March | April 10 - International Aquafeed
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Transcript of March | April 10 - International Aquafeed
the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
Member of the World Aquaculture Society European Aquaculture Society American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association
Volume 13 I s sue 2 2 010
Protein sources - Functionality the key to a role in
modern aquafeeds
Extrusion - Protein damagecomplexation
during extrusion
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn
production
Volume 13 Issue 2 March-April 2010 copy Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 All rights reserved
Aquaculture UK 2010 19-20 May 2010 at Aviemore
Now an established major event Aquaculture UK will be held again in May 2010With visitors from 18 countries as far afield as Sweden Chile and the United States
make sure you donrsquot miss out on this opportunity to connect with buyers and decision makers from the aquaculture industry worldwide
Herersquos what exhibitors said of the 2008 exhibition
ldquoAviemore was a good location and the show had a certain spirit which is always hard to createrdquo Guy Mace - MD Biomar
ldquoThe show went well for EWOS - our costs were much lower than Glasgow and we got the audience we wantedrdquo Douglas Low - MD Ewos
ldquoThe feedback regarding Aviemore seems to have been very positive and it had a much better atmosphere than GlasgowrdquoWill Jewison - Skretting
ldquoMany thanks for delivering a very successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch
aquaI n t E r n A t I o n A l
feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS
PerendalePublishers Ltd International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom
All data is published in good faith based on information received and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published copyCopyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd ISSN 1464-0058
Volume 13 Issue 2 March-April 2010 copy Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 All rights reserved
EDITORrsquoS DESK 2
Aqua NewsA bold step for BIOMIN aquaculture 3Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA 4Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia 4ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth 5The future of 6marine aquaculture 6NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image 8Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV 8ARCHIVE 8Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officer 9New role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities 9First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply 10Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference 11
ProteinProtein sources - Alternative protein sources should also show 12 functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds
ProbioticEvaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production 18
THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 24
ExtrusionProtein damagecomplexation during extrusion 26
VacuumA vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food 32
AquafeedsAquafeeds ready to take the plunge 34
Feed ManagementAquafeeds in Tanzania 36Diets for tilapia brood stock Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil 38
Book Reviews 42
CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 44
IAF WEB LINKS 46
AQUA EVENTS 48
Cov
er im
age
cour
tesy
of
Fusi
on M
arin
e Li
mite
d
EDITORrsquoS DESK W
ELC
OM
E TO
INTE
RN
ATIO
NA
L AQ
UA
FEED
MA
GA
ZIN
E
Croeso (Welcome)
As we leave a very cold dark winter behind us in Northern Europe and the USA we look towards the glimmer of spring and the start a new produc-tion cycle in the Northern Hemisphere Of course this contrasts with the tropics where demand for fish and shellfish production is expanding and
the aquafeed sector must respond accordingly
SE Asia continues to dominate and it is not surprising that International Aquafeed continues to receive invaluable contributions from specialists in this region
I am delighted to overview the contribution of Keith Filer from Alltech Asia ndashPacific concerning the development of novel proteins based on single cell sources such as yeasts and algal blends and how this might contribute significantly to diet formulations for many fish species in future
He focuses on some recent scientific appraisals of products from both a production basis and promotion of health
This fits in with the overall global sustainability agenda and is further elaborated by Daphne Tanrsquos feature which takes a more holistic view of the protein and feed ingredient needs in aquaculture and addresses this topic in an interesting approach from Singapore with an expert eye on the market trends and potential for raw material usage
My editorial associate Professor Krishen Rana from Stirling again addresses feed management issues with his sound knowledge of Africa and this time turns his attention to Tanzania and tilapia and in particular follows with a specialised focus on tilapia brood stock diets
Indeed we must in future include a special feature on the nutritional requirements of brood stock fish in general as the aquafeed industry always needs to produce a range of special feeds for shrimp maturation and large mature fin-fish entering their reproductive stages
As such feed management is an important aspect of good husbandry and I thank Krishen for his excellent contributions to this section and wide applications to effective feed delivery and efficiency gains
The technical issues relating to feed manufacture are highlighted in an article concerning protein damage and stability in the complex extrusion process This is a very important concern and is per-tinent to our understanding of the delicate nature of many feed ingredient and how their nutritional value can be modulated under various conditions We also note the importance of post-extrusion vacuum coating technology for specialised feed additives and oil inclusion
Finally I mention a feature from one of our youngest contributors Tim OrsquoBrine who at 22 is one of my MSc students undertaking his Masters in lsquoSustainable Aquaculture Systemsrsquo
His article reviewing the use of probiotics in prawn production is comprehensive and a useful staging post for further consideration on disease and health management of shrimp
I am sure you will enjoy this spring issue next time I will report directly from the World Aquaculture Society meeting in San Diego and which will no doubt provide many new topics for discussion
March-April 2010
SubSCribEwwwaquafeedcouksubscribephp
International Aquafeed is published six times a year bringing you in-depth features industry news events book reviews and more Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UKpound85 For more information please visit our website
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
EditorProfessor Simon DaviesTel +44 1242 267706Email simondaquafeedcouk
Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaTel +44 1242 267706Email krishenraquafeedcouk
Editorial Advisory Panelbull Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed (Egypt)bull Aliro Borquez (Chile)bull Chen Shuping (China)bull Citas Pascual (Philippines)bull Colin Mair (UK)bull Daniel Montero (Spain)bull Dom Bureau (Canada)bull Eric De Muylder (Belgium)bull Miguel A Olvera (Mexico)bull Mike Cremer (USA)bull Ola Flesland (Norway)bull Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)bull Ming DanChen (Thailand)
International Marketing Manager
Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Subscription amp Circulation Manager
Tuti TanTel +44 1242 267706 Email tutitaquafeedcouk
Production Manager
Nicky BarnesTel +44 1242 267706 Email nickybaquafeedcouk
Design amp Page Layout
James TaylorTel +44 1242 267706 Email jamestaquafeedcouk
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Tel +1 314 739 9191 bull +1 800 288 2726 bull Fax +1 314 739 5880 bull wwwtapcoinccomSt Louis Missouri USA
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Jimi Davidson USA (Speaks Spanish)ldquoAvailable in polyethylenepolyurethane and nylonrdquo
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SpeakAd_FINALA4 22310 102 AM Page 1
Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
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Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
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PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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M
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CY
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
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M
Y
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
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Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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Volume 13 Issue 2 March-April 2010 copy Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 All rights reserved
Aquaculture UK 2010 19-20 May 2010 at Aviemore
Now an established major event Aquaculture UK will be held again in May 2010With visitors from 18 countries as far afield as Sweden Chile and the United States
make sure you donrsquot miss out on this opportunity to connect with buyers and decision makers from the aquaculture industry worldwide
Herersquos what exhibitors said of the 2008 exhibition
ldquoAviemore was a good location and the show had a certain spirit which is always hard to createrdquo Guy Mace - MD Biomar
ldquoThe show went well for EWOS - our costs were much lower than Glasgow and we got the audience we wantedrdquo Douglas Low - MD Ewos
ldquoThe feedback regarding Aviemore seems to have been very positive and it had a much better atmosphere than GlasgowrdquoWill Jewison - Skretting
ldquoMany thanks for delivering a very successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch
aquaI n t E r n A t I o n A l
feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS
PerendalePublishers Ltd International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom
All data is published in good faith based on information received and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published copyCopyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd ISSN 1464-0058
Volume 13 Issue 2 March-April 2010 copy Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 All rights reserved
EDITORrsquoS DESK 2
Aqua NewsA bold step for BIOMIN aquaculture 3Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA 4Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia 4ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth 5The future of 6marine aquaculture 6NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image 8Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV 8ARCHIVE 8Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officer 9New role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities 9First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply 10Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference 11
ProteinProtein sources - Alternative protein sources should also show 12 functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds
ProbioticEvaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production 18
THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 24
ExtrusionProtein damagecomplexation during extrusion 26
VacuumA vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food 32
AquafeedsAquafeeds ready to take the plunge 34
Feed ManagementAquafeeds in Tanzania 36Diets for tilapia brood stock Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil 38
Book Reviews 42
CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 44
IAF WEB LINKS 46
AQUA EVENTS 48
Cov
er im
age
cour
tesy
of
Fusi
on M
arin
e Li
mite
d
EDITORrsquoS DESK W
ELC
OM
E TO
INTE
RN
ATIO
NA
L AQ
UA
FEED
MA
GA
ZIN
E
Croeso (Welcome)
As we leave a very cold dark winter behind us in Northern Europe and the USA we look towards the glimmer of spring and the start a new produc-tion cycle in the Northern Hemisphere Of course this contrasts with the tropics where demand for fish and shellfish production is expanding and
the aquafeed sector must respond accordingly
SE Asia continues to dominate and it is not surprising that International Aquafeed continues to receive invaluable contributions from specialists in this region
I am delighted to overview the contribution of Keith Filer from Alltech Asia ndashPacific concerning the development of novel proteins based on single cell sources such as yeasts and algal blends and how this might contribute significantly to diet formulations for many fish species in future
He focuses on some recent scientific appraisals of products from both a production basis and promotion of health
This fits in with the overall global sustainability agenda and is further elaborated by Daphne Tanrsquos feature which takes a more holistic view of the protein and feed ingredient needs in aquaculture and addresses this topic in an interesting approach from Singapore with an expert eye on the market trends and potential for raw material usage
My editorial associate Professor Krishen Rana from Stirling again addresses feed management issues with his sound knowledge of Africa and this time turns his attention to Tanzania and tilapia and in particular follows with a specialised focus on tilapia brood stock diets
Indeed we must in future include a special feature on the nutritional requirements of brood stock fish in general as the aquafeed industry always needs to produce a range of special feeds for shrimp maturation and large mature fin-fish entering their reproductive stages
As such feed management is an important aspect of good husbandry and I thank Krishen for his excellent contributions to this section and wide applications to effective feed delivery and efficiency gains
The technical issues relating to feed manufacture are highlighted in an article concerning protein damage and stability in the complex extrusion process This is a very important concern and is per-tinent to our understanding of the delicate nature of many feed ingredient and how their nutritional value can be modulated under various conditions We also note the importance of post-extrusion vacuum coating technology for specialised feed additives and oil inclusion
Finally I mention a feature from one of our youngest contributors Tim OrsquoBrine who at 22 is one of my MSc students undertaking his Masters in lsquoSustainable Aquaculture Systemsrsquo
His article reviewing the use of probiotics in prawn production is comprehensive and a useful staging post for further consideration on disease and health management of shrimp
I am sure you will enjoy this spring issue next time I will report directly from the World Aquaculture Society meeting in San Diego and which will no doubt provide many new topics for discussion
March-April 2010
SubSCribEwwwaquafeedcouksubscribephp
International Aquafeed is published six times a year bringing you in-depth features industry news events book reviews and more Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UKpound85 For more information please visit our website
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
EditorProfessor Simon DaviesTel +44 1242 267706Email simondaquafeedcouk
Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaTel +44 1242 267706Email krishenraquafeedcouk
Editorial Advisory Panelbull Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed (Egypt)bull Aliro Borquez (Chile)bull Chen Shuping (China)bull Citas Pascual (Philippines)bull Colin Mair (UK)bull Daniel Montero (Spain)bull Dom Bureau (Canada)bull Eric De Muylder (Belgium)bull Miguel A Olvera (Mexico)bull Mike Cremer (USA)bull Ola Flesland (Norway)bull Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)bull Ming DanChen (Thailand)
International Marketing Manager
Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Subscription amp Circulation Manager
Tuti TanTel +44 1242 267706 Email tutitaquafeedcouk
Production Manager
Nicky BarnesTel +44 1242 267706 Email nickybaquafeedcouk
Design amp Page Layout
James TaylorTel +44 1242 267706 Email jamestaquafeedcouk
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Tel +1 314 739 9191 bull +1 800 288 2726 bull Fax +1 314 739 5880 bull wwwtapcoinccomSt Louis Missouri USA
ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS
Jim Cunningham USA
(Speaks English)
ldquoRounded edges =
gentle handlingrdquo
Wherever your product is processed storedor shipped one thing is constantthe
need for high quality buckets thatstand the test of time
Since 1974 Tapco buckets havebeen outperforming all othersin tests and actual usage ndashhandling everything from
feed to fertilizer with care andefficiency Maybe thatrsquos why
Tapco has the two most popular designs in the world Tapco hasa bucket that will interchange and replace existing buckets to giveyou the durability you need to handle abrasive loadshellipwith equal or greater capacity
When you call Tapco yoursquoll be pleased to learnthat your representative literally DOES speakyour language ndash and knows which bucketsare the best choice for your application Visitwwwtapcoinccom to find out moreabout Tapcorsquos world-class features
Thorsten Rogner Europe amp Asia(Speaks German)ldquoCC-XD ndash Toughest on the marketrdquo
Bruce Fagala USA (Speaks English)
ldquoNon-sparking and saferdquo
Jimi Davidson USA (Speaks Spanish)ldquoAvailable in polyethylenepolyurethane and nylonrdquo
FANGED HEADElevator Bolt
FLAT COUNTERSUNKHEAD (NO 1 NORWAY)
Elevator Bolt
Carl Swisher USA amp Canada
(Speaks Spanish)
ldquoXtremely efficientrdquo
Yassine Abbad Middle East amp Africa(Speaks French amp Arabic)ldquoBuckets for every applicationrdquo
John Paul Santangelo Latin America (Speaks Spanish)
ldquoStocking distributors worldwiderdquo
Mike Kerlagon USA (Speaks English)
ldquoSame day shipping availablerdquo
When it Comes to Elevator Bucket PerformanceTapco Speaks Your Language
reg
STYLE SUPER EUROBUCKETtrade CC-XD(XTREME DUTY) amp CC-HD (HEAVY DUTY)
Polyurethane Nylon and Polyethylene Elevator Buckets
The color blue when used in connection with elevator buckets is a US registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc Super EuroBucket trade is a registered trademark of Tapco Inc copy 2010 Tapco Increg All rights reserved
SpeakAd_FINALA4 22310 102 AM Page 1
Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
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Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
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bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
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bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
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Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
- Button 2
- Button 4
- Button 6
- Button 5
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aquaI n t E r n A t I o n A l
feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS
PerendalePublishers Ltd International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom
All data is published in good faith based on information received and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published copyCopyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd ISSN 1464-0058
Volume 13 Issue 2 March-April 2010 copy Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2010 All rights reserved
EDITORrsquoS DESK 2
Aqua NewsA bold step for BIOMIN aquaculture 3Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA 4Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia 4ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth 5The future of 6marine aquaculture 6NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image 8Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV 8ARCHIVE 8Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officer 9New role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities 9First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply 10Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference 11
ProteinProtein sources - Alternative protein sources should also show 12 functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds
ProbioticEvaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production 18
THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 24
ExtrusionProtein damagecomplexation during extrusion 26
VacuumA vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food 32
AquafeedsAquafeeds ready to take the plunge 34
Feed ManagementAquafeeds in Tanzania 36Diets for tilapia brood stock Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil 38
Book Reviews 42
CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 44
IAF WEB LINKS 46
AQUA EVENTS 48
Cov
er im
age
cour
tesy
of
Fusi
on M
arin
e Li
mite
d
EDITORrsquoS DESK W
ELC
OM
E TO
INTE
RN
ATIO
NA
L AQ
UA
FEED
MA
GA
ZIN
E
Croeso (Welcome)
As we leave a very cold dark winter behind us in Northern Europe and the USA we look towards the glimmer of spring and the start a new produc-tion cycle in the Northern Hemisphere Of course this contrasts with the tropics where demand for fish and shellfish production is expanding and
the aquafeed sector must respond accordingly
SE Asia continues to dominate and it is not surprising that International Aquafeed continues to receive invaluable contributions from specialists in this region
I am delighted to overview the contribution of Keith Filer from Alltech Asia ndashPacific concerning the development of novel proteins based on single cell sources such as yeasts and algal blends and how this might contribute significantly to diet formulations for many fish species in future
He focuses on some recent scientific appraisals of products from both a production basis and promotion of health
This fits in with the overall global sustainability agenda and is further elaborated by Daphne Tanrsquos feature which takes a more holistic view of the protein and feed ingredient needs in aquaculture and addresses this topic in an interesting approach from Singapore with an expert eye on the market trends and potential for raw material usage
My editorial associate Professor Krishen Rana from Stirling again addresses feed management issues with his sound knowledge of Africa and this time turns his attention to Tanzania and tilapia and in particular follows with a specialised focus on tilapia brood stock diets
Indeed we must in future include a special feature on the nutritional requirements of brood stock fish in general as the aquafeed industry always needs to produce a range of special feeds for shrimp maturation and large mature fin-fish entering their reproductive stages
As such feed management is an important aspect of good husbandry and I thank Krishen for his excellent contributions to this section and wide applications to effective feed delivery and efficiency gains
The technical issues relating to feed manufacture are highlighted in an article concerning protein damage and stability in the complex extrusion process This is a very important concern and is per-tinent to our understanding of the delicate nature of many feed ingredient and how their nutritional value can be modulated under various conditions We also note the importance of post-extrusion vacuum coating technology for specialised feed additives and oil inclusion
Finally I mention a feature from one of our youngest contributors Tim OrsquoBrine who at 22 is one of my MSc students undertaking his Masters in lsquoSustainable Aquaculture Systemsrsquo
His article reviewing the use of probiotics in prawn production is comprehensive and a useful staging post for further consideration on disease and health management of shrimp
I am sure you will enjoy this spring issue next time I will report directly from the World Aquaculture Society meeting in San Diego and which will no doubt provide many new topics for discussion
March-April 2010
SubSCribEwwwaquafeedcouksubscribephp
International Aquafeed is published six times a year bringing you in-depth features industry news events book reviews and more Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UKpound85 For more information please visit our website
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
EditorProfessor Simon DaviesTel +44 1242 267706Email simondaquafeedcouk
Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaTel +44 1242 267706Email krishenraquafeedcouk
Editorial Advisory Panelbull Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed (Egypt)bull Aliro Borquez (Chile)bull Chen Shuping (China)bull Citas Pascual (Philippines)bull Colin Mair (UK)bull Daniel Montero (Spain)bull Dom Bureau (Canada)bull Eric De Muylder (Belgium)bull Miguel A Olvera (Mexico)bull Mike Cremer (USA)bull Ola Flesland (Norway)bull Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)bull Ming DanChen (Thailand)
International Marketing Manager
Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Subscription amp Circulation Manager
Tuti TanTel +44 1242 267706 Email tutitaquafeedcouk
Production Manager
Nicky BarnesTel +44 1242 267706 Email nickybaquafeedcouk
Design amp Page Layout
James TaylorTel +44 1242 267706 Email jamestaquafeedcouk
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Tel +1 314 739 9191 bull +1 800 288 2726 bull Fax +1 314 739 5880 bull wwwtapcoinccomSt Louis Missouri USA
ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS
Jim Cunningham USA
(Speaks English)
ldquoRounded edges =
gentle handlingrdquo
Wherever your product is processed storedor shipped one thing is constantthe
need for high quality buckets thatstand the test of time
Since 1974 Tapco buckets havebeen outperforming all othersin tests and actual usage ndashhandling everything from
feed to fertilizer with care andefficiency Maybe thatrsquos why
Tapco has the two most popular designs in the world Tapco hasa bucket that will interchange and replace existing buckets to giveyou the durability you need to handle abrasive loadshellipwith equal or greater capacity
When you call Tapco yoursquoll be pleased to learnthat your representative literally DOES speakyour language ndash and knows which bucketsare the best choice for your application Visitwwwtapcoinccom to find out moreabout Tapcorsquos world-class features
Thorsten Rogner Europe amp Asia(Speaks German)ldquoCC-XD ndash Toughest on the marketrdquo
Bruce Fagala USA (Speaks English)
ldquoNon-sparking and saferdquo
Jimi Davidson USA (Speaks Spanish)ldquoAvailable in polyethylenepolyurethane and nylonrdquo
FANGED HEADElevator Bolt
FLAT COUNTERSUNKHEAD (NO 1 NORWAY)
Elevator Bolt
Carl Swisher USA amp Canada
(Speaks Spanish)
ldquoXtremely efficientrdquo
Yassine Abbad Middle East amp Africa(Speaks French amp Arabic)ldquoBuckets for every applicationrdquo
John Paul Santangelo Latin America (Speaks Spanish)
ldquoStocking distributors worldwiderdquo
Mike Kerlagon USA (Speaks English)
ldquoSame day shipping availablerdquo
When it Comes to Elevator Bucket PerformanceTapco Speaks Your Language
reg
STYLE SUPER EUROBUCKETtrade CC-XD(XTREME DUTY) amp CC-HD (HEAVY DUTY)
Polyurethane Nylon and Polyethylene Elevator Buckets
The color blue when used in connection with elevator buckets is a US registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc Super EuroBucket trade is a registered trademark of Tapco Inc copy 2010 Tapco Increg All rights reserved
SpeakAd_FINALA4 22310 102 AM Page 1
Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
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120
08
010
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08
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290
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
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in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
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MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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IAN
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Media Partners
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LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
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nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
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SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
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The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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EDITORrsquoS DESK W
ELC
OM
E TO
INTE
RN
ATIO
NA
L AQ
UA
FEED
MA
GA
ZIN
E
Croeso (Welcome)
As we leave a very cold dark winter behind us in Northern Europe and the USA we look towards the glimmer of spring and the start a new produc-tion cycle in the Northern Hemisphere Of course this contrasts with the tropics where demand for fish and shellfish production is expanding and
the aquafeed sector must respond accordingly
SE Asia continues to dominate and it is not surprising that International Aquafeed continues to receive invaluable contributions from specialists in this region
I am delighted to overview the contribution of Keith Filer from Alltech Asia ndashPacific concerning the development of novel proteins based on single cell sources such as yeasts and algal blends and how this might contribute significantly to diet formulations for many fish species in future
He focuses on some recent scientific appraisals of products from both a production basis and promotion of health
This fits in with the overall global sustainability agenda and is further elaborated by Daphne Tanrsquos feature which takes a more holistic view of the protein and feed ingredient needs in aquaculture and addresses this topic in an interesting approach from Singapore with an expert eye on the market trends and potential for raw material usage
My editorial associate Professor Krishen Rana from Stirling again addresses feed management issues with his sound knowledge of Africa and this time turns his attention to Tanzania and tilapia and in particular follows with a specialised focus on tilapia brood stock diets
Indeed we must in future include a special feature on the nutritional requirements of brood stock fish in general as the aquafeed industry always needs to produce a range of special feeds for shrimp maturation and large mature fin-fish entering their reproductive stages
As such feed management is an important aspect of good husbandry and I thank Krishen for his excellent contributions to this section and wide applications to effective feed delivery and efficiency gains
The technical issues relating to feed manufacture are highlighted in an article concerning protein damage and stability in the complex extrusion process This is a very important concern and is per-tinent to our understanding of the delicate nature of many feed ingredient and how their nutritional value can be modulated under various conditions We also note the importance of post-extrusion vacuum coating technology for specialised feed additives and oil inclusion
Finally I mention a feature from one of our youngest contributors Tim OrsquoBrine who at 22 is one of my MSc students undertaking his Masters in lsquoSustainable Aquaculture Systemsrsquo
His article reviewing the use of probiotics in prawn production is comprehensive and a useful staging post for further consideration on disease and health management of shrimp
I am sure you will enjoy this spring issue next time I will report directly from the World Aquaculture Society meeting in San Diego and which will no doubt provide many new topics for discussion
March-April 2010
SubSCribEwwwaquafeedcouksubscribephp
International Aquafeed is published six times a year bringing you in-depth features industry news events book reviews and more Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UKpound85 For more information please visit our website
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
EditorProfessor Simon DaviesTel +44 1242 267706Email simondaquafeedcouk
Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaTel +44 1242 267706Email krishenraquafeedcouk
Editorial Advisory Panelbull Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed (Egypt)bull Aliro Borquez (Chile)bull Chen Shuping (China)bull Citas Pascual (Philippines)bull Colin Mair (UK)bull Daniel Montero (Spain)bull Dom Bureau (Canada)bull Eric De Muylder (Belgium)bull Miguel A Olvera (Mexico)bull Mike Cremer (USA)bull Ola Flesland (Norway)bull Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)bull Ming DanChen (Thailand)
International Marketing Manager
Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Subscription amp Circulation Manager
Tuti TanTel +44 1242 267706 Email tutitaquafeedcouk
Production Manager
Nicky BarnesTel +44 1242 267706 Email nickybaquafeedcouk
Design amp Page Layout
James TaylorTel +44 1242 267706 Email jamestaquafeedcouk
2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Tel +1 314 739 9191 bull +1 800 288 2726 bull Fax +1 314 739 5880 bull wwwtapcoinccomSt Louis Missouri USA
ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS
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(Speaks English)
ldquoRounded edges =
gentle handlingrdquo
Wherever your product is processed storedor shipped one thing is constantthe
need for high quality buckets thatstand the test of time
Since 1974 Tapco buckets havebeen outperforming all othersin tests and actual usage ndashhandling everything from
feed to fertilizer with care andefficiency Maybe thatrsquos why
Tapco has the two most popular designs in the world Tapco hasa bucket that will interchange and replace existing buckets to giveyou the durability you need to handle abrasive loadshellipwith equal or greater capacity
When you call Tapco yoursquoll be pleased to learnthat your representative literally DOES speakyour language ndash and knows which bucketsare the best choice for your application Visitwwwtapcoinccom to find out moreabout Tapcorsquos world-class features
Thorsten Rogner Europe amp Asia(Speaks German)ldquoCC-XD ndash Toughest on the marketrdquo
Bruce Fagala USA (Speaks English)
ldquoNon-sparking and saferdquo
Jimi Davidson USA (Speaks Spanish)ldquoAvailable in polyethylenepolyurethane and nylonrdquo
FANGED HEADElevator Bolt
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Elevator Bolt
Carl Swisher USA amp Canada
(Speaks Spanish)
ldquoXtremely efficientrdquo
Yassine Abbad Middle East amp Africa(Speaks French amp Arabic)ldquoBuckets for every applicationrdquo
John Paul Santangelo Latin America (Speaks Spanish)
ldquoStocking distributors worldwiderdquo
Mike Kerlagon USA (Speaks English)
ldquoSame day shipping availablerdquo
When it Comes to Elevator Bucket PerformanceTapco Speaks Your Language
reg
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Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
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aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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IAN
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EN
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Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
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Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
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Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Tel +1 314 739 9191 bull +1 800 288 2726 bull Fax +1 314 739 5880 bull wwwtapcoinccomSt Louis Missouri USA
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Wherever your product is processed storedor shipped one thing is constantthe
need for high quality buckets thatstand the test of time
Since 1974 Tapco buckets havebeen outperforming all othersin tests and actual usage ndashhandling everything from
feed to fertilizer with care andefficiency Maybe thatrsquos why
Tapco has the two most popular designs in the world Tapco hasa bucket that will interchange and replace existing buckets to giveyou the durability you need to handle abrasive loadshellipwith equal or greater capacity
When you call Tapco yoursquoll be pleased to learnthat your representative literally DOES speakyour language ndash and knows which bucketsare the best choice for your application Visitwwwtapcoinccom to find out moreabout Tapcorsquos world-class features
Thorsten Rogner Europe amp Asia(Speaks German)ldquoCC-XD ndash Toughest on the marketrdquo
Bruce Fagala USA (Speaks English)
ldquoNon-sparking and saferdquo
Jimi Davidson USA (Speaks Spanish)ldquoAvailable in polyethylenepolyurethane and nylonrdquo
FANGED HEADElevator Bolt
FLAT COUNTERSUNKHEAD (NO 1 NORWAY)
Elevator Bolt
Carl Swisher USA amp Canada
(Speaks Spanish)
ldquoXtremely efficientrdquo
Yassine Abbad Middle East amp Africa(Speaks French amp Arabic)ldquoBuckets for every applicationrdquo
John Paul Santangelo Latin America (Speaks Spanish)
ldquoStocking distributors worldwiderdquo
Mike Kerlagon USA (Speaks English)
ldquoSame day shipping availablerdquo
When it Comes to Elevator Bucket PerformanceTapco Speaks Your Language
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The color blue when used in connection with elevator buckets is a US registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc Super EuroBucket trade is a registered trademark of Tapco Inc copy 2010 Tapco Increg All rights reserved
SpeakAd_FINALA4 22310 102 AM Page 1
Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
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PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA
Charoen Phokphand Foods Ltd the worlds leading producer and
suppl ier of farmed White Shrimp and AKVA group ASA the worlds leading supplier of technology for the aquacul-ture industry have signed a stra-tegic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the pro-duction of white shrimp utilising AKVAs recirculation technology and CPFs broad knowledge in shrimp farming
CPF is working actively to improve the i r product ion methods and technology
A natural next step for the shrimp farming industry is to utilise new technological oppor-tunities to address many of the challenges of the industry and society today
ldquoThis strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive
towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry
ldquoBy th i s pro ject we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites the elimi-nation of and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done Further to this we believe that the technology that this stra-tegic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon foot-print of the produced shrimp significantlyrdquo says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul Chairman of the executive Board of CPF
The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200
tonnesyear intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as an integrated solution
ldquoFor AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recir-culation technology in the global market
ldquoWe appreciate the initia-tives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par tiesrdquo says Mr Knut Molaug CEO of AKVA group
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Knut MolaugCEOAKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4PO Box 271 N-4349 BryneNorwayTel +47 901 39522Fax +47 51 778501Email kmolaugakvagroupcom
Back from left Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP CPF) Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director AKVA group S E Asia) Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board CPF)Front from left Mr Knut Molaug (CEO AKVA group) Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP CPF)
Je f f R o g e r s h a s b e e n appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments
of Australia Pty Ltd He brings over 25 years expe-
rience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class tech-nology and support
ldquoThis is a very exciting time for
our company We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliersrdquo says Mr Rogers
He takes over from Rodney B o o t h w h o h a s r e t i r e d a s manag ing d i r ec to r and w i l l now t a ke a Bu s i ne s s Development role within the l a r ge r Per ten In s t r ument s G r o u p R o d n e y f o u n d e d N e w p o r t S c i e n t i f i c a n d l aunched the Rap id V i s co Analyser (RVA) in 1985
ldquoI am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects a n d r e s e a r c h a n d d e ve l o p -ment of new and applied technol-ogies rdquo says Mr
Booth Mr Booth also serves on the
board of AACC International since September 2009
As par t of the in tegr at ion of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s the legal entity Newport Scientific P t y L t d h a s changed name and is now Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd
The company will continue to provide sales applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products Their focus on local manufactur ing and development of analyt-ical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Jeff RogersManaging Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty LtdUnit 1 2 Apollo Street Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaTel +61 2 99796992Fax +61 2 99796993Email jrogerspertencomWebsite wwwpertencom
Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia
Jeff Rogers Rodney Booth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
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120
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
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PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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ILDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnamrsquos live-
stock dairy meat-processing and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd (NEO) announced the read-iness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibit ion and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat general manager NCC Exh ib i t ion Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that ldquoILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 coun-tries including country pavilion from France Singapore Korea China Shanghai City and the Netherlands
ldquoA number of international governmental and industr ial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association Canadian Swine Association
British Pig Association Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health V i e t n am Depa r tmen t o f Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial eventrdquo
Wi t h heav y p romot i on campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam live-stock dair y meat-processing and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level
Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam live-stock and aquaculture indus-tries ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao director of depar tment of livestock pro-duction Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong vice director-general Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give
keynote speeches on ldquoHusbandry in Vietnam ndash Current Status and Development Goalsrdquo and ldquoOver view Aquaculture in Vietnamrdquo respectively
Professor Hoang Kim Giao under lined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry
However he said ldquoIt is time for Vietnam to change the struc-ture of its agriculture and rural development Priority should be given to development of live-stock industry including industri-alization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to serve rising domestic and export demands Equally impor-tant is to protect the natural envi-ronment for sustainable develop-mentrdquo
Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industry Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs lowering prices and disease man-agement
ldquoOur aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming
ldquoThe industr y must ser i -
ously look into sustainable fa rming management Th i s t ime around the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sus-tainable pace Pangasius for example we are having market problems so while expanding into new markets we need to be cer tain that Vietnamrsquos products meet safety standards and food hygiene required by impor tersrdquo
Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhi-bition floors ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme lsquothe new dimen-sions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industryrsquo will be a good educa-tion forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pondhatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers feed manufacturers government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry
Mo re in fo rMatio n
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel +66 2 20342614Email lertwatQsncccomWebsite wwwildexcom
ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
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08
010
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08
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
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Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
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Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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wwwindolivestockcom
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
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Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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AE2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by
the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laboratory CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro)
Portugal and PortoAquaculture production in
Por tugal is modest with some 10000 tonnes of production of which more than half is shell-fish
Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast but more recently land-based production of turbot and other marine species has devel-oped on the Atlantic coast
Currently there is renewed interest in developing aqua-culture in Por tugalrsquos outer-most regions notably in the Azores The Portuguese remain Europersquos highest consumers of fish and shellfish with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg
Por to is Por tugalrsquos second biggest city and the lsquocapital of the nor thrsquo Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia
and especially with Vigo just 90 minutes away
AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfacircndega ndash the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city These will form part of the AE2010 social pro-gramme
An extensive conference programme
The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers
They pave the way for the parallel technical sessions of con-tributed presentations in both oral and poster format
A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species Changing envi-ronment is at the heart of the European concerns what will be the impacts at short and medium terms For aquaculture pro-ducing specific species not able to maintain a constant body tem-perature (ectotherms) various influences are expected both for species geographical distribu-tion and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites
and impacts on species physi-ology The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes In a situation of rapid environmental changes what are the measures we have to take to follow them maybe to forecast them and to better prepare the aquacul-ture of tomorrow This review proposes to analyse this new sit-uation Presented by Gilles Boeuf President of the French National Museum of Natural History
A license to produce In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture what type of gover-nance and regulatory framework is needed What should be the roles of public authorities and NGOrsquos in the development of the sector Presented by Javier Ojeda Apromar Spain
Competing claims ndash joint solu-tions How to integrate aquacul-ture with other coastal activities how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives Presented by Franccedilois Simard IUCN Global Marine Programme
Consumer demands and con-sumption trends What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European con-sumers prefer How important to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced lsquolocallyrsquo in Europe or impor ted from third coun-tr ies Presented by Philippe Paquotte DG Mare European Commission
Sustainable sea farming How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation Presented by Joatildeo Gomes Ferreira New University of Lisbon Portugal
AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions
These sessions are organised in several groups as follows
bull Hatchery production and spec ies d iver s i f i ca t ion including sessions on
bull Finfish hatcher y produc-tion covering all aspects of juvenile production proc-esses and management
bull Shellfish (juvenile) produc-tion including new develop-ments in breeding hatchery production natural spat col-lection
bull Management of aquaculture
The future of marine aquaculture
Aquaculture Europe 2010 to be held in Porto Portugal from October 5-8 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
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08
110
420
08
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520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
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Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
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PROFILE Technology
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Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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- Button 4
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stocks including reproduc-tion breeding and genetic improvements
bull Species diversification - finfish including the culture of flatfish tuna and other lsquonewrsquo finfish species for future commercial production
bull Species diversification ndash other species including the culture of octopus cuttlefish abalone crabs seaweeds and other lsquonewrsquo species for future commercial production
bull Production in different envi-ronments and produc-tion technologies including sessions on
bull Land-based production - new production technol-ogies including large-scale RAS production in ar id regions and other land based activities
bull Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish
bull Aquaculture on Islands ndash specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temperate regions including European outer-most regions
Tools for the development of the sector including sessions on
bull The eco-system approach to aquaculture produc-tion including semi inten-siveextensive coastallagoon aquaculture nutrient man-agement and IMTA invasive species predator control nature management and pat-rimonial conservation
bull Space for aquaculture Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning
bull Aquaculture governance and interactions with fish-eries including policy soci-oeconomic and economic research and interactions commonalities and interde-pendence with fisheries
bull Health quality and well-being including sessions on
bull Human health consumer science and quality including
aquaculture percept ion studies biotoxins quality assessment and detection certification
bull Health management of finfish and shellfish Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health
bull Novel feeds ingredients and additives Sponsored by Biomin
bull Aquaculture welfare and ethics
The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and naturally a student reception
Science meets industryAquaculture Europe 2010 will
also feature a special interna-tional trade exhibition organised by the European Aquaculture Society Por tuguese Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquacul-ture A special farmersrsquo day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector
It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shel l fish wil l take advantage of the farmersrsquo day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings
Good local and industry support
AE2010 i s f inanc ia l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto
The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA
E A S i s p r o u d t o announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Portuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y Aquasoja Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal SA Sorgal SA is par t of a
large Por tuguese agro-indus-trial group Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities
As par t o f i t s Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health manage-ment session
Feed ingredients and addi-t ives specia l i s t B iomin wi l l sponsor the session on Novel feeds ingredients and addi-tives
Those interested in booking exhibition space andor sponsor-ship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at mariostaelscarletbe
EU to showcase FP6 research
The EU Forum ndash a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events ndash is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture as well as presenting the view of national research funders The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7
Just pr ior to AE2010 the Larvanet network will meet in Porto The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the confer-ence A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant ini-tiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors
6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
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Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
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PAR T E
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DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Kiotechagil the interna-tional supplier of natural high performance feed
additives to enhance growth health and sustainability in agri-culture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010
The company will be high-lighting their new acidifier pHorce which compliments their range of acid products pHorce will provide a concen-trated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials as an alternative to
c o r r o s i v e liquids and in finished feed at one kgtonne
In addition Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective alumino-silicate Sorbatox with a primary growth yeast cell wall compo-nent high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Kiotechagil VIV Stand No C066 in Hall 9Tel +44 1189 813333Email infokiotechagilcom
Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV
Animal nutrition company Norel launched a new website wwwnorel
es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities
Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase lsquoNO REconocemos Limitesrsquo l i teral ly meaning lsquoWe donrsquot acknowledge limitsrsquo thus dem-onstrating Norelrsquos philosophy The Skyrsquos The Limit or in other words the possibi l i t ies are endless
Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development) and also with quality and performance thanks to our ISO GMP and FAMI-QS certifications
An important feature of Norel is its focus since the beginning on animal nutrition
Originally Norel was a supplier of raw mater ials for animal nutrition milk replacers whey products and protein extracts In 1982 it star ted the production
of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates)
Expansion and develop-ment followed and in 1988 Norel opened i ts b io-technology plant in Leon (Spain)
ldquo We t h e n b e c a m e the fi r st b iotechnology company in Spain spe-cialised in animal nutrition In 1990 we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants Today with our flagship Magnapac we are one of the major pro-ducers worldwide Our devel-opment continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico and specialized units in Spainrdquo says the company in an inter-view with the press
ldquoAn impor tant date in our history is certainly 2001 when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company spe-cialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners acidi-fiers antioxidants and mould inhibitors
ldquoWe then became known in the market as lsquoNorel amp Naturersquo at that time it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature
because our act iv it ies and products were different but at the same time very complemen-tary Today we are pleased to introduce our new logo together with the launch of our brand new website wwwnoreles
The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combin ing the two Nrsquos of Norel and Nature Together they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one The new logo also represents the infinity symbol a reference to the or ig inal meaning of Norel continue to
grow and the possibilities are endless
I t s new webs i t e comes w i th an improved cor po-rate identity and many new features and updates Most impor tant ly i t has added a news section that wil l keep reader s updated on la test developments and activ it ies of Norel worldwide
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Norel SAJesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y BMadrid NC 28007 SpainTel +34 6698 09659Website wwwnorelnaturecom
NOREL announces new web site and new corporate image
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
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280
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08
110
420
08
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
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Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
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of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
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MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
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T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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Dishman Group o f Ahmedabad I nd i a a lead ing products
and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer
Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green president of the Dishman Globa l Contr act Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business
M r O a t e s w i l l a s s u m e responsibil ity for Indian and Chinese operations within the company
He wi l l be managing the development operation and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and
the new Shanghai facility which is due for completion mid-2010
In addition to the units in Naroda and China Mr Oates wil l be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla including a large-scale high potency fac i l i ty which wi l l be inaugurated at the end of January The new state-of-the-ar t high potency facil ity will extend Carbogen Amcisrsquo man-ufactur ing capacity to multi-tonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia
M r O a t e s rsquo e x p e r i e n c e combines both product ion and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena He will play a pivotal role in
expanding the companyrsquos core CRAMS business
Mr Oates holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in applied chem-istr y from the University of Huddersfield in the UK His exper t ise is bui lt on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico His previous expe-r ience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of operations manager and as the position of senior pro-duction manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals)
ldquo I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I
believe will be a very successful future for the companyrdquo said Mr Oates
ldquoDishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices from process RampD to large-scale commercial manufacturing in multiple locations around the globe The company is ideally p l aced to bu i ld upon i t s success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tnerrdquo
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Dishman Europe LimitedSuite 4 De Walden Court 85 New Cavendish Street London W1W 6XDUnited KingdomTel +44 2073 230608 Fax +44 2073 230609Website wwwdishmangroupcom
Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officerNew role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities
Sponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biominrsquos
firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector
Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aqua-culture
Fo r the f i r s t t ime the company wil l be par tner ing the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010
To be held in San Diego from March 1-5 2010 Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry Hosted every year by the WAS the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 coun-tr ies including high profi le
attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innova-tors in the aquatic business
Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event Held on March 4 2010 the session on lsquoAquafeedsrsquo will see exper t speakers from com-mercial practice and academia share their i n s i gh t s on ma jor issues in aquafeeds formulation and alter-nat ives to fishmeal and protein replace-ment strategies for a variety of aquatic species
Years of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biominrsquos drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed
business throughout the world A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biominrsquos portfolio of science-based aquaculture product solu-tions Biominreg AquaSpecials which includes nutraceuticals probiotics natural growth pro-
moters mycotoxin deactiva-tors and functional feed addi-tives
Dr Pedro Encarnaccedilatildeo Biominrsquos aquacul ture spec ia l i s t says ldquoBiomin is a research-focused and -driven company
ldquoWe have translated our long-
standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species from which new findings
have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeedsrdquo
Biomin will also par-ticipate as a sponsor at the Australas ian Aquacu l ture 2010
another WAS event to be held in Hobar t Australia in May 2010 and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to Por tugal in October 2010 both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureBiomin proud to be session sponsor at the worldrsquos largest aquaculture event
8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9
Aqua News
Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
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conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
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aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
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M
Y
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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wwwindolivestockcom
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Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
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Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Tecnoloacutegica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish
oil producer to achieve cer ti-fication under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA the worldrsquos largest fishmeal producer Earlier this week Jorge Mora Operations Director of IFFO presented the
IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia CEO of TASA at its head-quarters in Lima Peru
IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee comprising repre-sentatives from the whole aqua-culture value chain including fish farmers feed producers and retailers and also NGOs
This business-to-business inde-pendently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offer ing pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials Whole fish used must come from fish-eries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ldquoSince October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries sourcing from 10 fisheriesrdquo says IFFO director general Jonathan Shepherd
ldquoWe anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global
p r o d u c t i o n could be certi-fied by the end of 2010rdquo
ldquoWith th i s p r o g r a m m e IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aqua-culture and for land animals such as pigs and poul tr y
It will help the industry demon-strate its commitment to respon-sible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conductrdquo said Dr Shepherd
Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are ldquooper-ating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw mate-rials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standardrdquo will be awarded certification
They will be able to offer IFFO-Assured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo An up-to-date list of cur-rently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard
Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS)
bull Standards set by a multi-stake-holder Technical Advisory
Committee including pro-ducers traders fish farmers feed manufacturers proc-essors retailers standard setting organisations and environmental NGOs The Assessment Management and Certification Process are contracted to Global Trust
bull A programme independ-ently administered by an ISO 651996 accredited certifica-tion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA)
bull I t d e m o n s t r a t e s responsible sourcing o f t r aceable r aw material and respon-sible production to ensure feed safety
bull A business-to-busi-ness tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the integr i ty o f the i r products and their processes to their cus-tomers in the value-chain rather than a consumer eco-label
bull Whole fish used must come from fisheries that have been independently assessed and meet the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
bull Exclusion of illegal unre-por ted and unregulated (IUU) fish
bull The factor y must have attained Cer tification to the Internat ional Feed Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of the International Feed Safety Alliance (IFSA) or equiva-lent as proof of responsible manufacturing and the appli-cant must be in possession
of all relevant permits and licenses for the production and sale of fishmeal and fish oil products
bull This programme is com-patible with ISO 651996 (General requirements for bodies operating product cer tification systems) and with EN45011
bull Recogn i ses other cer-t i f i c a t ion p rog r ammes w h i c h h av e d e m o n -
strated equivalency and which are accepted within the industry - eg Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for the fishery certification element only
The IFFO programme will continue to be developed in 2010 addressing further aspects of responsible supply
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andrew JacksonTechnical Director IFFO 2 College YardLower Dagnall Street St Albans Hertfordshire AL3 4PAUnited KingdomTel +44 7808 783488 Email ajacksoniffonetWebiste wwwiffonet
First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
ldquoThe first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in placerdquo
ldquoSupplies of ldquoIFFO-Assuredrdquo fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the marketrdquo
Jorge Mora (right) Operations Director of IFFO presenting the IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia (left) CEO of TASA at its headquarters in Lima Peru
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Aqua News
March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
th |
Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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Name
Jobtitle
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Hosted by Organised by
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Me r c a t o r M e d i a o r g a n i s e r o f t h e Offshore Mariculture
Conference 2010 is pleased to announce that the leading i ndus t r y a s soc i a t ions w i l l be suppor t i n g t he 2010 Conference
The European Aquaculture Techno logy amp I nnova t ion Platform (EATiP) the Federation o f Eu ropean Aquacu l tu re Producers (FEAP) the Global
Aquaculture All iance (GAA) and HGK Grupacija akvakul-ture the aquaculture affi l ia-tion of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that wi l l be held from the
June 16-18 2010 at the Hilton Imper ial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia
Both EATiP (European Aquaculture Technology amp Innovation Platform) and FEAP (Federation of European Aquaculture Producers) are pleased to suppor t the Offshore Mariculture Conference s ince events such as these give fish farmers t h e o p p o r t u -n i t y t o l e a r n from both indus-t r i a l and RTD
exper ts about relevant technological advances to rece ive in formed updates on key research and policy issues and
to be able to network with col leagues from across the sector says Cour tney Hough general secretary of FEAP and EATiP
As wel l as promoting the event to their members and therefore rais ing awareness of the event and its presti-gious speakers it also means that members of any of the above assoc ia t ions wi l l be en t i t l ed to a 10 pe rcen t d i s count o f f the de lega te rate European Aquaculture Society members will also be ent i t led to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t f rom the prev ious even t he ld i n A l i c an te i n 2008
The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish farm on the June 18 2010 The Conference Networking Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday June 16 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was bui lt in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place Over look ing the Old Ci ty Harbour the Revelins terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Offshore MaricultureTel +44 1622 820622Website wwwoffshoremariculturecom
Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference
The full programme will be released shortly sessions will include
bull Policy legal framework and key research updates
bull Practical offshore farming operation
bull Spatial planning and moni-toring
bull Spotlight on Croatiabull Ecological monitoring and
future technologiesbull European and International
case studies
iN THE NEWSYour news could feature in our pages
Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky BarnesEmail nickybaquafeedcouk
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
Aqua News
The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
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amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
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3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
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Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
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eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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Services (publications)
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development
and profitability
To live in harmony with consumer expec-tations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry
The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species particularly the fish-meal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios
Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats and fillet quality that are con-sidered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health
This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil
Expectations of sustainabilityThe only way to achieve the expecta-
tions of sustainability and replace or supple-ment fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources
The obvious and traditionally used alter-natives are animal and plant protein sources
However in Europe and now increas-ingly in North America consumers pre-fer aquaculture products to have been
fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sec-tor such as bovine spongiform encepha-lopathy (BSE)
The search is on therefore for not only the simple replacement of protein but the provi-sion of functional nutri-tion addressing both the sustainability and flesh quality requirements of the industry while
meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured
Alternative vegetable protein sources
Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available
However the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds oilseed cakes leaf meals leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency mortality and abnormal intestinal morphol-ogy and damage
These substances act in different ways by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (eg protease inhibitors tannins lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (eg phytate gossypol pigments glucosinolates) antivita-mins and other miscellaneous substances (eg phytoestrogens)
The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins
This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sourc-es and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interac-tions in aquaculture species In 2008 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in
Protein sources Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeedsby Keith Filer PhD research Manager Asia-Pacific biosciences Centre Alltech inc
Figure 1 A comparison of typical essential amino acid (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
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Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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Name
Jobtitle
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Hosted by Organised by
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identi-fied by risk This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future
A number of production tech-niques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and mycotoxins in terrestrial animal production but these are not widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorb-ents are being carried out to find alterna-tives to overcome these limitations
Single-celled proteinsSingle-celled proteins such as micro-
algae bacteria and yeast are now being considered as attractive alternatives to the more traditional plant protein sources Many of these have been incorporated into aquafeed with differing degrees of success (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves 2001)
Fermentation technologies may be used to produce sustainable sources of single-celled proteins algae and yeast being two examples
Yeast based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as protein sources and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal because they are a rich source of protein with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids They contain B complex vita-mins pigments complex carbohydrates and
are a source of dietary nucleotides which have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune activity They are also low in phosphorous which can lead to less water and environmental contamina-tion than fishmeal and other plant based alternative protein sources that contain high levels of this mineral
The processing and extraction tech-nologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical in providing function-
The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) Both externally and internally therefore
the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role copy M
juns
wor
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Dre
amst
ime
com
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
F Protein
have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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Delivery charged on a case by case basis
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
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Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
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Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
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SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent
The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 338 percent of its fat content Furthermore its nucle-otide content provides functional nutri-ents that are present in the yeast extract component Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biologi-cal processes and this includes storage of energy components of several coen-zymes which are involved in carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism mediation in cellular processes control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions
Aquatersquos level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product Aquate Junior has been designed for juve-nile stages of aquaculture species where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health
The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mosreg which has been used to provide an effec-tive feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology nutrient uptake improved immuno-competence and disease resistance
and feed industry or for the extrac-tion of high-valued components such as vitamins (C amp D2) n-fatty acids pigments and antioxidants (B carotene astaxanthin lutein)
Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry
Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquacul-ture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations
Aquaculture species like other animals
ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibil-ity Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics
Microalgae are rich sources of protein carbohydrates and lipids
The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible
However it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the func-tionality of this component particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Today commercial microalgae produc-tion is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food
Table 1 the number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon
Control CAGES BIo-MoS CAGES
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE 1 2 3 4 AVERAGE T-TEST
Maturefemales 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 05 0178
Preadult 14 32 24 53 3075 29 24 15 20 22 0179
Chalimus 22 4 8 26 15 8 8 14 7 925 0170
Caligus 17 14 14 5 125 8 14 7 5 85 0140
TOTAL 54 52 46 85 5925 45 46 37 34 405 0044
Figure 2 Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mosreg (Torrecillas et al 2008)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
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280
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08
110
420
08
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08
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08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
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Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
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A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
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Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
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can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
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Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
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Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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retained in the fish flesh so indicating more effective treatment
The combined effect of SPMP and improved operational practises resulted in reduced Chalimi resettlement follow-ing treatment which was attributed to increased mucal production (Figure 5) and a general overall lower level of pressure from all stages of total mobile lice
Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch Sunart trials indicated that bull The SPMP diet produced more epi-
dermal mucus than the control dietbull The SPMP diets promoted better gut
integrity which allowed better uptake of SLICEreg into the flesh of fish
bull Using SPMP to enhance emamectin uptake was environmentally positive
bull Using SPMP to encourage epidermal mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in comparison with control populations
bull SPMP can be incorporated into the diet at the initial stage of food produc-tion thus eliminating an additional cost for top coating
In Norway Salmon Group following industrial trials using SPMP concluded that
by the presence of bioactive substances and the epidermal migration of inflam-matory cells and their secretions may affect the establish-ment and prolifera-tion of ectoparasitic copepods ciliates or monogenean (Jones 2001)
Work at GIFAS monitored sea
lice development on juvenile salmon and showed that after a seven week period of feeding the total sea lice counts showed that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos had significantly lower overall numbers of sea lice present compared with the fish fed the control diet In addition the total number of individual salmon infected by sea lice (irrespective of species life stage or sex) was significantly reduced by the Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1)
In the United Kingdom the aim of the National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the lice free period and reduce the frequency of therapeutic intervention
M a r i n e Harvest sam-pled fish muscle for emamectin b e n z o a t e (EmB) in fish fed Aquate SPMP and the control diets i m m e d i a t e l y after the end of medication with SLICEreg N o t i c e a b l y higher levels of the medicinal residue were found in the fish fed Aquate SPMP (Figure 4) This is important envi-ronmentally as less emamec-tin benzoate is voided in the faeces and more is
AquateTM
SPMP and Atlantic salmon
The primary defence mechanism of a fish exposed to an infectious or damaging agent can be considered to be the physical barrier (skin gills and gastrointestinal tract) and their protection mechanisms at the point of interaction of the environment and the physiology of the fish Both externally and internally therefore the mucosal bar-rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role in this process
In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) mucosal production increases when Bio-Mos is fed as indicated by the significant increase (Plt005) in the number of cells secreting acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2) The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was also increased
In commercial field studies carried out by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3) This increased skin mucosa was character-ised in the field by noticeably more slimy fish and was also widely reported by site managers from Salmon Group in Norway
The role of mucus in anti-parasitic mechanisms in fish is not well under-stood Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus as measured by the density of mucous cells could play a role in limiting the parasite load of monogeans in rainbow trout Other authors have shown that monogenean and crustacean ectoparasites can modu-late mucus production during attach-ment by reducing the mucous cells in the skin of the host (Wells amp Cone 1990 Nolan et al 1999)
Recent studies however have begun to clarify the relative roles of the immune system in fighting parasitic infections in fish It has been suggested that the physico-chemical characteristics of skin mucus as determined
Figure 3 Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed AquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al 2009)
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
F Protein
conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
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Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
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PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
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Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
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Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
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T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
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5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
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Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
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bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
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Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
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SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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conversion ratio led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations
Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the
potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alterna-tives to fishmeal and fish oil
ReferencesBuchmann K amp Bresciani J (1998) Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection Parisitology Research 84 17-24
Chou RL Her BY Su MS Hwang G Wu YH amp Chen HY (2004) Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum Aquaculture 229 325-333
Jones SRM (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25 841-852
Nolan DT Reilly P amp Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999) Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 56 947-959
Oliva-Teles A amp P Goncalves 2001 Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles Aquaculture 202 269-278
Torrecillas S Makol A Caballero MJ Montero D Sweetman J amp Izquierdo MS (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting Brazil 1-5 June
Wallace C Waddell R Cockerill D amp Ritchie G (2009) Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications Fish Farming Xpert No 109 48-53
Wells PR amp Cone DK (1990) Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss J Fish Biol 37 599-603
canadum) Chou et al 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a neg-ative effect on growth performance but that at higher replacement rates growth perform-ance decreased
A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville Virginia USA investigated the poten-tial of Aquate inclusion (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fish-meal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum
The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capital-ise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia but also provide adequate n-3 HUFA in the final product for human consumers
A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a second experimental diet high in soy product inclusion (gt55 percent of the dry diet) was also included At the end of the feeding trial the fish were harvested and utilized for test market-ing purposes in which
chefs distributors and others compared the cobia fed the experimental diets in terms of taste texture physical and visual preferences
The trial showed that Aquate could be used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate appeared to impart beneficial taste and texture characteristics to the final product with 83 percent of the test panel prefer-ring the Aquate fed fish to that of the high soy inclusion diet This combined with an improved feed
bull 45 farms reported better general health status in the SPMP fed fish
bull 45 farms reported less lice treat-ments in the trial fish
bull All farms reported that the fish appeared to be very slimy
Aquate trial with cobiaIn omnivores and herbivorous species
such as catfish or tilapia high replacement levels (gt40 percent) of fishmeal can be tolerated provided that the amino acid requirement of the fish species is met from other sources However in the car-nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron
Mo re in fo rMatio n
Keith Filer PhDResearch ManagerAsia-Pacific Biosciences CentreAlltech IncEmail kfileralltechcom
Figure 4 EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Protein
Figure 5 Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish versus controls Loch Sunart (Wallace et al 2009)
040
120
08
180
120
08
010
220
08
150
220
08
290
220
08
140
320
08
280
320
08
110
420
08
250
420
08
090
520
08
230
520
08
16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Alltechreg has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different
stages of life in aquaculture species These sustainable product solutions are proven to
support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp
in the Family
Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage Contact your Alltech representative today for more information
trade
aquasolutionsalltechcomwwwalltechcom
Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients
Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health uniform growth and survival
A natural affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment
trade
trade
Aquate Ad for IAF due Feb 19 2010V2indd 1 2192010 115722 AM
Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
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PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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For more details please visit wwwaquafeedcoukreprints
1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
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Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
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Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Globally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144 billion were produced in 2004(1) with
large industry growth observed in Asian countries
Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infec-tions which frequently cause mass mortali-ties of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria
Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reduc-ing stress less mortality may occur
The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environ-mental conditions in culture ponds result-ing in reduced appetite slow growth as well as being more susceptible to disease (2)
Vibrio spp are normally present in the culture facilities larval gut flora of prawns
and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture condi-tions Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3)
During the larval stages of prawn production luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3)
Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy degener-ation of the gills lymphoid organs digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut all of which lead to even-tual or rapid mortality
Application of disinfectants and antimi-crobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development
of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3)
Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water
The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them spe-cies specific (4) Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups
For example Hill et al (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P monodon which had an inhibitory effect against patho-genic bacteria The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases
This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionby Tim Orsquobrine university of Plymouth united Kingdom
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
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PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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How should probiotics be administered
Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response survival and disease resistance in prawns (6) Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water Hai et al (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns However survival spe-cific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supple-mented through feed (4)
Thus feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics adminis-tered to the rearing water THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph
How do probiotics workProposed mode of actions of probiotics
includes immunostimulation inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota
Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio Aeromonas Pseudomonas Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antago-nistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8) The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production
Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici sidephore-like mol-ecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp The primary require-ment for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture which is supple-mented to the larval rearing tank (3)
Antagonistic gram-positive Bacillus spp have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture
Bacillus spp are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in
or on the sediments The spores of Bacillus sp can be easily introduced into dry food and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies
For this reason their use has been promoted and widely accept-ed within the industry Banerjee et al (9) observed 90 percent inhibi-tion of patho-genic bacteria by Bacil lus subtilis along with competi-tive exclusion of patho-genic vibr ios by Bacillus spp M o r i a r t y ( 6 ) reported that when Bacillus sp was added to pond water in penaeid prawn culture there was a decrease in luminous Vibrio densities
The antago-nistic factor of
Bacillus spp to inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria could be one of the enzymes produced by Bacillus including protease amylase lipase and gelatinase (6)
The success of Bacillus spp has been demonstrated by the development and use
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 19
F Probiotic
also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
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Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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Delivery charged on a case by case basis
For more details please visit wwwaquafeedcoukreprints
1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
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Jobtitle
Company
Address
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Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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BOOKED
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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also reported that B coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could sig-nificantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae In addition the use of B subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phe-noloxidase activity phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus
Several probiotics versus one probiotic
Combining probiotics to pro-duce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp in SANOLIFEreg MIC (10)
The combination of two pro-biotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph hence were
healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4)
Far et al (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD Korea) which con-sisted of L acidophilus Bacillus subtilis and L plantarum Interestingly diets just consisting of B subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B subtilis and BIO-GOLD Thus it appears that B subtilis alone out performs BIO-GOLD but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B Subtilis and BIO-GOLD
Therefore an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIO-GOLD and B subtilis diet can be ruled out Overall though the addition of B subtilis was found to improve prawn (L vannamei) survival rate and yield (15)
super oxide radicals resulting in the inhibi-tion of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation
As a result prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11) Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh thus improving the health of the prawns (4)
Nakayama et al (12) demonstrated that B Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth while B Licheniformis and B Megaterium could be effective in reducing V harveyi haemolytic activities suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production
Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B subtilis Zhou et al (14)
of SANOLIFEreg MIC a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp Decamp et al (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFEreg MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries with P monodon and L vannamei and found that SANOLIFEreg MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative
Pai et al (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria
The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V harveyi mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3)
The unusual redox properties of pyo-cyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
F Probiotic
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
8 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound489 (please add UKpound15 for every additional 100 copies)
Delivery charged on a case by case basis
For more details please visit wwwaquafeedcoukreprints
1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
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T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
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5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Add your own heading
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AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
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SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Dry with 20-50 less energy
Geelen Counterflow T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow Ameacuterica Latina T +54-9-2362-418899E infogeelencounterflowcom I wwwgeelencounterflowcom
adv 210x297 fc 08indd 1 13-05-2008 103457
of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
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PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
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1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
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T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
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Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
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M
Y
CM
MY
CY
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
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M
Y
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Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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Attractants
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Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
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Shrimp Feed additive
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Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Fish amp Shellfish Immunology 27(2)100-104
Hill JE Baiano JCF and Barnes AC 2009 Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999)
Moriarty DJW 1998 Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds Aquaculture 164(1-4)351-358
Hai N Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the growth survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture Research 40590-602
Moriatry D 2003 Probiotics in aquaculture Microbiology Australia 2415-17
Banerjee S Devaraja TN Shariff M and Yusoff FM 2007 Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7)383-390
Decamp O Moriarty D and Lavens P 2008 Probiotics for shrimp larviculture review of field data from Asia and Latin America Aquaculture Research 39(4)334-338
Hai N and Fotedar R 2009 Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye 1896) Aquaculture 289(3-4)310-316
Nakayama T Lu H and Nomura N 2009 Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A)
Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T 2007 Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Current Microbiology 55(5)409-412
Zhou X Wang Y and Li W 2009 Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality survival rate and digestive enzyme activities Aquaculture 287(3-4)349-353
Far HZ Saad CRB Daud HM Harmin SA and Shakibazadeh S 2009 Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14)3369-3376
Wang YB Xu ZR and Xia MS 2005 The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds Fisheries Science 71(5)1036-1041
probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10)
Also probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm manage-ment (10)
Other factors should also be inves-tigated to reduce disease outbreaks such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and β-13-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut and have been found to improve survival and spe-cific growth rate of prawns (11)
Perhaps more importantly though as emphasised at the beginning of this article maintaining the water quality is important as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns and good water qual-ity will result in healthier prawns with no addition of antimicrobials pro-
biotics or prebiotics needed ndash this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be
ReferencesFAO 2007 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome
Boyd CE 2001 Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America Managua Nicaragua Central American University Press
Pai SS Anas A Jayaprakash NS Priyaja P Sreelakshmi B Preetha R Philip R Mohandas A and Singh ISB 2009 Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from ltigtVibrio harveyiltigt infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics Aquaculture Research 9999(9999)
Hai NV Buller N and Fotedar R 2009 The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation
Wang et al (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp pho-tosynthetic bacteria yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae Nitrosomonas sp and Nitrobacter sp) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments They also found that
the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and signifi-cantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen
This study highlights the use of probiot-ics to improve water quality which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns making them less susceptible to disease
ConclusionIntensification of prawn production
subsequent increases in disease and anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria ampli-fies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the micro-bial community of farms is developing This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production It should also be stressed that the increased demand for
Intensification of prawn production subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks and the concept of maintaining rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
F Probiotic
22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
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QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
8 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound489 (please add UKpound15 for every additional 100 copies)
Delivery charged on a case by case basis
For more details please visit wwwaquafeedcoukreprints
1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
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5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
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E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
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Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
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Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
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Extrudersbull Almex
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Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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22 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 23
TECHNICALSPECIFICATIONS100 words
PRODUCT IMAGEW=80mm x H=50mm
COMPANY LOGOW=110mm x H=30mmCONTACT DETAILS
QUARTER PAGE ADVERTW=190mm x H=58mm
PRODUCT INFORMATION200 words
Company Overview International Aquafeed possesses a passion for aquafeed and an excitement about the technology that will make aquaculture
production fit for the next decade We strive to be the most respected provider of information about aquafeed in the widest sense
of the wordFeed accounts for almost 70 percent of the cost of producing farmed fish As a result getting feeding formulations and strategies right
can have a resounding impact on the business of producing farmed fish
Therefore in each issue we look in-depth at a range of technical issues associated with aquafeed production and itrsquos use on farm
We bring our readers global news about technological and research developments feed ingredients and micro-ingredients advances
market trends and market indicators and all issues that impact the aquafeed supply chain
Product information - Reprints
We can produce either 4 or 8 page versions of any specifi c feature that has appeared in the magazine (including back issues up to
2006) These features have been used by our customers as point of sale materials promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc
Features can have existing adverts replaced or removed and can have a customised cover placed onto the document
For full details please contact James Taylor on +44 1242 267706 or Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Basic Prices4 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound294 (please add UKpound10 for every additional 100 copies)
8 page full colour document - 100 copies = UKpound489 (please add UKpound15 for every additional 100 copies)
Delivery charged on a case by case basis
For more details please visit wwwaquafeedcoukreprints
1 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |
PROFILE Technology
International Aquafeed magazine
7 St Georgersquos Terrace St James Square
Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267706 Fax +44 1242 267701Email carolinewaquafeedcouk
Web wwwaquafeedcouk
Technical SpecificationInternational Aquafeed magazine feature article reprints
bull 4 - 8 Pages bull Exsisting advertising materials replaced with your own
bull Full issue coverbull 150sgm gloss paper bull Delivery to any international address
bull For use as Point of sale materials exhibition handouts etc
For more information please contact James Taylor
Tel +44 1242 267706Email jamestaquafeedcouk
Tech_Profile_IAFindd 1
23022010 1126
MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
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T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
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5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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- Button 52
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MADE IN SCOTLAND
Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
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Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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- Button 4
- Button 6
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- Button 52
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Leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking nets sinker tubes and bird net supports Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon trout sea bream bass tuna and many other species and because
of the strength of the pens are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations
The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges which range in capacity from 50t - 400t These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people Like Fusion Marine Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly
The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
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20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
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E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
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23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
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E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
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E garciamondial-congresscom
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8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
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E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
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International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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The process and ingre-dient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials
being received stored cleaned ground mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder
Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells
The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel
Additional ingredients usually in liquid form can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage
Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly
In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation
What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process
Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder
The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
by Joseph P Kearns Wenger Manufacturing inc Sabetha Kansas uSA Email jkearnswengercom
Figure 1
Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydrates oils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
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per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
Follow IAF on
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
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Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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well as the ingredients used As examples when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced
Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently
At this point in the process the ingredi-ents are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C The moisture levels are elevated to approx-imately 18 to 32 percent The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook
Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevat-ing the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times As a note care should be taken to understand the differ-ence in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives
higher cook values than the Enzymatic G e l a t i n i s a t i o n test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent
A d v a n c e d precondit ioners are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extru-sion barrel
At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion
Generally warm water fish can han-
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusion
26 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 27
F Extrusion
As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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IAF1001
Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
Follow IAF on
If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
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Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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- Button 52
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As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hrtonne If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr tonne
The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of tem-perature and water for various ingredients This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked
This chart was developed using a Phase
The extruder barrel is where the final cooking occurs as well as defining the end product characteristics There are many possibilities in this area to consider regarding the control of the final product specifications and are beyond the scope of the discussion in this paper
All relate to both thermal or mechani-cal energy inputs and their effect on the final product As mentioned above the need for higher SME inputs for formulations high in vegetable proteins can be accomplished by die open area adjustment use of mid barrel or back pressure valves configurations changes in the barrel as well as extruder shaft speed control all of which can impart mechani-cal energy into the feed
dle the proteins which are usually lower levels and mainly from vegetable sources when compared to cold water fish feeds that usually have higher levels of marine protein
In either case the starch is added to hold the other ingredients together to provide the required water stability
Having mentioned different protein sources it should be noted that they do process differently
Normally animal and marine proteins require less water and less energy inputs during extrusion then vegetable based pro-teins Typically 15 percent vegetable protein requires about 20 percent moisture dur-ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable protein needs in the area of 26 percent moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed
This statement ties in with precondition-ing being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of possible formulations Figure 3 Light Microscopy
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
F Extrusion
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
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E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
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________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
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E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
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M
Y
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Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
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20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
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E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
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23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
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E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
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E garciamondial-congresscom
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8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
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E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
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T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
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International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
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7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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or other desirable chemical and physical modifications
Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed
Sample 1 shows intact starch cells Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a
degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blendedmelted together in an even matrix
Many studies have indicated that protein
effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extrud-ing 100 percent proteins It can be done as covered in US Patent 4981711 Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used
Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers
Irreversible bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous
i r r e v e r s i b l e bonded disper-sion of all micro i n g r e d i e n t s throughout a prote in s tarch matrix This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingre-dients can be intimately associ-ated with poten-tial reaction sites promoting cross linking
Transition Analyzerreg which models the extrusion process accurately
Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructur-ing of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods contain-ing textured vegetable proteins
When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process
the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native organized structure and form a continuous visco-elastic mass The extruder barrel screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow
This realignment lsquoexposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structurersquo that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1) This same
Figure 2
The different effects from a
variety of processing methods
will and do have an effect on
the feed qualities in water as
well as their performance
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
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Quick Links
Contact the teamMore About Us
IAF1001
Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
Follow IAF on
If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
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Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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EN
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Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
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Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
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Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability
The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance
complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic envi-ronments which breakdown the complex
The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy lev-els both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff
Floating sinking slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled Is it desirable to have some intact protein and starch cells which allow for swelling in water or is a
and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination)
It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values
Studies have also indicated that these
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Wenger Manufacturing IncTel +1 7852 842133Website wwwwengercom
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
F Extrusion
The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
Having trouble viewing this email Click here
The International Magazine for the Aquaculture Feed Industry
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IAF1001
Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
Follow IAF on
If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
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CMY
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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The low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear
Most importantly the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel
This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform applica-tion of liquids or powders The estab-lishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers a tool that
bull Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement
bull Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future
The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had prob-lems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters
The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources hav-ing poor liquid absorption properties This coupled with micro liquids addition places stringent demands on tomorrowsrsquo vacuum coating systems
The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders Drum coating systems fulfil
the normal requirements however with vacuum coating several benefits not pos-sible with atmospheric coating can be achieved
A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food
For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
F Vacuum
fo r Mo re in fo rMatio n
Andritz Feed amp BiofuelGlentevej 5-7Esbjerg DK ndash 6705 DenmarkTel +45 7216 0300Fax +45 7216 0301Email andritz-fbandritzcomWeb wwwandritzcom
book store wwwperendalecombooks
Are you a Perendale bookwormPerendale Publishers Ltd the publishers of International Aquafeed has set up an online Amazon-based lsquoBook Shoprsquo that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from AmazonConsult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at wwwperendalecombooks
EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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(UKpound15 per copy)
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International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
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Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
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Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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EMAiL NEWSLETTEr
Want more news about the aqua-culture feed industry then why ot sign up to the online newsletter Get updates about the magazine links to interesting arcticles addi-tional event information as well as industry updates The news letter is sent out every month and it is completely free of charge to sign up The newsletter also gives you a direct link to new features that are appearing in the features archive
FEATurES ArCHiVE
The International Aquafeed features archive is growing Find content from back issues of the magazine view individu-al features online or download a pdf version for your records
To view all of our currently live features please visit
wwwdocstoccomprofilePerendale
Or visit our full issue online archive at
wwwperendalecomarchivephp
32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
Recomended websites
To advertise in the IAF Market Place please contact Caroline Wearn
Upcoming Events
21st - 23rd February 10GLOBALGAP WWF Aquaculture Dialogues
Booth F-53 Hall 5 Fish InternationalBremen Germany Contact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 KoelnGermany
T +49 221 57993 25 | F +49 221 57993 89
E meifertglobalgaporg | W wwwglobalgaporg
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBALGAP will offer an expansion to its programme soaquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementingpractices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunctionwith environmentally and socially responsible farming throughcompliance of both GLOBALGAP Aquaculture Standards and thestandards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues World Wildlife Fund(WWF) coordinates the Dialogue processFor more information visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12thFishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010Visit httpwwwworldwildlifeorgaquadialogues for more information
1st - 5th March 10AQUACULTURE 2010
San Diego California USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E mariostaelscarletbe | W httpwwwmareventcom
3rd - 5th March 10 Victam Asia 2010
Queen Sirikit National Convention CenterBangkok Thailand Contact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE UK
T +44 1737 763501 | F + 44 1737 762996
E andrewwest733ntlworldcom | W httpwwwvictamcom
________________________________________________________
Buhler global partner for the feed production industry masters all theprocess operations required for transforming raw materials intovaluable animal feeds At the VictamGrapas Asia 2010 Buhlerpresents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of high-quality feed and aqua feed The company delivers the completetechnology for cleaning weighing conveying grinding mixinghygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its ownbrand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition toestablished branches in several Asian countries Buhler - booth 601 701
20th - 23rd April 2010 III Global Feed amp FoodCongress
Cancun MexicoContact Mr Roger Gilbert7 St Georges Terrace St James SquareCheltenham GL50 3PT UK
T +44 1242 267702 | F +44 1242 267701
E rogergilbertififorg | W httpwwwglobalfeed-foodcom
16th - 19th May 10 Alltechs 26thInternational Animal Health amp NutritionSymposium
Lexington Convention Center LexingtonKentucky USA Contact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
T +1-859-881-2213 | F +1-859-887-3256
E symposiumalltechcom | W httpwwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May 10 AQUACULTURE UK 2010
Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street TainRoss amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
T +44 1862 892188
F infoaquacultureukcom | W httpwwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th May 10 Australasian Aquaculture 2010
International Conference and Trade ShowHotel Grand Chancellor Hobart TasmaniaAustralia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317Australia
T +61 437 152 234 | F +61 2 4919 1044
E sarah-janedayaquacultureorgau
W httpwwwaustralian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June 10Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010
Hilton Imperial Hotel Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill LowerQuay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA UK
T +44 1622 820622
E irobertsmercatormediacom | W wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July 10 The 9th InternationalCongress of the Biology of Fish
Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UABCampus at Bellaterra - Barcelona(Spain) Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037Barcelona Spain
T +34 93 2212955 | F +34 93 4592059
E garciamondial-congresscom
W httpsidcienciesuabes9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July 10Indo Livestock 2010
Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
T +62 21 8644 756 | F +62 21 8650963
E devinapindocom | W wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October 10Aquaculture Europe 2010
Porto Portugal Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 GentBelgium
T +32 9 2334912 | F +32 9 2334912
E ae2010aquaculturecc | W httpwwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October 10GLOBALGAP Summit 2010
HILTON London Metropole Hotel London UK Contact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
T +49 2215 7993693 | F +49 2215 799389
E kretschmerglobalgaporg | W httpwwwsummit2010org
International Aquafeed magazine - 7St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel +44 1242 267706 | Fax +44 1242 267701 | Email nickybaquafeedcouk | Web wwwaquafeedcouk
From Tuti Tan lttutitaquafeedcoukgtSubject International Aquafeed newsletter 0210
Date 10 February 2010 212628 GMT
To jamestgfmtcoukReply-To tutitaquafeedcouk
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IAF1001
Buy a paper copy ofthis issue
(UKpound15 per copy)
Subscribe to IAFSubscribers to IAF receive 5 issues
per year plus a copy of theInternational Aquafeed Directory amp
Buyers Guide
International Aquafeed magazine
Newsletter - February 2010
Dear Subscriber
Welcome to the second IAF Newsletter of 2010
We have a number of important events listed below and what will bein the up-coming issue
To find out what is in our current issue please click here
If you would like to receive a no-obligation trial issue of our printedversion please contact me
Sincerely
Tuti TanSubscription ManagerInternational Aquafeed magazine
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If you do not wish to receive subsequent copies of the Newsletter please use the unsubscribe linkat the foot of this page
For advertising opportunities in IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Industry News
A bold step for BIOMIN aquacultureSponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirmsBIOMINs firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growthsector BIOMIN embraces the new year with a bold plunge inaquaculture For the first time BIOMIN will be partnering the WorldAquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeedssession at Aquaculture 2010Read more
________________________________________________________
News from the portal Below is a selection of news stories from the International AquafeedNews portal The portal is a constantly updating source of news fromaround the world To visit the portal page please click here
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming projectSeen on wwwupicom
Chile will launch its first deepwater salmon farming project with aNorwegian loan to try and reverse the low yields on salmon amidconstant global demand Read more
Alaska pollack receives international approvalSeen on wwwfishupdatecom
ALASKA Pollack which is being increasingly used by British seafoodproducers as an alternative to cod and haddock has been deemedsustainable under the criteria developed by the Marine Stewardshipby the international certification body Moody Marine and a team ofthree independent expertsRead more
Economy of scalesSeen on wwwscmpcom
A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper andmore eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready toforego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks Formost restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong the response would beeat first and let someone else worry about the consequencesRead more
In our next issue
Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should alsoshow functionality if they are to play a role in modernaquafeedsThe aquaculture industry today faces a number of challengesthat threaten to restrict its development and profitability
Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn productionGlobally two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$144billion were produced in 2004(1) with large industry growthobserved in Asian countries
Protein damagecomplexation during extrusionExtruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selectedingredients based on their nutrient composition which normallyinclude proteins from animal and plant sources carbohydratesoils vitamins and minerals Discussions will include whathappens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrateswhen passed through an extrusion cooker as both areinterrelated
A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed foraqua feed and pet foodFor years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feedingredients Now Andritz Feed amp Biofuel adapts vertical mixingto vacuum coating technology
Aquafeeds - ready to take the plungeAlternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describesthe current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeedproduction Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of theforemost challenges for the global aquaculture industry todayand the search is on for new sources that can replacefishmeals nutritional quality without compromising on animalperformance
Feed Management - Aquafeed in TanzaniaAquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in bothfreshwater and marine environments Freshwater species aretilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapiaO mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) whichare cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stockAddressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oilThe Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species forfarming species because it grows and reproduces well under awide range of environmental conditions and productionsystems
Highlights in the current issue Below are the main features from the January issue of InternationalAquafeed To view the features using our Features Archive onwwwdocstoccom please use the links below
To view the magazine in full please click here to go to the onlineversion
Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution
Gilthead sea bream production inMediterranean countries increasedfrom 30000 tons in 1996 to 90000tons in 2005which mean that saleprices dropped considerably from66eurokg in 1996 to 5eurokg in 2005with an historic minimum of 4eurokgin Read more on docstoc
Preventing the impact of seawater transfer on feedintake in salmon
Changes in diet environment orphysiology represent many stressfactors for farmed animals that canimpact their appetite health andperformance In salmon farmingthe transfer of smolts fromfreshwater to seawater is astressful event Read more on docstoc
Active ingredients for healthy animals Rice - thetechnological ingredient for aquafeed
With a production of over 600million tonnes per year rice is themost important food-cereal andserves as a basic ingredient forpeople all over the world On theother hand only six percent of thetotal rice production is used inanimal nutrition Read more on docstoc
To advertise against upcoming features IAF please contact Caroline Wearn
Global Market Place Are you looking for products and services in the AquacultureindustryThe International Aquafeed Market Place is now online and growingIn the market place you will find information about various companiesin the aquaculture industry and their related products and service thatwill be of interest to your business
The view the Market Place click here
If you would like to have your company involved in the Market Placeplease contact Caroline WearnTel +44 1242 267706Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Tuti Tan
Not In Address Book
Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
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M
Y
CM
MY
CY
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
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Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
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Extrudersbull Almex
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bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Alternative ndash a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to
ingredients in aquafeed production Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmealrsquos nutritional quality without compromising on animal performance
Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed the Asian aquafeed conference held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October presented insights into optimising aquafeeds balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry
Growth marketsHigher incomes in the developing world
a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal pro-tein sector Aquaculturersquos share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-agrave-vis terrestrial animal species
Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia
This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne fresh-water fish segment India another rapidly
growing aquaculture market is also witness-ing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farm-based feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification
In Southeast Asia a wide variety of local-ly available protein sources such as copra soy fishmeal and canola has supported the regionrsquos aquaculture industry From 2000 to 2007 while world aquaculture produc-tion rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period
Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008 it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia At current rates of aquaculture growth the potential for aquafeed is vast
In Latin America the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquacul-ture industry particularly for salmonids
Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respec-tively with young and growing populations
While options for alternative raw materi-als are not readily available in North America and Europe new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce anti-nutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business
Also the opening of lsquonew marketsrsquo in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet ndash and the receptiveness of lsquonew speciesrsquo such as tilapia in Europe and North America are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries
Protein alternativesAs aquaculture continues to grow the
replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed
Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effec-tively in terms of costs availability and species performance
As the industry weans itself off fishmeal usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily
The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed
Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for ter-restrial animals it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aqua-feeds by 2015 It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile
However replacing fishmeal with alter-natives is a tricky task
by Daphne Tan Communicating Agriculture
Aquafeedsready to take the plunge
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
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Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
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EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
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bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
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Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
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The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA DHA) nutrients important to the growth of all fish species
In comparison vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution affect the palatability of aquaculture diets Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is con-sidered the most natural and best feed raw material While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish market acceptance remains a challenge
But in the long term experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of science-based research and solutions For example the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000 compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composi-tion of aquafeed for all species
Less protein better performance
Feeding fish is not simply about a spe-cific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the speciesrsquo growth needs The current trend of for-mulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels rather than on a least cost basis allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source
Applying the lsquoIdeal Protein Conceptrsquo ndash the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids ndash leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste
The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed
Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that
enhance the utilisation of nutrients are also some trends in strategies to improve feed utilisation Palatability issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pal-latants and attractants
Feeding strategies should also take into consideration the stage of growth of the species Nutrient requirements for each species and stage of growth should also be thoroughly understood so as to avoid over- or under-formulation At the same time reducing feed during the fry stage could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit
With the development of feed formula-tion strategies based on nutri-ent availabilities costs are more closely linked to performance of the species rather than the cost of raw materials per se Costs can be measured in terms of gain in FCR or the composition of the fillet yield ndash meat gain as opposed to fat gain Improved feed extrusion t e c h n o l o g i e s are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry Rather
than shunning alternative ingredients the embrace of new technologies and feeding strategies would pave the way forward for the aquafeed industry
About the authorDaphne Tan is a Singapore-based free-lance journalist and analyst for feed and feed related issues She can be contacted on the details belowascribe ndash Communicating Agriculture Email ascribeaggmailcom
34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35
F Aquafeed
Table 1 Percentage of Production by Area (World Asia SEA crustaceans fishes [fresh marine diadromous]) 2000-2007
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World vs Asia 25 21 18 17 12 9 6 3
Asia vs World 75 79 82 83 88 91 94 97
World vs SEA 91 90 90 88 86 85 84 82
SEA vs World 9 10 10 12 14 15 16 18
Asia vs SEA 88 87 87 86 84 83 83 82
SEA vs Asia 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18
Source FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009
Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
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Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
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I ND U S
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Media Partners
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THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
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Shrimp feed amp larval diet
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Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
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MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
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Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
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Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
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BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is prac-ticed in both freshwater and marine environments
Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Mozambique tilapia O mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially
Marine species include seaweeds of the red algal species (Eucheuma denticula-tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson 2002) prawns Penaeus monodon (Bryceson 2002) rabbitfish Siganus can-naliculatus (Bwathondi 1982) and milkfish Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi
2003) clams ark clam Anadara antiquate and giant clam Tridacna maxima oysters pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab Scylla serrata (Rice et al 2006)
The bulk of fish production comes from tilapias which are kept mostly by subsist-ence farmers who regard fish farming as a secondary activity to provide protein to the household and little surplus for cash or barter
The fish are cultured in extensive to semindashintensive earthen ponds with sizes varying from 150ndash500m2 (Bjoneseth 1992) The ponds are usually fertilised with animal droppings or tender leaves as compost manure
Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran kitchen leftovers and garden remains The use of formulated aquafeeds is almost non-existent
Fish are partially or totally harvested after six to 12 months with an average yield of 2089kg ha-1 year-1 (Wetengere et al 1998 Kaliba et al 2006) The yield is low compared to the 10000kg ha-1 year-1 which can be achieved if properly formu-lated supplementary aquafeeds were used (Jauncey 1998)
There are several potential feedstuffs that
can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below
A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets
Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko 2002) Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fish-meal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka 2003)
Moringa and cassava leaf meals could pro-vide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla 2009) Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla 2009)
Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsist-ence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds
Feed formulation has a cost implica-tion in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge Even if such knowledge is availed it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture
ReferencesBjoneseth R (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania Unpublished MSc Thesis Agricultural University of Norway
Bryceson I (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania sustainable and non-sustainable experience Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1)1-10
Bwathondi POJ (1982) Preliminary investigations
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
Green foragesGliricidia NA 117 200 38 167
Leucaena 926 94 246 34 171
Sesbania NA 93 221 33 173
Cassava 830 17 217 47 119
Mulbery Morus alba 890 145 196 22 129
Cereal grains amp by-productsMaize meal 899 155 106 35 25
Maize bran 895 28 105 106 71
Maize hominy 905 52 136 127 76
Rice polishing 918 137 110 52 113
Rice bran 911 158 93 43 279
Wheat bran 899 543 186 25 105
Wheat pollard 894 326 179 41 57
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
TanzaniaAquafeeds in
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
- Button 2
- Button 4
- Button 6
- Button 5
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- Button 49
on rabbitfish Siganus canalicullatus cultivation in Tanzania Aquaculture 27(3)205-210
Jauncey K (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding Scotland Pisces Press Limited
Kaliba AR Osewe KO Senkondo EM Mnembuka BV and Quagrainie KK (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4)464-473
Laswai GH Mutayoba S K Temu A A and Kusolwa P M (2002) Feed Table Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECAFOODNET project
Madalla N (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Stirling United Kingdom
Mnembuka B V (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Mwangamilo JJ and Jiddawi NS (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar Tanzania Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2)137-146
Rice MA Mmochi AJ Zuberi L and Savoie RM (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania World Aquaculture 37 (4)50-57
Shoko A P (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger 1906) under aquaculture conditions Unpublished Msc Thesis University of Dar es salaam Tanzania
Wetengere K Osewe K and Herwaarden H (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region Tanzania ALCOM working paper no 22 FAOSIDA
table feed ingredients locally available in tanzania
Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM ()
DM Ash CP Cl CF
oil Seed Cake and legumesCotton seed meal (Undecorticated) 926 132 381 74 203
Cotton seed meal (Decorticated) 908 56 338 70 152
Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated) 944 55 329 177 327
Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated) 943 49 258 123 432
Copra cake 869 61 223 84 120
Soybean (Boiled) 955 62 415 99 59
Soybean (Toasted) 889 70 487 31 72
Pigeon peas 926 45 209 18 10
Animal ProductsSardine ldquodagaardquo
fishmeal 924 2209 606 415 25
Nile Perch Body Frame Meal 935 367 415 77 105
Fish Waste 906 336 425 NA 86
Blood meals 973 91 851 09 NA
Bone meals 913 691 269 NA 217
Tubers
Cassava 874 57 28 25 36
NA not available | Source Laswai et al (2002)
36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 37
Feed Management
The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces
well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems
So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions According to FAO global tilapia production reached 24 million tonnes in 2006 around five percent of total aquaculture production
The sustainability of this production however will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production
One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets
Moreover the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital
factors for sustainable aquaculture par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil
Can we substitute for fish oil
One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and
performance Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species
One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the worldrsquos
most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production
Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-
Diets for tilapia brood stock
Table 1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr
Proximate analysis
Diet 1 (Po)
Diet 2 (PampCo)
Diet 3 (control)
Dry mater 143 142 80
Crude protein 4101 408 406
Crude lipid 98 97 71
Carbohydrate 222 231 243
Ash 53 51 100
Crude fibre 73 73 78
Gross energy (KJg-1) 204 203 239
Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil
by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
HOT TOPICS
Good Agricultural Practice
7th - 8th October I The 10th GLOBALGAP Conference I London UK
SUMMIT2010
Farming for ConsumersEverything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place
Come and join us for the best net-working discussion and debates at the worldlsquos favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALGAP into their global supply chains
7th - 8th October 2010HILTON London Metropole HotelLondon UK
You want to know more about our event Then please visit wwwsummit2010org
Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALGAP StandardResponsible Management of ResourcesResidue MonitoringSmallholder ProgrammesCertification IntegritySocial Practices in Primary ProductionAquaculture and Livestock TrendsLinkages to Consumer Labels
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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- Button 4
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- Button 49
stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets
Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1) 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3)
Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female) relative fecundity (no of eggs per female weight) fertilisa-tion () and hatching rate () inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EWBW) monitored In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation
Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO
had no negative effect egg diameter egg volume egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better Similarity the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight
In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-
ent (P lt 005) The inter spawning interval is an
important factor for understanding breeding performance In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1) an added benefit
These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
Table 2 Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources
Parameters
treatments
Palm oil diet
(Diet 1)
PampCl oil diet (91)
(Diet 2)
Control
(Diet 3)
Total fecundity 7526plusmn3201b 8233plusmn4659a 6629plusmn3610b
Relative fecundity (no of egg BWg) 55plusmn023a 55plusmn038a 36plusmn031b
Egg diameter (mm) 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a 22plusmn003a
Egg volume (mm3) 52plusmn022a 54plusmn022a 56plusmn024a
Total egg volume (mm3) 39027plusmn23645a 43857plusmn26711a 36546plusmn23707a
Egg dry weigh (mg) 26plusmn005a 25plusmn009a 27plusmn009a
Egg wet weight (mg) 61plusmn01a 61plusmn016a 66plusmn021a
EW BW 14plusmn006a 13plusmn008a 09plusmn008b
Fertilisation rate () 763plusmn140a 785plusmn182a 759plusmn22a
Hatchability () 595plusmn104a 601plusmn175a 614plusmn135a
ISI (day) 14plusmn071a 19plusmn152b 24plusmn274c
Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Feed Management
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
INDONESIArsquoS NO1 LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY SHOW
REPLY COUPON
Please send me more information on exhibiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
Please send me more information on visiting at INDO LIVESTOCK 2010 EXPO amp FORUM
For futher information please call fax toPT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 10 Billy amp Moon Pondok Kelapa Jakarta -13450 Indonesia Telp +6221 8644756 85 8650962 Fax +62218650963Email infoindolivestockcom
Name
Jobtitle
Company
Address
Tel Fax
Mobile
Email Gra
inF
eed
Directorate General of Livestock ServicesDepartment of Agriculture
Hosted by Organised by
Napindo
Supported by
PER
I ND U S
TR
IAN
DE
PAR T E
M
EN
DEPARTEMEN PERDAGANGANREPUBLIK INDONESIA
Media Partners
$ amp $ (
THE 5TH INDONESIArsquoS NO1
LIVESTOCK AND FEED INDUSTRY EVENT
85
BOOKED
wwwindolivestockcom
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
idl10 - Grain Feedai 1222010 45438 PM
Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
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- Button 4
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Classified Adverts
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Additivesbull Arcadian Seaplants Ltdbull Advanced Bionutritionbull Agresearch Inc
bull Kiotechagilbull Krill Canada Corpbull Inve Aquaculturebull Reed MAriculture Inc
Attractants
bull Crevetecbull Danisco Animal Nutritionbull Exquimbull Ge-Pro Aquabull Inve Nutri-Ad
Elevator buckets
Equipment for salebull A Foeth BVbull Condex (UK) Ltd
bull Filter Screen Supply Ltd
Extrudersbull Almex
bull Anderson Internationalbull Baker Perkinsbull Brabender
bull Caliber Controlbull Conforma Clad Incbull Coperionbull ESE Intecbull Fudex Group Spabull Insta Pro International
bull Setrembull Suehiro EPMbull TGC Extrusionbull Wenger
Maximum bulk storage
Pulverisersbull Aaron Equipmentbull Caterday Jacobsonbull Christy Turnerbull Fritsch GmbHbull Jaeckering
bull Stedmanbull Sterner Aqua Techbull Mill Technology
Services (publications)
Shrimp Feed additive
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
To place a classified advert in our next issue and take
advantage of our great extra online exposure please contact Caroline
WearnTel+44 1242 267706
Emailcarolinewaquafeedcouk
Advertise in-print amp online for the same price as a
print advert
42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010 March-april 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
Vacuumbull AampJ Mixingbull Andritz Feed amp Biofuel
bull GAME Engineering Ltdbull Stolz - Sequipag
Shrimp feed amp larval diet
bull Artemia International LLC
Supply chain
Add your own heading
If you have a product or service that you want to advertise but we do not have a heading let us know
and we can create one for you
MArKET PLACEThe extra online power of Classified Adverting
AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
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AKVA group ASA - wwwakvagroupcom
Alltech Inc - wwwalltechcom
Amandus Kahl GmbH amp Co - wwwamandus-kahl-groupde
Andritz Feed amp Biofuel - wwwandritzcom
Biomin GmbH - wwwbiominnet
Buhler AG - wwwbuhlergroupcom
Dishman Netherlands BV - wwwdishman-netherlandscom
Extru-Tech Inc - wwwextru-techinccom
Forberg International AS - wwwforbergno
Geelen Counterflow - wwwgeelencounterflowcom
IFFO Limited - wwwiffonet
Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - wwwmuyangcom
Marevent - wwwmareventcom
Mercator Media Ltd - wwwoffshoremariculturecom
NORELampNATURE - wwwnorelynaturecom
nv SCE - wwwscebe
Ottevanger Milling Engineers BV - wwwottevangercom
Palm View Trade - wwwpalmviewtradecom
Perten Instruments AB - wwwpertencom
SPF (activite Aquativ) - wwwaquativ-dianacom
SpotMark - wwwsptmrkcom
University of Stirling - wwwaquastiracuk
Wenger Manufacturing Inc - wwwwengercom
Wynveen International BV - wwwwynveencom
In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories amp topics within each specific issue
If you would like information on how your company can get involved please contact our Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn
Email carolinewaquafeedcouk |Tel +44 1242 267706
WEB LINKS
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
- Button 1
- Button 3
- Button 2
- Button 4
- Button 6
- Button 5
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- Button 49
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
The European Aquaculture Society is pleased
to welcome you to its AE2010 event
ldquoSEAFARMING TOMORROWrdquoTo be held from October 5-8 2010 in Porto Portugal
Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)
AE2010 comprisesbull International Conferencebull Aquaculture Trade Exhibitionbull Farmersrsquo (industry) daybull Student Forumbull EU Forumbull Satellite Workshops amp Meetings
wwweasonlineorg
Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society
Join us in Porto
1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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1st - 5th March AQUACULTURE 2010 San Diego USA Contact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 923 34912Email mariostaelscarletbeWeb wwwmareventcom
2nd - 4th MarchACUI 2010 International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia Spain Contact David Barreiro
Tel +34 9864 88875 Fax +34 9815 52718Email infoacuiesWeb wwwacuies
3rd - 5th March Victam Asia 2010 Bangkok ThailandContact Andy West PO Box 411 Redhill RH1 6WE United Kingdom
Tel +44 1737 763501Fax + 44 1737 762996Email andrewwest733ntlworldcomWeb wwwvictamcom
26th - 26th MarchILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 VietnamContact Sirapat Kettarn 12059 M 5 Bangduer Muang Patumthani 12000 Thailand
Tel +66 2978 2519Fax +66 2978 4548Email sksptmrkcom Web wwwsptmrkcom
20th - 23rd AprilGlobal Feed amp Food Congress Cancun Mexico Contact Mr Roger Gilbert 7 St Georges Terrace St James Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom
Tel +44 1242 267702Fax +44 1242 267701Email rogergilbertififorg Web wwwglobalfeed-foodcom
28th - 28th April GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels BelgiumContact Claudia Meifert GLOBALGAP co FoodPLUS GmbH Spichernstr 55 50672 Koeln Germany
Tel +49 2215 799325 Fax +49 2215 799389Email meifertglobalgaporg Web wwwglobalgaporg
16th - 19th May Alltechrsquos 26th International Animal Health amp Nutrition Symposium Kentucky USAContact Lauren Ashley Pope 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA
Tel +1 8598 812213 Fax +1 8598 873256Email symposiumalltechcom Web wwwalltechcom
19th - 20th May AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore Scotland Contact David Mack ASCOMBER Rosebank Ankerville Street Tain Ross amp Cromarty IV19 1BH Scotland
Tel +44 1862 892188Email infoaquacultureukcom Web wwwaquacultureukcom
23rd - 26th MayAustralasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show Tasmania Australia Contact Sarah-Jane Day PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia
Tel +61 4371 52234 Fax +61 2491 91044Email sarah-janeday aquacultureorgau Web www australian-aquacultureportalcom
16th - 18th June Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Dubrovnik Croatia Contact Isobel Roberts Mercator Media The Old Mill Lower Quay Fareham Hants PO16 0RA United Kingdom
Tel +44 1622 820622Email irobertsmercatormediacomWeb wwwoffshoremariculturecom
5th - 9th July The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Barcelona Spain Contact Judith Garciacutea Mondial amp Cititravel Congresos SL C Rosselloacute 303 atc 1 08037 Barcelona Spain
Tel +34 9322 12955 Fax +34 9345 92059Email garciamondial-congresscomWeb httpsidcienciesuab es9FishBiologyCongress
8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta IndonesiaContact Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy amp Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta 13450 Indonesia
Tel +62 2186 44756 Fax +62 2186 50963Email devinapindocom Web wwwindoaquaculturecom
6th - 8th October AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010 Porto PortugalContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912Fax +32 9233 4912Email ae2010aquacultureccWeb wwwmareventcom
7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 London United KingdomContact Nina Kretschmer co GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr55 D-50672 Cologne Germany
Tel +49 2215 7993693 Fax +49 2215 799389Email kretschmerglobalgaporg Web wwwsummit2010org
EVENTS 2011
28th February - 3rd MarchAQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011 New Orleans USAContact Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
26th - 29th MayAquarama 2011 Singapore Contact Doris Woo Linda Tan No3 Pickering Street ♯02-48 China Square Central Singapore 048660
Tel +65 65920889 Fax +65 64389060Email aquarama-sgubmcom Web wwwaquaramacomsg
6th - 10th June WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011 Natal BrazilContact Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium
Tel +32 9233 4912 Fax +32 9233 4912Email mariostaelscarletbe Web wwwmareventcom
Events Key
= See our magazine at this show
bull = More information available
EVENTS
Is there an event that our readers need to know aboutEvents listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and onlineTo add your event to our listing contact Tuti Tan - tutitaquafeedcouk
Aquaculture UK 2010
Aquaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success
By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors
Many thanks for deliv-er ing a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemorerdquo said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event
As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr u ly International event and has established itself as the UKs premier aquaculture exhibi-tion It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry Alongside the exhibition Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010
Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010 So space will be at a premium
Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services For visitors itrsquos an oppor tu-nity catch up on the latest technology and techniques meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible compact and pleasant setting Great networking and social opportunities are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience whether in the exhibition halls seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010
Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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Leading technology ndash local solutions Whether for fish or crustaceans whether
sinking or floating feeds ndash for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution
from raw material processing mixing and extruding to drying Process expertise
combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of
high-quality animal feeds But there is even more to it Buhler know-how also en-
ables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution
from stand-alone machines to complete plants
The solution behind the solution
Buumlhler AG Feed amp Biomass CH-9240 Uzwil Switzerland T +41 71 955 11 11 F +41 71 955 28 96
fubuzbuhlergroupcom wwwbuhlergroupcom
BUZ_PE_ohneVictam_1209indd 1 25012010 084442
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