MARIJUANA: Selected Effects on Brain, Body & Behavior MARIJUANA: Selected Effects on Brain, Body &...
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Transcript of MARIJUANA: Selected Effects on Brain, Body & Behavior MARIJUANA: Selected Effects on Brain, Body &...
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MARIJUANA:Selected Effects on Brain, Body
& Behavior
MARIJUANA:Selected Effects on Brain, Body
& Behavior
February, 2012
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Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA, 2010.
Marijuana is the Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug In the U.S.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Active Ingredient in Marijuana
• Over 106 million Americans have tried it at ….least once
• An estimated 2.4 million Americans used it for ….the first time in 2010
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High Rates of Past Year Dependence or Abuse on Marijuana (Comparison to other Drugs Among
Persons 12 or older, 2010)
Source: SAMHSA, 2010 NSDUH
Numbers in Thousands
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In 2009, Reports of Past Month Use of Marijuana Among 12th Graders Exceeded that of Cigarette for
the First Time in the Survey’s History
SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2011 Monitoring the Future Study
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Changes in Attitude Lead to Changes in Use:Marijuana Use and Perceived Risk in 12th Graders,
(1975 to 2010)
Source: The Monitoring the Future study, the University of Michigan
Past Year use Perceived Risk
Per
cent
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Why Do People Take Drugs in The First Place?They like what it does to their brains
To Feel Good To Feel Better
Image courtesy: Vivian Felsen
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Drugs Can be Chemical Imposters(THC mimics a natural brain chemical)
Drug
THC
Brain’s Chemical
Anandamide
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Marijuana Acts in Many Parts of the Human Brain
Source: Scientific American
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Marijuana’s Many Acute Effects (Intoxication phase)
• Euphoria• Calmness• Appetite stimulation• Altered perception of time• Impairs coordination and balance• Acute psychosis; Panic (anxiety)• Increased heart rate: 20 - 100%
– Some evidence for increased risk of heart attack, may be exacerbated in vulnerable individuals (e.g., baby boomers)
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• Cognitive Dysfunction– Impaired short-term memory
• Difficulty with complex tasks• Difficulty learning
– Impaired decision-making• Increased risky sexual behavior – HIV
• Impaired Driving• Increased risk of accidents
• Increased culpability
Acute health effects In 2009, there were >375,000 Marijuana-related ED visits .
.
Marijuana’s Many Acute Effects (Intoxication phase)
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Long Term Risks of Marijuana Use
• Academic failure and low professional achievement• Poorer long-term life outcomes• Mental health problems• Addiction
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Early Marijuana (and other drug) Use Linked to Dropping Out of School
Pro
port
ion
of s
ampl
e dr
oppi
ng o
ut
betw
een
ages
16
and
18
Source: Bray et al. Health Economics, 9(1), pp. 9-18, 2000.Source: Bray et al. Health Economics, 9(1), pp. 9-18, 2000.
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Cannabis Use and Later Life Outcomes are Dose Dependent
Source: Fergusson and Boden. Addiction, 103, pp. 969-976, 2008.Source: Fergusson and Boden. Addiction, 103, pp. 969-976, 2008.
Number of occasions using Cannabis between ages 14-21
% welfare dependent(ages 21-25)
% Unemployed (ages 21-25)
Mean personal incomeIn thousands of NZ dollars
at age 25
% gained university degreeby age 25
400+
300 to 399
200 to 299
100 to 199
1 to 99
Never
Number of occasions using Cannabis ages 14-21
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Source: Caspi, A. et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 57: 1117-1127; 2005.
Adolescent Cannabis Use Increases the Risk for Adult Psychosis in Genetically Vulnerable Individuals
% w
ith s
chiz
ophr
enifo
rm d
isor
der
at a
ge 2
620
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0met/met val/val
COMT genotype
no adolescent cannabis use
adolescent cannabis use
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Addiction: About 9% of cannabis users may become dependent1 in 6 who start use in adolescence, 25-50% of daily users
* Nonmedical Use Source: Anthony et al. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2(3), pp.244-268 (1994)
**
Pe
rce
nt o
f use
rs w
ho
Be
com
e a
dd
icte
d
Comparative Prevalence of Dependence Among Different Drug Users
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Marijuana addiction is also linked to a withdrawal syndrome that can make it hard to quit. Symptoms include:
• irritability,• sleeping difficulties,• craving,• anxiety, and• increased aggression.
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Source: Lynskey, MT et al., JAMA, 289, pp. 427-433, 2003.Source: Lynskey, MT et al., JAMA, 289, pp. 427-433, 2003.
Drug Use Outcomes in Twin Pairs (n =234) Discordant for Cannabis Use Before Age 17Drug Use Outcomes in Twin Pairs (n =234) Discordant for Cannabis Use Before Age 17
Odd
s R
atio
UseIllicit Drug
Abuse/Dependence
Sedat
ives
Halluc
inoge
ns
Cocain
e/Stim
ulant
s
Opioids
Sedat
ives
Canna
bis
Cocain
e/Stim
ulant
s
Opioids
76543210
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Possible impact of chronic Marijuana use on brain structure and function
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Control
Marijuana Abuser
The Lower Baseline Cerebellar Metabolism in Marijuana Abusers is likely to Result in Motor Deficits
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
Control Abuser
Cer
ebel
lum
/Who
le B
rain
p < 0.01
Source: Volkow et al., Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 67, pp. 29-38 (1996).
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Heavy cannabis users display differences in cerebellar volume
Source: Cousijn et al., Neuroimage, 59 (4), pp. 3845-3851 (2012).
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To learn more about marijuana and other drugs of abuse visit NIDA’s website at: www.drugabuse.gov, or NIDA’s teen site at www.teens.drugabuse.gov
To order publications on these topics free of charge in English or Spanish, contact the DrugPubs Research Dissemination Center at 877-NIDA-NIH (877-643-2644; TTY/TDD: 240-645-0228) or www.drugpubs.drugabuse.gov