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Marie Louise

Marie-Louise, Duchess of Parma

Empress consort of the French;

Queen consort of Italy

Tenure 11 March 1810 – 6 April 1814

Duchess of Parma

Reign 11 April 1814 – 17 December 1847

Spouse  Napoleon I of Fr ance

Adam Albert von Neipperg

Charles René de Bombelles

Issue

 Napoleon II of FranceAlbertine von Neipperg

William Albert, 1st Prince of Montenuovo

Mathilde von Neipperg

Full name

Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa

Josepha Lucia

House House of Bonaparte

House of Habsburg

Marie Louise, Duchess of ParmaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Marie Louise of Austria ( Maria Ludovica Leopoldina

 Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia von Habsburg-

 Lothringen; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was

the second wife of Napoleon I, Emper or of the French and

later Duchess of Parma. As such, she was Empress of theFrench from 1810 to 1814, and subsequently ruler of Parma,

Piacenza and Guastalla from 1814 until her death.

As the eldest child of Habsburg Emperor Francis I of Austria

and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily,

Marie Louise grew up during a period of continuous conflict

 between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of 

military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had

inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to

dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. The end of the War of theFifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and

Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of 

 peace and friendship between Austria and the French

Empire. Marie Louise dutifully agreed to the marriage despite

 being raised to despise France. She was an obedient wife

and was adored by Napoleon, who had been eager to marry

a member of one of Europe's leading royal houses to cement

his relatively young Empire. She bore Napoleon a son, styled

the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstaedt, who

 briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II.

 Napoleon's fortunes began to change dramatically in 1812

after his failed invasion of Russia. The European powers,

including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the

War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication

of Napoleon and his exile to Elba. The 1814 Treaty of 

Fontainebleau handed over the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza

and Guastalla to Empress Marie Louise. She ruled the

duchies until her death.

Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's

death in 1821. Her second husband was Count Adam Albert

von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814.

She and Neipperg had three children. After Neipperg's

death, she married Count Charles René de Bombelles, her 

chamberlain, in 1834. Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847.

Contents

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Father Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 

Mother Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily

Born 12 December 1791

Hofburg, Vienna, Austria, HRE

Died 17 December 1847 (aged 56)

Parma, Italy

Burial Imperial Crypt, Vienna

Religion Roman Catholicism

1 Early life

2 Marriage proposal

3 Wedding

4 Marriage with Napoleon

4.1 Life as Empress

4.2 Birth of first child

4.3 Resumption of war 

4.4 Collapse of the Empire4.5 Exile of Napoleon

5 Congress of Vienna and relationship with

 Neipperg

6 Duchess of Parma

7 Death

8 Titles, styles, honours and arms

9 Gallery

10 See also

11 Ancestors

12 Notes

13 References

14 External links

Early life

Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was given the Latin baptismal name of  Maria Ludovica Leopoldina

 Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia) was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to

Archduke Francis of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. [1] Her father became Holy

Roman Emperor a year later as Francis II. Marie Louise was a great granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa

through her father, and thus a great niece of Marie Antoinette. [1] She was also a maternal granddaughter of Queen

Maria Carolina of Naples,[1] Marie Antoinette's favourite sister.

Marie Louise's formative years was during a period of conflict between France and her family. She was brought u

to detest France and French ideas.[2] Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who

despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of her sister, Marie Antoinette.[2] Maria

Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte.[

The War of the Third Coalition brought Austria to the brink of ruin, which increased Marie Louise's resentmenttowards Napoleon.[3] The Imperial family was forced to flee Vienna in 1805. Marie Louise took refuge in Hungar

and later Galicia[3] before returning to Vienna in 1806.[4] Her father relinquished the title of Holy Roman Emperor

 but remained Emperor of Austria.

To make her more marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages. In addition to her native German,

she became fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish.[5]

 

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In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after suffering a miscarriage.[4] Less than a year later,

Emperor Francis married his cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older than Marie

Louise.[4] Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role towards her stepdaughter.[6] She was als

 bitter towards the French, who had deprived her father of the Duchy of Modena.[7]

Another war broke out between France and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians again. The

Imperial family had to flee Vienna again before the city surrendered on May 12. [8] Their journey was hampered by

 bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, and nearly worn out with fatigue."[8]

Marriage proposal

After escaping an assassination attempt in Vienna while negotiating the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 12 October 1809

Emperor Napoleon decided that he needed an heir to cement his relatively young Empire.[9] He also sought the

validation and legitimation of his Empire by marrying a member of one of the leading royal families of Europe. He

 began proceedings to divorce Joséphine de Beauharnais, who could not bear him a son, and began searching for a

new empress. His wish to marry Tsar Alexander I of Russia's sister, Grand Duchess Anna, caused alarm in Austri

who were afraid of being sandwiched between two great powers allied with each other.[10] At the persuasion of 

Count Metternich, a marriage between Napoleon and Marie Louise was suggested by Emperor Francis to the

Count of Narbonne[11][12] but no official overture was made by the Austrians.[13] Though officials in Paris and

Austria were beginning to accept the possibility of the union, Marie Louise was kept uninformed of 

developments.[14]

Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January

1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, the Prince of 

Schwarzenberg.[15] Schwarzenberg signed the marriage contract on 7 February.[16] Marie Louise was informed o

the marriage by Metternich.[17] When asked for consent, she replied: "I wish only what my duty commands me to

wish."[17]

Wedding

Marie Louise was married by proxy to Napoleon on 11 March 1810 at the Augustinian Church, Vienna.[18]

 Napoleon was represented by Archduke Charles, the bride's uncle.[19] According to the French ambassador, the

marriage "was celebrated with a magnificence that it would be hard to surpass, by the side of which even the

 brilliant festivities that have preceded it are not to be mentioned."[20] She became Empress of the French and

Queen of Italy.

Marie Louise departed Vienna on March 13,[21] probably expecting never to return.[22] She met Napoleon for th

first time on March 27 in Compiègne,[23] remarking to him: "You are much better-looking than your portrait."[23]

The civil wedding was held at the Château de Saint-Cloud on 1 April 1810. [24] The next day, Napoleon and Mari

Louise made the journey to Paris in the coronation coach.[25] The Imperial Guard cavalry led the procession,

followed by the herald-at-arms and then the carriages.[25] The Marshals of France rode on each side, near the

doors of the carriages.[25] The procession arrived at the Tuileries Palace,[26] and the Imperial couple made their 

way to the Salon Carré chapel (in the Louvre) for the religious wedding ceremony. [26] The ceremony was

conducted by the Cardinal Grand Almoner of France.[27] A Bridal March was composed for the occasion by

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Georges Rouget, Marriage of Napoleon

and Marie-Louise (1811)

Marie Louise with her son, the

King of Rome.

Ferdinando Paer.[28]

Marriage with Napoleon

Life as Empress

Marie Louise was an obedient wife and settled in quickly in the

French court.[29] She developed a close friendship with her maid-

of-honour, the Duchess of Montebello.[29] Napoleon "spared no

 pains" to please her and claimed at one point to prefer Marie Louise

to his first wife Joséphine;[29][30] while he had loved Joséphine, he

claimed, he had not respected her, whereas with Marie Louise,

there was "Never a lie, never a debt" — presumably a reference to

Joséphine's rumoured extramarital affairs and reputation as a

spendthrift.[31] Marie Louise wrote to her father: "I assure you, dear 

 papa, that people have done great injustice to the Emperor. The

 better one knows him, the better one appreciates and loves him."[32]

The excitement surrounding the wedding ushered in a period of peace and friendship between France and Austria,

who had been largely at war for the last two decades. The people of Vienna, who hated Napoleon only months

 before, were suddenly in full praise of the French Emperor.[33] Flattering letters were sent between Napoleon and

Emperor Francis, Empress Maria Ludovika Beatrix and Archduke Charles during the wedding festivities. [21][34][30

During public occasions, Marie Louise spoke little due to reserve and timidity, which some observers mistook for 

haughtiness.[35] She was regarded as a virtuous woman and never interfered in politics.[36][37] Privately, she was

 polite and gentle.[38]

Birth of first child

Marie Louise became pregnant by July 1810 and gave birth to a son on 20

March 1811.[39][40] The boy, Napoléon François Joseph Charles

Bonaparte, was given the title King of Rome, in accordance with the

 practice where the heir apparent to the Holy Roman Empire was called the

King of the Romans.[40] Napoleon was delighted that his wife survived the

ordeal and said: "I had rather never have any more children than see her 

suffer so much again."[40]

Marie Louise was devoted to her son; she had him brought to her every

morning and visited him in his apartment in the course of the day.[41]

Resumption of war

In May 1812, a month before the French invasion of Russia, Marie Louise

accompanied Napoleon to Dresden, where she met her father and

stepmother.[42] Emperor Francis told Napoleon he could count on Austria

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for the "triumph of the common cause," a reference to the impending war.[42] A minor rivalry began to develop

 between Marie Louise and the Empress of Austria, who was jealous at being upstaged in appearance by her 

stepdaughter.[43] It was also in Dresden where she met Count Adam Albert von Neipperg for the first time.[44]

 Napoleon left Dresden on May 29 to take charge of his army.[45]

Marie Louise then travelled to Prague, where she spent a few weeks with the Austrian Imperial family, before

returning to Saint Cloud on July 18.[46] She kept in touch with Napoleon throughout the war.[47] The invasion of 

Russia ended disastrously for France. More than half of the Grande Armée was destroyed by the Russian Winterand guerrilla attacks. After the failed Malet coup of October 1812, Napoleon hastened his return to France and

reunited with his wife on the night of December 18.[48]

Collapse of the Empire

The weakened French position triggered the Sixth Coalition. Prussia and the United Kingdom joined Russia in

declaring war on France, but Austria stayed out due to relations between the Imperial families.[49] On March 30,

Marie Louise was appointed Regent as Napoleon set off for battle in Germany.[50] The regency was only de jure

as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Josep

Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary.[51] Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her father to ally with France.[52]

Austria too joined the opposition to France. She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, informing him of 

increasing demands for peace in Paris and the provinces.[53] Napoleon was decisively defeated in Leipzig on

October 19 and returned to Saint Cloud on November 9.[54]

On 23 January 1814, Marie Louise was appointed Regent for the second time. [55] On January 25, at 03:00 in the

morning, Napoleon embraced Marie Louise and his son for the last time. [55] He left to lead a hastily formed army

stave off the Allied invasion from the north.[56]

As the Allies neared Paris, Marie Louise was reluctant to leave. She felt that as the daughter of the sovereign of 

Austria, one of the allied members, she would be treated with respect by Allied forces, with the possibility of her 

son succeeding the throne should Napoleon be deposed.[57] She was also afraid that her departure would

strengthen the royalist supporters of the Bourbons.[57] Marie Louise was finally persuaded to leave by Henri

Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: "I would prefer to know that they [the Empress and the King of 

Rome] are both at the bottom of the Seine rather than in the hands of the foreigners."[58] On March 29, the court

left Paris.[58] The Allies entered the city the following day.

Marie Louise and the court moved to Blois, which was safe from the Allies. [59] She did not expect her father to

dethrone Napoleon and deprive her son of the crown of France. [60] On April 3, the Senate, at the instigation of 

Talleyrand, announced the deposition of the Emperor.[61] Marie Louise was unaware of this until April 7, and wasastonished to discover the turn of events.[62] She wanted to return to Paris, but was dissuaded from doing so by

 physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and the Duchess of Montebello.[62]

Exile of Napoleon

 Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau.[63] The Treaty of Fontainebleau exiled him to

Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain her imperial rank and style and made her ruler of the duchies of Parma,

Piacenza, and Guastalla, with her son as heir.[64] This arrangement was later revised at the Congress of Vienna.[65

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Marie Louise was strongly dissuaded by her advisors from rejoining her husband.[66] On April 16, her father 

arrived at Blois to meet her.[67] At the advice of Emperor Francis, Marie Louise departed Rambouillet with her so

for Vienna on April 23.[68] At Vienna, she stayed at Schönbrunn, where she received frequent visits from her 

sisters, but rarely from her father and stepmother.[69] She met her grandmother, Maria Carolina, who disapproved

of her deserting her husband.[70][71] Distressed at being seen as a heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote

on 9 August 1814: "I am in a very unhappy and critical position; I must be very prudent in my conduct. There are

moments when that thought so distracts me that I think that the best thing I could do would be to die." [72]

Congress of Vienna and relationship with Neipperg

In the summer of 1814, Emperor Francis sent Count Adam Albert von Neipperg to accompany Marie Louise to

the spa town of Aix-les-Bains to prevent her from joining Napoleon on Elba.[73][74] Neipperg was a confidant of 

Metternich and an enemy of Napoleon.[75][73] Marie Louise fell in love with Neipperg.[74][75] He became her 

chamberlain and her advocate at the Congress of Vienna.[75] News of the relationship was not received well by th

French and the Austrian public.[76]

When Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and reinstated his rule, the Allies once again declared war. Marie Louisewas asked by her stepmother to join in the processions to pray for the success of the Austrian armies but rejected

the insulting invitation.[75] She passed a message to Napoleon's private secretary, Claude François de Méneval,

who was about to return to France: "I hope he will understand the misery of my position ... I shall never assent to a

divorce, but I flatter myself that he will not oppose an amicable separation, and that he will not bear any ill feeling

towards me ... This separation has become imperative; it will in no way affect the feelings of esteem and gratitude

that I preserve."[75] Napoleon was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to Saint

Helena from October 1815.

The Congress of Vienna recognised Marie Louise as ruler of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, but prevented her 

from bringing her son to Italy.[77] It also made her Duchess of Parma for her life only, as the Allies did not want adescendant of Napoleon to have a hereditary claim over Parma.[78]

uchess of Parma

Marie Louise departed for Parma on 7 March 1816, accompanied by Neipperg.[79] She entered the duchy on

April 18. She wrote to her father: "People welcomed me with such enthusiasm that I had tears in my eyes."[80] Sh

largely left the running of day-to-day affairs to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich.[80] In

December 1816, Marie Louise removed the incumbent prime minister and installed Neipperg.[73]

She and Neipperg had three children:[74][75]

Albertine, Countess of Montenuovo (1817–1867), married Luigi Sanvitale, Count of Fontanellato

William Albert, Count of Montenuovo, later created Prince of Montenuovo (1819–1895), married Counte

Juliana Batthyány von Németújvár)

Mathilde, Countess of Montenuovo (1822–c.1823)

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Daguerreotype of Marie Louise

taken in 1847

Sarcophagus of Marie-Louise,

Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria

Styles of 

Empress Marie Louise of France

as consort

 Napoleon died on 5 May 1821. On August 8, Marie Louise married

 Neipperg morganatically.[74][75] Neipperg died of heart problems on 22

February 1829,[81] devastating Marie Louise.[82] She was banned by

Austria from mourning in public.[82]

Her first son, then known as "Franz," was given the title Duke of Reichstadt 

in 1818.[83] Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great

affection by his grandfather.[84]

He died at the age of 21 in Vienna in 1832after suffering from tuberculosis.

1831 saw the outbreak of the Carbonari-led uprisings in Italy. In Parma,

 protestors gathered in the streets to denounce the Austrian-appointed prime

minister Josef von Werklein.[85] Marie Louise did not know what to do and

wanted to leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protestors,

who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands.[85] She

managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and a provisional

government led by Count Filippo Luigi Linati was formed.[86] At Piacenza,

she wrote to her father asking him to replace Werklein.[85] Francis sent in Austrian troops which crushed therebellion.[87] To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on September 29. [88]

Metternich sent Charles-René de Bombelles to Marie Louise's household in 1833. Six months after his arrival, on

17 February 1834, she married him, again morganatically.[89]

eath

Marie Louise fell ill on 9 December 1847. Her condition worsened for 

the next few days. On December 17, she passed out after vomiting and

never woke up again. She died in the evening.[90] The cause of death

was determined to be pleurisy.[90]

Her body was transferred back to Vienna and buried at the Imperial

Crypt.[91]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

12 December 1791 – 11 August 1804: Her Imperial and 

 Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Ludovica of Austria, Princess of Hungary and Bohemia

11 August 1804 – 2 April 1810: Her Imperial and 

 Royal Highness Princess Imperial, Archduchess

Maria Ludovica of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary

and Bohemia

2 April 1810 – 6 April 1814: Her Imperial and 

 Royal Majesty The Empress of the French, Queen of 

Italy

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Reference style Her Imperial Majesty

Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty

Alternative style Madame

2 April 1810 – 22 June 1815: Her Imperial and 

 Royal Majesty the Queen of Italy

22 June 1815 – 17 December 1847: Her Imperial 

 Majesty The Empress Marie Louise, Duchess of 

Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla

Marie Louise retained her imperial rank due to the 1814 Treaty of Paris as well as her titles Princess Imperial and

Archduchess of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia.

Gallery

10 soldi coin of Parma,

1815, bearing the head

of Marie Louise on the

obverse, and her "ML"

monogram on the

reverse.

 

A French Empire mantel

clock representing Mars

and Venus, an allegory

of the wedding of 

 Napoleon I and the

Archduchess Marie

Louise. Ca. 1810.

 

Crown of Empress

Marie Louise. Set in

silver, the 950 diamonds

weigh 700 carats. The

79 original emeralds

have been replaced with

Persian turquoise

cabochons.

See also

 Napoleon Diamond Necklace

Ancestors

Notes

1. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 1

2. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 2

3. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 3

4. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 4

5. ^ Schom, Alan. Napoleon Bonaparte. p. 548

6. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 5

7. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 6

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8. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 8

9. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 10

10. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 12

11. ^ Bertier de Sauvigny, p. 116

12. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 15

13. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 18

14. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 20

15. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 21

16. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 2217. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 24

18. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 40

19. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 38

20. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 42

21. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 44

22. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 47

23. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 60

24. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 63

25. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 68

26. ^a

 b

de Saint-Amand, p. 7027. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 71

28. ^ Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed, 1954, Vol VI, p. 487, PAER, Ferdinando

29. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 76

30. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 80

31. ^ Markham, Felix, Napoleon, p.245

32. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 94

33. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 39

34. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 61

35. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 128

36. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 130

37. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 129

38. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 140

39. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 95

40. ^ a b c de Saint-Amand, p. 98

41. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 141

42. ^ a b de Saint-Amand, p. 145

43. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 148

44. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 154

45. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 155

46. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 159

47. ^ Chastenet, p. 202–21448. ^ Chastenet, p. 235

49. ^ Herre, p. 154

50. ^ Chastenet, p. 243

51. ^ Herre, p. 159

52. ^ Chastenet, p. 249

53. ^ Durand, p. 121

54. ^ Archontology.org

55. ^ a b Durand, p. 124

56. ^ Durand, p. 125

57. ^ a b Durand, p. 128

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58. ^ a b Durand, p. 129

59. ^ Durand, p. 135

60. ^ Durand, p. 136

61. ^ Herodote.net

62. ^ a b Durand, p. 138

63. ^ Durand, p. 143

64. ^ Article V, Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)

65. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. x

66. ^ Durand, p. 15367. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. vi

68. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. vii

69. ^ Durand, p. 164

70. ^ Durand, p. 165

71. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. i

72. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. viii

73. ^ a b c Lasagna

74. ^ a b c d Herman, p. 236

75. ^ a b c d  e  f   g de Saint-Amand, p. ix

76. ^ Herre, p. 21977. ^ Herre, p. 236

78. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. x

79. ^ Marchi, p. 201

80. ^ a b Herre, p. 233–234

81. ^ Herre, p. 260–263

82. ^ a b Herre, p. 260–263

83. ^ Chastenet, p. 404

84. ^ de Saint-Amand, p. xii

85. ^ a b c Herre, 279–280

86. ^ Lasagni, Linati Filippo Luigi (http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Liani-Lovisini.aspx?

idMostra=38&idNode=268#linati_luigi)

87. ^ Fiorenzuola d'Arda

88. ^ Schiel, p. 333

89. ^ Schiel, p. 345–347

90. ^ a b Schiel, p. 354–355

91. ^ Chastenet, p. 445

References

de Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume (1998). Metternich. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60267-0.Chastenet, Geneviève (1983). Marie-Louise: l'impératrice oubliée. Paris. ISBN 2-277-22024-8.

Durand, Sophie Cohondet (1886). Napoleon and Marie-Louise (1800–1814): A Memoir 

(http://books.google.com/books?

id=lYkJNmowSnMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=napoleon+%26+marie+louise&hl=en&ei=gpIoTvLAAZH

EgAeO-

8Rc&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=regen&f=fal

). London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.

"Fiorenzuola d'Arda" (http://www.turismoapiacenza.it/fiorenzuola.asp). Turismo a Piacenza. Retrieved 22

July 2011.

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma 1

"6 avril 1814: Abdication de Napoléon 1er " (http://www.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?

 jour=18140406). Herodote.net. Retrieved 21 July 2011.

Herman, Eleanor (2006). Sex with the Queen. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-084674-9

Herre, Franz (1998). Maria Luigia : il destino di un' Asburgo da Parigi a Parma. Milan: Mondadori.

ISBN 88-04-42133-9.

Lasagna, Roberto. "Absburgo Lorena Maria Ludovica Leopoldine"

(http://www.parmaelasuastoria.it/ita/Abati-Adorno.aspx?

idMostra=38&idNode=218#ABSBURGO_LORENA_MARIA_LUDOVICA_LEOPOLDINE). Dizionario dei biografico Parmigiani. Retrieved 21 July 2011.

Marchi, Adele Vittoria (1988). Vienna e Parma. Parma: Artegraf. Silva.

Potocka-Wąsowiczowa, Anna z Tyszkiewiczów. Wspomnienia naocznego świadka. Warszawa:

Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965.

"Napoléon Bonaparte" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/napoleon1a.php).

Archontology.org. Retrieved 21 July 2011.

de Saint-Amand, Imbert (2010). The Happy Days of the Empress Marie Louise. Miami: HardPress

Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4076-4955-9.

Schiel, Imgard (1997). Maria Luigia - Giuseppe che una donna e che amare governare Giuseppe.

Milan: Loganesi.

External links

Marie Louise (http://text.habsburger.net/habsburger-im-familienportraet/marie-louise-habsburg-lothringen)

 Die Welt der Habsburger  (German)

Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine

Born: 12 December 1791   Died: 17 December 1847

French royalty

Preceded by

Joséphine de Beauharnais

Empress consort of the French

11 March 1810–22 June 1815

Succeeded by

Marie Thérèse of France

as Queen of France and Navarre

Italian royalty

Preceded by

Joséphine de Beauharnais

Queen consort of Italy

11 March 1810–22 June 1815

Vacant

Title next held byMargherita of Savoy

Regnal titles

Part of the First French

Empire

Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and

Guastalla

1814–1847

Succeeded by

Charles II

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma&oldid=559932097

Categories: 1791 births 1847 deaths People from Vienna House of Habsburg-Lorraine

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Empresses of the French French queens consort Italian queens consort Regents of France

Archduchesses of Austria Dukes of Parma Dukes of Piacenza Princes of Parma and Piacenza

Female regents Roman Catholic monarchs Bohemian princesses Dames of the Order of the Starry Cross

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