Marcos Regime in the Philippines - Martial Law

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Lawpage 595

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Objectives

• To recall some information about Ferdinand Marcos.

• To know the nature of Martial Law.• To discuss the causes and effects of

Martial Law in the whole country during the Marcos regime.

• To conduct a 3-minute group activity.



What is Martial Law?• Martial law is an extreme and rare measure used to

control society during war or periods of civil unrest or chaos.

• Martial law is the imposition of military power over designated regions on an emergency basis.

• Martial law is usually imposed on a temporary basis when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively (e.g., maintaining order and security, or providing essential services), when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread. Fundamentally it is a requirement put on civilian government when they fail to function correctly.



Who is Ferdinand Marcos?



Proclamation No. 1081

Face with the severely critical condition of the country and the rising power of Jose Ma. Sison's Communist Party ,President Ferdinand E. Marcos, availing himself of Article VII, Section 10, paragraph 2 of the Constitution, issued the entire country under martial law. In accordance with this proclamation, the President today rule by decrees, general orders, and letters of instruction.



The President's proclamation was met with silence by the people and the pessimist's fear of bloodbath did not materialize.

In accordance with the Proclamation 1081, President Marcos issued General Order 2-A ordering the Secretary of National Defense to arrest and detain persons who committed "crimes and offenses in furtherance or on the occasion of our incident to or in connection with the crimes of insurrection and rebellion" as defined in the Revised Penal Code, and those who, in one way or another, committed and will commit crimes against society and the government that are guilty of weakening the fabric of society and of undermining the stability of the government.



Initial Measures

Land Reform Program

- In Presidential Decree No. 2, dated on Sep. 26, 1972, Pres. Marcos proclaimed the entire Philippines as land reform area.

-tenants are given 3 hectares of irrigated rice or corn lands and 5 hectares if unirrigated.- The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) was created to expedite the transfer of land titles to the peasants.- National Grains Authority was created under PD 4 on

Sep. 26, 1972, which was intended to "effect the desired changes and reform in the social, economic, and political structure of society.."



New Society

- On Sep. 27, 1972, PD No. 6 was issued prescribing the rules and regulations regarding discipline in the government .- The decree spelled out the grounds for disciplinary action against misdemeanors which, in the old society, were ignored or passed over. Curfew- To minimize if not completely eradicate robbery and other unlawful activities at night, Pres. Marcos set a curfew from midnight to four in the morning. Later on, it was changed from one to four in the morning.



The New Constitution

- The Constitutional Convention framed a new constitution to replace that of 1935, met on Sep. 25, 1972, and "voted unanimously" to "continue deliberations on vital issues".

After which, Pres. Marcos referred the new charter to the Kapulungan or General Assembly numbering 26,000 all over the country.



To consider the provisions of the new charter, three questions were submitted to the Kapulungan:

1.Do you approve of the Citizens Assembly as a way of popular government to decide issues affecting our people?2.Do you approve of the new Constitution?3.Do you want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?



Distribution of Wealth- President Marcos issued an order urging business, corporations and companies to open their doors to the public which is to say, ownership of the corporations and companies should not be limited to the family circle and to a narrow circle of friends, but should be dispersed to those who were willing to become stockholders of such business firms.

Meralco, which changed ownership, was now owned not by a few but by all Meralco customers.

With regard to lands beyond seven hectares owned by a person, a decree provided for the distribution of land above seven hectares to landless tenants, and those who owned seven or less were required to till their lands personally.



Peace and Order

- The greatest threat to peace and order came not from the NPA's activities, which were not massive in nature, but from the so-called Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). - Marcos initiated a truce movement in February 1975, by appealing to the members of the ASEAN and to the Muslim countries to help force a ceasefire in the affected areas of Mindanao and Sulu.- During the truce period, however, the MNLF attacked the Philippine Constabulary forces in Mindanao, resulting in heavy casualties.



- The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), the Moscow-Oriented communist group, volunteered to cooperate with the President. It was stipulated in a "Memorandum of Cooperation", dated on October 1,1974, and signed by Feliciano Macapagal secretary-general of the PKP.

- The campaign to have peace and order led to the capture of Commander Dante ( Bernabe Buscayno), head the NPA, the arm of Peking-oriented Sison Group of communists, and of Lt. Victor Corpus, which has weakened the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines.

Bernabe Buscayno

Lt. Victor Corpus



Infrastructure- The Bureau of Internal Revenue, the biggest money maker of the government, and the Bureau of Customs, the second money maker were placed in the hands of dedicated officials who were willing to run after prominent and influential tax payers.

-At the same time, President Marcos issued a decree extending tax amnesty to those who, deliberately or not, failed to pay the correct amount of money.- Substantial parts of this huge collection were spent in the construction of first-class infrastructure projects.



The Shift in Foreign Policy- The late statesman, parliamentarian, poet, and nationalist, Claro M. Recto, described the Philippine foreign policy since 1946 as "mendicant policy."- Even at the risk of being called communistic or a "fellow traveler," Recto, imbued with high ideals and possessed of seer's insight, fought for the non-recognition of Ngo Dinh Diem's South Vietnam, which Recto called a puppet of the United States, made the plea that the Philippines live with their neighbors, irrespective of ideology, as peacefully as circumstances allowed, and suggested a non-aligned posture in foreign affairs. A small country like the Philippines, he said, should not take up the quarrels of the great nations.



President Marcos, grasping the significance of the new realities in international politics, initiated the shift in Philippine foreign policy when, on May 23,1975, he delivered a foreign policy speech enumerating six guidelines "to help the country survive the current security crisis in Asia" arising from the American debacle in Vietnam. The guidelines are:



In accordance with the guidelines, Philippines established a diplomatic agreement to the following socialist countries:

East Germany Hungary Czechoslovakia Bulgaria

Romania China Vietnam Jordan

Democratic Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia)

Soviet Union



In December 1973, the Philippines ratified the long-pending Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation with Japan. The establishment of diplomatic relations with the socialist countries of Asia and Europe led not only to progressive trade relations between them and the Philippines but also to cultural exchange programs.

The stand of the Philippines during the negotiation with the United States in December 1976 that the latter should pay rent for the right to use the bases, principally Clark Air Base and Subic(Olangapo) Naval Base.



Labor and Human WelfareUnderemployment remained at 9.2 percent, of the total labor force.

Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB)

Public Employment Office(PEO)

National Seamen Board(NSB)

National Manpower and Youth Council(NMYC)

Bureau of Apprenticeship(BA)



Effects of Employment Abroad

1. the lessening of the number of unemployed in the country;

2. the projection of good image of the Filipino laborers, technicians, and professional abroad, and finally;

3. the increase of the government's income made possible through foreign exchange remittances of the workers and professionals working abroad.



Wages Increase of LaborersP10.00/day

P9.00/

day

P7.00/day P6.00/day

within Metro Manila

outside Metro Manila

Plantationworkers

Non- Plantationworkers

Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) – a restructuring agent of the Philippine labor movement.



The Economy: Gains and LossesEconomic

Gain

5.8 %

Growth Rate: Gross Capital

Formation

29.1 %

Growth Rate: Agriculture

4.1 %

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) estimated that the country increased its GNP from P40,847M to P43,203M.

The field per hectare planted to rice increased by 40-50 percent.



The Economy: Gains and Losses

The spiraling cost of oil imports and the lowering of the prices of traditional exports led to a trade deficit of P1.164 M.



GROUP ACTIVITY“Three or more brains are better than one.”



Directions: 1.Proceed to your group based on the group formed in reporting and form your chairs into a circle.2.Prepare only one ¼ sheet of paper for each group and write the names of your corresponding group members.3.On the next slides, 21 questions will be given with 25 points in total.4.The group should unite and cooperate to come up with the final answer.5.A 1-minute time limit will be given to each slide.6.Right only the letter of your best answers and give what is asked.



READY!!!12345GO!



PASS!!



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Marcos Regime in the Philippines - Martial Law

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