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    INFORME DE INGLES I-II

    56622 5!AkxDm$

    Profesora: Lilian Berrospi

    Alumna : Deli Marilu Jave Ruiz

    Especialidad : Educacion para el trabajo

    Codigo : N 1309100102

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    Trujillo-Peru

    POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

    We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something. Thepossessive adjectives are:

    my, your, his, her, its, our, their

    NUMBER PERSON GENDER POSSESSIVEADJECTIVE

    EXAMPLESENTENCE

    singular

    1st male/female my This is mybook.2nd male/female your I like yourhair.

    3rd

    male his Hisname is "John".

    female her Hername is "Mary".

    neuter its The dog islicking itspaw.

    plural

    1st male/female our We have

    sold ourhouse.

    2nd male/female your Yourchildren arelovely.

    3rd male/female/neuter their The studentsthanked theirteacher.

    singular/plural 1st/2nd/3rd male/female (notneuter)

    whose Whosephone didyou us

    EXERCISES

    1. Rajesh is feeling very ______.2. Nokia is a _______ company.3. Rajat is _______ than Ramesh.4. Amongst the three brothers, Aditya is the ________.5. She will live ______ than him.6. What about this? Isnt it _______?7. The test was ________ than I thought it would be.

    8. He is the ________ boy in his class.9. This locality is ________ than ours.10.You are so ________, I am sure you can pick this up.

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    VERB TO BE (SER/ ESTAR)

    AFFIRMATIVE FORM:

    I am

    You are

    He is

    She is

    It IsWe Are

    You Are

    They Are

    El verboto bemuestra la existencia de algo o alguien, o da informacin de una cosa oalgo.

    Example:

    .They are good Friends

    .He ismy brother

    .Candy isa sweet girl

    .She isin the kitchen

    The affirmative form of the verb to be ( ser o estar)

    .I am yo soy/ yo estoy

    .You are t, us, eres o estas

    .He is l es o est

    .She is ella es o est

    .It is eso es o est

    .We are nosotros somos o estamos

    .You are ustedes son o estan

    I am I'm

    You are You' re

    He is He's

    She is She's

    It is It' s

    We are We' re

    You are You' re

    They are They' re

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    .They are ellos o ellas son o estn

    EXERCISES:

    It cold today.

    I at home now.

    They Korean.

    There---

    a pen on the desk.

    My name Nikita.

    We from Ukraine.

    That right.

    I OK, thanks.

    Clara and Steve married.

    She an English teacher.

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    THE ALPHABET

    The English alphabetconsists of twenty-six letters, which are divided into vowels andconsonants. A Vowel is a letter which makes, by itself, a perfect sound. The vowels area, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y. A consonant is a letter which expresses no soundwithout a vowel.

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    VERB TO BE (SER/ ESTAR)

    EXERCISES:

    ---

    Jane and Alice sisters?

    this car yours?

    I in your way?

    Maria John's sister?

    you twenty-five years old?

    the Smiths divorced?

    this your new bicycle?

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    COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES

    China China ChainaChinese Chino ChainsJapan Japn Yapan (2 silabas)Japanese Japons YapansEgypt Egipto yiptEgyptian Egipcio IypshanSomali Somal SomliKenya Kenia KeniaKenyan Keniata KenianGhana Ghana GanaGhanaian Ghans GanianSouth Africa Sudfrica Sauz fricaSouth African Sudafricano Sauz fricn

    COUNTRY NATIONALITY PRONUNCIATIONSpain Spain SpainSpanish Espaol SpaneshCanada Canad CnadaCanadian Canadiense CanidienThe United Statesof America

    Estados Unidos deAmerica

    Iunited Steits

    American / NorthAmerican

    Americano /Norteamericano

    Amirican/ NorzAmeirican

    Australia Australia AstriliaAustralian Australiano AstrilianIreland Irlanda AirlandIrish Irlands AirishScotland Escocia SctlandScottish Escocs Scotish

    England Inglaterra InglandEnglish Ingls ngleshFrance Francia FransFrench Francs FrenchGermany Alemania YirmaniGerman Alemn YirmanPortugal Portugal PorchuglPortuguese Portugus PorchuguisItaly Italia ItlyItalian Italiano Italien

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    Mexico Mjico MecsicoMexican Mejicano MecsicnPanama Panam PanamaPanamanian Panameo Panameinian

    Jamaica Jamaica YameicaJamaican Jamaicano YameicanCosta Rica Costa Rica Costa RicaCosta Rican Costarricense Costa RicanCuba Cuba KiubaCuban Cubano KiubanArgentina Argentina AryentinaArgentinian Argentino AryentinianColombia Colombia ColambiaColombian Colombiano Colambian

    Peru Per PeruPeruvian Peruano PerufvianChile Chile ChiliChilean Chileno ChileienBrazil Brasil BrasilBrazilian Brasileo BrasilianVenezuela Venezuela FVenesuelaVenezuelan Venezolano FVenesuelenBolivia Bolivia BolifviaBolivian Boliviano Bolifvian

    Paraguay Paraguay PeragueiParaguayan Paraguayo PeragueienUruguay Uruguay IuragueyUruguayan Uruguayo IuragueienNicaragua Nicaragua NicaraguaNicaraguan Nicaragense NicaraguenEcuador Ecuador EcuadorEcuadorian Ecuatoriano EcuadorianEl Salvador El Salvador El SalfvadorSalvadorian Salvadoreo Salfvadorian

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    ARTICLES A- AN

    Aand anare the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known tothe person you are communicating with. A and an are used before nouns that introducesomething or someone you have not mentioned before:

    Examples: a Cooka cata doga fisha goal

    B) And we use: an + a vowel sound (a e i o u)

    Examples: an applean elephant

    an iglooan orangean umbrella

    Note: It is not a question of spelling.It depends on the pronunciation of the words thatfollow the articles a / an.

    Some words that sound different (and start with vowels):

    a uniform.not an uniforma university.not an universitya one-man orchestranot an one-man

    Examples: a man a womana tiger a tigress

    a desk a tablea telephone a computeran article a particle

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    NUMBERS

    NUMBER ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION0 Zero cirou1 One uan2 Two tu3 Three thri4 Four for5 Five faiv6 Six six7 Seven Seven8 Eight eit9 Nine Nain10 Ten ten11 Eleven ileven12 twelve twelve - tuelv13 thirteen thertin14 fourteen fortin15 fifteen feftin

    16 sixteen sextin17 seventeen seventin18 eighteen eitin19 nineteen Naintin20 twenty Tuenti21 twenty-one tuenti-uan22 twenty-two twenty-two23 twenty-three tuenti- thri24 twenty-four tuenti-for25 twenty-five tuenti-faiv26 twenty-six tuenti-sex

    27 - twenty-seven tuenti-seven28 twenty-eight tuenti-eit29 twenty-nine tuenti-nain30 thirty Forti40 forty Forti50 fifty Fefti60 sixty Sexti70 seventy Seventi80 eighty Eiti90 ninety Nainti100 a-hundred a-jandred

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    PREPOSITIONS

    Definition:Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns,pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. Theynever change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they arereferring to.

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    POSSESSIVE WITH (S)

    Use:

    Possessive adjectives after a name and before a noun. They tell you who

    owns something.

    This isJohnscoat.

    Is thisTinasbag?

    Dont usesafter things.

    I cleanthe gardens pondevery week . => I cleanthe pond in the

    gardenevery week.

    Whatsthe books name? => Whatsthe name of the

    book?

    You can usually usesafter organisations and groups of people.

    Its thegovernmentsdecision. OR Itsthe decision of the

    government.

    Tom is thecompanysnew director. OR Tom isthe new director of the

    company.

    You can use s after time expressions.

    What time istomorrowsmeeting?

    You can sometimes usesafter countries and cities.

    Indias populationis rising.

    But you cannot do this if it refers to a person.

    I met Londons mayor last week. => I metthe mayor ofLondonlast week.

    Englands Queenis well-known. => The Queen of Englandis well-known.

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    Form: To make the possessive form, add sto the end of the name.

    Is thatJacksbag?

    With two names, only add sto the second name.

    ThatsJane and Harryshouse. NOT Thats Janes and Harrys house.

    If something belongs to two or more people, put the apostrophe() after theplural s. Do not write a second s.

    Myparentshouse is really big. NOT My parentss house is really big.

    However, if the plural noun is irregular, write the apostrophe () before the

    S.

    The childrensparty was great.NOT The childrens party was great.

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    ADJECTIVES

    Adjectives are words used to describe people, things, events etc. They are used inconnection with nouns and pronouns

    Adjectives can be used in two ways:

    1.- Before Nouns: (attributive position)

    Examples:

    a niceday an oldsong a blue sky a youngman

    2.- in the complement of a sentence -after some verbs like is , seem, look, and

    a few other verbs- (predicative position)

    Examples:

    She is beautiful He is old They look tired

    EXERCISIES

    1. He was wearing a ________ shirt.

    dirty old flannel

    flannel old dirty

    old dirty flannel

    2. Pass me the ________ cups.

    plastic big blue

    big blue plasticbig plastic blue

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    3. All the girls fell in love with the ________ teacher.

    handsome new American

    American new handsome

    new handsome American

    HAVE /HAS GOT

    1. We use have gotand haveto talk about possession.

    I've got a new house / I havea new house.

    Hasshe gota car? / Doesshe havea car?

    2. We use have gotand have to talk about relationships.

    Haveyou gota girlfriend? / Doyou havea girlfriend?

    He's gotthree brothers / He hasthree brothers.

    3. We use have gotand have to talk about illnesses.

    I've gota bad cold / I havea bad cold.

    4. We use have gotand have to talk about characteristics.

    Her office has gota nice view / Her office hasa nice view.

    Why hashe gota tattoo? / Why doeshe havea tattoo?

    AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

    LONG FORM CONTRACTED FORM

    I have gota brother. I've gota brother.

    You have gota sister. You've gota sister.

    He has gota budgie. He's gota budgie.

    She has gota dog. She's gota dog.

    It has gotBluetooth. It's gotBluetooth.

    We have gotCDs. We've gotCDs.You have gota nice room. You've gota nice room.

    They have gotpets. They've gotpets.

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    NEGATIONS

    LONG FORM CONTRACTED FORM

    I have not gota brother.I haven't gota brother. orI've not gota brother.

    You have not gota sister. Youhaven't gota sister. or

    You've not gota sister.

    He has not gota budgie. Hehasn't gota budgie. or

    He's not gota budgie.

    She has not gota dog. Shehasn't gota dog. or

    She's not gota dog.

    It has not gotBluetooth.It hasn't gotBluetooth. orIt's not gotBluetooth.

    We have not gotCDs. Wehaven't gotCDs. or

    We've not gotCDs.

    You have not gota nice room. Youhaven't gota nice room. or

    You've not gota nice room.

    They have not gotpets.They haven't gotpets. orThey've not gotpets.

    QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

    HaveI gottime?Yes, I have.No, I haven't.

    Haveyou gotlots of friends? Yes, I have.No, I haven't.

    Hashe gota mobile phone?Yes, he has.No, he hasn't.

    Hasshe gota pink car? Yes, she has.No, she hasn't.

    Hasit gotmudguards? Yes, it has.No, it hasn't.

    Havewe gotmilk? Yes, we have.No, we haven't.

    Haveyou gota brown bag?Yes, we have.No, we haven't.

    Havethey gotnice books? Yes, they have.No, they haven't.

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    PLURALS

    In order to change a singular noun to its plural form in English, you usually add "s". Forexample, the plural ofbookis books. The plural of tableis tables. These are regularplurals.

    But there are many nouns which don't follow this rule. For example the pluralof fishis fish. The plural of toothis teeth. These are irregular plurals

    Singular + -S

    singular plural

    a car two cars

    a cassette two cassettes

    a lamp two lamps

    a hat two hats

    a cup two cups

    ADD -ES AFTER SIBILANTS:

    singular plural

    a box two boxes

    a sandwich two sandwiches

    a suitcase two suitcases

    a rose two roses

    a garage two garages

    SUBSTITUTE Y AFTER CONSONANTWITH -IES:

    singular plural

    a city two cities

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    a lady two ladies

    ADD -S AFTER VOWEL + Y:

    singular plural

    a boy two boys

    a day two days

    NOUNS ON -F OR -FE:

    add -s substitute with -ves

    singular plural singular plural

    a roof two roofs a thief two thieves

    a cliff two cliffs a wife two wives

    a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf two shelves

    NOUNS ON -O FORM THE PLURAL BY ADDING -S OR -ES.

    add -s substitute with -ves

    singular plural singular plural

    a disco two discos a tomato two tomatoes

    a piano two pianos a potato two potatoes

    a photo two photos a hero two heroes

    Irregular plural forms:

    singular plural

    a man two men

    a woman two women

    a child two children

    a mouse two micea tooth two teeth

    a goose two geese

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    a foot two feet

    an ox two oxen

    THERE IS THERE ARE

    We use there is (singular) / there are (plural) to say that sth is located in the

    place or exists:

    There is a book on the desk. / There are many books on the shelf.

    We use there isnt(singular) / there arent(plural) to say that sth isnt located

    in the place or doesnt exist:

    e.g. There isnt a book on the desk. / There arent any books on the shelf.

    We use Is there?(singular) / Are there...? (plural) to ask whether sth is

    located in the place or exists:

    PARA DECIR HAY EN INGL S USAMOS"THERE IS EN SINGULAR

    AFIRMATIVO There is a book. Hay un libro.

    NEGATIVO There isn't a boy. No hay un chico.INTERROGATIVO Is there a table? Hay una mesa?

    THERE ARE EN PLURAL

    AFIRMATIVO There are books. Hay libros.

    NEGATIVO There aren't boys. No hay chicos.

    INTERROGATIVO Are there any tables? Hay mesas?

    PARA USAR ESTA EXPRESIN EL OTROS TIEMPOS ,POR EJEMPLO HABR O HUBO SECAMBIA EL TIEMPO DE "TO BE"

    FUTURO There will be books. Habr libros.PASADO Were there books? Haba libros?

    CONDICIONAL There would be books. Habra libros.

    LAS RESPUESTAS CORTAS SE HACEN AS:

    SINGULAR Is there time? Yes, there is.

    No, there isn'tPLURAL Are there any children? Yes, there are

    No, there aren't.

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    EXERCISES:

    1. __________ dogs in the park.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    2. __________ sugar in the tea.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    3. __________ salt in the pasta.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    4. __________ 3 pencils on the table.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    5. __________ some children in the class.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    6. __________ some sand in my shoe.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    7. __________ people on the bus.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    8. __________ not much pollution in this city.

    a) There is

    b) There are

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    9. __________ many mistakes on your test.

    a) There is

    b) There are

    SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

    (AFIRMATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE FORM)

    Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The

    action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that oftenhappens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

    THE FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT

    THE AFFIRMATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT

    I, you, we, they play.

    He, she, it plays.

    Remember the verbs in the third person singular (he,she and it) always take an "s". Forexample, "heplays, shesings,it works..."

    Examples:

    Nancy and Jamesspeakgood German. Nancy worksin a restaurant downtown.

    The childrenplayin the garden every weekend.

    THE INTERROGATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT:

    Do I, you, we, they play?

    Does he, she, it

    Examples:

    Doyou speakgood German?

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    DoesNancy workin a restaurant downtown?

    THE NEGATIVE FORM OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT:

    I, you, we,they do not play.

    don't

    He, she, it does not

    doesn't

    Examples:

    No, I don't speakGerman. No, she doesn't workin a restaurant downtown So the rule is:

    He / she / it + Verb + S

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    IMPERATIVES

    Definition:Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning orinstructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of

    an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).

    For example:

    Give me that tape, please.

    To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"

    For example:

    Come here! Sit down!

    To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:

    For example:

    Don't go! Do not walk on the grass.

    You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in theimperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".

    For example:

    Let's stop now. Let's have some lunch. Let's not argue Let's not tell her about it.

    OrdersAdults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority.However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order isimportant: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:

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    For example:

    Sit down now!* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

    WarningsYou can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning arestressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:

    For example:

    Sit down now!* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

    Watch out! Look out! Don't cross!

    AdviceWhen you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.

    For example:

    Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a bettermood.

    Don't drink alcohol Don't eat heavy meals

    RequestsYou can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite wordbefore the verb:

    For example:

    Please take a seat. Please wait here. Please hold the line. Please don't smoke here.

    EXERCICIES

    INSTRUCTIONS: Match the first column to the second one:

    a. don`t accept the door to Mike

    b. brush your teeth to bring the Cds

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    c. turn off the lights candies from strangers

    d. don't step before you go to bed

    e. bring your dictionaries adult programmes

    f. don't open when you go to bed to save energy

    g. don't watch or language arts class

    OBJECT PRONOUNS

    It is a pronoun that is used as an object in the sentence.Remember: A subjective or subject pronoun

    does the action and goes BEFORE the verb while object pronouns go AFTER the verb.

    OBJECT PRONOUNS :

    SINGULAR: > Me (first person)You (2nd) Her / him / it(third person)

    PLURAL > Us(1st)You(2nd) Them(3rd)

    Subjectpronouns

    Example: Objectpronouns

    Example: Significado:

    I I am shy. me Look at me. Mrame. (a mi)

    You You are crying. you Take a look at you! Mrate. (a ti)

    He He is the president! him Listen to him. Escchalo. (a l)

    She She is an easy woman. her Look at her. Mrala. (a ella)

    It It's for our little cat. it Look at it. Mralo.

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    EXERCISESRead and choose

    1. I can't see Mary. I can't see ________

    him

    she

    her

    2. Karen is next to Peter. Karen is next to ________

    he

    him

    he

    3. Can you help Peter and Ann? Can you help ________?

    they

    you

    them

    SIMPLE PRESENT THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

    VerbsTo form the third person singular present tense form of most regular English verbs,

    simply affix thesuffix -sto the end of the verb. For example, the following list includesthe infinitive, base form, and third person singular present tense form some commonEnglish verbs:

    Third Person Singular Most of the verbs take the letter S to form the third person singular.

    Example:

    Live = lives Work = works Eat = eats Read = reads

    . Verbs ending in sh/ch/o/x/ss add ES to form the third person singular

    . Example:

    We We are a nice group.See?

    us Look at us. Mranos. (anosotros)

    They They are a happy family. them Look at them. Mralos: (a ellos/ellas)

    http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-suffix/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-suffix/
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    Teach = Teach es Wash Wash es Go = Go es Fix = Fix es

    Kiss = Kisses. Verbs ending in consonant + letter Y : Change y- to ies

    Example:

    Fly = flies Cry = cries Study = studies

    Verbs ending in vowel + letter Y add s

    Example:

    Play = plays Stay = stays Say = sas

    COMPLETE THE NEXT SENTENCES:

    He______ (live) in Paris. Luisa _________ (study) medicine in Canada. Carlos _______ (swim) in a big

    swimming pool. My mother_________ (teach) English. His sister ______ (play) volleyball very well. She ______

    (take) a shower at 7:15 a.m. Her son ______ (like) Peruvian food. My older brother ______ (work) in aHospital.

    ADVERBS FREQUENCY

    We use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do something. Adverbs of frequencyare often used withthe present simple because they indicate repeated or routine

    activities.Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence

    100% always Ialwaysgo to bed before 11pm.

    90% usually Iusuallyhave cereal for breakfast.

    80% normally / generally Inormallygo to the gym.

    70% often* / frequently I

    often

    surf the internet.

    50% sometimes Isometimesforget my wife's birthday.

    http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-simple-present.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-simple-present.php
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    30% occasionally Ioccasionallyeat junk food.

    10% seldom Iseldomread the newspaper.

    5% hardly ever / rarely Ihardly everdrink alcohol.

    0% never Ineverswim in the sea.

    The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

    An adverb of frequency goes beforea main verb (except with To Be).

    Subject +adverb+main verb

    Ialwaysrememberto do my homework.

    Henormallygetsgood marks in exams.

    An adverb of frequency goes afterthe verbTo Be.

    Subject + to be+ adverb

    They areneverpleased to see me.

    She isn'tusuallybad tempered.

    We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

    Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

    Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

    BUT we cannotuse the following at the beginning of a sentence:

    Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

    We use hardly everand neverwith positive, not negative verbs:

    She hardly evercomes to my parties. They never say 'thank you'.

    http://www.grammar.cl/Present/To_Be.htmhttp://www.grammar.cl/Present/To_Be.htmhttp://www.grammar.cl/Present/To_Be.htmhttp://www.grammar.cl/Present/To_Be.htm
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    We use everin questions and negative statements:

    Have you everbeen to New Zealand? I haven't everbeen to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been

    Switzerland').

    REWRITE THE COMPLETE SENTENCE USING THE ADVERB OF FREQUENCY IN BRACKETS IN ITS

    CORRECT POSITION.

    1. They go to the movies. (often)

    2. She listens to classical music. (rarely)

    3. He reads the newspaper. (sometimes)

    4. Sara smiles. (never)

    5. She complains about her husband. (always)

    6. I drink coffee. (sometimes)

    7. Frank is ill. (often)

    8. He feels terrible (usually)

    MODAL VERB : CAN

    We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible (ornot). We also use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permissionmaking requests and offers, and so on.

    EXERCISES

    Completa las siguientes cuestiones y haz clic en el botn -Corregir Ejercicio-

    para obtener la correccin de este ejercicio.

    Principio del formulario

    Q1 :___ you help me?

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    Can

    Might

    Should

    Would

    Q2:They ___ practice more if they want to win the championship.

    may

    might

    should

    would

    Q3:You ___ not drink and drive.may

    might

    shall

    would

    must

    Q4 ___ you always be late?

    May

    Might

    Would

    Must

    COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

    Countable nounshave a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be usedwith a number- ountable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we cancount. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or morepens. Here are some more countable nouns:

    dog, cat, animal, man, person bottle, box, litre coin, note, dollar cup, plate, fork table, chair, suitcase, bag

    Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

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    My dog isplaying. My dogs arehungry.

    We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

    Adog is ananimal.

    When a countable noun is singular, we must use a wordlike a/the/my/this with it:

    I want anorange. (notI want orange.) Where is mybottle? (notWhere is bottle?)

    When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

    I like oranges. Bottles can break.

    We can use some and any with countable nouns:

    I've got somedollars. Have you got anypens?

    We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

    I've got a fewdollars. I haven't got manypens.

    UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

    are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot"count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or"litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountablenouns:

    music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency

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    We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. Forexample:

    Thisnews isvery important. Your luggage looksheavy.

    We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns.We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a somethingof:

    a piece ofnews a bottle ofwater a grain ofrice

    We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

    I've got somemoney. Have you got anyrice?

    We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

    I've got a littlemoney. I haven't got muchrice.

    EXERCISIES

    1. I don't like black coffee. I usually have it with______________.

    A two sugar and one milkB many milkC two pieces of sugarD milk and sugar

    2. The recetionist at the front desk gave me two_____________________.

    A informationsB informationC pieces of informationD lots of information

    3. My cousin is very beautiful. She has green eyes and_________.

    A long hairB long hairsC a long hairD a long length of hair

    4. I went shopping last weekend and I bought_____________________.

    A two clothesB two clothC two clothingsD two items of clothing

    5. ______________have you got in the bank? Is it enough to buy a house?

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    A How many moneysB How many moneyC How much moneyD How much moneys

    NOUN WITHOUT ARTICLES

    Nounsare words that are namesof people, places, things, concepts,. In sentences,nouns are subjects of verbs, objects of verbs, subject complements, and objects ofprepositions. Nouns are often preceded by determiners(see detinCorrection SymbolsTwo). The articles(a, an, the) are important determiners.

    Note the noun teacherin the following sentences:

    The teacheris talking to the class. (subject of verb)

    The students are watching the teacher. (object of verb)

    John is a teacher. (subject complement)

    George gave his essay to the teacher. (object of preposition)

    A. There are two types of nouns.

    1. Proper nouns include names ofparticular people, countries, states, cities, schools,rivers, lakes, mountains, oceans, languages, months, days,. They always begin

    with capital letters. Here are some examples: John Fleming

    English

    Cupertino

    United States

    Tuesday

    July

    2. All others are common nouns. Here are some examples:

    man

    language

    school

    city

    state

    country

    day

    month

    B. There are two types of common nouns.

    1. Count nounshave plural forms. Most count nouns have both singular and plural

    forms, but a few have plural forms only:

    people police

    http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$31
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    clothes

    2. Noncountnouns have singularforms only:

    advice furniture information

    3.Note that many noncount nouns are often used as count nouns. This isespecially true of nouns that refer to things we eat and drink:

    coffee food fruit meat

    Choose the correct (and most natural-sounding) response to complete eachsentence:

    1. ________ Swedish is a difficult language to learn.

    NO ARTICLE

    The

    A

    2. ________ general's army attacked the city at night.

    NO ARTICLE

    The

    A

    3. I like to play ________ basketball.

    NO ARTICLE

    the

    a

    SOME ANY

    The words someand anyare used when the speaker cannot specify or does notneed/want to specify a number or an exact amount.

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    The rules of some and many:

    SOME:

    Use somein positive (affirmative) sentences. Someis used for bothcountable anduncountable nouns.

    Examples:

    I have somefriends.( friends is countable)I'd like somewater. (water is uncountable)

    ANY:

    Use anyforcountable and countablenouns in:

    1. interrogative sentences.Examples:

    Have you got anycheese?Have you got anyfriends?

    2. negative sentences.Example:

    He hasn't got anycheeseHe hasn't got anyfriends in Chicago.

    EXCEPTION:

    Usesome in questions when offering or requesting something.Example:

    Would you like somebread? (offer) Can I have somewater, please? (request)

    EXERCISIES

    Fill in all the gaps with "some" or "any" and then press "Check" to check your answers .

    http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-offers.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-offers.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-request.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-request.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-request.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-request.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/communication-lesson-offers.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-countable-uncountable-nouns.php
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    1 I can see a house, a lake and trees.

    2 We've got one dog, two cats and fish.

    3 I like songs by Ricki Martin but not all of them.

    4 There are chocolate biscuits in the cupboard.

    5 I can't find [?]books about dinosaurs.

    6 Natalia hasn't got friends in Athens.

    7 There aren't banana trees in Scotland.

    8 Have you got [?]games for your computer?

    9 Are there messages for me?

    10 Would you like [?]grapes?

    11 We haven't got [?]eggs.

    12 I've got [?]pens in my bag.

    How Much-How many

    Se utilizan para preguntar por cantidades de algo.

    Si se trata de sustantivos contables, se aplica How many.Si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How much.

    Estas expresiones siempre van seguidas de un sustantivo; luego, el verbo y elresto de la oracin.

    How many cars do you have?Cuntos autos tienes?

    How muchmoney do you have?Cunto dinero tienes?

    How muchse utiliza tambin para preguntar precios.

    http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.htmlhttp://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.htmlhttp://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.html
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    How much is this car?Cunto cuesta este auto?

    How much are the potatoes?Cunto cuestan las papas?

    Tambin se usan en forma genrica para preguntar "cunto hay". En este caso, van seguidas delsustantivo y luego, is / are there.

    How many cars are there?Cuntos autos hay?

    How muchmoney is there?Cunto dinero hay?

    A estas preguntas se responde usando There is / are, dependiendo de si se trata de singular oplural, como ya hemos visto en lecciones anteriores.

    There are nine cars.Hay nueve autos.

    There is one dollar.Hay un dlar.

    COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

    A - Comparison with -er/-est

    clean - cleaner- (the) cleanest

    We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

    1) Adjectives with one syllable

    positive comparative superlative

    clean cleaner cleanest

    new newer newest

    cheap cheaper cheapest

    http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.htmlhttp://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.htmlhttp://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson07/04b.html
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    2) Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

    2 - 1) Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

    positive comparative superlative

    dirty dirtier dirtiest

    easy easier easiest

    happy happier happiest

    pretty prettier prettiest

    2 - 2) Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

    positive comparative superlative

    clever cleverer cleverest

    2 - 3) Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

    positive comparative superlative

    simple simpler simplest

    2 - 4) Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

    positive comparative superlative

    narrow narrower narrowest

    3) Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

    positive comparative superlative comment

    large larger largest leave out the silent -e

    big bigger biggest

    Double the consonant after short vowel

    sad sadder saddest

    dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)

    shy shyer shyestHere -y is not changed to -i.(although consonant before -y)

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    B - Comparison with more - most

    positive comparative superlative

    difficult moredifficult (the) mostdifficult

    all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see2 - 1 to 2 - 4)

    C - Irregular adjectives

    positive comparative superlative comment

    good better best

    bad worse worst

    much more most uncountable nouns

    many more most countable nouns

    little less least

    little smaller smallest

    D - Special adjectives

    Some adjectives have twopossible formsof comparison (-er/est and more/most).

    positive comparative superlative

    clever cleverer / more clever cleverest / most clever

    common commoner / more common commonest / most common

    likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely

    pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant

    polite politer / more polite politest / most polite

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    quiet quieter / more quiet quietest / most quiet

    simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple

    stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid

    subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest / most subtle

    sure surer / more sure surest / most sure

    E - Difference in meaning with adjectives:

    positive comparative superlative comment

    far

    farther farthest distance

    further furthestdistance ortime

    late

    later latest

    latter x

    x last

    old older oldest people and things

    VERB TO BE (IN PAST)

    Verb Forms

    Past and Past participle

    The past and past participle for regular verbs is the root word + -ed. Its only used with the past

    tenses.

    Looklooked

    Touchtouched

    Cleancleaned

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    Cookcooked

    We shopped for hours on Saturday afternoon.

    The books were stacked on the shelf.

    He had played computer games for the whole weekend.

    The past participle can be difficult to determine for some irregular verbs. Its best to look these ones

    up in a dictionary if youre at all unsure of the past participle. Here are a few examples of irregular

    verbs:

    Root Simple Past Past Participle

    Sing Sang Sung

    See Saw Seen

    Fall Fell Fallen

    Give Gave Given

    Go Went Gone

    I had forgiven him for his unkind words.

    We made paper flowers to decorate the walls.

    Simon had lit candles all around the room.

    The Future Tense

    Forms of the future tense.

    Endings. The endings for all verbs are:

    -, -s, -, -emos, -is, -n

    Note that every one except the usform requires a written accent.

    Stem. Normally, the infinitive is used as the stem (exceptions will be given below).

    Examples:

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    hablar comer

    vivir

    hablar hablaremos comer comeremos vivir viviremos

    hablarshablaris comerscomeris vivirsviviris

    hablar hablarn comer comern vivir vivirn

    Verbs with irregular future stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to form the

    conditional.)

    decir dir- to say

    haber habr- there to be [impersonal]; to have[helping verb]

    hacer har- to make, do

    poder podr- to be able

    poner pondr-to put, place, set

    querer querr- to want, love

    saber sabr- to know[a fact], know how[+ infinitive]

    salir saldr- to leave, go out

    tener tendr- to have

    valer valdr- to be worth

    venir vendr-to come

    Enrique nos dir la verdad.

    Enrique will tell us the truth.

    Quines vendrn conmigo?Who will come with me?

    Pondr la mesa en seguida. I'll set the table right away.

    Usage. There are two main ways in which the future tense is used in Spanish:

    It indicates future time, the same as in English.

    Maana saldremos para Madrid.Tomorrow we will leave for Madrid.

    El lunes ir al hospital. I'll go to the hospital on Monday.

    http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABLAR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABLAR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABLAR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VIVIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/DECIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HACER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HACER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PODER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PODER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PONER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PONER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/QUERER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/QUERER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/SABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/SABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/SALIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/TENER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/TENER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VALER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VENIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VENIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VALER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/TENER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/SALIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/SABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/QUERER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PONER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/PODER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HACER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABER.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/DECIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/VIVIR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABLAR.HTMhttp://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/verbs/HABLAR.HTM
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    NOTE: The present tense is often used instead of the future for near future actions:

    Esta noche miramos la televisin. Tonight we'll watch

    TV.

    Lo hago en dos minutos. I'll do it in two

    minutes.

    Exercises :

    1) The train at 11:45. (to leave)

    2) We dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (tohave)

    3) It in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow)

    4) On Sunday at 8 o'clock I my friend. (to meet)

    5) They to London on Friday evening. (to fly)

    6) Wait! I you to the station. (to drive)

    7) The English lesson at 8:45. (to start)

    8) I my sister in April. (to see)

    BIBLIOGRAFIA

    http://www.shertonenglish.com

    http://www.englishclub.com

    http://www.ego4u.com

    http://www.learnenglish.de

    http://www.englisch-hilfen.de

    http://www.slideshare.net

    http://www.shertonenglish.com/http://www.shertonenglish.com/http://www.englishclub.com/http://www.englishclub.com/http://www.ego4u.com/http://www.ego4u.com/http://www.learnenglish.de/http://www.learnenglish.de/http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/http://www.slideshare.net/http://www.slideshare.net/http://www.slideshare.net/http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/http://www.learnenglish.de/http://www.ego4u.com/http://www.englishclub.com/http://www.shertonenglish.com/
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    http://www.myenglishpages.com

    http://www.myenglishpages.com/http://www.myenglishpages.com/