibilityofinstallingmultipleOysterdevicesinarraysandtounderstandarrayconfigurations.Thearraywillconsistofthree800kWOysterdevicesconnectedtoasingleonshore2.4MWgenerator.ThefirstOyster800wasinstalledattheEMECin2011.InFebruary2012,AquamarinePowerwasgrantedconsenttoinstallafurthertwodevices-Oyster801and802atthesamelocation.
Learning
AquamarinePower’sOyster800maintainsthethreekeydesignprinciplesofitsfirstOysterdevice,simplicity,survivabilityandshore-basedelectricitygeneration.AquamarinePowerhasuseddataandlessonslearntfromOyster1,whichwasinstalledatseain2009,todeliverreductionsinthecostofenergythroughimprovedpowergeneration,simplifiedinstallationandreducedroutinemaintenancerequirements.
Supply chain
Todate,AquamarinePowerhasworkedwithover40companiesinOrkneyduringtheinstallationofOyster1andOyster800andhasspentover£3mdirectlyintheOrkneyeconomy.LocalpartnershaveincludedenvironmentalconsultantsXodusAurorabasedinKirkwallandHeddleConstructionwhocarriedoutonshoreconstruction.Inaddition,AquamarinePower’sOyster1andOyster800havebothbeenfabricatedinScotland,byIsleburnandBurntislandFabricationsrespectively.
Next steps
Theeffectsofdeployingthedevicesinarrayswillbemonitored.AquamarinePowerwillthenlooktoestablishfurthersmallarraysfollowedbylargercommercialprojects.Existinginterestsinclude:
• NorthwestLewis.10MWdemonstrationleaseand30MWcommercialleasesecuredMay2011.40MWdevelopmentsiteidentifiedandSection36andmarinelicenceapplicationsubmittedtoMarineScotland.
• Westcoast,Orkney.Exclusiveleaseoptionof200MWgrantedfortheBroughHeadsiteMarch2010inpartnershipwithSSERenewables(BroughHeadWaveFarmLimited,BHWFL).
• InvolvementinprojectdevelopmentforIreland(Westwave)andWestcoastUSA(OregonWaveEnergyTrust).
Funding sources
AquamarinePowerhassecuredover£70minequity,grantsanddebttodateincluding:
• Equityfunding–morerecentlyfromSSEVentureCapital,ABBTechnologyVenturesandScottishEnterprise.Thecompanyisalsoseekingonefurtherinvestortoco-investwiththeexistingequityproviders.
• Grants–£5millionfromUKGovernment’sMRPFadministeredbyCarbonTrust,£3.15millionfromWATERS.
Debt–AquamarinePowersecureda£3.4millionloanfromBarclaysCorporateinSeptember2011.TheloanwillberepaidusingrevenuefromoperatingOyster800.
Aquamarine Power: Oyster 800 demonstration arrayDevice manufacturer: AquamarinePowerProject developer:AquamarinePowerLocation: BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.8MWinstalled(further1.6MWplanned)Device:Oyster800Installation date:2011–2013/14MWh to March 2012: Confidential
13
Device description
TheAR1000isa3-bladedfixedpitchhorizontalaxisturbinewithactiveyawmechanismanddirectdrivepermanentmagnetgenerator,variablespeeddriveandexportviamediumvoltage(3.8kV)cablestoanonshoresubstation.
Background
Thisfullscaledemonstratorwasinstalledin2011.ItwasretrievedfromEMECinNovember2011andwillbetransportedtoBlythintimeforthespringopeningoftheNarec3MWdrivetraintestingfacility.AtlantisholdsaberthatEMECuntil2015andwillreturntothetestsitefollowingtestingatNarec.
Learning
The2011deploymentatEMECidentifiedopportunitiesfordesignimprovementandassuchthedeviceisattheNarectestfacilitywheredesignupgradeswillbemadealongwithassessmentsintonacelleefficiency,controlsystemvalidation,thermalanalysisofinternalcomponentsanddevicereliability.
Supply chain
Thenacelleandmajorpowertraincomponentswerefabricated,assembledandcommissionedattheSMDfacilitiesinWallsend,Newcastle.FinalassemblytookplaceatInvergordon.DesignanalysisoftheARplatformwascontractedtoLockheedMartin.Around75percentofspendondevelopmentoftheAR1000devicehasbeenintheUK.
Next steps
AtlantisResourcesCorporationhasanexclusiveturbinesystemsupplyagreementwiththeconsortium,MeyGenLimited,ajointventurebetweenMorganStanley(45%),InternationalPower(45%)andAtlantisResourcesCorporation(10%)whichisdedicatedtodevelopingtheInnerSoundtidalsiteinthePentlandFirth,forwhichtheyhavealeasefromTheCrownEstate.Meygenwishtodelivera398MWtidalfarmby2020.Itisalsoseekingprojectdevelopmentopportunitiesonaglobalbasis.
Funding sources
RecentfundshavecomefromaMarineRenewablesProvingFund(MRPF)grantof£1.85millionfromtheCarbonTrustwhichwasawardedspecificallytosupportthedesignandmanufactureofa1MWnacelle,nextgenerationblades,controlsystemandgravitybasesubstructure.
Atlantis Resources Corporation: AR1000 deploymentDevice manufacturer: AtlantisResourcesCorporationDevelopment company: AtlantisResourcesCorporationLocation:FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 1MWDevice: AR1000Installation date: 2011MWh to March 2012: Confidential
14
Device description
ThePelamisP2isasecondgenerationdevice;itisasemi-submergedfloatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
DesignedandbuiltbyPelamisandownedbyE.ON,theP2machineisthefirstofasecondgenerationofPelamiswaveenergyconvertersandthefirstwavemachinetobesoldtoautilityforoperationintheUK.ThemachinewillbeoperatingatEMECalongsideasimilarP2machineownedbyScottishPowerRenewables.Thetwoutilitieshaveaworkingagreementtomaximisethelearningfromoperatingandmaintainingthemachinesasawavefarm.
Learning
ThePelamismachinehascontinuouslyranallgeneratorsforsustainedperiodsanddemonstratedafull‘wave-to-wire’conversionefficiencyofwellover70%,whichwasthetargetfortheP2.ThePelamismachinehasbeenabsorbingburstsofpowerinexcessof3MW.Thesehighlyvariablepeakshavebeen
convertedintoasmooth30minuteaverageelectricaloutputof170kWwithpeaksupto300kW,inlinewithexpectationsforthisstageofthetests.
Thenewinstallationandremovalsystems,developedwiththesupportoftheCarbonTrust,havebeenimplemented,completingsmoothandsafeconnectionanddisconnectionofthemachinewhilstinconditionsupto2.25msignificantwaveheight.
Supply chain
ThetubularmoduleswerefabricatedinFordounnearStonehavenbyNeptuneDeeptech.FinalassemblyandtestingwascarriedoutatPelamisWavePower’sLeithfacility.TheP2wasdesignedtoutilisestandardhydraulicandelectricalequipmentthroughoutthemachinewhereverpossible.
Next steps
ThelearningandexperiencegainedfromtheprojectwillbeusedbyE.ONinthedevelopmentofa50MWwavefarmlocatedtothenorthofEMEC.Theprojectcouldseeupto66PelamismachinesconnectedtotheUKgridandwasawardedanagreementforleasefromTheCrownEstatein2010.
Funding sources
TheP2devicewaspurchasedbyE.ONwithadditionalprojectfundingcomingfromtheCarbonTrust’sMRPF,theTSB,andScottishGovernment’sWATERSfund.
E.ON Climate and Renewables: Pelamis P2 deploymentDevice manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerDevelopment company:E.ONClimateandRenewablesLocation:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.75MWDevice: PelamisP2Installation date: 2010Q4MWh to March 2012: Confidential
15
Device description
TheSeaGendeviceisahorizontalaxisturbinecomprisingtwinaxialflowrotorsof16mdiameter,eachdrivingagearboxandgenerator.Thestructureissurfacepiercingsothatthedrivetrainscanberaisedclearofthewaterforeasiermaintenanceaccess.
Background
TheSeaGen1.2MWdevicewasthefirstgridconnectedtidalenergyconverterinUKwaters.Thedeviceislocatedinawaterdepthof24mLAT.Thesitewasselectedasitexperiencestidalflowsinexcessof3m/s,hassufficientwaterdepthandprovidesgoodaccesstothedevice.
Learning
ContinuedlearningisoccurringaboutefficientaccessandmaintenanceofkeycomponentsduringtheoperationofSeaGen.Detailedfailuremodesandeffectsanalysesarebeingcarriedouttoidentifyreliabilityissuesandmitigations,implementingtheseonSeaGenand/orsubsequentdevices.
Improvementsindevicereliabilityhavebeenachieved,forexample,asecondgenerationdrivetraindesignedforimprovedmaintainabilityandreliabilitywasinstalledinMarch2011andsecondgenerationbladeswithimprovedrootcastinginterfaceswillbefittedonsubsequentdevices. Supply chain
TheStrangfordLoughdevicewasassembledandtestedatHarlandandWolffandbladesweresuppliedbyAviationEnterprises.O&Msupporthasbeenprovidedsinceinstallationthroughlocalvesseloperatorsandtechnicians.MojoMaritimehaveprovidedongoingadviceonoffshoreoperationsandmethodologies.
Next steps
MCThastwoarrayprojectsplannedforinstallationaround2014.TheKyleRheaproject,betweentheIsleofSkyeandtheScottishmainland,willfeaturefouruprated2MWSeaGendevices.AnagreementforLeasewassecuredwithTheCrownEstateinApril2011.TheAngleseySkerriesproject,offthe
northwesttipofAnglesey,NorthWales,isbeingdevelopedwithRWEnpowerrenewables.Itwillconsistoffivedeviceswithatotalcapacityof10MW.TheagreementforleasewassecuredwithTheCrownEstateinOctober2011.
MCTalsoholdsanagreementforleaseofthe100MWBroughNesssiteinthePentlandFirth.IntheBayofFundyMCTplanstoworkalongsideMinasBasinPulpandPowertoinstalltheSeaGen“U”systemwiththreerotors,ratedat3MW. Funding sources
Siemensrecentlyacquireda90percentshareofMCT.Itwillplayakeyroleinsecuringfundingforfutureprojects.MCTmetthequalifyingrequirementsfortheMarineRenewablesDeploymentFund(DECC)andaccessedfundingfromtheMarineRenewablesProvingFund(CarbonTrust)aswellashavingreceivedsupportfromDTI.
Marine Current Turbines: SeaGen deploymentDevice manufacturer: MarineCurrentTurbinesDevelopment company: MarineCurrentTurbinesLocation: StrangfordLough,NIRating: 1.2MWDevice: SeaGenInstallation date:2008MWh to March 2012: Over3,000
16
Device description
TheOpen-Centretidalstreamturbineisaseabedmounteddevicethatconsistsofarotor,duct,statorandgenerator.Waterpassesthroughtheducttotheslowmovingrotorwithaholedesignedtoenablemarinelifetopassthrough.Thisistheonlymovingpart.Thepermanentmagnetgeneratorishousedintheductaroundtherotor.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
The0.25MWOpenHydrodevicecurrentlyinstalledatEMECisascaleprototypetofacilitateresearchoftheconcept.Thisistheseventhiterationofthe6mscaleturbine.
Learning
Thetwinpiletestrigenablesfuturegenerationsoftheturbinetobeinstalledatthesamelocation.Completingseveniterationsoftheprototypedevicehashelpedtoimprovereliabilityofthedeviceandhasenabledthecompanytopracticeandimproveinstallationprocesses.Thisisvaluableinhelpingtomakearrayscaledeploymentcost-effectiveandefficient.Giventhenatureofthedevice,itwasfoundthattheappropriateinstallationequipmentdidnotexistandsothevesselOpenHydroInstallerwasspeciallyconstructed.
Supply chain
LocalcompaniesthatwerecontractedfortheprojectincludeOrkneyTowageandIsleburn.OpenHydrohasstatedthattheUKwillbeabletomeetmostofitssupplychainrequirementswiththeexceptionofspecialistitemssuchasmagneticmaterials.
Next steps
Thefocusforthenextyearistoexpandthebusinesstothecommercialstageandtoimprovedevicereliabilityandcosteffectiveness.Theprojectpipelineconsistsoffour16mdiameterturbinesinanarrayataBrittanysiteforEDFwithfirstinstallationin2012,alicenseinthePentlandFirthfora200MWjointventurewithSSERenewablesandajointventureprojectwithBordGáisEnergytodevelopatidalenergyfarmoffNorthernIreland.ThecompanyalsohasaportfolioofindependentprojectsintheUSAandAlderney.
Funding sources
FundinghascomefromtheScottishEnterpriseWATERSbudget(firstround)at£1.85million,BordGáisEnergyacquiredasharefor£1.7millionandDCNSacquiredan8%holdinginOpenHydroforaninvestmentof£11.7millioninJanuary2011.
OpenHydro: Open-Centre Turbine testingDevice manufacturer: OpenHydroDevelopment company:OpenHydroLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.25MWDevice: Open-CentreTurbineInstallation date: 2006MWh to March 2012: Confidential
17
Device description
Pulse-Streamisanoscillatinghydrofoiltidalstreamdevice.Itextractspowerfromtidalcurrentsusinghorizontalbladeswhichmoveupanddown.Thismovementdrivesagearboxandgeneratorthroughacrankshaft.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
ThescaleprototypeprojectinthemouthoftheRiverHumberwasundertakentoprovetheconceptintheoffshoreenvironment.Theshallowwatersite(9mdeep)andthenearshorelocationwerechosenforinstallationandgridconnectionreasons.ElectricitywasexportedtoMilleniumChemicals,alargeplantonthesouthbankoftheestuary.
Learning
PulseTidalhavelearntalotaboutmechanicallinkagesandhowtomanufactureandinstalladevice.Additionalworkhasbeencarriedoutonthepowertrainandthefocusofthenextdevicewillbeincreasingreliability,andreducingthecostofinstallationandmaintenanceaccess.
Theprojectidentifiedthattherewerenosignificantenvironmentalimpactsandtheenergycaptureefficiencywashigherthanmodelled.
Supply chain
ThisprojectwassuccessfullycompletedbyanumberofUK-basedcompaniesincluding:ITPower(engineering),SenergyEconnect(electrical),Corus(construction),HumberWorkBoats(constructionandinstallation)BriggsMarine(operations)andDesigncraft(blades).
Next steps
ThePulse-Stream100willbefullydecommissionedandthecompanywillcompletethedetaileddesignofthe1.2MWmachine.Financeneedstobesecuredtobuildthisdevice,whichisplannedtobedeployedatKyleRheainScotland,wheretheEIAscopingworkhasbeencompleted. Funding sources
SevenmillionpoundsofEUFP7grantfundinghasalreadybeensecuredfortheshallowwaterprojectatKyleRheawhichwillcost£20million.
Thecompanyissupportedbyanumberofangelinvestorsandsmallfunds,alongwithITPowerandMarubeni,andhasraised£3.2milliontodateinequity,grantsandloans.
Pulse Tidal: Pulse-Stream 100 testingDevice manufacturer: PulseTidalDevelopment company: PulseTidalLocation:RiverHumberEstuaryRating: 0.1MWDevice: PulseStream100Installation date: 2009MWh to March 2012: Confidential
18
Device description
TheSR250isafloatingtidalstreamturbine.Themainstructurecomprisesacylindricaltubetowhichhorizontalaxisrotorsareattachedviahydraulicallyretractablelegs.Thesystem’scompliantmooringsystemallowsinstallationinwaterdepthsofaround100m.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
TheSR250ispart-waythrougha24monthtestingprogrammewhichstartedinApril2011attheEMECFallofWarnessTidalTestSiteinOrkney.Testingtodatehasallowedforextensivesystemsandcomponenttestingandhasverifiedtheconceptatfull-scale.Notablemilestonestodateincludegenerationoffullpowerduringaseriesoftowtrialsanddeployments.TheSR250istheprecursortothe2MWdevice.SR250testingwillculminateinaperiodofcontinuousgrid-connectedoperationin2012.
Learning
ScotrenewablesinstalledtheSR250mooringsystemandelectricalcableatEMEC,gainingexperienceapplicableforfutureprojectsoutsideofthetestingfacility.Thisinstallationwork,
transportingthedevice,towtestingandconnectingtheSR250hasenabledScotrenewablestolearnhowtohandleandoperatetheequipmentatsea.Alloperationstodatehaveavoidedtheuseofmoreexpensive,specialistvessels.
Learningaccumulatedduringthedesigning,building,outfittingandinstallingofthe250kWmachinehasbeenretainedwithinthedesignteam.
Supply chain
ScotrenewablesisbasedintheOrkneyIslandsandisamajoritylocallyownedcompany.TheSR250devicewasmanufacturedbyHarlandandWolffHeavyIndustriesinBelfast.
Next steps
Thecompanyhasa10MWcommercialdemonstratorplanned.ThefirstSR2000turbinewillbereadyforaninitialtrialdeploymentatEMECin2013.Consentapplicationswillbeprogressedforapipelineof10-30MW.Adetailedbaselinedesignhasbeencompletedforthe2MWnextgenerationmachineforwhichcontractsarelookingtobeplacedduring2012.
Funding sources
ThecompanypreviouslyreceivedfinancialbackingfromtheCarbonTrustandtheScottishGovernmentthroughtheWATERSschemefordesign,constructionandinstallationoftheSR250atEMEC.ScotrenewableshasalsoattractedsubstantialinvestmentfromFredOlsenRenewablesandglobalenergycompanyTOTAL.
Scotrenewables Tidal Power: SR250 testingDevice manufacturer:ScotrenewablesTidalPowerDevelopment company:ScotrenewablesTidalPowerLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 0.25MWDevice: SR250Installation date:2011MWh to March 2012:Notyetgridconnected
19
ScottishPower Renewables: Pelamis P2 deploymentDevice manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerDevelopment company: ScottishPowerRenewablesLocation: BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 0.75MWDevice: PelamisP2Installation date: 2012MWh to March 2012:Notyetinstalled
Device description
ThePelamisP2isasecondgenerationdevice;itisasemi-submergedfloatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.
Background
ThemachinewillbeinstalledattheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)inOrkney,alongsidetheE.ONmachineaspartofauniquecross-industrycollaborationproject.Thetwomachineswilloperateintandemasatwo-machinewavefarm,withinformationgatheredfromthetrialsusedtosupportthedevelopmentoflargercommercial-scaleprojectscurrentlyunderdevelopmentbybothScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ONoffthecoastofOrkney.
Learning
UnderaworkingagreementbetweenScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ON,bothmachineswillgeneratetothenationalgridfromtheiradjacentberthsattheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentreoffOrkney,withPWP’slocaloperationsbaseprovidingmonitoringandmaintenancesupport.
Inadditiontocarryingoutsimilarprovingactivitiesrelatingtogeneration,deploymentandretrievalthefocusofthisdeploymentwillbetounderstandtheinteractionofthetwodevices,despitenotsharingsubseainfrastructure.
Supply chain
ThetransportationandliftwerecarriedoutbyMammoet.FabricationandtestingwascarriedoutatPelamisWavePowersLeithfacility.TheP2wasdesignedtoutilisestandardhydraulicandelectricalequipmentthroughoutthemachinewhereverpossible.
Next steps
TheexperiencegainedfromthisprojectwillplayavitalroleinScottishPowerRenewables’planstoinstall66Pelamismachinesina50MWprojectoffMarwickHeadinOrkney,forwhichanagreementforleasehasbeenawardedbyTheCrownEstate
Funding sources
TheP2devicewaspurchasedbyScottishPowerRenewableswithadditionalprojectfundingcomingfromtheCarbonTrust’sMRPF,theTSBandScottishGovernment’sWATERSfund.
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Device description
Theprojectwillutilisethe1.2MWfullscaleDeltaStreamdevicethatconsistsofthreehorizontalaxisturbinespositionedonacommonframeandgravityfoundation.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
RamseySoundislocatedontheSouthWestcoastofWalesandisanareawithdynamicenvironmentalcharacteristics,includinghightidalcurrents,anditisaGreySealbreedingsite.ThemicrositewithinRamseySoundchosenfortheDeltaStreamdemonstrationlieswithin31.5mofwater(atLAT),1.2kmoffshorefromthePembrokeshiremainlandand300meastofRamseyIsland.FollowingcompletionoftheEIAandsubsequentcompletionoftheEnvironmentalStatementanapplicationforaMarineLicenseandSection36consentwassubmittedin2009.InMarch2011theseconsentsandlicensesweregrantedbytheWelshMinistersandSecretaryofStateandTELisintendingtodeploythefirstfullscaleDeltaStreamdevicelaterin2012.
Learning
TheDeltaStreamDemonstrationatRamseySoundisWales’firstfullscaletidalstreamprojectandislocatedinahighlysensitiveenvironment.Thishasledtoanumberofissuesregardingthe
environmentalknowledgewithintheindustryandparticularlythepotentialriskofcollisionswithsealife.Theresultsfromtheenvironmentalmonitoringprogrammewillbedisseminatedthroughouttheindustry.
DuringdetaileddesignTELobservedthatsignificantloadingeffectsareimposedonthedevicebyturbulenceandwaveaction.TELemployeddetailedloadcalculations,scalemodeltestingandcarriedoutanumberofturbulenceflowmeasurementsatthesitetoensurethatthisphenomenonisfullyunderstoodandcateredfor.
Supply chain
TidalEnergyLimitediscarryingoutacomprehensiveprocurementprocesstosourcethedesign,supplyofcomponentsandcontractorstofabricateandinstallthedemonstrationdevice.ContractshavebeenawardedtoAtkinsfordesignintegration,UKbasedDesignCraftforrotorsupply,GEEnergyforgeneratorandelectricalsystemsandSiemensforthegearsystem.Tendersforthefabricationcontracthavebeenreceivedandthepreferredcontractorwillbeidentifiedinthenearfuture.ThefirstphaseofonshorepreparatoryworkwascompletedinFebruary2012byRaymondBrown.
Next steps
OncethedeviceisinstalledinRamseySoundenvironmentalandperformancedatawillbecollectedforthelifeofthelicense.Thisdatawillbeusedtoinformfuturedeviceandprojectdevelopmentsforthemovetoacommercialdemonstrationarrayofupto10MW.TELisalsointerestedincarryingoutacceleratedlifetestingofthedrivetrainandisseekingfurtherfundingtosupportsuchtechnologydevelopment.
Funding sources
TidalEnergyLimitedisfundedbyitsmajorityshareholder,Eco2Ltd,togetherwithgrantfundingandsupportfromprivateandpublicorganisations.TheDeltaStreamDemonstrationprojectinRamseySoundwillcost£11millionandWEFOhasapproved£6.4millionofERDFfundingtowardsit.Additionally,CranfieldUniversityisprovidingover£1millionoffundingandtheCarbonTrustwillprovidejustunder£400,000towardsenvironmentalmonitoring.
Tidal Energy: DeltaStream testingDevice manufacturer: TidalEnergyLtdDevelopment company: TidalEnergyLtdLocation: RamseySound,Pembrokeshire,SouthWestWalesRating: 1.2MWDevice: DeltaStreamInstallation date: 2012MWh to March 2012: Notyetinstalled
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Device description
TheTGLDeepGenIIIdeviceisa500kWthree-bladedupstreamtidalturbinethatextractsenergyduringbothfloodandebbtideusinganactiveyawsystem.Thenacelleisattachedtoatripodfoundationwhichispinnedtotheseabed.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
TGLwasformedin2005todesign,developandmanufacturetidalstreamturbines.In2009itbecameawhollyownedsubsidiaryofRolls-Royce.Followingsignificantproductdevelopment,theEMECFallofWarnesstestsitewasselectedasthefirstseadeploymentoftheturbinetoenableprovingofdesignanddeploymentmethodologies.
Learning
Over200MWhhavebeengeneratedataratedpowerof500KWe.Asignificantamounthasbeenlearntabouttheoperationandcharacteristicsofthemachine,thenatureofthetidalflow,wavesandweatherimpactatEMEC,aswellascorrosionandbio-foulingissues.Thedeploymentandretrievalmethodhasbeenprovedtobeviableduringasingletidalslackperiodof30minutes,ashastheabilitytocarryoutoperationalactivitieswithlowcostvessels.
Supply chain
TheturbineissupportedfromHatstonQuayinOrkney.In2008and2009,thedevicewasassembledatRolls-RoycefacilitiesinDunfermline,drawingoninhouseengineeringexpertiseextensively.MojoMaritimeandRambollhavebeencommissionedtodevelopfoundationconcepts.
Next steps
The500kWdevicewillcontinuetogenerateuntilitisreplacedbythe1MWturbinetobedeployedinJune2012aspartoftheETIReDAPTproject.Thiswillundergoatwoyeartestingprogramme.
Itisplannedtodeployanumberof1MWunitsinasmallarrayduring2013/14andlargerarraysby2018.TGLisanticipatedtobeoneofthetechnologysuppliersforMeygen’s400MWInnerSoundproject,partofthePentlandFirthandOrkneywatersleaseaward.
Funding sources
Rolls-RoycehasprovidedR&DandcapitalsupporttodatethathasbeencomplementedbyETIfundingof£6milliontowardstheReDAPTproject.
Tidal Generation: DeepGen III testingDevice manufacturer:TidalGenerationDevelopment company:TidalGenerationLocation:FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.5MWDevice: DeepGenIIIInstallation date: September2010MWh to March 2012: 215
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Device description
TheVoithHyTidedeviceisaseabed-mountedhorizontalaxistidalstreamturbine.Thethreesymmetricalbladescaptureenergyfromthetidalstreamontheebbandthefloodflowwithoutpitchandyawrequirements.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesandRWEInnogycommencedpreparatoryworksattheFallofWarnesssiteatEMECinSummer2011byinstallingthemonopolefortheir1MWtidalturbinewhichwillbeinstalledin2012throughthejointventurecompanyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologies.HavingcompletedscaletrialsinSouthKoreatheturbinewillundergoathreeyearfullscaletrialoperation.
Learning
ThefocusoftestingfortheEMECinstallationistoprovetheperformancecharacteristicsofthe1MWturbineandimprovethedesign’sreliability.Itprovidesanopportunitytodevelopandrefinedeploymentandretrievalapproachesfortheturbineandfoundation.
Supply chain
CooperationpartnerBAUERRenewablesmanufacturedandinstalledthefoundation.Installationofthemonopolefoundationiscompleted,usingtheoffshoreconstructionvesselNorthSeaGiant.MojoMaritimeconductedanoperationalinstallationandO&MstudyforVoithHydrotooutlineoptionsandmethodsforuseatEMEC.
Next steps
Followingcompletionofthethreeyeartrialperiodandfeasibilitystudiesofsmallarraysites,thereareplanstodeployfarmsofapproximately100MWinSouthKoreanearJindoandinEuropeanWaters.Itislikelythiswillbeprecededinphases,startingwithsmallarraysaspartofthe100MWsite.Funding sources
Thetotalinvestmentisapproximately£11.8millionwith£1.7millionhavingbeenawardedthroughtheMarineRenewablesProvingFund.Aspartofitsventurecapitalactivities,RWEInnogyowns20percentofthejointventurecompanyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesbywayofanequityinterest.VoithHydroisthemajorityshareholderholding80percent.
Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies: Voith HyTide 1000-13 testingDevice manufacturer: VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesDevelopment company:VoithHydroLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 1MWDevice:HyTide1000-13Installation date: 2012MWh to March 2012: Notyetgridconnected
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Device description
TheLimpetdeviceisashore-mountedoscillatingwatercolumnwhichhasbeentunedtocaptureenergyfromannualaveragewaveintensitiesofbetween15and25kW/m.Itcomprisesanairchamberwithanopeningbelowthewaterandtwocounter-rotatingWellsturbines.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
Theshore-mountedLimpet500wasinstalledin2000andisgrid-connected.Thisdeviceisalsousedasadevelopmentalfacility,todemonstratenewsystemsandimprovepoweroutput,suchastestingavariablepitchturbine.TheLimpetwasdevelopedincooperationwithQueen’sUniversityBelfast.
Learning
SuccessfullygeneratingelectricitywiththisLimpetdevicesince2000hasenabledVoithHydroWavegentogathersignificantvolumesofdataonthedeviceperformanceandoperationalcharacteristics.Anavailabilityofover90%wasachievedfrom2006to2010.Maintenanceandservicetechniqueshavebeendevelopedandimprovedduringthisperiodthatcanbeappliedtothisandfuturedeployments.
Supply chain
VoithHydroWavegenmadesuccessfulcontractswithmanyUK-basedcompaniesduringconstructionandoperationofthedevice.TheyhavealsosuccesfullyexportedtheirtechnologyfromtheUKto,forexample,theMutrikubreakwaterprojectinSpain.
PartnersandcontractorsincludedCharlesBrand,ScottishHydro-Contracting,Queen’sUniversityBelfast,ISTPortugalandKirkMcClureMorton.
Next steps
Thetechnologyisactivelyseekingcommercialprojectdevelopmentopportunitiesincludingdevelopingnearshoretechnology.ThenearshoreOWCwillsitdirectlyontheseabedinanominalmeanwaterdepthof15m.WavegenwasgrantedconsentfromtheScottishGovernmentin2009forthe4MWSiadarWaveEnergyProjectontheislandofLewis.
Funding sources
TheLimpet500wasdevelopedwithEUsupportandTheSiadarWaveEnergyProjectissupportedbytheScottishGovernment’sWATERSfundingscheme,havingreceived£6million.
Voith Hydro Wavegen: Limpet testingDevice manufacturer:VoithHydroWavegenDevelopment company:VoithHydroWavegenLocation:IslayRating:0.5MWDevice:LimpetInstallation date: 2000MWh to March 2012: Confidential
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Device description
ThePenguinisafloatingasymmetricvesselwhichhousesaneccentricrotatingmass.Thedeviceisshapedsothatwavespassingitcausethemasstorotateonaverticalshaftandthismotionisconvertedtoelectricity.(Seedevicecasestudy)
Background
ScalemodeltestshavebeencompletedattheShipLaboratoryofHelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,andattheGulfofFinland.The1:8scaleprototype,“BabyPenguin”anditsmooringarrangementsurvivedstormconditionsduringtesting.ThefullscalePenguinisatLynessWharf,Orkney,andisbeingpreparedforinstallationonanEMECtestberthin2012forayear-longtestprogramme.
Learning
InSeptember2011thePenguinunderwentaninstallationrehearsaltodevelopandrefinethemethodologyforthefinalinstallation.
Testingofthe“BabyPenguin”verifiedthetechnologysurvivalinstormconditions;however,thePenguinsustainedsomedamageinastorminDecember2011whilelyingalongLynessWharfquaywhichresultedinlearningaboutthetransportationandstorageofthedevice.
Supply chain
CooperationPartnersofthePenguinare:EMEC,VEO,TheSwitch,Hydac,J+S,RigaShipyard,INAFAGSchaefflerGroupandSeaproofSolutions.ThedevicehasbeenbuiltintheRigaShipyardinLatviaandtheentiredeploymentprogrammeoftheprojectatEMECismanagedbyOrkney-basedcompanies.TheteamisledbyStromness-basedconsultancyAquateraandnewmarineoperationsmanagementcompany,OrcadesMarine.
Next steps
ThePenguinwillbeinstalledandgridconnectedatEMECin2012andwillbetestedforayear.SubjecttofullscaletestingWellowillidentifyanddevelopprojectopportunitiesglobally.
Funding sources
Wellohasreceived€5.5millioninadditiontoinvestmentsfromVNTManagementandVeraventureandTekes(theFinnishfundingagencyfortechnologyandinnovation).
Wello: Penguin testingDevice manufacturer: Wello Development company:WelloLocation:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.6MWDevice:PenguinInstallation date:2012MWh to March 2012:Notyetgridconnected
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5. Device Types
Marineenergyoffersavastscopeforinnovationandnewdeviceconcepts,withover200conceptdesignsinthesector.1Bytheendof2011,however,onlytendeviceshadbeendeployedinUKatfullscaleandwithgridconnection.Thissectiondetailstherangeoftechnologytypesthatareavailableandpresentscasestudiesofthemostmaturetechnologiesfrom12tidaldevicemanufacturersandeightwavedevicemanufacturers.Theseorganisationsareallcurrentlytestingafull-scalegrid-connecteddeviceorareactivelydevelopingsuchaproject.
Figure5.1belowindicatesthestatusofbothwaveandtidalsectordevicedevelopmentintermsofthemarketleaderineachyearandtheaveragestatusofthedeviceconceptscoveredbythisreport.Forsomedevices,thishistorygoesbackover10years.Thejourneystartedearlierfortheaveragewavedeviceconsideredandhasingeneralbeenfasterfortidaldevices,asshownbythetrendlines.Earlystageinvestigationswerecarriedoutforwaveenergyfeasibilityinthe1970swhich,althoughmostwereabandoned,providedastartingpointwhenthesectorwasreinvigoratedinthe1990s.
Themorerapidmaturingoftidaldevicesisinpartduetogreaterconceptconvergence.Themajorityoftidaldevicesundergoingseatrialsarebasedonahorizontalaxisturbinedesignwithtwoorthreeblades,althoughsuccessfultrialshavebeencompletedwithotherdesigns.Onefactorinfluencingthegreaterconsolidationoftidaldevices
isthemorepredictablenatureoftheenergyresourcecomparedtowaveenergy.Anotherfactoristhehighlevelofunderstandingofthehorizontalaxisturbinedesignprinciplesthathasbeendevelopedthroughsuccessfulapplicationinthewindsector,althoughitisrecognisedthatthereareverysignificantdifferencesbetweenharnessingwindandtidalenergyflows.
Inthewavesector,wehaveseenseveralfactorsinfluencinggreaterdivergenceintechnology.Thedifferencebetweenshallowanddeepwaveresourcesissignificantininfluencingbothdesignandtechnologyselectionforspecificsites.Thehighlycomplexnatureoftheenergyresourceisalsorelevantaspowerisinfluencedbytheheight,periodanddirectionofthewaves.
Figure 5.1: Device development milestones for selected devices. Source: BVG
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5.1 Tidal device principles (device classification by EMEC)
Tidaldevicesexploitkineticenergyinthetidalflowofwatercausedbytheinteractionofthegravitationalfieldsoftheearth,moonandsun.Tidalcurrentsaremagnifiedbytopographicalfeatures,suchasheadlands,inletsandstraits,orseabedchannels.Manyofthedevicesthatusethesecurrentsarebroadlysimilartosubmergedwindturbines.Seawaterisaround800timesdenserthanairbutaverageflowspeedsforviable
projectsareoftheorderofonefifthofcorrespondingwindspeeds,givingapowerdensityofaround5-10times.Thismeansthatforatidaldeviceofthesameratingasawindturbine,therotorwillbesmaller.Individualtidaldevicesareunlikelytoreachthesameratedpowerasoffshorewindturbines;however,astohavesufficientspacetodeploysuchlargedevicesrequiresdevelopmentofdeeperwatersitesthatgenerallyhavelesssignificanttidalflows.EMEChasidentifiedfourmaintypesoftidalenergyconvertorsthatareoutlinebelow.
Theflowofwaterturnstherotorbygeneratingliftduetotheflowaroundtheblades.Thisrotationalmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.Thedevicecanbehousedwithinaducttoacceleratetheflowthroughtherotor,thusincreasingenergycapture.
Thisdeviceextractsenergyinasimilarwaytoahorizontalaxisturbine,buttheaxisofrotationoftherotorisverticalandperpendiculartotheflowofwater.Someverticalaxisturbineconceptsworkbytheprincipleofdragratherthanlift.
Ahydrofoilisattachedtoanarm.Theflowofwateraroundthehydrofoilcausesittooscillatebygeneratinglift.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Aducthastheeffectofacceleratingtheflowthroughthenarrowestsection.Thisflowcausesapressuredifferentialthatdrivesanairturbine.Therotationalmovementoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Tidal energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC)
Tidal Devices
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BELUGA 9Manufacturer: AlstomHydro Type of device: EnclosedTips(Venturi)Status: FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:TanktestRating: 1MW
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Device description
TheBELUGA9isdesignedtooperatebi-directionallyintidalflow.Thedirectdrive,floodedpermanentmagnetgeneratorandfixedpitchbladesareshroudedbyadiffuserduct,intendedtocorrectdirectionalchangesinflow,controlturbulenceandincreasethevelocityofthewaterreachingtheblades.Thedevicehasbeendesignedwithasfewmovingpartsaspossibletoreducetheneedtoaccessthedeviceformaintenance.Thecentralholeisdesignedtoallowmarinewildlifetopassthroughandregulatetheflowtoenablereductionofturbinespacinginarrays. Thedeviceis20minheightand13mindiameter,sitsontheseabed(eitherwithagravitybasefoundationorpiled,dependingonsiteconditions)andisdesignedforwaterofdepth30mandapeakwatervelocityof3.5–4.0m/s.
Status
Thefullscaleconceptiscurrentlyundergoinguni-directionalperformancetestingintankconditionswithplansforinstallationintheBayofFundyin2012. Avariantdevice,theOrca7,willbedevelopedformediumflowsof3.5m/sin40mwaterdepths.TheOrca7isexpectedtobedevelopedtoenablefullscaletestinginBrittanyin2013.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
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Concept developed
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Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Device description
TheAR1000isa3-bladedfixedpitchhorizontalaxisturbinewithactiveyawmechanismandadirectdrivepermanentmagnetgeneratorwithvariablespeeddrive.Powerisexportedviamediumvoltage(3.8kV)cablestoanonshoresubstation.Higherefficiencybladesthanonthepreviousdevicehavebeenintroducedalongwithmarinefoulingtreatmentandstructuralimprovements.TheAR1000hasaratedforflowvelocityof2.65m/s. TheAtlantisResourcesCorporationapproachistoreducethecomplexityoftheturbine,thusdecreasingthenumberofpotentialfailurepoints.Aproprietarymaleandfemale‘stab’connectionarrangementallowsforfastretrievalof
thenacellewithouthavingtorecoverthefoundationstructure.
Status
FollowingdeploymentofthetwinrotorAK-1000in2010theAR-1000wassuccessfullydeployedandunderwentseaoperationsduringsummer2011.ThedevicehasbeenretrievedandisundergoingtestingatNarecpriortodeploymenttoEMECagaintocontinuegeneratinglaterin2012.
AR1000Manufacturer: AtlantisResourcesCorporationType of device: HorizontalaxisturbineStatus: FullscaledeviceCurrent location: NarecRating: 1MW
28
Deep GreenManufacturer: MinestoType of device: EOtherStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:TanktestRating: 0.5MW
Device description
Thewingisattachedtotheturbineandgearless-generatorarrangement,witharudderandservosystemattherearofthedevice.Thedeviceistetheredtotheseabedinanarrangementthataccommodatesthepowercablesandcommunicationsystemandisconnectedtoaconventionalmooringrig.Thewinggeneratesliftwhichmovesthedeviceatspeedsuptotentimesthatofthewaterflowandtherudderisusedtosteerthedeviceinafigure-of-eightpath.Asthishappens,therotoristurnedasthedevicepassesthroughthewater,generatingelectricity.Itisdesignedtobeeconomicalatsiteswithdeepwaterandlowvelocities.DeepGreenisrecoverableforservicingandmaintenanceandhasamassoflessthanseventonnesper0.5MWunit).
Status
Minestoiscontinuingtomodelthedeviceandtestscaleprototypestodevelopthetechnology,provereliabilitybygettinghoursinthewateranddevelopconfidenceandacceptanceintheconceptfromprojectdevelopers.A1/10thscaledevicewasinstalledinStrangfordLoughin2012asaprecursortoa1/3rdscaledeviceandthenfullscaledevicewhichisratedat0.5MW.Newcapitalwasrecentlyinjectedbythecompanyownersanda£0.5
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
milliongrantwasawardedbytheSwedishEnergyAgencyforR&Doperations.FundshavealsobeenmadeavailablethroughtheCarbonTrustaspartoftheAppliedResearchprogramme.
Device description
TheTGLconceptisathree-bladedupstreamtidalturbinethatextractsenergyduringbothfloodandebbtideusinganactiveyawsystem.Thenacelleisabuoyantdesigntoenabletowingtositeanditisattachedtoalightweighttripodfoundationwhichispinnedtotheseabed.Amechanicalclampfacilitatesyawingpoweredbyarearmountedthruster.Oncelockedtofacetheflow,theturbinecutsinat1m/sandreachesratedpowerat2.7m/s.Forhigherflowspeedsthebladepitchandgeneratortorqueareregulatedtomaintaintheturbine’sratedpower.Agearboxisusedtodriveaninductiongenerator,andafrequencyconverter,stepuptransformerandwetmatelinkcompletethegenerating
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
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Tank testing or modelling
Deep Gen IVManufacturer: TidalGenerationLtdType of device: DeepGenIVStatus: FullScaleCurrent location: EMECRating: 1MW
system.Theturbinewilloutputgridcompatible6.6kV3-phasepower. Status
DEEP-GenIV(DG4)isafullscale1MWdevicewhichwillformthebasisoftheTGLcommercialproductoffering.ItiscurrentlyinfinalassemblyattheRolls-RoyceDunfermlinefacilityinEdinburgh,andwillbedeployedatEMECinJune2012.TGLiscollaboratingwithdevelopers,includingMeygen,withthe
intentiontosupplydevicestolargearrayprojectswithinthenextfiveyears,workingwithfurtherindustrialpartnerstoimprovethevaluepropositionanddeveloptheproductscustomersrequire.
29
HS1000Manufacturer: AndritzHydroHammerfestType of device: HorizontalaxisturbineStatus: FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:FallsofWarnessRating: 1MW
Device description
Horizontalaxis,pitchregulated,threebladedturbine,installedinlinewiththeflow.Anacellehousesthegearbox,asynchronousgeneratorandcontrolsystems,andsubseacablesexportenergybacktoshore.Thereisanonshorefrequencyconvertor.Thedeviceisseabedmountedusingagravitybasefoundation.Theturbineisheavilyinstrumentedtoserveasaplatformforfutureresearchanddevelopmentactivities.Thiswillhelpdriveimprovementsinreliabilityandefficiencyandenablereductionsinthecostofenergyovertime.
Status
TheHS1000isafull-scalepre-commercialdevicefollowingonfromtheHS300whichwassuccessfullyinstalled,testedandoperatedasascaleprototype.ItiscurrentlyinstalledatEMECwheremeasurementsforproductcertificationwilltakeplacein2012.Thisisinpreparationforthe10MWIslayarray(leasegrantedandEIAsubmitted)whichwillbeginconstructionactivitiesin2013withScottishPowerRenewablesandthe95MWDuncansbyHeadarray.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
voith
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
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Concept developed
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Device description
TheDeltaStreamdeviceisa1.2MWunitwhichsitsontheseabedwithouttheneedforapositiveanchoringsystem.Itgenerateselectricityfromthreeseparatehorizontalaxisturbinesmountedonacommonframe.Thisavoidspilingorsignificantseabedpreparation. Theuseofthreeturbinesonasingle350tonneand36mwidetriangularframeproducesalowcentreofgravityenablingthedevicetosatisfyitsstructuralstabilityrequirements,includingtheavoidanceofoverturningandsliding.Eachturbineisanupflowthreebladedesignwithhydraulicyawingsystemtoturntofacetheoncomingtideandenablegenerationonboththeebbandfloodtides.
DeltaStreamManufacturer: TidalEnergyLtdType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:FullScaleDemonstration2012Current location:RamseySoundRating:1.2MW
Status
FollowingaperiodofdesigndevelopmentincludingmodellingandtanktestingatCranfielduniversityafullscaledeviceisplannedfordeploymentinRamsaySound,PembrokeshireinDecember2012.LicensesforthesiteweregrantedbyDECCandtheWelshGovernmentinMarch2011.Asignificantproportionofcontractshavebeenawardedforthemanufactureofthedeviceandprojectconstruction. Followingasuccessful12monthtechnicalandenvironmentaltestofthedevice,TELwilldevelopapre-commercialarrayatasiteyettobeconfirmed.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen20
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Array
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Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
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kawasakibolt 2
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30
Device description
TheOpen-Centretidalstreamturbineisaseabedmounteddevicethatconsistsofarotor,duct,statorandgenerator.Waterpassesthroughtheduct,utilisingtheVenturieffect,totheslowmovingrotorwithaholetoenablemarinelifetopassthrough.Thisistheonlymovingpart.Thepermanentmagnetgeneratorishousedintheductaroundtherotor. Thedevicehasbeendesignedtobescalable.Thereisnogearboxandtherearenoseals,whichreducesthenumberoftotalcomponents.
Open-Centre TurbineManufacturer: OpenHydroType of device: EnclosedtipsStatus:FullscaleCurrent location:EMECRating: 0.3MW
Status
In2006anOpen-CentreTurbinewasinstalledonaseabedmountedtestrigatEMECandin2008theinstallationofasecondseabedmountedturbinetookplaceadjacenttothisusingtheOpenHydroInstallervessel.OpenHydrohavealsodeployeda1MW(10mdiameter)deviceinCanadaandplantoinstalla16mdeviceinBrittany2012.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
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Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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Concept developed
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Kawasaki 1MW tidal turbineManufacturer: KawasakiHeavyIndustriesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:Fullscaleprototype,2013Current location:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:1MW
Device description
The1MWdeviceisahorizontalaxisturbinemountedontheseabedwithpowertake-offthroughagearboxandpermanentmagnetgeneratorcombination.Theturbinehasactivepitchandyawcontroltoensuremaximumenergyextractionfrombothfloodandebbtides.FortheEMECdeploymentagravitybasewillbeused,howeveralternativesareunderconsiderationforfuturedeployments.KawasakiHeavyIndustriesaredevelopingthedesigntosimplifythedevicedeploymentandretrievalmethods.
Status
KHIplantotesta1MWprototypedeviceatEMECin2013.The1MWturbinedesignwillbeevolvedfollowingthistestingphasetobesuitableformultipledevicearraysbothintheUKandglobally
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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31
Device description
Pulse-Streamisanoscillatinghydrofoiltidalstreamdevice.Itextractspowerfromtidalcurrentsusinghorizontalbladeswhichmoveupanddown.Thismovementdrivesagearboxandgeneratorthroughacrankshaft.Thisapproachenablesthebladelength(andthereforepowergenerationcapacity)tobecomparativelylargeinagivenwaterdepth;Pulse-Streamcanproduce1.2MWin18mofwater,withpotentialtoscaleupto5MWin35mofwater.TwoPulse-Streammachinescanbeinstalledoneachfoundation,offeringupto10MWinstalledcapacityperfoundationinawaterdepthof35m. Theturbinerisesoutofthewatertofacilitateobservations,learningandmaintenance.
Pulse-Stream 100Manufacturer:PulseTidalLtd Type of device: OscillatinghydrofoilStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:DecomissionedfromHumberRating:0.1MW
Status
ThePulse-Stream100deviceisascaleprototypewhichwasdeployedintheHumberin2009andoperatedthroughto2012.ThisprovedthetechnologyconceptandenabledPulseTidaltolearnfrominstallingtheirdeviceinthemarineenvironment.Thecommercialdevicewillhaveabuoyantbase,whichallowsittobecommissionedonshoreandthenfloatedtosite.Onsite,itwillbeconnectedtoapre-installedfoundationandflooded,leavingitfullysubmergedinoperation.Formaintenance,thehullcanbede-ballasted,
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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Concept developed
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bringingthemachinebacktothesurface,whereitformsastablemaintenanceplatform.Thepreliminarydesignforthis1.2MWdevicehasbeencompleted,withdetaileddesignunderway.Thenextstepisconstructionandinstallation,aheadofperformancetestinganddeploymentintoarrays.
Device description
TheSeaGendevicecomprisestwinhorizontalaxisrotorsof16mdiameter,eachdrivingagearboxandgenerator.Thegeneratoroutputisrectified,invertedandexportedtothedistributiongrid(inthecaseoftheStrangfordLoughproject)viaastep-uptransformer.Twinturbinesareindependentlyoperable.Therotorshavefullspanpitchcontrolsuchthattheycangenerateonfloodandebbtides.Thereisnoyawsystem. Thestructureissurfacepiercingsothatthedrivetrainscanberaisedclearofthewaterforeasiermaintenanceaccess.
SeaGenManufacturer: MarineCurrentTurbinesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:FullscaledevicewithsecondgenerationcomponentsCurrent location: StrangfordLoughRating:1.2MW
Status
TheSeaGendesignisbasedonexperiencegainedfromthefirstUKseatestedtidalenergyconverter,SeaFlow.SeaFlowwasasinglerotor300kWexperimentalturbinethatwasinstalled3kmnortheastofLynmouthontheNorthDevonCoastinMay2003anddecommissionedinOctober2009.Thedesignofa2MWversionsuitableforarraydeploymentisnowcomplete. Sinceinstallationin2008,theSeaGendevicehasundergonemodificationsthatmostrecentlyincludedreplacement
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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TEL?
Wavegen20
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
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2002
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Concept developed
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Array
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kawasakibolt 2
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ofoneofthedrivetrainswithasecondgenerationunit.TheSeaGendesignwillbeusedfortheproposedSkerriesandKyleRheadeployments.Anon-surfacepiecingvariantisunderdevelopmentthatcouldformthebasisoffuturearrays.
32
Device description
TheVoithHyTidedeviceisaseabed-mountedhorizontalaxistidalstreamturbine.Thethreesymmetricalbladescaptureenergyfromthetidalstreamontheebbandthefloodflowwithoutpitchandyawrequirements.Electricityisgeneratedusingadirectdrive,permanentmagnetassembly.Thedeviceislubricatedwithseawater. Idealsitecharacteristicsinwhichtoinstallthedeviceandmonopolefoundationareaminimumpeakcurrentspeedof3m/sandwaterdepthofatleast30m.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Array
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Concept developed
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Array
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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seagen MCT
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Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
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TEL?
Wavegen
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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Voith Hy Tide 1000-16Manufacturer: VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:ScaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:1MW
Status
Afirstturbineofthistype,a1:3scale110kWdeviceiscurrentlybeinginstalledbyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesintheSouthKoreanwaters.Thereareplanstodeployafarmofapproximately100MWoffshoreinSouthKoreanearJindo. VoithHydroandRWEInnogycompletedpreparatoryworksatEMECinsummer2011withtheturbineinstallationdueinautumn2012forathree-yeartrialoperation.
Device description
TheScotrenewablesTidalTurbine(SRTT)isafloatingtidalstreamturbine.ThemainstructureoftheSRTTisacylindricaltubetowhichdualhorizontalaxisrotorsareattachedviaretractablelegs.Twocounter-rotatingrotorsextractthekineticenergyofthetidalflowwhichisconvertedtoelectricitythoughthepowertake-offsystem.Thesystemhastwoconfigurations;operationalwiththerotorsdowntogeneratepowerandtransportorsurvivalmodewithrotorsretractedwherebyloadsarereducedinheavyseas.Thesystemisdesignedtobeinstalled,operatedandmaintainedusingamulti-catworkboat.Nospecialistvesselsarerequiredatanystageinthe
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
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Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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TEL?
Wavegen
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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Array
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2002
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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SR250Manufacturer: ScotrenewablesType of device:Horizontalaxisturbine(A)Status: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:0.25MW
productlifecycle.TheSRTTisalsosuitedtodeploymentinriverflow.
Status
TheSR250waslaunchedinOrkneyinMarch2011,andiscurrentlyundergoinga24monthtestingprogrammeattheEMECFallofWarnesstidaltestsite.LongertermgridconnecteddeploymentsareplannedforSpring/Summer2012.Abaselinedesignforthenextgeneration
2MWSRTThasbeencompletedandthecompanyislookingtoplacecontractsduring2012formanufacture.
33
5.2 Wave device principles (device classification by EMEC)
Wavesarecreatedbytheinteractionofwindwiththesurfaceofthesea,sometimesoververylongdistances.Thesizeofthewavesisinfluencedbywind,thelocalseabedbathymetry(whichcanfocusordispersetheenergyofthewaves)andcurrents.Wavesofferalargesourceofenergywhichcanbeconvertedintoelectricitybyawaveenergyconverter(WEC).Somewaveenergyconvertershavebeendevelopedtoextractenergyfromtheshoreline,othersfromwatersoffshore,somewithahydraulicpowertake-offsystemandsomewithanelectricalpowertake-offsystem.EMEChasidentifiedsixmaintypesofwaveenergyconverterthatareoutlinedbelow.
Wave energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC)
Themotionofwavescausestheelementsofthedevicetomoverelativetoeachother.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Themotionofwavescausesthefloatingelementtomoverelativetotheanchorpoint.Thislinearoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Awatercolumnisformedusingapartiallysubmerged,hollowstructure.Themotionofthewavescausesthewaterleveltoriseandfallandthismovementisusedtocompressandforceairthroughaturbine.Therotationoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Bypositioningofguidesinteractingwithwaves,waterisforcedupwardsandintoareservoirbeforereturningbackdowntotheseaviaalowheadturbine.Therotationoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Themotionofwavesurgescausesthedevicetomovewithapendulum-likemotion.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Themotionofthewavescausesthesealeveltoriseandfallabovethedevice,inducingapressuredifferential.Thealternatingpressureisusedtopumpfluidtoturnahydraulicmotor.Therotationofthemotorisusedtogenerateelectricity.
Wave Devices
34
Device description
TheBOLT2deviceisanearshore,moored,floatingpointabsorber.Theunitismanufacturedincompositesandsteel.Eachunitmaybeautonomousorremotelyoperated.
Status
FredOlsenhastestedascaledeviceinNorwegianwaterssince2008.AprototypeisplannedtobelaunchedatFaBTestinCornwallduring2012.BOLT2receivedfundingthroughtheTSBtomanufactureanddeploytheprototype,workingwithprivatesectorandacademics. Thistestwillbeexpandedwitharraytestingandtrialgridconnectionatasuitablelocation,potentiallyatWaveHub.
BOLT 2Manufacturer: FredOlsenType of device: Pointabsorber Status: Fullscale Current location:SWEngland Rating: 0.25MW
AWS-IIIManufacturer: AWSOceanEnergyStatus: 1/9ScaleprototypeCurrent location: LochNessRating: 2.5MW(full-scaleproposal)
Device description
TheAWS-IIIconsistsofanumberofinter-connectedflexiblewaveenergyabsorbercellsmountedonacommonfloatingstructure.Theflexiblemembraneabsorbersconvertwaveenergytocompressairwithineachcellasawaveisincidentonthecell.Thecompressedairisusedtodriveaturbineconnectedtoagenerator. Thedeviceisslackmooredinwaterdepthsofaround100musingconventionalmooringspreadswhichreduceswaveloadingsonthedevice.Thesealedairsystemensuresthattherearenomovingparts,increasingsurvivabilityandtheancillarysystemsareprotectedwithinahullwhichcanbeaccessedforpracticalmaintenanceandinspection.
Status
AWSisbackedbyAlstomwhorecentlysignedajointventureagreementwithSSERenewablesforthedevelopmentofa200MWwaveenergyfarmatCostaHead,north-westoftheOrkneymainland.ItisintendedthatthisprojectusestheAWS-IIIwaveenergyconvertertechnology. AWSisconductingaprogrammetodeliverandqualifytheAWS-IIItechnology
forthefirstphaseofCostaHeadwhichisexpectedtobedeployedin2016.Accordingly,AWSexpecttodeployafull-scale2.5MWprototypeAWS-IIIatEMECin2014andarecurrentlyconstructingfullscalecomponentsincludingafullwaveabsorbercellfortestingduring2012.ThisworkissupportedbytheScottishEnterpriseWATERSgrantscheme.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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voith
seatricity
Concept developed
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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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TEL?
Wavegen
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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Concept developed
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Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
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Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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voith
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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Tank testing or modelling
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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TEL?
Wavegen
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Wavedragon
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Concept developed
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kawasakibolt 2
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35
Device description
Oysterisanearshorewave-poweredpumpwhichpusheshighpressurewatertodriveanonshorehydro-electricturbine.Themechanicaloffshoredeviceisconnectedtotheseabedinaroundtenmetreswaterdepth,typicallywithinakilometrefromtheshorefacility.Thepumpisabuoyanthingedflapwhichisalmostentirelyunderwaterandpitchesbackandforthduetowavemotion.Thisdrivestwohydraulicpistonswhichpumphighpressurewaterthroughasubseapipelinetoshoretodrivethehydro-electricturbine. KeydesignfeaturesoftheOysterarethattherearenooffshoreelectronics,electricitygenerationequipmentis
locatedonshoreusinghydro-electricequipment(existingtechnology)andthesubmergednatureofthedevicereducesvisualimpactandwaveloadinginextremewaves.
Status
Thefirstfull-scale0.315MWOysterwasinstalledandgrid-connectedatEMECin2009.Thedevicewithstoodtwowintersanddeliveredover6,000offshoreoperating
Oyster 800Manufacturer: AquamarinePowerType of device:OscillatingwavesurgeconverterStatus:FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:0.8MW
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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Concept developed
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voith
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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
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seagen MCT
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
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GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
Tank testing or modelling
hours.Thefull-scalenext-generationOyster800devicewasinstalledin2011.
Device description
TheLimpetdeviceisashore-mountedoscillatingwatercolumnwhichhasbeentunedtocaptureenergyfromannualaveragewaveintensitiesofbetween15and25kW/m.Itcomprisesanairchamberwithanopeningbelowthewater.Thewaveactionmovesthewaterlevelupanddowntheairchamber,compressingtheair..Theairflowiscapturedbytwocounter-rotatingWellsturbines,whicheachhavea250kWgenerator,oneachsurgeandebbofthewave. Itsshorelinelocationavoidsoffshoreconstruction,installationandservicerequirements.
LimpetManufacturer: VoithHydroWavegenType of device:OscillatingwatercolumnStatus:FullscaleCurrent location:IslayRating:0.5MW
Status
TheLimpet500wasinstalledin2000andisgrid-connected.Thisdeviceisalsousedasadevelopmentalfacility,todemonstratenewsystemsandimprovepoweroutput,suchastestingavariablepitchturbine.Anearshoreapplicationofthetechnologyisunderdevelopment.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
2003
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2002
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
2003
2004
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2007
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
2003
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Concept developed
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36
Device description
ThePenguinisafloatingasymmetricvesselwhichhousesaneccentricrotatingmass.Thedeviceisshapedsothatwavespassingitcausethemasstorotateonaverticalshaftandthismotionisconvertedtoelectricity.The1600tonnevessel,approximately30metersinlength,isheldinplacebythreewiresanchoredtotheseabedbelow.Onlyabouttwometersofeachunitisvisibleabovethesurface.Alloperationalpartsarehousedinsideofitsprotectivecover.
PenguinManufacturer:WelloOyType of device:Other(G)Status:FullscaleCurrent location:BilliaCroo,Orkney,EMECRating:0.6MW
Status
The1:8scaleprototype“BabyPenguin”The1:8scaleprototype,“BabyPenguin”,wastestedinFinlandandthefullscalePenguinisatLynessWharf,Orkney.ItisbeingpreparedforinstallationonanEMECtestberthin2012forayear-longtestprogramme.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling20
02
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Device description
ThePelamisisasemi-submerged,floatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.Aswavespassdownthelengthofthemachine,thetubesectionsmoverelativetoeachotherandhydrauliccylindersinthejointsresistthewave-inducedmotion,pumpingfluidintohighpressureaccumulators.Thisallowsgenerationtobesmoothandcontinuous.Theresistancecanbecontrolledtooptimisethedeviceforuseinvaryingwaveclimates.Astandardsubseacableandequipmentisusedtoconnectthedevice/arrayofdevicestoshore.APelamisisanchoredtothe
Pelamis P2Manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerType of device:Attenuator(A)Status: 2ndgenerationfullscaleCurrent location:NorthBerth,EMECRating:0.75MW
seabedbyaslack,chaincatenarysystemwithayawrestraintline.
Status
ThefirstPelamismachine(P1)wasinstalledin2004and2011sawthemanufactureofthesixthfullscalemachineandsecondutilitycustomer(E.ONandScottishPowerRenewables).Vattenfallhasalsocommittedasathird.TheE.ONP2PelamisisoperatingatEMECwiththeScottishPowerRenewablesP2Pelamissoontobeinstalledalongside.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
2003
2004
2005
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon20
02
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
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Concept developed
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Array
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37
Device description
TheWaveDragonisafloatingovertoppingwaveenergyconverterwithwave-reflectingwings.Wavesarechanneledupanadjustableramptoareservoir,creatingaheaddifferential.Wateristhenpassedthroughanumberoflowheadpropellerhydroturbinestogenerateelectricity.Thismeansthattherearefewmovingparts,aimedatreducingmaintenancerequirements.Thedeviceisslack-mooredtotheseabed.
Wave Dragon Manufacturer:WaveDragonType of device:OvertoppingStatus:Sea-installedscaleprototypeCurrent location:DenmarkRating:1.5MW
Status
A1:3scale1.5MWdevicewasinstalledoffshoreatNissumBredninginDenmarkfrom2003-2010tomodelhowthedevicebehavesintheNorthSeaclimate.WaveDragonintendstoinstallapre-commercialdemonstratoroffthecoastofMilfordHaven,WalesandhassubmittedanEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandapplicationforconsent.
Alsthom AWARCAquamarine
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro
Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse
ScotRe
TGL wello
2002
2003
2004
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Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
voith
seatricity
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modellingConcept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
2003
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seagen MCT
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
TEL?
Wavegen
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Wavedragon
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
2002
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
kawasakibolt 2
2002
2003
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Concept developed
Scale sea trials
Full scale sea trials
GWh production
Array
Tank testing or modelling
Device description
ThePowerBuoyisconstructedastwomainhullelements,thesparandthefloat.Thesparisdesignedtoremainasstationaryaspossiblewhilstthefloatrespondsactivelyanddynamicallytowaveforces.Thedifferenceinmotionbetweenthetwohullsiscapturedasmechanicalenergyandconvertedviaonboardgenerators.TheintentofthePowerBuoycontrolsystemistotunetheresponseofthesystemtomaximisepowercapturefromeachwave.ConventionalmooringsystemsareusedtotethereachPowerBuoy.
Status
OceanPowerTechnologieshasbeen
PowerBuoy – PB150Manufacturer: OceanPowerTechnologiesType of device:Pointabsorber(B)Status:ScaleprototypeCurrent location: Invergordon,ScotlandRating:0.15MW
activeintheUSAandSpainandhasprojectsforbothEnglandandScotland.ItiscommittedtoWaveHub,Hayle,withaproposedarrayandsuccessfullydeployedthePB150PowerBuoyoffInvergordoninApril2011.Duringthisprojecttestsfocusedonissuessuchasexaminingtheresponseofthestructureandmooringsystemintheoffshoreenvironmentandthepowerproduction,usingreal-timedataandwavedatafromanearbyresourcebuoy.
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Device description
TheWaveRollerdeviceisaflapanchoredtotheseabedatitsbase.Thebackandforthmovementofthewavesurgemovestheflap,transferringthekineticenergytopistonpumps,whichfeedintoanonshoregeneratorsystem.Thenominalcapacityofasinglecommercial-scaleflaprangesbetween0.5MWto1MW,dependingonthewaveresourcesavailableonthesite.Theplantconstructionismodular;therefore,itoffersahighlevelofscalability. TheWaveRollerisdesignedsuchthatlargewavespassabovethedevice,thusreducingextremeloading.Otherdesignconsiderationsareaccessibilityformaintenance,simpleinstallationthroughusingafloatandsubmergemethodandminimalvisualimpactonthedeploymentsite.
Status
Thefirstprototypesweredesignedasearlyas1999.Openseatrailsstartedin2004andincludeddeploymentintheGulfofFinland,atEMECandatAW-Energy’sowntestingsitePeniche,Portugal.Thelatestdemonstrationfarmconsistingofthree100kWWaveRollerunitsistobedeployedalsoinPeniche,Portugal,duringthesecondquarterof2012.Thecompanyhasalreadysecuredallthenecessarypermitsandholdsalicencefor1MWgridconnection.
WaveRollerManufacturer: AWEnergyType of device: OscillatingwavesurgeconvertorStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location: PortugalRating: 0.8MW(perplate)
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6. UK and Abroad
Thewaveandtidalsectorextractsenergyfromnaturallyoccurring,abundantandcleanresources.Globally,itisestimatedthatthereis180TWh2ofeconomicallyaccessibletidalenergyandover500TWhofeconomicallyaccessiblewaveenergyavailableannually.Thetidalresourceisheavilydependentonlocalseabedgeometry,andwaveenergyreliesonareasofseawherethewindcaninteractwiththeseasurfaceoverlongdistances(alongfetch).
Asanisland,theUKhassubstantialnaturalwaveandtidalenergyresources.Despitehavinglessthanonepercentoftheworld’spopulation,ithasbeenestimatedthatUKwaterscontainaround15percent3oftheworld’seconomicallyaccessibletidalresourceandover10percentoftheworld’seconomicallyaccessiblewaveresource.4Thistidalresourceisestimatedat29TWh,andwaveis50TWh.5
6.1 UK position
TheUKisregardedastheworld’sleadingmarketforbothwaveandtidalprojectdevelopment.Ithas:• Asignificantshareoftheglobal
economicallyaccessiblewaveandtidalresource.
• IndustryleadingtestinginfrastructureinplaceatEMEC,Narec,WaveHubandFabTest.
• Amarketsupportmechanismithatisregardedasthemostattractivetariffcurrentlyavailable.
• Frameworksforprojectleasingandconsentingthatarebeingproactivelydevelopedinconsultationwithprojectdevelopers,TheCrownEstateandstatutoryplanningbodies.
InMarch2010,TheCrownEstateannouncedthatithadenteredintoagreementsfortheleaseofprojectswithapotentialcapacityofupto1.2GW,splitequallybetweenwaveandtidalprojects.InOctober2010,afurther0.4GWoftidalenergywasadded.Thisleasingactivityfarexceedscurrentplannedcapacityinanyothersinglecountry.TheCrownEstatereportPentland Firth and Orkney waters: How the projects could be builtprovidesanoverviewoftheactivityrequiredtodeliverthistargetalongwithdetailsofindividualleases.
Thesuccessfuldeploymentofthisplanned1.6GWofwaveandtidalenergyis,however,dependentonsuccessfullyprovingindividualdevicesandthesubsequentdeploymentofsmalldemonstrationarrays.TheCrownEstatehasundertakenseparateindividualleasingactivitiestoenablethesesingleandmultipledevicedeployments.Figure6.1indicatescurrentareasofactivityaroundtheUK.Itisexpectedthatthefirstsmallarrays(5-10MW)willbegininstallationin2013withseveraloperationalby2016.ThemovetoequaliseROCawardsbetweenScotlandandtherestoftheUKwillinfluencethedevelopmentratesofprojectsinbothEnglishandWelshwaters.
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FullscaletidaltestsiteProposeddevicearrays
Fullscalewavetestsite
Gridconnectedtidalproject(independentoftestsites)
EMEC: Fall of WarnessAR-1000–1MW
DeepGenIV–1MWHS1000–1MW
HyTide1000-16–1MWOpenCentreTurbine–0.3MW
SR250–0.25MW
EMEC: Billia CrooOyster800–0.8MWPelamisP2–0.75MWPelamisP2–0.75MWPengiun–0.6MWSeatricity–0.3MW
SeaGen – 1.2MW
Pulse Stream – 0.1MW
Delta Stream – 1.2MW
Figure 6.1 The Crown Estate current wave and tidal activity
Wave Hub test centreno project installed
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6.2 Global developments
TheEUmemberstateshaveatargettodeployaround2GWofmarineenergyby2020,whiletheUSAandCanadaarecoordinatingapproachestodevelopmarketsandcommercialisation.AcrossEuropethereisasignificantambitiontodevelopmarineenergy,notablyinthecountriesontheAtlanticarc(UK,Ireland,France,SpainandPortugal).Between2002and2006,supporttotalling€17.3millionwasprovidedtoninewavepowerdemonstrationprojects,ranginginsizefrom€0.8millionto€2.4millionperproject.IntheSeventhFrameworkProgramme(FP7),theEuropeanCommissionhasinvestednoverthepastfouryears€20millioninfourdemonstrationprojects(threewaveprojectsandonetidalproject),and€21millionon“softactions”includingenvironmentalmonitoring.Table6.1listsanycountriesthathavepublicallyannouncedplansforwaveandtidaldeploymentsorthathavediscloseddetailsofdevicescurrentlyundertest.
6.3 Export
TheUKisquicklybuildingatrackrecordinthedesignandmanufactureofwaveandtidaldevicesandconstructionandoperationofprojectsthatputitinastrongpositiontoexportthiscapabilitytoothermarkets.Thepotentialforthisexportcouldbehinderedbyrequirementsforlocalcontentinsomemarketstechnologyknowledgeislikelytobehighlyvalued. MarineCurrentTurbinesandOpenHydrohavebothsecuredleasesintheBayofFundyinCanada.OceanPowerTechnologiesandAquamarinePowerwilldeploydevicestotheUSmarketandPelamis,alongwithotherdevelopers,isinnegotiationstosupplydevicesinotherpartsofEurope.EMEChasalsobeenapproachedbyNewZealandandAustraliatocollaboratewithplansfortheirrespectivemarineenergytestprogrammes. TheEnergyandClimatechangeselectcommitteehasidentifiedalargeexportopportunityfortheUK.Based
onresearchbytheCarbonTrust,ithasstatedthatthevalueoftheglobalindustrywouldbeoftheorderof£340Billionby2050.TheUK’sShareofthismarketcouldbeashighas£76Billionifactionistakentofosterthemarineenergycapabilitywithinourborders.Thecorrectpolicymeasures,includinganenablinglevelofsupportprovidedthroughtheElectricityMarketReformmechanism,couldcatalysealowcarbonindustrialrevolutionandproviderealvaluetotheUKonthelongerterm.
6.4 Import
Theindustry-leadingmarketconditionsintheUKhavealreadyattracteddeviceandprojectdeveloperstotheUKtotestdevicesanddevelopprojects.HammerfestStromnowhasitsdevelopmentanddesignteamheadquarteredintheUKfollowingrelocationfromNorwayandorganisationssuchasKawasaki,Siemens,ABBandAlstomhavetakeninterestsinUK-basedmanufacturersandprojects.
Country Wave Tidal Description
Australia Installed OceanlinxandCarnegiehavedeployedunitswithplansforfurtherdevicedeploymentinarrays.
Canada Installed
FORCE(FundyOceanResearchCentreforEnergy)intheBayofFundy,NovaScotiaisthecentrefortestingof
tidaldevicewith:
• Initialdeploymentsofa1MWOpenHydrodevicebyNovaScotiaPowercomplete
• Negotiationsongoingwithanothertwodevelopers;usingMCTandAlstomHydrotechnology.
China Installed 1MWwavedeviceinstalledinGuanzhouprovincewithsignificantplansforadditionalcapacity.
Denmark Installed TestingofascaleWaveDragondevicehasbeenongoingattheNissumBredningtestfacilitysince2003.
France Planned In2012EDFplantoinstallthefirstoffourOpenHydro2MWturbinesinBrittany.
India Planned ThestateofGujuratisplanninginstallationof50MWoftidalstreamcapacity.Withthenextfiveyears
Korea InstalledTidalstreamcapacityinstalledatJindoUldolmokin2009withplansfor100MWoncedevicetechnologyhas
beentestedandproven.
NewZealand Planned PlanstoharnesstidalenergyintheCookStraitinplacesince2008wheninitialconsentwasawarded.
Norway Installed Testingcompletein2010foratidalsailtechnologyatLukksundet.
Portugal InstalledThreePelamisP1deviceswereinstalledoffthecoastforashortperiodoftime.Significantlongtermplansfor
waveenergystillactive.TheWaveRollerdeviceiscurrentlybeingdeployed.
Spain InstalledDevelopmentsalongNorthernSpainatCantabriaincludetestingofanOPTPB40dVevicewithplansforsmall
arrays.
Sweden InstalledUppsalaUniversityhasconductedwaveenergytestsattheLysekiltestsitesince2005withlongtermplansto
deploylargearrays.
USA Installed Installed
WestcoastUShasactivedevelopmentprogrammefortheinstallationofwaveenergydevicesfocussedin
initiallyaroundOregon.ThiscomplementstheexistingtestdeploymentofOPTinHawaii.NewYork’sEastriver
hashousedasingleVerdant1MWturbinewithplansforlargearraysinthecomingyears.
Table 6.1 Global Project Development
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7. Industrial Partnerships
Theentryoflarge-scaleindustrialorganisationsintothewaveandtidalsectorisseenbothasapositivesignforthecommercialstatusoftheindustryandanecessarysteptoensuretimelyrampupofsupplychaincapabilitytodeliverthiswhatwillbeneededinthisgrowingmarket.Devicemanufacturersbynecessitymustgrowfromsmalltechnologyincubatororganisationstolargescalesuppliersofcommercialpowergenerationequipment.Todothissuccessfully,thepracticesandapproachesofotherindustrialsectorsmustbeapplied.
Itisanaturaldevelopmentforexistingdevicemanufacturerseithertopartnerwithorganisationswiththenecessaryexperienceorgrowtheirowninternalcapability.ThemoveofABB,Alstom,Andritz,Siemens,VoithHydroandotherstoinvestintheindustryshowthatthispartneringistakingplace.Thedevice-specifictechnicalknowledgeandexperienceofdeployingandoperatingwaveandtidaldevicesisretainedbythedevicemanufacturerbuttheindustrialpartnertypicallybrings:
• Financialsecurityandassurancesthatwillsupporttheattractionoffurtherprivateandpublicsectorfunding.
• Accesstoaexperiencedresourcestocovertechnicalissuesandtomanagethehighervolumeproductionactivities.
• Supportfromanestablishedsupplychaintoincreasecompetitionforsupply.
• Experienceengagingwithgovernments,stakeholdersandsupplierstofacilitateprojectdevelopment,manufactureandconstructionactivities.
Profile
Alstomisagloballeaderintheworldofpowergeneration,powertransmissionandrailinfrastructure.Alstomprovidesturnkeyintegratedpowerplantsolutionsandassociatedservicesforawidevarietyofenergysources,includinghydro,nuclear,gas,coalandwind,anditoffersawiderangeofsolutionsforpowertransmission,withafocusonsmartgrids.
Involvement
AlstomhasadedicatedOceanEnergybaseinNantes,fromwhichthedevelopmentoftheirOceanCurrentturbineisbeingled.Theyhavealsoacquireda40percentstakeinAWSOceanEnergyandenteredajointventurewithSSEfortheCostaHeadWaveProjectinthePentlandFirth.Alstomaimstodevelopaleadingpositioninbothwaveandtidalenergytocomplementitspositioninthehydroandwindsectors.
AlstomRelevant market: PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location:FranceUK presence:Manufacturingsince1889Global turnover:£18billion(2011)
7.1 Industy Case Studies
Profile
ABBisagloballeaderinpowerandautomationtechnologiesthatenableutilityandindustrycustomerstoimprovetheirperformancewhileloweringenvironmentalimpact.ABB’scapabilityincludeslow,mediumandhighvoltageproductsincludingDCtransmissionandhighvoltageswitchgear.Theyarealsoactiveinoffshorepowertechnologyandprocessautomation.
Involvement
ABBTechnologyVenturesinvested£7minAquamarinein2011.AnewofficehasbeenestablishedinEastKilbridethatwillacttoservetheexpandingrenewableenergymarketsincludingwaveandtidal.ABBhascapabilityinpowertransmissionandautomationbothonshoreandoffshorethatplacestheminastrongpositiontosupplythisgrowingindustry.ABBhasalsosuppliedPelamisWavePowerwithspeciallydesignedgenerators.
ABBRelevant market: PowerandautomationBase location: SwitzerlandUK presence:Manufacturingsince1988Global turnover:£27billion(2011)
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Rolls-RoyceRelevant market:Powersystems&marinepropulsionBase location:UKUK presence:Manufacturingsince1884Global turnover:£11.3billion(2011)
Profile
Rolls-Royce,aworld-leadingproviderofpowersystemsandservicesforuseonland,atseaandintheair,hasestablishedastrongpositioninglobalmarkets-civilaerospace,defenceaerospace,marineandenergyandnuclear.
Involvement
Rolls-RoyceacquiredTidalGenerationLtdin2009andareactivelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofbothdeviceandprojectportfolios.Itislookingtosupporttheshifttoindustrialscaleoutputoftidalenergyandtogainanearlyentryadvantageinthisemergingarea.Tidalenergyiscomplementarytoitpowergenerationandmarinesectoractivitiescurrently.
AndritzRelevant market:Relevantmarket: HydropowerandprocesstechnologyBase location:AustriaUK presence:VariousGlobal turnover:£4billion(2011)
Profile
InternationaltechnologyGroupAndritzisagloballyleadingsupplierofplants,equipment,andservicesforhydropowerstations,thepulpandpaperindustry,solid/liquidseparationinthemunicipalandindustrialsectors,thesteelindustry,andtheproductionofanimalfeedandbiomasspellets.
Involvement
AndritzHydroincreaseditsownershipofHammerfestStrømtoamajorityinMarch2012.Tidalenergysitsasacomplementarysectortoitshydropoweroperations,whichincludesthesupplyofturbinestotheworld’slargesttidalbarrageatSihwa,India.AndritzHydrowillbeinvolvedinbothprojectanddevicedevelopmentalongsideotherkeyshareholders.
SiemensRelevant market:PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location:GermanyUK presence:ManufacturingandsalesGlobal turnover:£60billion(2011)
Profile
Siemenshasaheritageinpowergenerationandtransmissionincludingamarketleadingpositionintheoffshorewindasawindturbinemanufacturer.Generalskillsandexperiencelieindesigndevelopment,manufacturingandindustrialscaleprocurement.
Involvement
Siemensownsa90percentshareofMarineCurrentTurbines,includingbothdeviceandprojectpipelines.Itislookingtosupporttheshifttoindustrialscaleoutputoftidalenergydevicesandtogainearlymoveradvantageinthisemergingarea.Tidalenergysitsasacomplementarysectortoitswindpowerdivisionandgeneralenergyactivities.
VoithRelevant market:PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location: GermanyUK presence:ManufacturingandsalesGlobal turnover: £5billion(2011)
Profile
Voithoperatesinenergy,oilandgas,paper,rawmaterials,andtransportationandautomotivemarketsworldwide.Itmanufacturespapermachinery,hydroelectricequipmentforpowergenerationanddriveandbrakingsystemsforindustry,rail,road,andmarinemarkets.
Involvement
VoithHydroownamajoritystakeinbothawaveandtidaltechnology.TheVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesjointventureislookingtodeploya1MWtidalturbineatEMECanddevelopprojectopportunitiesglobally.VoithHydroWavegenownstookoverthedevicedevelopmentofWavegenin2005,includingUKandoverseasportfolio.Marineenergyiscomplementarytotheircorehydrobusiness.
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8. Future Challenges
Throughengagementwithindustry,weidentifiedthefollowingkeychallengesforthesector:
• BringingthelifetimecostofenergydownthroughreductionofbothdeviceCAPEXperMWhandOPEXperMWh,basedonaclearunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencethesecosts.Improvingreliability,maximisinggeneratingperformanceandminimisingthecostofinstallationandoperationarekeycomponentsofthis.
• Furtherdevelopingtheadditionalinfrastructure(balanceofplant,installationandmaintenanceequipment)requiredtoimplementsmallandlargescalearrays.
• DevelopingaUKsupplychainwiththenecessaryskillsandcapacitytodeliverrapidgrowthinthesectorandtocapturethesocioeconomicbenefitsoftheindustryinthelongterm.
Thesewillbeachievedthroughacombinationofimprovementsintechnologyandsupplychain,includingthroughtheinvolvementoflargerindustrialplayersanddrawingonexperiencefromparallelsectorsincludingwind,oilandgas,aerospaceandcommercialfishing.
Therearewiderissuesthatwillaffectthelongtermviabilityofthesector,alongwithotherrenewableenergytechnologies,thatthesectorisverymuchawareneedtoberesolvedassoonaspossible,namely:
• ElectricityMarketReform–Alongsidecompetingtechnologies,themarinesectormustputforwardclearmessagesonthestatusoftheindustryandrequirementsforongoingsupporttocontinueitsgrowth.Themovement
ofindustrialpartnersintothesectorwillsupportthejustificationofenhancedfundingbutaclearpathwayforcostofenergyreductionmustbedeveloped.
• Workingwithstakeholderstoimproveprocessesrelatingtoassessmentandmitigationofenvironmentalimpactaspartoftheconsentingprocess.
• Longtermgridinfrastructureplanning,includinginterconnectorsbetweenScottishIslandsandagreementontransmissionaccesscharges.
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ThewaveandtidalsectorgrowthrequiredtodeliverUKandglobaltargetsissignificantandawiderangeofskillsandserviceswillberequiredtodevelopasustainableandsuccessfulindustry.IfyouareinterestedinbecominginvolvedinthesectororlearningmoreinthefirstinstancepleasecontactRenewableUK:
David KrohnWaveandTidalEnergyDevelopmentManagerTel:+44(0)2079013020Fax:+44(0)[email protected]
9. Getting Involved
Private organisation Contact
AlstomHydro KenStreet–[email protected]
AquamarinePower NeilDavidson–[email protected]
AtlantisResourcesCorporation OliverWragg–[email protected]
AWEnergy TomaszMucha–[email protected]
AWSOceanEnergy SimonGrey–[email protected]
Fred.OlsenRenewables ToreGulli–[email protected]
AndritzHydroHammerfest SteinAndersen–[email protected]
MarineCurrentTurbines DavidAinsworth–[email protected]
Minesto AndersJansson–[email protected]
OceanPowerTechnologies TimStiven–[email protected]
OpenHydro SueBarr–[email protected]
PelamisWavePower RichardYemm–[email protected]
PulseTidal BobSmith,CEO–[email protected]
ScotrenewablesTidalPower JohnMcGlynn–[email protected]
TidalEnergy ChrisWilliams–[email protected]
TidalGeneration RobStevenson–[email protected]
VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologies WolfgangMaier–[email protected]
VoithHydroWavegen MatthewSeed–[email protected]
WaveDragon HansChristianSorensen–[email protected]
Wello HeikkiPaakkinen–[email protected]
9.1 Industry directoryDevicemanufacturersinvolvedintheindustryandfeaturedinthispublicationare:
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10. End Notes
1.EMEC,WaveDevelopers,www.emec.org.uk/wave_energy_developers.asp;EMEC,TidalDevelopers,www.emec.org.uk/tidal_developers.asp
2. TheCarbonTrust,FutureMarineEnergy,2006.
3. TheCarbonTrust,Acceleratingmarineenergy,2011.
4.EnergyTechnologySystemsAnalysisProgramme,MarineEnergy(TechnicalBriefE13),EnergyTechnologyNetwork,May2010.
5.TheCarbonTrust,Acceleratingmarineenergy,2011.
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