Marea Neagra En
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The Black Seais asea inSoutheastern Europe.It is bounded
byEurope,Anatoliaand theCaucasus and is ultimately connected totheAtlantic Ocean via theMediterranean
and theAegean Seas andvariousstraits.TheBosphorus Strait connects it to theSea of Marmara,and
the Strait of theDardanellesconnects that sea to the Aegean Sea region ofthe Mediterranean. These waters separateeastern Europe andwestern
Asia.The Black Sea is also connected to theSea of Azov by theStrait of
Kerch.
The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km2(not including the Sea of
Azov), a maximum depth of 2,212 m, and a volume of 547,000 km3.
The Black Sea forms in an east-west trending elliptical depression which
lies betweenBulgaria,Georgia,Romania,Russia,Turkey,andUkraine.It is
constrained by thePontic Mountains to the south and by theCaucasus
Mountains to the east, and features a wide shelf to the northwest. The
longest east-west extent is about 1,175 km.
The Black Sea has a positivewater balance;that is, a net outflow of water
300 km3 per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the
Aegean Sea. Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of atwo-way hydrological exchange. The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less
saline,and floats over the warm, more saline Mediterranean inflow as a
result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity leading to
a significantanoxic layer well below the surface waters. The Black Sea also
receives river water from largeEurasianfluvial systems to the north of the
Sea, of which theDon,Dnieper andDanubeare the most significant.
In the past, the water level has varied significantly. Due to these variations
in the water level in the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated apronshave sometimes been land. At certain critical water levels it is possible for
connections with surrounding water bodies to become established. It is
through the most active of these connective routes, theTurkish Straits,that
the Black Sea joins theworld ocean.When this hydrological link is not
present, the Black Sea is alake,operating independently of the global
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Kerchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea -
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ocean system. Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high, thus
water is being exchanged with theMediterranean.The Turkish Straits
connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea, and comprise the Bosphorus,
the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles.
Climate
Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly
influenced by the operation of theNorth Atlantic Oscillation,the climatic
mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and
mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the NorthAtlantic Oscillation remain unclear,it is thought the climate conditions
established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes
reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of
wintercyclones,which are largely responsible for
regionalprecipitationinputs and influence Mediterranean Sea Surface
Temperatures .
The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air
arriving from northern regions during winter. Other influencing factors
include the regionaltopography,as depressions and storms systems
arriving from theMediterraneanare funneled through the low land around
the Bosphorus,PonticandCaucasusmountain ranges acting as wave
guides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region
connected to theWorld Oceanby a chain of two shallow straits, the
Dardanellesand the Bosphorus. The Dardanelles is 55 m deep and the
Bosphorus is as shallow as 36 m. By comparison, at the height of the
lastice age,sea levels were more than 100 m lower than they are now.
There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerablylower at some point during the post-glacial period. Thus, for example,
archaeologists found fresh-water snail shells and man-made structures in
roughly 100 m of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey.
Therefore it is agreed that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater
lake (at least in upper layers) during the last glaciation and for some time
after.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean -
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In the aftermath of the last glacial period, water levels in the Black Sea and
the Aegean Sea rose independently until they were high enough to
exchange water. The exact timeline of this development is still subject to
debate. One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first, with excess fresh
water flowing over the Bosphorus sill and eventually into the MediterraneanSea.