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March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 1
Standardization Policyand
Technical Development in
Japan
Koichi NODA, JETRO GENEVEJISC Representative in GENEVE
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 2
What is Standards?
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 3
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 4
Definition of Standardization(ISO/IEC Guide 2)
• Standardization : Activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 5
Aims of Standardization
Variety ControlCompatibility/ Inter-changeabilitySafety/Protection of the EnvironmentTrade facilityQuality ControlMutual UnderstandingEtc.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 6
TV for USA TV for EU TV for Russia TV for Japan
PAL NTSC
Variety of Control
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 7
CD
DVD
Compatibility and
Interchangeability
CASSETTE
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 8
Safety and Protection of the Environment
• Recycle of Products
• Recycle Labeling
• Standards for Solar-cell, fuel-cell or another renewable energy
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 9
Quality Control
ISO 9000 Series
• Quality Management System
• Environmental Management system
is a famous Swiss enterprise which conduct ISO9000 and ISO 14000 certification
ISO 14000 Series
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 10
Mutual Understanding
• Graphical Symbols
• Vocabulary/Glossary of Terms• Methodology
• 10-15 mode test for rate of fuel consumption of automobiles
• Superproductivity - Test method- Critical current measurement
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 11
Category of Standards
• Technical Regulations• De jure Standards >International Standards(ISO,IEC,ITU,CODEX) >Regional Standards (EN) >National Standards(BSI,AFNOR,DIN,JISC)• De facto Standards >Windows >TCP/IP etc,• Company Standards
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 12
TechnicalRegulations
De-jure Standards De-facto Standards
Example DVD
>JIS-Physical characterof Discus-Reading/Writing methods-File structure (formatting)
>DVD forum-Cipher Technology- Applicationstandards with copyprotection
>Company-Companystandards such as design, copyright,etc.
Example : Clothes
- Regulation for indication of textile materials, washing methods, etc.
>JIS-Size categories-Size indicationmethods
>Japan wool clothesassociation-Wool mark system
>Company-Companystandards such as design, copyright,etc..
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 13
Standards in Japan
• JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)Standards in the field of Industry
ISO, IEC, BSI (UK), DIN (Germany), AFNOR (France)
• JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standards)Standard in the field of processing foods
(CODEX (FAO))
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 14
Development of International Standardization
• Establishment of National Standardization Bodies
- UK (BSI in 1901), Germany (DIN in 1917), France (AFNOR in 1918), US (ASA in 1918)
• Establishment of International Standardization Bodies
- IEC in 1908
- ISA (now ISO) in 1926
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 15
Standardization in Japan
• Early Standardization in Japan - Development of first JES (Japanese Engineering
Standards) in 1922
- 520 JES standards were developed before WWII • Establishment of JISC (Japanese Industrial
Standards Committee) - Established in 1949, under the Industrial
Standardization Law - Joined ISO in 1952, IEC in 1953, representing
Japan
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 16
JISC at a Glance - Industries Initiatives at All Levels -
President: Mr. Takuma Yamamoto(Honorary President of Fujitsu Co. Ltd.)
JISC Secretariat’s Supporting Role at All Levels
Actively participated
JISC SecretariatTechnical Regulations,Standards andConformity AssessmentPolicy Unit, METI
JSA(Japanese Standards Association)IEC/APC(IEC Activities PromotionCommittee)
Council
Standards Board
Special Committees; - Consumer Policy - Measurement Standardsand Intellectual Infrastructure
Committees - ISO Committee - IEC Committee - Environmental Policy Committee - Other Sector SpecificTechnical Committees(26)
ConformityAssessment Board
Committees- Committee on JIS
Marking- Committee on
National ConformityAssessment System
JIS Drafting CommitteesISO/IEC National Committees
Industrial Organization (589)
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 17
Development of JIS
Total Number of JIS
02000400060008000
10000
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 18
Flowchart of JIS developing process
RelevantMinistries
Any InterestedParties
Entrusted
Industrial Association(Drafting Committee)
Propose a draft For deliberation of JISC
Submit
JIS Drafts
Publicized at Least 3 weeks Before drafting Starts
JISC
Boards1
Technical Committee
Publicized at Least 3 months Before Deliberation Starts
Report Publicized at Least 60 days Before deadline
Established or Revised As JIS Standards
Announcement Notification in Official Gazette
Inquiry
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 19
Increasing Importance of Involving in International Standardization
• Original Purpose of Standardization - Quality Improvement, Effective Production (Article
1, Japanese Industrial Standardization Law) …Less aware of international aspect
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 20
• Globalization - Progress in globalization (i.e. increase in
international trade) encouraged “harmonization” of standardization system among countries
- Development of GATT/Standard Code(1980) and WTO/TBT Agreement(1995) underpinned and accelerated globalization
- WTO Members are obliged to use “International Standards and Guides” as a basis for their technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment systems
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 21
• Paradigm Shift - Globalization and the WTO/TBT Agreement gave
a paradigm shift in standardization - International standards became a tool for
gaining global market: Competition to win international standards
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 22
Example 1
• Cassette Tape - Phillips invented cassette tape system - They opened its patents - Phillips cassette tape system became de-facto and de-jure standards
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 23
Example 2
• Video tape recorder
VHS β-system JVCPanasonicHITACHI
MITSUBISHI
SONYTOSHIBA
NECAIWA
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 24
Example 3
• CD (Compact Discus)
SONY Phillips
Standard for CD-Size of CD-Formatting etc,
Establishment of consortium for CD standards
Other companies attendedthis consortium
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 25
Example 4
• Digital video recorder
DVD-RAM-can use also as PC memory -100,000 times re-writing-non compatible with DVD player TOSHIBA Panasonic HITACHI
DVD-RW-compatible with DVD player-30 minutes recording-1000 times re-writing Pioneer SHARP SANYO MITSUBISHI KENWOODD-VHS
JVCDVD+RW
SONY
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 26
JISC effort to involve into international standardization activities
• Japan before 1995 - Relatively weak involvement in international
standardization e.g. Number of TC/SC Secretariats in ISO (Total
795 in 1990) JISC 14 (1.76%), DIN 140 (17.6%), BSI 114
(14.3%), ANSI 81 (10.2%) - Less linkage between JIS and IS
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 27
• Acceptance of the WTO/TBT Agreement
- Japan in 1995, ratified the WTO/TBT Agreement including Annex 3, Code of Good Practice for Standardization
- Launched alignment of JIS with international standards in accordance with the TBT Agreement
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 28
Alignment of JIS with International Standards
= as of April 1995=
8,000 JIS
3,000 JIS with corresponding International Standards
1,700 JIS, necessary to be aligned with International
Standards
Three Year Plan for the Alignment Works (from 1995 to 1997)
=Results of works=
Fiscal Year 1995 1996 1997 Total
Outline numberof JIS aligned
326 492 874 1,692
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 29
Three Year Alignment Action Plan with ISO/IEC
1995-1997
ISO/IEC New Guide21 in 1999
Alignment of JIS with International Standards
Examination of existing JIS for the degree of correspondence
Concerns about Existing IS
1998-
Development of Market-Relevant IS
Proposal to ISO/IEC Example of Works
Deviation(MOD & NEQ)
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 30
• Need for Active Participation in IS Process
- Through the experience of Three Year Alignment Action Plan, in which Japanese found many inappropriate IS from the point of view of its market and society, learned that rather than passively accepting IS, need to actively participate in international standardization
process
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 31
• “Damaging Exports” - Washing Machines-
- Japanese has been major exporter of electrical washing machines in Asia (17 million/per year, in mid-1990s).
- Japanese electrical washing machines were based on JIS, which was different from IEC standards
- Some Asian economies, Singapore and Chinese Taipei, decided to prohibit import of the Japanese washing machines based on JIS, as they do not fulfill safety standard set by IS, in this case, IEC standard.
- Japanese realized a need to actively realize Japanese ideas and standards in IS process
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 32
Efforts by Industries- an example -
•The IEC Active Promotion Committee (APC) - set up by Japanese electronics industries, in order to organize the industries’ participation in IEC activities
•APC’s Activities - to give policy recommendations to JISC
- to support the Japanese IEC executives and members of IEC management committees- to provide information to member industries
•Budget
- Funded mostly by industries. Small public funding.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 33
Cooperation in Asia-Pacific
•Utilization of PASC (Pacific Asia Standardization Cooperation)
- JISC took a role of PASC standing committee chair from 1995-2000.
- JISC actively participated APEC/PASC Technical Groups to develop NWIPs to ISO
•Dialogues with NSBs (National Standardization Bodies)
- Annual dialogues with ANSI, ACCSQ (ASEAN) and KATS
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 34
Results and Review
• Having been steadily successful in improving Japanese representation in international standardization,
• Further need for strengthening participation to international standardization to appropriately reflect the interests of Japan
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 35
Japanese Activities in ISO/IEC - Participation Status -
Number of committees TC & SC and Secretariats by Japan (as of 2000/12/31)
No. of CommitteesTC & SC
Number ofSecretariats by Japan
Ratio (%)
ISO 728 29 3.9
IEC 181 11 5.6
JTC 17 3 17.6
TOTAL 939 42 4.5
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 36
The Number of ISO TC/SC Secretariats
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
86 90 95 00
Year
Th
e N
um
ber
of
Sec
reta
riat Japan
U.S.
U.K.
Germany
France
The Change of the Number of ISO/IEC Secretariat
Reference : ISO "MEMENTO"
Japan
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 37
JISC Participation Status for ISO
•S:Secretariat, P :Participate member, O :Observer, N:Non member
S P O N Total
TC 9 119 41 21 190
SC 21 369 56 92 538
Total 30 488 97 113 728
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 38
IEC TC/SC Secretariats (Year 2000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Secretariat 31 31 25 25 13 11 9
U.S. France U.K. Germany Italy Japan Sweden
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 39
JISC Participation Status for IEC (in Yr 2000)
•S:Secretariat, P :Participate member, O :Observer, N:Non member
S P O N Total
TC 5 84 0 1 90
SC 6 85 0 0 91
Total 11 169 0 1 181
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 40
New Proposal of International standards to ISO - IEC from JISC
Summary of Activity (2000)1998 1999 2000
695 589 729258 287 200953 876 929 41 67 82
948 943 939 41 42 42
The Number of New Proposal (ISO) (IEC) Total
New Proposal from JISC
The Total Secretary NumberSecretary Number in Japan
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 41
Further Challenges Ahead
• Further Developments in International Standardization, as Globalization Accelerates
• Japanese Policy Response; - Development of JISC Standardization
Strategy
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 42
European Standardization Policy
• Standardization as a tool for European integration
- Adoption of European (CEN/CENELEC) standards for common criteria to fulfil EU Directives
(technical regulations) -New Approach- • Systematic transfer of European standards
into International Standards
- The Vienna and Dresden Agreements
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 43
• “European Council Resolution (28/10/1999)”
- Acknowledging that a strong European standardization system has been developed
- Confirms its intention to continue to provide targeted financial support
- Ensure that interests defined at European level be presented coherently in international standardization
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 44
US Standardization Policy
• Establishment of “the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995”
- requires the usage of voluntary standards in federal technical regulations
• Rapid Increase in Participation to ISO/IEC - Holding 81 Secretariats of ISO TC/SC in 1990 (81 out of 795 (10.2%)) - Increased to 133, out of 741 (18.0%)
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 45
• Development of National Standardization Strategy (2000) by ANSI
- Recognizes European successes in international standardization
- Warns that losing in international standardization means losing markets
- Commits to contribute consistently in all international standardization activities
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 46
Further Challenges for Japanese Standardization
• JISC reviewed its standardization policy and developed a standardization strategy to outline its responses to further challenges ahead
- Responding to market and social needs
(e.g. regulator, consumer, environment)
- Usage of information technology in
standardization
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 47
Development of a Standardization Strategy
• JISC (Japanese Industrial Standardization Committee) launched the development of the Strategy responding the changing environment in January this year.
• The Strategy consists of two parts; a) general strategy and b) sector-specific strategy• Approved by JISC Council meeting in September 2001
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 48
• The Strategy emphasizes the following
3 points; (1) Responding to market and social needs (2) Strategy for international standardization (3) Integration of R&D and standardization
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 49
Integration of R&D and Standardization in EC
• Forth Framework Programme (1994 – 1998)
• -Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme 173million Euro
• Fifth Framework Programme (1998 – 2002)
-GROWTH Programme Measurement and Testing Programme 135 million Euro
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 50
Integration of R&D and Standardization in EC(Growth Workprogramme – Edition December 2002)
• Purpose of M&T Programme in Fifth Framework Programme >Prenormative research and technical support to Standardization >The fight against fraud >Improvement of quality
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 51
Integration of R&D and Standardization in Japan
• Establishing the new programme for R&D >Standards development research programme >International cooperation programme for Standards development >R&D programme for intellectual infrasyructure
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 52
Standards development research programme
• Life science• Information and telecommunication techno
logy• Environmental technology• Nanotechnology• MaterialsEtc.
What is intellectual infrastructure?
Intellectually creative
activities
Economic activities
Social activities
Administrative activities
Intellectual property
Provision and support Accumulation
Imposition of organizational
structure
Intellectual infrastructure
Intellectual infrastructure means such things as measurement standards (including standard substances), measurement and assessment methods, databases, and research materials, for which the results obtained through R&D and other intellectually creative activities are systemized, given organizational structure, and used as a basis for promotion of further R&D, economic activities, etc.
Collection, storage, and supply of biological resources
Genetic-level analysisProtein analysis
Analysis methods, etc.
Information infrastructure for biological resources
Environment and energy industries ・ CO2 fixation ・ Biomass・ Accurate environmental measurement
・ Assessment of environmental effects
Machinery and information industries
・ DNA analysis equipment ・ DNA chips・ Ultrahigh-precision measurement
Hazard dataRisk assessment methods
Experiment assessment methods, etc.
Standards for mass, length, time, etc.Inorganic and organic standard
substancesEnvironmental standard substancesMeasurement and analysis methods,
etc.
Safety management infrastructure for chemical substances
Measurement standards and standard substances
New R&D New R&D and and
support for support for industrial industrial activitiesactivities
3D measurement data for human bodyPhysiological function data for the
elderlyExperiment assessment
methods, etc.
Infrastructure related to human lifestyle and welfare
Data on properties, functions, and characteristics
Environmental load characteristicsExperiment assessment methods,
etc.
Materials-related infrastructure
Industries related to everydaygoods and the elderly
・ Easy-to-use, safe (people-friendly) products
・ Recyclable (environment-friendly) products
Geological map scalesMarine geological maps
Standard bedrock samples, etc.
Geological information
Disaster prevention, urbanregeneration, resource development
・ Protection and management of national territory・ Ensuring stable supply of energy and resources
Biotechnology industry ・ Pharmaceuticals ・ Foodstuffs・ New materials such as biodegradable plastics
Chemical industry・ Highly functional enzymes・ Production of industrial raw materials such as amino acids ・ Safe production and management of chemical substances
Intellectual infrastructure that supports various industries and gives rise to new industries
Infrastructure related to human ergonomics and welfare
Measurement standards and standard substances
Creation of common infrastructureCreation of common infrastructure
Information infrastructure for biological resources
Responses to social issuesResponses to social issues Creation of new industriesCreation of new industries
Materials-related infrastructure
Safety management infrastructure for chemical substances
Management of national territoryManagement of national territory
Geological information
Important areas of intellectual infrastructure
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 56
Responding to Market and Social Needs
• Development of sector-specific strategy --- JISC, together with interested
industries, regulators and consumers, developed 27 sector-specific strategies, which set priorities for standardization in each sector.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 57
• Ensuring wider and deeper participation of interested parties to standardization, such as
--- industries --- regulators --- consumers, the elderly and people with
disabilities
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 58
• Industries - Currently 589 industrial organizations
participate in JISC standardization - In order to give more incentives to industries
for their participation, JISC is considering of giving part of revenues from copyright of JIS to those industrial organizations involved in JIS development.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 59
• Regulators - encourage their further participation in JIS
development process, which leads to further adoption of voluntary standards in technical regulations
• Consumers - JISC set up “the Special Committee on
Consumer Policy”, in order to have more voices from consumers in JIS development process
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 60
• “The Special Committee on Consumer Policy” endorsed recommendations
• The recommendations identified 7 priority areas; i) Addressing needs of the elderly and people
with disabilities, ii) consumer protection, iii) protection of health and safety, iv) environmental protection and recycling, v) securing interoperability and compatibility, vi) providing product/service information, vii) improvement of usability and conformities
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 61
• The recommendations suggests urgent works on the following issues; i) to establish JIS based on ISO/IEC guide 71, ii) to standardize guidelines on consumer protection, iii) to develop standards to provide information on recycling
• The recommendations urges actions such as; i) bring up experts for standardization on consumer related issues, ii) exchange information with consumer organizations, iii) further involve in ISO/COPOLCO activities.
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 62
• Establishment of “Environmental JIS WG”
- In order to respond to mounting social needs in the area of environmental issues such as recycling and energy efficiency, JISC established “Environmental JIS WG” to promote the
development of environmental JIS
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 63
Summary
• Increased importance of international standardization
• Need for active participation in international standardization
• Need for having a concrete national standardization policy/vision shared by relevant parties such as government, national standardization body, industries, consumers and others
March 28, 2002, EPFL/STS 64
• Thank you for your attention
• Welcome any question
END